text: The circulatory system of the horse consists of the heart, the blood vessels, and the blood.

text: The circulatory system of the horse consists of the heart, the blood vessels, and the blood.

method: UvABottomUpChangeOrder

method: UNH-tfidf-stem

method: UNH-tfidf-ptsim

method: UNH-tfidf-lem

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answers: NDQ_007808

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answers: NDQ_007809

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answers: blood vessels

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answers: NDQ_007813

answers: left

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answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: heart failure

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: horse

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: The circulatory system

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: The circulatory system

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: Blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: blood

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answers: blood vessels

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answers: heart

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answers: Pacemaker

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answers: blood

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007841

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answers: The circulatory system of the horse consists of the heart, blood vessels, and the blood.

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: valve

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answers: The circulatory system

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answers: Veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: homeostasis

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: atherosclerosis

text: Cocaine dependence is a psychological desire to use cocaine regularly. Cocaine overdose may result in cardiovascular and brain damage, such as: constricting blood vessels in the brain, causing strokes and constricting arteries in the heart; causing heart attacks.

text: Cocaine dependence is a psychological desire to use

entity_name: Cocaine

text: cocaine

text: regularly. Cocaine overdose may result in cardiovascular and

entity_name: Brain damage

text: brain damage

text: , such as:

entity_name: Vasoconstriction

text: constricting blood vessels

text: in the brain, causing

entity_name: Stroke

text: stroke

text: s and constricting arteries in the heart; causing

entity_name: Myocardial infarction

text: heart attacks

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text: Kingdom Hearts was followed by several sequels, becoming the first game in the Kingdom Hearts series. It was followed by a direct sequel, Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories, on the Nintendo Game Boy Advance, which was released in Japan on November 11, 2004. Kingdom Hearts II is the third game in the series, set one year after Chain of Memories, and was released in Japan on December 22, 2005 for Sony PlayStation 2. Like the first game it was re-released as Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix alongside a PS2 remake of Chain of Memories. A Kingdom Hearts game was developed exclusively for V CAST, Verizon Wireless's broadband service, and was released on October 1, 2004 in Japan and on February 4, 2005 in the United States. In November 2008, Kingdom Hearts coded was released for mobile phones in Japan, the game takes place after the events of Kingdom Hearts II. A followup, Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days, was developed for the Nintendo DS and released in Japan on May 30, 2009 and in North America on September 29, 2009. A prequel was released in Japan on January 9, 2010, entitled Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep, for the PlayStation Portable, which takes place 10 years before the events of Kingdom Hearts. The following title in the series was Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance for the Nintendo 3DS, released in 2012. At E3 2013, Kingdom Hearts III was announced to be in development for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One.

text: Kingdom Hearts was followed by several sequels, becoming the first game in the Kingdom Hearts series. It was followed by a direct sequel,

entity_name: Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories

text: Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories

text: , on the Nintendo

entity_name: Game Boy Advance

text: Game Boy Advance

text: , which was released in Japan on November 11, 2004.

entity_name: Kingdom Hearts II

text: Kingdom Hearts II

text: is the third game in the series, set one year after Chain of Memories, and was released in Japan on December 22, 2005 for Sony PlayStation 2. Like the first game it was re-released as Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix alongside a PS2 remake of Chain of Memories. A Kingdom Hearts game was developed exclusively for

text: V CAST

entity_name: Verizon Wireless

text: Verizon Wireless

text: 's broadband service, and was released on October 1, 2004 in Japan and on February 4, 2005 in the United States. In November 2008,

entity_name: Kingdom Hearts Coded

text: Kingdom Hearts coded

text: was released for mobile phones in Japan, the game takes place after the events of Kingdom Hearts II. A followup,

entity_name: Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days

text: Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days

text: , was developed for the

entity_name: Nintendo DS

text: Nintendo DS

text: and released in Japan on May 30, 2009 and in North America on September 29, 2009. A prequel was released in Japan on January 9, 2010, entitled

entity_name: Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep

text: Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep

text: , for the

entity_name: PlayStation Portable

text: PlayStation Portable

text: , which takes place 10 years before the events of Kingdom Hearts. The following title in the series was

entity_name: Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance

text: Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance

text: for the

entity_name: Nintendo 3DS

text: Nintendo 3DS

text: , released in 2012. At

entity_name: Electronic Entertainment Expo 2013

text: E3 2013

entity_name: Kingdom Hearts III

text: Kingdom Hearts III

text: was announced to be in development for the

entity_name: PlayStation 4

text: PlayStation 4

text: and

entity_name: Xbox One

text: Xbox One

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text: In some congenital heart defects (such as in transposition of the great vessels) a PDA may need to remain open, as it is the only way that oxygenated blood can mix with deoxygenated blood. In these cases, prostaglandins are used to keep the DA open until surgical correction of the heart defect is completed.

text: In some congenital heart defects (such as in

entity_name: Transposition of the great vessels

text: transposition of the great vessels

text: ) a PDA may need to remain open, as it is the only way that oxygenated blood can mix with deoxygenated blood. In these cases,

entity_name: Prostaglandin

text: prostaglandin

text: s are used to keep the DA open until surgical correction of the heart defect is completed.

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text: The first studies on cardiovascular health were performed in year 1949 by Jerry Morris using occupational health data and were published in year 1958. The causes, prevention, and/or treatment of all forms of cardiovascular disease remain active fields of biomedical research, with hundreds of scientific studies being published on a weekly basis.

text: The first studies on cardiovascular health were performed in year 1949 by

entity_name: Jerry Morris

text: Jerry Morris

text: using occupational health data and were published in year 1958. The causes, prevention, and/or treatment of all forms of cardiovascular disease remain active fields of

entity_name: Medical research

text: biomedical research

text: , with hundreds of scientific studies being published on a weekly basis.

method: dangnt-nlp

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answers: NDQ_007807

answers: venous

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: cardiovascular disease

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: left ventricle

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: right heart

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: cardiovascular

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: cardiovascular

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: cardiovascular disease

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: occupational health

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: pulmonary

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: cardiovascular

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: right and left atria

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: Cardiovascular disease

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: Veins

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Arteries

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: blood vessels dilate

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: lungs

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: pacemaker

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: cardiovascular

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: cardiovascular

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: venous

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: The first studies on cardiovascular health were performed in year 1949 by Jerry Morris using occupational health data

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: cardiovascular

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: cardiovascular

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: cardiovascular

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: cardiovascular

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: Veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: homeostasis

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: atherosclerosis

text: In ischemic cardiomyopathy, blood flow to the muscle cells of the heart is either partially or completely reduced, leading to cell death and scar tissue formation. Because the muscle cells are replaced with fibrous tissue, the heart loses its ability to contract, compromising heart function. Normally, if blood flow to the heart is compromised, over time, new blood vessels will develop, providing alternative circulation to the affected cells. The viability of the heart following severely restricted blood flow is dependent on the ability of the heart to provide this collateral circulation. Expression of VEGF-A has been found to be induced by myocardial ischemia and a higher level of expression of VEGF-A has been associated with better collateral circulation development during ischemia.

text: In ischemic

entity_name: Cardiomyopathy

text: cardiomyopathy

text: , blood flow to the muscle cells of the heart is either partially or completely reduced, leading to cell death and scar tissue formation. Because the muscle cells are replaced with fibrous tissue, the heart loses its ability to contract, compromising heart function. Normally, if blood flow to the heart is compromised, over time, new blood vessels will develop, providing alternative circulation to the affected cells. The viability of the heart following severely restricted blood flow is dependent on the ability of the heart to provide this collateral circulation. Expression of VEGF-A has been found to be induced by myocardial ischemia and a higher level of expression of VEGF-A has been associated with better collateral circulation development during ischemia.

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answers: NDQ_007812

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answers: NDQ_007813

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answers: NDQ_007814

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answers: NDQ_007815

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answers: NDQ_007816

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answers: NDQ_007818

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answers: NDQ_007820

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answers: NDQ_007828

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answers: NDQ_007829

answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_007848

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007807

answers: collateral circulation

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: ischemia

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: myocardial

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: right atrium

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: muscle cells

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: myocardial

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: myocardial

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: myocardial

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: ischemic cardiomyopathy

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: a higher level of expression of VEGF-A

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: myocardial

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: cardiomyopathy

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: blood flow to the muscle cells of the heart

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: atria

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: new blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Blood flow to the muscle cells of the heart

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: VEGF-A

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: myocardium

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: lungs

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: blood flow

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: fibrous tissue

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: ischemic

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: venous

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: new blood vessels will develop, providing alternative circulation

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: new blood vessels will develop, providing alternative circulation

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: a valve

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: systemic circulation

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: The aorta

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: VEGF-A

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: scar tissue formation

text: The postganglionic axons of the SCG innervate blood vessels in the skin and cause the vessels to constrict. Constriction of the blood vessels causes a decrease in blood flow to the skin leading to paling of the skin and retention of body heat. This plays into the fight-or-flight response, decreasing blood flow to facial skin and redirecting the blood to more important areas like the blood vessels of muscles.

text: The postganglionic axons of the SCG innervate blood vessels in the skin and cause the vessels to constrict. Constriction of the blood vessels causes a decrease in blood flow to the skin leading to paling of the skin and retention of body heat. This plays into the fight-or-flight response, decreasing blood flow to facial skin and redirecting the blood to more important areas like the blood vessels of muscles.

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answers: NDQ_007818

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answers: Constriction of the blood vessels

text: AF can cause respiratory distress due to congestion in the lungs. By definition, the heart rate will be greater than 100 beats per minute. Blood pressure may be variable, and often difficult to measure as the beat-by-beat variability causes problems for most digital (oscillometric) non-invasive blood pressure monitors. For this reason, when determining heart rate in AF, direct cardiac auscultation is recommended. Low blood pressure is most concerning and a sign that immediate treatment is required. Many of the symptoms associated with uncontrolled atrial fibrillation are a manifestation of congestive heart failure due to the reduced cardiac output. Respiratory rate will be increased in the presence of respiratory distress. Pulse oximetry may confirm the presence of hypoxia related to any precipitating factors such as pneumonia. Examination of the jugular veins may reveal elevated pressure (jugular venous distention). Lung exam may reveal crackles, which are suggestive of pulmonary edema. Heart exam will reveal a rapid irregular rhythm.

text: AF can cause

entity_name: Respiratory distress

text: respiratory distress

text: due to congestion in the lungs. By definition, the heart rate will be

entity_name: Tachycardia

text: greater than 100 beats per minute

text: . Blood pressure may be variable, and often difficult to measure as the beat-by-beat variability causes problems for most digital (oscillometric)

entity_name: Sphygmomanometer

text: non-invasive blood pressure

text: monitors. For this reason, when determining heart rate in AF, direct cardiac auscultation is recommended.

entity_name: Hypotension

text: Low blood pressure

text: is most concerning and a sign that immediate treatment is required. Many of the symptoms associated with uncontrolled atrial fibrillation are a manifestation of congestive heart failure due to the reduced cardiac output. Respiratory rate will be increased in the presence of respiratory distress. Pulse oximetry may confirm the presence of

entity_name: Hypoxia (medical)

text: hypoxia

text: related to any precipitating factors such as

entity_name: Pneumonia

text: pneumonia

text: . Examination of the

entity_name: Jugular vein

text: jugular veins

text: may reveal elevated

entity_name: Jugular venous pressure

text: pressure

text: (jugular venous distention). Lung exam may reveal crackles, which are suggestive of

entity_name: Pulmonary edema

text: pulmonary edema

text: . Heart exam will reveal a rapid irregular rhythm.

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answers: jugular veins

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: congestive heart failure

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: atrial

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: left ventricle

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: lungs

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: cardiac output

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: Pulse

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: atrial

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: congestive heart failure

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: atrial fibrillation

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: pulmonary

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: atrial fibrillation

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: Atrial fibrillation

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: Heart exam will reveal a rapid irregular rhythm

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: Examination of the jugular veins may reveal elevated pressure

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Pulse oximetry

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: pulmonary edema

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: atrial fibrillation

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: lungs

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: beat-by-beat variability

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: jugular

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: Blood pressure may be variable

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: atrial fibrillation

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: atrial fibrillation

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: Systemic circulation

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: Aorta

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answers: Veins

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answers: jugular venous distention

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answers: Congestive heart failure

text: Importantly, the damaging effects of diesel fuel pollution appears to go significantly beyond playing a synergistic role in the development of asthma.  Recent research suggests that exposure to a combination of microscopic diesel fuel particles among people with high blood cholesterol (i.e., low-density lipoprotein, LDL or "bad cholesterol") increases the risk for both heart attack and stroke significantly above levels found among those exposed to only one of these health risks.  According to André Nel, Chief of Nanomedicine at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA who led the study of duel exposure, "When you add one plus one, it normally totals two…  But we found that adding diesel particles to cholesterol fats equals three. Their combination creates a dangerous synergy that wreaks cardiovascular havoc far beyond what's caused by the diesel or cholesterol alone."  The synergy begins when free radical molecules that are attached to diesel exhaust particles enter the body through the lungs and pass into the circulatory system.  Another source of free radicals is the fatty acids that comprise LDL cholesterol, which produce free radicals during cell metabolism.  Free radical molecules are highly unstable because they have an odd number of electrons in their outer ring.  As a result, they react quickly with other compounds in order to "steal" an electron and gain stability.  When the "victimized" molecule loses its electron, it, in turn, becomes a free radical and a chain reaction called oxidation is produced that is known to be damaging to living cells and tissues.  Of interest to the Los Angeles research team was the consequences of both sources of free radical production coming into contact.  Experimentation revealed that the two mechanisms worked in tandem to stimulate genes that promote cell inflammation, a primary risk for hardening and blockage of blood vessels (atherosclerosis) and, as narrowed arteries collect cholesterol deposits and trigger blood clots, for heart attacks and strokes as well.  Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in developed countries.

entity_name: Atherosclerosis

text: atherosclerosis

text: ) and, as narrowed arteries collect cholesterol deposits and trigger blood clots, for

text: heart attacks

text: and

text: strokes

text: as well.  Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in developed countries.

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answers: The synergistic role in the development of asthma

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answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: blood clots

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

text: A high level of homocysteine in the blood (hyperhomocysteinemia) makes a person more prone to endothelial cell injury, which leads to inflammation in the blood vessels, which in turn may lead to atherogenesis, which can result in ischemic injury. Hyperhomocysteinemia is therefore a possible risk factor for coronary artery disease. Coronary artery disease occurs when an atherosclerotic plaque blocks blood flow to the coronary arteries, which supply the heart with oxygenated blood.

text: A high level of homocysteine in the blood (

entity_name: Hyperhomocysteinemia

text: hyperhomocysteinemia

text: ) makes a person more prone to

entity_name: Endothelium

text: endothelial cell

text: injury, which leads to

entity_name: Inflammation

text: inflammation

text: in the blood vessels, which in turn may lead to

text: atherogenesis

text: , which can result in

entity_name: Ischemia

text: ischemic injury

text: . Hyperhomocysteinemia is therefore a possible risk factor for

entity_name: Coronary artery disease

text: coronary artery disease

text: . Coronary artery disease occurs when an atherosclerotic plaque blocks blood flow to the

entity_name: Coronary circulation

text: coronary arteries

text: , which supply the heart with oxygenated blood.

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text: Manual lymphatic drainage (MLD) is a type of gentle massage which is intended to encourage the natural drainage of the lymph, which carries waste products away from the tissues back toward the heart. The lymph system depends on intrinsic contractions of the smooth muscle cells in the walls of lymph vessels (peristalsis) and the movement of skeletal muscles to propel lymph through the vessels to lymph nodes and then to the lymph ducts which return lymph to the cardiovascular system. Manual lymph drainage uses a specific amount of pressure (less than 9 ounces per square inch or about 4 kPa) and rhythmic circular movements to stimulate lymph flow.

text: Manual lymphatic drainage (MLD) is a type of gentle

entity_name: Massage

text: massage

text: which is intended to encourage the natural drainage of the

entity_name: Lymph

text: lymph

text: , which carries waste products away from the tissues back toward the heart. The lymph system depends on intrinsic contractions of the smooth muscle cells in the walls of lymph vessels (

entity_name: Peristalsis

text: peristalsis

text: ) and the movement of

entity_name: Skeletal muscle

text: skeletal muscles

text: to propel lymph through the vessels to

text: lymph nodes

text: and then to the lymph ducts which return lymph to the cardiovascular system. Manual lymph drainage uses a specific amount of pressure (less than 9 ounces per square inch or about 4 kPa) and rhythmic circular movements to stimulate lymph flow.

method: ICT-DRMMTKS

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text: In the mid to late 1970s numerous cardiovascular programs were competing to find a way to extend life for those with inoperable end-stage cardiovascular disease.  Bernhard began his breakthrough work at Boston Children's Hospital as one of the principal clinical investigators of the development of temporary heart assist devices.  His work changed the development of research into heart assist devices when the Nation Heart Lung and Blood Institute was preparing to cancel all related research.  At an American Heart Association meeting in November 1978 he announced that two people had survived for several days with the left ventricular heart assist device  Ventricular Assist Device before being weaned off the device. In 1987, after ten years of continued work, Bernhard went on to work to develop a left ventricular heart pump, manufactured by Thermedics, Inc. of Woburn, MA an affiliated company of Thermo Electron Corporation with funding by the National, Heart Lung, and Blood Institute, part of the National Institutes of Health.  This research opened pathways to survival for severely ill cardiovascular patients.The early part of Bernhard's career was spent in surgical service to children with severe heart disorders.  Bernhard performed most of his surgery at Children’s Hospital in Boston where he treated children and adolescents from 1960 until his retirement. Bernhard’s work included the development of ground breaking surgical techniques for the heart and the first successfully implanted LVAD device (see Ventricular Assist Device) manufactured while working with a group of scientists from Thermedics, Inc. of Woburn, MA.

text: In the mid to late 1970s numerous cardiovascular programs were competing to find a way to extend life for those with inoperable end-stage cardiovascular disease.  Bernhard began his breakthrough work at

entity_name: Boston Children's Hospital

text: Boston Children's Hospital

text: as one of the principal clinical investigators of the development of temporary heart assist devices.  His work changed the development of research into heart assist devices when the Nation Heart Lung and Blood Institute was preparing to cancel all related research.  At an American Heart Association meeting in November 1978 he announced that two people had survived for several days with the left ventricular heart assist device

entity_name: Ventricular assist device

text: Ventricular Assist Device

text: before being weaned off the device. In 1987, after ten years of continued work, Bernhard went on to work to develop a left ventricular heart pump, manufactured by Thermedics, Inc. of Woburn, MA an affiliated company of Thermo Electron Corporation with funding by the National, Heart Lung, and Blood Institute, part of the National Institutes of Health.  This research opened pathways to survival for severely ill cardiovascular patients.The early part of Bernhard's career was spent in surgical service to children with severe heart disorders.  Bernhard performed most of his surgery at Children’s Hospital in Boston where he treated children and adolescents from 1960 until his retirement. Bernhard’s work included the development of ground breaking surgical techniques for the heart and the first successfully implanted LVAD device (see

text: Ventricular Assist Device

text: ) manufactured while working with a group of scientists from Thermedics, Inc. of Woburn, MA.

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text: A baffle is a tunnel or wall artificially constructed within the heart or great vessels for the purpose of redirecting blood flow in cases of congenital heart defects.

text: A baffle is a tunnel or wall

text: artificial

text: ly constructed within the

text: heart

text: or

text: great vessels

text: for the purpose of redirecting blood flow in cases of

text: congenital heart defect

text: s.

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answers: great vessels

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: great vessels

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: great vessels

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: great vessels

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: great vessels

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: great vessels

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: great vessels

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: congenital heart defects

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: congenital heart defects

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: great vessels

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: right and left atria

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: Atria

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: congenital heart defects

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: great vessels

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: blood flow

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: great vessels

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: great vessels

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: baffle

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: great vessels

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: great vessels

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: great vessels

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: Capillaries do not have walls.

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: A tunnel or wall

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: A baffle

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: blood flow

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: great vessels

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: Vein

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: blood flow

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: atherosclerosis

text: The pulse or heart rate is the rate at which the heart beats while pumping blood through the arteries. Its rate is usually measured either at the wrist or the ankle and is recorded as beats per minute. The pulse commonly taken is from the radial artery at the wrist. Sometimes the pulse cannot be taken at the wrist and is taken at the elbow (brachial artery), at the neck against the carotid artery (carotid pulse), behind the knee (popliteal artery), or in the foot dorsalis pedis or posterior tibial arteries. The pulse rate can also be measured by listening directly to the heartbeat using a stethoscope. The pulse varies with age. A newborn or infant can have a heart rate of about 130–150 beats per minute. A toddler's heart will beat about 100–120 times per minute, an older child's heartbeat is around 60–100 beats per minute, adolescents around 80–100 beats per minute, and adults' pulse rate is anywhere between 50 and 80 beats per minute.

text: The pulse or heart rate is the rate at which the heart beats while pumping blood through the arteries. Its rate is usually measured either at the wrist or the ankle and is recorded as beats per minute. The pulse commonly taken is from the

text: radial artery

text: at the wrist. Sometimes the pulse cannot be taken at the wrist and is taken at the elbow (

text: brachial artery

text: ), at the neck against the

text: carotid artery

text: carotid pulse

text: ), behind the knee (

text: popliteal artery

text: ), or in the foot

text: dorsalis pedis

text: or

text: posterior tibial arteries

text: . The pulse rate can also be measured by listening directly to the

text: heartbeat

text: using a

text: stethoscope

text: . The pulse varies with age. A

text: newborn

text: or

text: infant

text: can have a heart rate of about 130–150 beats per minute. A

text: toddler

text: 's heart will beat about 100–120 times per minute, an older child's

text: heartbeat

text: is around 60–100 beats per minute,

text: adolescents

text: around 80–100 beats per minute, and adults' pulse rate is anywhere between 50 and 80 beats per minute.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007807

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007807

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: heart disease

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: popliteal artery

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: popliteal

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: Cardiomyopathy

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: adults' pulse rate is anywhere between 50 and 80 beats per minute

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: pulmonary

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: heartbeat

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: The pulse commonly taken is from the radial artery

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: beats per minute

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: The heart beats while pumping blood through the arteries

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: The pulse or heart rate

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: The pulse or heart rate

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: lungs

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: pulse

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: popliteal artery

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: capillaries do not pump blood

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: The pulse or heart rate

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: The right atrium and right ventricle

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: The aorta

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: Veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: The pulse or heart rate

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: Atherosclerosis

text: When a change of blood pH is detected by chemoreceptors or a change of blood pressure is detected by stretch receptors in aortic and carotid bodies, the cardiovascular centre affects changes to the heart rate by sending nerve impulse to pacemaker (or SA node) via sympathetic fibres (to cause faster and stronger cardiac muscle contraction) and the vagus nerve (to cause slower and less strong cardiac muscle contraction). The cardiovascular centre also increases the stroke volume of the heart (that is, the amount of blood it pumps). These two changes help to regulate the cardiac output, so that a sufficient amount of blood reaches tissue.

text: When a change of blood

text: pH

text: is detected by

text: chemoreceptors

text: or a change of

text: blood pressure

text: is detected by

text: stretch receptor

text: s in

text: aortic

text: and

text: carotid

text: bodies, the cardiovascular centre affects changes to the heart rate by sending

text: nerve impulse

text: to

text: pacemaker

text: (or

text: SA node

text: ) via

text: sympathetic

text: fibres (to cause faster and stronger

text: cardiac muscle

text: contraction) and the

text: vagus nerve

text: (to cause slower and less strong cardiac muscle contraction). The cardiovascular centre also increases the stroke volume of the heart (that is, the amount of blood it pumps). These two changes help to regulate the

text: cardiac output

text: , so that a sufficient amount of blood reaches tissue.

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answers: NDQ_007812

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answers: NDQ_007813

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answers: NDQ_007814

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answers: NDQ_007815

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answers: NDQ_007816

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answers: NDQ_007829

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answers: NDQ_007831

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answers: NDQ_007843

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text: Conditioning of the shoulder area involves full body exercises through a full range of motion. Exercises that are light to moderate activity over a 30-60 minute time period should increase cardiac output, which in-turn helps carry more oxygen saturated blood throughout the body. Regular running or an upper body ergometer are examples of full body exercise to increase cardiovascular endurance for proper conditioning. The more blood that the heart can pump throughout the body helps endurance performance by supplying the body with more nutrients and oxygen for a prolonged period of time. In addition to conditioning the heart; a good dynamic warm-up, particular to a sport, should be in place to help prevent shoulder injury.  Dynamic warm ups for upper and lower body can be considered a form of conditioning.  The athlete can stretch and perform small movements in multiple directions to increase neurovascular response which satisfies dynamic warm ups. The increase in blood flow and neurological feedback will help with physiological and mechanical components for sport performance. This also helps with the exchange of oxygen from the blood to the tissues and synapses of the neurons happening quicker which leads to enhanced performance.

text: Conditioning of the shoulder area involves full body exercises through a full range of motion. Exercises that are light to moderate activity over a 30-60 minute time period should increase

text: cardiac output

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answers: shoulder

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: lower

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: left ventricle

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: shoulder area

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: cardiac output

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: injury

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: exercise to increase cardiovascular endurance

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: cardiac output

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: neurovascular

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: blood that the heart can pump

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: cardiac output

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: Cardiovascular endurance

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Arteries

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: Increase in blood flow and neurological feedback

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: blood

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: Pacemaker

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: blood

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: neurovascular

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: the exchange of oxygen from the blood to the tissues

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: oxygen saturated blood

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: Vascular valve

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: Systemic circulation

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: The aorta

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: Veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: carrying more oxygen saturated blood

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: Cardiovascular disease

text: Cerebral blood flow is determined by a number of factors, such as viscosity of blood, how dilated blood vessels are, and the net pressure of the flow of blood into the brain, known as cerebral perfusion pressure, which is determined by the body's blood pressure. Cerebral blood vessels are able to change the flow of blood through them by altering their diameters in a process called autoregulation; they constrict when systemic blood pressure is raised and dilate when it is lowered. Arterioles also constrict and dilate in response to different chemical concentrations. For example, they dilate in response to higher levels of carbon dioxide in the blood and constrict to lower levels of carbon dioxide.

text: Cerebral blood flow is determined by a number of factors, such as

text: viscosity

text: of blood, how dilated

text: blood vessel

text: s are, and the net pressure of the flow of blood into the brain, known as

text: cerebral perfusion pressure

text: , which is determined by the body's

text: blood pressure

text: . Cerebral blood vessels are able to change the flow of blood through them by altering their diameters in a process called

text: autoregulation

text: ; they constrict when systemic blood pressure is raised and dilate when it is lowered. Arterioles also constrict and dilate in response to different chemical concentrations. For example, they dilate in response to higher levels of

text: carbon dioxide

text: in the blood and constrict to lower levels of carbon dioxide.

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text: The prognosis for pulmonary atresia varies for every child,  if the condition is left uncorrected it may be fatal, but the prognosis has greatly improved over the years for those with pulmonary atresia.  Some factors that affect how well the child does include how well the heart is beating, and the condition of the blood vessels that supply the heart.  Most cases of pulmonary atresia can be helped with surgery,  if the patient's right ventricle is exceptionally small, many surgeries will be needed in order to help stimulate normal circulation of blood to the heart.If uncorrected, babies with this type of congenital heart disease may only survive for the first few days of life. Many children with pulmonary atresia will go on to lead normal lives, though complications such as endocarditis, stroke and seizures are possible.

text: The prognosis for pulmonary atresia varies for every child,  if the condition is left uncorrected it may be fatal, but the prognosis has greatly improved over the years for those with pulmonary atresia.  Some factors that affect how well the child does include how well the heart is beating, and the condition of the blood vessels that supply the heart.  Most cases of pulmonary atresia can be helped with surgery,  if the patient's

text: right ventricle

text: is exceptionally small, many surgeries will be needed in order to help stimulate normal circulation of blood to the heart.If uncorrected, babies with this type of

text: congenital heart disease

text: may only survive for the first few days of life. Many children with pulmonary atresia will go on to lead normal lives, though complications such as

text: endocarditis

text: stroke

text: and

text: seizures

text: are possible.

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text: One of the first recommended roles of a polypill was as a means of providing recommended medications to people with heart disease, stroke and other forms of cardiovascular disease. Most cardiovascular disease patients do not receive recommended medications long-term: the proportion of cardiovascular disease patients not receiving a statin, aspirin and blood pressure lowering medication long-term ranges from about 50% in high income countries to over 90% in low income countries. In 2001, a World Health Organisation and The Wellcome Trust meeting of experts to discuss interventions for non-communicable diseases noted “the use of a single pill could well encourage patients to adhere to treatment as well as seriously reduce the cost of the drugs” A programme of research was outlined, including stability and bio-availability testing followed by assessment of short-term effects on blood pressure, cholesterol, platelet aggregation, safety and side effects. In 2002, the World Health Organisation Annual Report outlined the substantial potential public health impact and cost-effectiveness of scaling up access to combination cardiovascular treatment and an editorial in The Lancet noted that a four component combination pill would reduce cardiovascular risk by about 75% among people with vascular disease.

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text: Diltiazem has negative inotropic, chronotropic, and dromotropic effects. This means diltiazem causes a decrease in heart muscle contractility – how strong the beat is, lowering of heart rate – due to slowing of the sinoatrial node, and a slowing of conduction through the atrioventricular node – increasing the time needed for each beat. Each of these effects results in reduced oxygen consumption by the heart, reducing angina symptoms. These effects also reduce blood pressure by causing less blood to be pumped out.

text: Diltiazem has negative

text: inotropic

text: chronotropic

text: , and

text: dromotropic

text: effects. This means diltiazem causes a decrease in heart muscle contractility – how strong the beat is, lowering of heart rate – due to slowing of the sinoatrial node, and a slowing of conduction through the atrioventricular node – increasing the time needed for each beat. Each of these effects results in reduced oxygen consumption by the heart, reducing angina symptoms. These effects also reduce blood pressure by causing less blood to be pumped out.

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text: Heart tissue, like all cells in the body, needs to be supplied with oxygen, nutrients and a way of removing metabolic wastes. This is achieved by the coronary circulation, which includes arteries, veins, and lymphatic vessels, Blood flow through the coronary vessels occurs in peaks and troughs relating to the heart muscle's relaxation or contraction.

text: Heart tissue, like all cells in the body, needs to be supplied with

text: oxygen

text: nutrient

text: s and a way of removing

text: metabolic waste

text: s. This is achieved by the

text: coronary circulation

text: , which includes

text: arteries

text: vein

text: s, and

text: lymphatic vessels

text: , Blood flow through the coronary vessels occurs in peaks and troughs relating to the heart muscle's relaxation or contraction.

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answers: coronary

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answers: veins

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answers: arteries

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answers: Heart tissue

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answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: heart muscle's relaxation

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: metabolic wastes

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: Heart muscle

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: Blood flow through the coronary vessels

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Arteries

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: Blood flow

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: lungs

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: Pacemaker

answers: NDQ_007839

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answers: NDQ_007840

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: Blood flow through the coronary vessels occurs in peaks and troughs

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: arteries, veins

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: Ventricular valve

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answers: systemic circulation

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text: In this type of procedure, a narrowed blood vessel is expanded via angioplasty or stenting. A thin angiography catheter is inserted in a large groin blood vessel and advanced to the stenosis. Percutaneous treatment is less invasive than endarterectomy, usually requiring only local anesthesia. Endarterectomy is still considered safer though, as percutaneous treatments can lead to accidental dislodging of plaque or even arterial rupturing.

text: In this type of procedure, a narrowed blood vessel is expanded via angioplasty or stenting. A thin angiography catheter is inserted in a large groin blood vessel and advanced to the stenosis. Percutaneous treatment is less invasive than endarterectomy, usually requiring only local anesthesia. Endarterectomy is still considered safer though, as percutaneous treatments can lead to accidental dislodging of plaque or even arterial rupturing.

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answers: Capillaries are not blood vessels.

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answers: narrowed blood vessel

text: Some children with pectus carinatum also have scoliosis (curvature of the spine). Some have mitral valve prolapse, a condition in which the heart mitral valve functions abnormally. Connective tissue disorders involving structural abnormalities of the major blood vessels and heart valves are also seen. Although rarely seen, some children have other connective tissue disorders, including arthritis, visual impairment and healing impairment.

text: Some children with pectus carinatum also have

text: scoliosis

text: (curvature of the spine). Some have

text: mitral valve prolapse

text: , a condition in which the heart mitral valve functions abnormally. Connective tissue disorders involving structural abnormalities of the major blood vessels and heart valves are also seen. Although rarely seen, some children have other connective tissue disorders, including arthritis, visual impairment and healing impairment.

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answers: NDQ_007808

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answers: NDQ_007809

answers: mitral

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: mitral valve

answers: NDQ_007811

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answers: NDQ_007812

answers: mitral

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: mitral

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: major blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: mitral valve prolapse

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: pectus carinatum

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: mitral

answers: NDQ_007820

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answers: NDQ_007828

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answers: NDQ_007829

answers: Mitral valve prolapse

answers: NDQ_007831

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answers: NDQ_007835

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answers: NDQ_007838

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answers: NDQ_007842

answers: capillaries are not blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007843

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answers: NDQ_007846

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answers: NDQ_007847

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: mitral valve prolapse

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: structural abnormalities of the major blood vessels

text: Great vessels is a term used to refer collectively to the large vessels that bring blood to and from the heart.  These are:

text: Great vessels is a term used to refer collectively to the large vessels that bring blood to and from the

text: heart

text: .  These are:

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answers: Great vessels

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: Cardiovascular disease

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: Great vessels

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: right ventricle

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: Great vessels

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: heart attack

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: blood clotting

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: pulmonary

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: cardiac myocytes

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: Great vessels

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: atria

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: Veins

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Great vessels

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: Great vessels

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: Great vessels

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: lungs

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: Great vessels

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: blood

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: large vessels

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: venous

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: capillaries do not bring blood to and from the heart

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: Great vessels

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: Great vessels

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: Great vessels

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: Great vessels

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: Veins

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answers: Great vessels

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: atherosclerosis

text: There are two types of cells within the heart: the cardiomyocytes and the cardiac pacemaker cells.Cardiomyocytes make up the atria (the chambers in which blood enters the heart) and the ventricles (the chambers where blood is collected and pumped out of the heart). These cells must be able to shorten and lengthen their fibers and the fibers must be flexible enough to stretch.  These functions are critical to the proper form during the beating of the heart.

text: There are two types of cells within the heart: the cardiomyocytes and the

text: cardiac pacemaker cells

text: .Cardiomyocytes make up the

text: atria

text: (the chambers in which blood enters the heart) and the

text: ventricles

text: (the chambers where blood is collected and pumped out of the heart). These cells must be able to shorten and lengthen their fibers and the fibers must be flexible enough to stretch.  These functions are critical to the proper form during the beating of the heart.

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text: Cardiovascular (heart) surgery is surgery on the heart or great vessels performed by cardiac surgeons. Frequently, it is done to treat complications of ischemic heart disease (for example, coronary artery bypass grafting), correct congenital heart disease, or treat valvular heart disease from various causes including endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease and atherosclerosis. It also includes heart transplantation.

text: Cardiovascular (heart) surgery is

text: surgery

text: on the

text: heart

text: or

text: great vessels

text: performed by cardiac

text: surgeon

text: s. Frequently, it is done to treat complications of

text: ischemic heart disease

text: (for example,

text: coronary artery bypass grafting

text: ), correct

text: congenital heart disease

text: , or treat

text: valvular heart disease

text: from various causes including

text: endocarditis

text: rheumatic heart disease

text: and

text: atherosclerosis

text: . It also includes

text: heart transplantation

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answers: NDQ_007848

answers: ischemic heart disease

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: atherosclerosis

text: A 2015 systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials found that HIIT training and traditional endurance training both lead to significantly improved cardiovascular fitness in healthy adults ages 18–45 but greater improvements in VO max were seen in those participating in the HIIT exercise regimen. Another analysis also found that HIIT regimens of one month or longer effectively improve cardiovascular fitness in adolescents and lead to moderate improvements in body composition. Furthermore, a separate systematic review and meta-analysis of seven small randomized controlled trials found that HIIT (defined as four intervals of four minutes at 85–95% of max heart rate with three-minute intervals at 60–70% of max heart rate) was more effective than moderate-intensity continuous training at improving blood vessel function and markers of blood vessel health.

text: A 2015

text: systematic review

text: and meta-analysis of

text: randomized controlled trial

text: s found that HIIT training and traditional endurance training both lead to significantly improved

text: cardiovascular fitness

text: in healthy adults ages 18–45 but greater improvements in VO max were seen in those participating in the HIIT exercise regimen. Another analysis also found that HIIT regimens of one month or longer effectively improve cardiovascular fitness in adolescents and lead to moderate improvements in body composition. Furthermore, a separate systematic review and meta-analysis of seven small randomized controlled trials found that HIIT (defined as four intervals of four minutes at 85–95% of max heart rate with three-minute intervals at 60–70% of max heart rate) was more effective than moderate-intensity continuous training at improving blood vessel function and markers of blood vessel health.

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answers: NDQ_007811

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answers: NDQ_007812

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answers: NDQ_007813

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answers: NDQ_007814

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answers: NDQ_007815

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answers: NDQ_007816

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answers: NDQ_007818

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answers: NDQ_007820

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answers: NDQ_007828

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answers: NDQ_007829

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answers: NDQ_007831

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answers: NDQ_007834

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answers: NDQ_007835

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answers: NDQ_007836

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answers: NDQ_007837

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answers: NDQ_007838

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answers: NDQ_007839

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007807

answers: blood vessel

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: cardiovascular

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: blood vessel

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: right atrium

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: blood vessel function

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: VO

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: VO

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: blood vessel

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: Cardiovascular

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: body composition

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: VO

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: Blood vessel function and markers of blood vessel health

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: atria

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: Blood vessel function

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Blood vessel

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: HIIT

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: lungs

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: HIIT

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: blood vessel

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: blood vessel

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: blood vessel

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: blood vessel function and markers of blood vessel health

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: HIIT

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: Blood vessel

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: cardiovascular

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: aorta

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: Veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: VO max

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: HIIT

text: The highly selective aspartic protease renin is secreted from the juxtaglomerular apparatus, which is the only source of active renin, although its precursor, prorenin, can be secreted by  other  tissues, such as the salivary glands, brain, heart and blood vessels. Renin is a circulating enzyme that acts on a circulating peptide, angiotensinogen. Renin cleaves the peptide at the Leu10–Val11 bond, and this reaction is the rate-determining step of the RAAS. This leads to the product angiotensin I (Ang I) which is a decapeptide. Ang I is broken down by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) to the active octapeptide  angiotensin II (Ang II), which is the principal effector of the RAAS. Ang II stimulates renal sodium retention; promotes aldosterone secretion; causes vasoconstriction, and increases sympathetic nervous system activity. Ang II also provides a negative feedback to the system by inhibiting renin release by the juxtaglomerular apparatus. Ang II interacts with at least two classes of Ang II receptors, AT1 and AT2. This mechanism, which runs from renin through Ang II and to aldosterone, as well as the negative feedback that Ang II has on renin secretion, is known as RAAS. The net effect is to increase blood pressure, which in normal physiology is necessary in order to maintain homeostasis.

text: The highly

text: selective

text: aspartic protease

text: renin is

text: secreted

text: from the

text: juxtaglomerular apparatus

text: , which is the only source of active renin, although its precursor, prorenin, can be secreted by  other

text: tissues

text: , such as the salivary glands, brain, heart and blood vessels. Renin is a circulating

text: enzyme

text: that acts on a circulating

text: peptide

text: , angiotensinogen. Renin cleaves the peptide at the Leu10–Val11 bond, and this reaction is the

text: rate-determining step

text: of the RAAS. This leads to the product

text: angiotensin I

text: (Ang I) which is a

text: decapeptide

text: . Ang I is

text: broken down

text: by the

text: angiotensin-converting enzyme

text: (ACE) to the active octapeptide

text: angiotensin II

text: (Ang II), which is the principal effector of the RAAS. Ang II stimulates renal sodium retention; promotes

text: aldosterone

text: secretion; causes

text: vasoconstriction

text: , and increases

text: sympathetic nervous system

text: activity. Ang II also provides a

text: negative feedback

text: to the system by inhibiting renin release by the juxtaglomerular apparatus. Ang II interacts with at least two classes of

text: Ang II receptors

text: and

text: . This mechanism, which runs from renin through Ang II and to aldosterone, as well as the negative feedback that Ang II has on renin secretion, is known as RAAS. The net effect is to increase blood pressure, which in normal physiology is necessary in order to maintain

text: homeostasis

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text: The elasticity and contractile nature of the octopus aorta serves to smooth out the pulsing nature of blood flow from the heart as the pulses travel the length of the vessel, while the vena cava serves in an energy storage capacity. Stroke volume of the systemic heart changes inversely with the difference between the input blood pressure through the vena cava and the output back pressure through the aorta.

text: The elasticity and contractile nature of the octopus aorta serves to smooth out the pulsing nature of blood flow from the heart as the pulses travel the length of the vessel, while the vena cava serves in an energy storage capacity. Stroke volume of the systemic heart changes inversely with the difference between the input blood pressure through the

text: vena cava

text: and the output back pressure through the

text: aorta

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text: The four SNPs found to be associated with salt sensitivity consequently predispose such cardiovascular problems as left ventricular hypertrophy and dysfunction of the endothelium. The Arg83Gly SNP specifically results in a large reduction in the flow of chloride ions through the ClC-Ka channel in the thin and thick ascending limb of the nephrons. Experimentally, the membrane potential at which the channels show no net movement of ions at a given chloride concentration drops significantly with the mutation, indicating altered function in situ. his manifests as a chronic salt wasting disorder similar to Bartter syndrome, as sodium reabsorption is coupled with chloride reabsorption. he salt loss results in a decrease blood volume and consequently hyperreninemia leading (via the end product angiotensin II and aldosterone) to increased vascular tone, heart rate, water reabsorption, and blood pressure, collectively referred to as cardiorenal syndrome. Being heterozygous for this Arg83Gly variant increases the risk of heart failure by 27%, while homozygosity increases the risk by 54%. The additive stress on the heart from increased blood pressure and heart rate often only manifests as a pathology with an additional cardiovascular problem such as hypertension. Treatment for the SNP associated hyperreninemia involves drugs to block the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system to relieve the aforementioned stresses on the heart.

text: The four SNPs found to be associated with salt sensitivity consequently predispose such cardiovascular problems as

text: left ventricular hypertrophy

text: and dysfunction of the endothelium. The Arg83Gly SNP specifically results in a large reduction in the flow of chloride ions through the ClC-Ka channel in the thin and thick ascending limb of the nephrons. Experimentally, the membrane potential at which the channels show no net movement of ions at a given chloride concentration drops significantly with the mutation, indicating altered function in situ. his manifests as a chronic salt wasting disorder similar to

text: Bartter syndrome

text: , as sodium reabsorption is coupled with chloride reabsorption. he salt loss results in a decrease blood volume and consequently hyperreninemia leading (via the end product angiotensin II and aldosterone) to increased vascular tone, heart rate, water reabsorption, and blood pressure, collectively referred to as

text: cardiorenal syndrome

text: . Being heterozygous for this Arg83Gly variant increases the risk of heart failure by 27%, while homozygosity increases the risk by 54%. The additive stress on the heart from increased blood pressure and heart rate often only manifests as a pathology with an additional cardiovascular problem such as hypertension. Treatment for the SNP associated hyperreninemia involves drugs to block the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system to relieve the aforementioned stresses on the heart.

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answers: NDQ_007807

answers: vascular

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answers: Bartter syndrome

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: nephrons

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: left ventricular

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: heart failure

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: SNPs

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: endothelium

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: Left ventricular hypertrophy

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: left ventricular

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: Arg83Gly

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: left ventricular hypertrophy

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: increase blood volume

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: left ventricular

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: left ventricular

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: Arg83Gly

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: endothelium

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: vascular

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: left ventricular

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: Arg83Gly SNP specifically results in a large reduction in the flow of chloride ions

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: sodium reabsorption

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: left ventricular

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: left ventricular hypertrophy

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: The Arg83Gly SNP

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: increase blood volume

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: Cardiorenal syndrome

text: Cardiology is the branch of internal medicine dealing with disorders of the heart and blood vessels.

text: Cardiology

text: is the branch of

text: internal medicine

text: dealing with disorders of the

text: heart

text: and

text: blood vessel

text: s.

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answers: Cardiology

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: The branch of internal medicine dealing with disorders of the heart and blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: Cardiology

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answers: Blood vessels dilate

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answers: Cardiology deals with disorders of the heart and blood vessels.

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text: In a single-lung transplant the process starts out after the donor lung has been inspected and the decision to accept the donor lung for the patient has been made. An incision is generally made from under the shoulder blade around the chest, ending near the sternum. An alternate method involves an incision under the breastbone. In the case of a singular lung transplant the lung is collapsed, the blood vessels in the lung tied off, and the lung removed at the bronchial tube. The donor lung is placed, the blood vessels reattached, and the lung reinflated. To make sure the lung is satisfactory and to clear any remaining blood and mucus in the new lung a bronchoscopy will be performed. When the surgeons are satisfied with the performance of the lung the chest incision will be closed.

text: In a single-lung transplant the process starts out after the donor lung has been inspected and the decision to accept the donor lung for the patient has been made. An incision is generally made from under the shoulder blade around the chest, ending near the sternum. An alternate method involves an incision under the breastbone. In the case of a singular lung transplant the lung is collapsed, the blood vessels in the lung tied off, and the lung removed at the

text: bronchial

text: tube. The donor lung is placed, the blood vessels reattached, and the lung reinflated. To make sure the lung is satisfactory and to clear any remaining blood and mucus in the new lung a

text: bronchoscopy

text: will be performed. When the surgeons are satisfied with the performance of the lung the chest incision will be closed.

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answers: Cardiovascular disease

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: sternum

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: lung

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: sternum

answers: NDQ_007812

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answers: NDQ_007814

answers: lung

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: Cardiac arrest

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: lung transplant

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: pulmonary

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: right and left atria

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: The atria

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: In the case of a single-lung transplant

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: lung reinflated

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: sternum

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answers: lung

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: a single-lung transplant

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: blood

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: pulmonary

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: blood vessels in the lung tied off

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: Blood vessels in the lung

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: The bronchial tube

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: right atrium and right ventricle

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: The aorta

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answers: veins

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answers: lung reinflated

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: Atherosclerosis

text: The lymph hearts rhythmically and slowly pump to drive the lymph into the veins. It is possible to see the lymph hearts beat by looking on the dorsal surface on either side of the urostyle. In the toad the normal lymph heart rate is about 50 beats per minute. Thus the lymph emerging out of blood ultimately merges into the blood. It returns the proteins back to blood.

text: The lymph hearts rhythmically and slowly pump to drive the lymph into the veins. It is possible to see the lymph hearts beat by looking on the dorsal surface on either side of the urostyle. In the toad the normal lymph heart rate is about 50 beats per minute. Thus the lymph emerging out of blood ultimately merges into the blood. It returns the proteins back to blood.

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answers: NDQ_007808

answers: Cardiovascular disease

answers: NDQ_007809

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answers: NDQ_007810

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answers: NDQ_007811

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answers: NDQ_007812

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answers: NDQ_007813

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answers: NDQ_007814

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answers: NDQ_007815

answers: heart attack

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: normal lymph heart rate

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: lymph emerging out of blood ultimately merges into the blood

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: rhythmically and slowly pump

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: lymph emerging out of blood ultimately merges into the blood

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: Pacemaker

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: blood

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: capillaries return the proteins back to blood

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: lymph emerging out of blood ultimately merges into the blood

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: The ventricles

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: Systemic circulation

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answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: lymph emerging out of blood ultimately merges into the blood

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: atherosclerosis

text: Coarctation of the aorta (CoA or CoAo), also called aortic narrowing, is a congenital condition whereby the aorta is narrow, usually in the area where the ductus arteriosus (ligamentum arteriosum after regression) inserts. The word “coarctation” means narrowing. Coarctations are most common in the aortic arch. The arch may be small in babies with coarctations. Other heart defects may also occur when coarctation is present, typically occurring on the left side of the heart. When a patient has a coarctation, the left ventricle has to work harder. Since the aorta is narrowed, the left ventricle must generate a much higher pressure than normal in order to force enough blood through the aorta to deliver blood to the lower part of the body. If the narrowing is severe enough, the left ventricle may not be strong enough to push blood through the coarctation, thus resulting in lack of blood to the lower half of the body. Physiologically its complete form is manifested as interrupted aortic arch.

text: Coarctation of the aorta (CoA or CoAo), also called aortic narrowing, is a congenital condition whereby the

text: aorta

text: is narrow, usually in the area where the

text: ductus arteriosus

text: ligamentum arteriosum

text: after regression) inserts. The word “coarctation” means narrowing. Coarctations are most common in the aortic arch. The arch may be small in babies with coarctations. Other heart defects may also occur when coarctation is present, typically occurring on the left side of the heart. When a patient has a coarctation, the

text: left ventricle

text: has to work harder. Since the aorta is narrowed, the left ventricle must generate a much higher pressure than normal in order to force enough blood through the aorta to deliver blood to the lower part of the body. If the narrowing is severe enough, the left ventricle may not be strong enough to push blood through the coarctation, thus resulting in lack of blood to the lower half of the body. Physiologically its complete form is manifested as

text: interrupted aortic arch

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answers: NDQ_007807

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answers: NDQ_007808

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answers: NDQ_007809

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007811

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answers: NDQ_007812

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007813

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answers: NDQ_007814

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answers: NDQ_007815

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007816

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answers: NDQ_007818

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answers: NDQ_007820

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answers: NDQ_007828

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answers: NDQ_007829

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answers: NDQ_007831

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answers: NDQ_007834

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answers: NDQ_007835

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answers: NDQ_007836

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answers: NDQ_007837

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answers: NDQ_007838

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answers: NDQ_007839

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answers: NDQ_007840

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answers: NDQ_007841

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answers: NDQ_007842

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answers: NDQ_007843

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007844

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answers: NDQ_007848

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answers: NDQ_007849

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answers: NDQ_007807

answers: aorta

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: coronary heart disease

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: aorta

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: left ventricle

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: left ventricle

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: Aorta

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: Coarctation

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: Other heart defects may also occur when coarctation is present

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: left ventricle

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: ventricle

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: right and left atria

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: left ventricle

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: Coarctation of the aorta

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Arteries generally carry oxygen-rich blood

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: The word “coarctation” means narrowing

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: left ventricle

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: left ventricle

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: coarctation

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: Aorta

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: arteriosus

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: aorta

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: When a patient has a coarctation, the left ventricle has to work harder

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: Coarctation

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: left ventricle

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: The aorta

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: The word “coarctation” means narrowing

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: When a patient has a coarctation

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: The word “coarctation” means narrowing

text: They have a neurogenic heart, which have rhythmic depolarization that is responsible for initiating heart beats. Heartbeats originate in nervous tissue; innervated muscle cells cause the heart to contract when stimulated by nerve impulses. The cardiac ganglion, which consists of nine neurones, attaches to the dorsal wall of the heart. The anterior neurons innervate the heart, whereas the other posterior neurons make synpaptic contact with those anterior neurones. The posterior neuron acts as the pacemaker, but also functions as the cellular oscillator and the central pattern generator. This posterior neuron produces a train of impulses, which excites the other posterior neurones. The heart contracts when the posterior neurones activate the five anterior neurones, which send impulses to the muscle cells. This is how the Frank–Starling mechanism works within crustaceans. The Frank–Starling mechanism refers to the vitally important intrinsic control of the heart; mainly the stretching of the cardiac muscle tends to increase the force of its contraction by an effect at the cellular level. This mechanism is important as it allows the organism to match its output of blood with its input of blood. Because of the stretching between beats, the Frank–Starling mechanism allows the heart to then naturally contract more forcefully, allowing greater flow of blood, which results in the matched heart output to the increased blood received. The Frank–Starling mechanism is a little different in crustaceans, as it involves the cardiac ganglion as described previously. The stretching of the heart induces the ganglion to fire more regularly and powerfully.

text: They have a neurogenic heart, which have rhythmic

text: depolarization

text: that is responsible for initiating heart beats. Heartbeats originate in nervous tissue; innervated muscle cells cause the heart to contract when stimulated by nerve impulses. The cardiac ganglion, which consists of nine neurones, attaches to the dorsal wall of the heart. The anterior neurons innervate the heart, whereas the other posterior neurons make synpaptic contact with those anterior neurones. The posterior neuron acts as the pacemaker, but also functions as the cellular oscillator and the central pattern generator. This posterior

text: neuron

text: produces a train of impulses, which excites the other posterior neurones. The heart contracts when the posterior neurones activate the five anterior neurones, which send impulses to the muscle cells. This is how the

text: Frank–Starling mechanism

text: works within crustaceans. The Frank–Starling mechanism refers to the vitally important intrinsic control of the heart; mainly the stretching of the cardiac muscle tends to increase the force of its contraction by an effect at the cellular level. This mechanism is important as it allows the organism to match its output of blood with its input of blood. Because of the stretching between beats, the Frank–Starling mechanism allows the heart to then naturally contract more forcefully, allowing greater flow of blood, which results in the matched heart output to the increased blood received. The Frank–Starling mechanism is a little different in crustaceans, as it involves the cardiac ganglion as described previously. The stretching of the heart induces the ganglion to fire more regularly and powerfully.

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answers: 9 neurones

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answers: NDQ_007807

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answers: NDQ_007808

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answers: NDQ_007809

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answers: NDQ_007810

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answers: NDQ_007811

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answers: NDQ_007812

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answers: NDQ_007813

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answers: NDQ_007814

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answers: NDQ_007815

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answers: NDQ_007816

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answers: NDQ_007818

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answers: NDQ_007820

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answers: NDQ_007828

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answers: NDQ_007829

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_007831

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answers: NDQ_007834

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answers: NDQ_007835

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answers: NDQ_007836

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answers: NDQ_007837

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answers: NDQ_007838

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answers: NDQ_007839

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answers: NDQ_007840

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answers: NDQ_007841

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answers: NDQ_007843

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answers: NDQ_007844

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answers: NDQ_007845

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answers: NDQ_007846

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answers: NDQ_007847

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007807

answers: capillaries

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: coronary heart disease

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: cardiac muscle

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: right atrium

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: cardiac ganglion

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: ventricle

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: dorsal

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: coronary

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: heart failure

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: a neurogenic heart

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: pulmonary

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: cardiac ganglion

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: blood in the pulmonary circulation passes through the right and left atria

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: heart contracts when the posterior neurones activate the five anterior neurones

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: The Frank–Starling mechanism

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: greater flow of blood

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: greater flow of blood

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: the cardiac ganglion

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: cardiac ganglion

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: posterior neuron

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: nervous tissue

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: crustaceans

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: cardiac ganglion

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: capillaries are not responsible for initiating heart beats

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: anterior neurons innervate the heart, whereas the other posterior neurons make synpaptic contact with those anterior neurones

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: The Frank–Starling mechanism

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: cardiac ganglion

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: The Frank–Starling mechanism

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: The Frank–Starling mechanism

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: allowing greater flow of blood

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: The Frank–Starling mechanism

text: Treatment requires diuretics (to decrease strain on the heart). Oxygen is often required to resolve the shortness of breath. Additionally, oxygen to the lungs also helps relax the blood vessels and eases right heart failure. When wheezing is present,the majority of individuals require a bronchodilator. A variety of drugs have been developed to relax the blood vessels in the lung, calcium channel blockers are used but only work in few cases and according to NICE are not recommended for use at all.

text: Treatment requires

text: diuretic

text: s (to decrease

text: strain

text: on the heart).

text: Oxygen

text: is often required to resolve the shortness of breath. Additionally, oxygen to the lungs also helps relax the blood vessels and eases right heart failure. When wheezing is present,the majority of individuals require a

text: bronchodilator

text: . A variety of drugs have been developed to relax the blood vessels in the lung,

text: calcium channel blockers

text: are used but only work in few cases and according to NICE are not recommended for use at all.

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answers: Calcium channel blockers are not recommended for use at all

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answers: Calcium channel blockers

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answers: Calcium channel blockers

text: His research and research group tries to find out how physical activity and exercise training can be used as medicine, and they are especially looking at the effects physical exercise have on heart, blood vessels and skeletal muscles to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases.

text: His research and research group tries to find out how physical activity and exercise training can be used as medicine, and they are especially looking at the effects physical exercise have on

text: heart

text: blood vessels

text: and

text: skeletal muscles

text: to prevent and treat

text: cardiovascular diseases

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answers: cardiovascular diseases

text: Resistance occurs where the vessels away from the heart oppose the flow of blood. Resistance is an accumulation of three different factors: blood viscosity, blood vessel length, and vessel radius.

text: Resistance occurs where the vessels away from the heart oppose the flow of blood. Resistance is an accumulation of three different factors: blood viscosity, blood vessel length, and vessel radius.

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text: A wide variety of alkaloid and non-alkaloid compounds have been identified in various species of ephedra.  Of the six ephedrine-type ingredients found in ephedra (at concentrations of 0.02-3.4%), the most common are ephedrine and pseudoephedrine. The stimulant and thermogenic effects of Ephedra sinica and other ephedra species are due to the presence of the alkaloids ephedrine and pseudoephedrine. These compounds stimulate the brain, increase heart rate, constrict blood vessels (increasing blood pressure), and expand bronchial tubes (making breathing easier). Their thermogenic properties cause an increase in metabolism, as evidenced by an increase in body heat.

text: A wide variety of alkaloid and non-alkaloid compounds have been identified in various species of ephedra.  Of the six ephedrine-type ingredients found in ephedra (at concentrations of 0.02-3.4%), the most common are

text: ephedrine

text: and

text: pseudoephedrine

text: . The

text: stimulant

text: and

text: thermogenic

text: effects of Ephedra sinica and other ephedra species are due to the presence of the

text: alkaloid

text: s

text: ephedrine

text: and

text: pseudoephedrine

text: . These compounds stimulate the brain, increase

text: heart rate

text: , constrict blood vessels (increasing

text: blood pressure

text: ), and expand bronchial tubes (making breathing easier). Their thermogenic properties cause an increase in metabolism, as evidenced by an increase in body heat.

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answers: NDQ_007808

answers: blood pressure

answers: NDQ_007809

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answers: left ventricle

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: heart

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answers: left

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: Brochial

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: constrict blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: increase heart rate, constrict blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: bronchial

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: constrict blood vessels

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answers: constrict blood vessels

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answers: constrict blood vessels

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answers: constrict blood vessels

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answers: constrict blood vessels

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answers: heart

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answers: airways

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answers: ephedrine

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answers: blood

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answers: constrict

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answers: constrict blood vessels

text: Existing cardiovascular disease or a previous cardiovascular event, such as a heart attack or stroke, is the strongest predictor of a future cardiovascular event. Age, sex, smoking, blood pressure, blood lipids and diabetes are important predictors of future cardiovascular disease in people who are not known to have cardiovascular disease. These measures, and sometimes others, may be combined into composite risk scores to estimate an individual's future risk of cardiovascular disease. Numerous risk scores exist although their respective merits are debated. Other diagnostic tests and biomarkers remain under evaluation but currently these lack clear-cut evidence to support their routine use. They include family history, coronary artery calcification score, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), ankle brachial index, lipoprotein subclasses and particle concentration, lipoprotein(a), apolipoproteins A-I and B, fibrinogen, white blood cell count, homocysteine, N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide  (NT-proBNP), and markers of kidney function.

text: Existing cardiovascular disease or a previous cardiovascular event, such as a heart attack or stroke, is the strongest predictor of a future cardiovascular event. Age, sex, smoking, blood pressure, blood lipids and diabetes are important predictors of future cardiovascular disease in people who are not known to have cardiovascular disease. These measures, and sometimes others, may be combined into composite risk scores to estimate an individual's future risk of cardiovascular disease. Numerous risk scores exist although their respective merits are debated. Other diagnostic tests and biomarkers remain under evaluation but currently these lack clear-cut evidence to support their routine use. They include family history, coronary artery

text: calcification

text: score,

text: high sensitivity C-reactive protein

text: (hs-CRP),

text: ankle brachial index

text: , lipoprotein subclasses and particle concentration, lipoprotein(a), apolipoproteins A-I and B,

text: fibrinogen

text: , white blood cell count,

text: homocysteine

text: , N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide  (NT-proBNP), and markers of kidney function.

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answers: coronary

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answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: artery

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: heart attack

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: Age, sex, smoking, blood pressure, blood lipids and diabetes

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: pulmonary

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: coronary artery

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: atria

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: atria

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: Blood lipids and diabetes

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: coronary artery

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: NT-proBNP

answers: NDQ_007836

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answers: arteries

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answers: blood lipids and diabetes are important predictors

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answers: existing cardiovascular disease or a previous cardiovascular event

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answers: Cardiovascular disease

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answers: systemic circulation

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answers: Aorta

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text: Occlusion of blood vessels that supply the nerves or their nuclei, an ischemic stroke, may cause specific signs and symptoms that can localise where the occlusion occurred.  A clot in a blood vessel draining the cavernous sinus (cavernous sinus thrombosis) affects the oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV), opthalamic branch of the trigeminal nerve (V1) and the abducens nerve (VI).

text: Occlusion of blood vessels that supply the nerves or their nuclei, an

text: ischemic

text: stroke

text: , may cause specific signs and symptoms that can localise where the occlusion occurred.  A clot in a blood vessel draining the cavernous sinus (

text: cavernous sinus thrombosis

text: ) affects the oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV), opthalamic branch of the trigeminal nerve (V1) and the abducens nerve (VI).

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answers: NDQ_007808

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answers: NDQ_007809

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answers: NDQ_007810

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answers: NDQ_007811

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answers: NDQ_007812

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answers: NDQ_007813

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answers: NDQ_007814

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answers: NDQ_007815

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answers: NDQ_007816

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answers: NDQ_007818

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answers: NDQ_007820

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answers: NDQ_007828

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answers: NDQ_007829

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answers: NDQ_007831

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answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Arteries

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: Occlusion of blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007836

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answers: NDQ_007837

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answers: NDQ_007838

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answers: NDQ_007839

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answers: NDQ_007840

answers: supply the nerves

answers: NDQ_007841

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answers: NDQ_007842

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answers: NDQ_007843

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answers: NDQ_007844

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answers: NDQ_007846

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answers: Occlusion

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: Occlusion of blood vessels

text: Smaller blood vessels of the retina are abnormally developed and appear tortuous and dilated to a variable extent, typically in one sector and mainly in the peripheral and temporal portions of the retina. This is known as telangiectasia. The vessel walls are week and leak blood plasma and lipid within and underneath the retina. This leakage can lead to exudative retinal detachment, also known as exudative retinopathy in this context. The detachment typically has a yellowish tint because the fluid under the retina contains lipid. These findings mimic Coats disease. Characteristically, the abnormal vessels are localized and the retinal blood vessels peripheral to the abnormal ones seemingly have failed to develop and are thus not seen.

text: Smaller

text: blood vessel

text: s of the

text: retina

text: are abnormally developed and appear tortuous and dilated to a variable extent, typically in one sector and mainly in the peripheral and temporal portions of the retina. This is known as

text: telangiectasia

text: . The vessel walls are week and leak

text: blood plasma

text: and

text: lipid

text: within and underneath the retina. This leakage can lead to exudative

text: retinal detachment

text: , also known as exudative retinopathy in this context. The detachment typically has a yellowish tint because the fluid under the retina contains lipid. These findings mimic

text: Coats disease

text: . Characteristically, the abnormal vessels are localized and the retinal blood vessels peripheral to the abnormal ones seemingly have failed to develop and are thus not seen.

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answers: retinal blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: Coats disease

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: the inferior

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: retina

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: retina

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: retinal

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: Coats disease

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: Smaller blood vessels of the retina

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: ventricle

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: Coats disease

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: right and left atria

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: Smaller blood vessels of the retina

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: The vessel walls are week

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Smaller blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: dilated to a variable extent

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: retina

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: lungs

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: The pacemaker controls the beating of the heart

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: retina

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: peripheral

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: retina

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: fail to develop and are thus not seen

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: blood plasma and lipid

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: The detachment

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: systemic circulation

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: The aorta

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: Vein walls are week

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: dilated

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: Coats disease

text: In medicine, collateralization, also vessel collateralization and blood vessel collateralization, is the growth of a blood vessel or several blood vessels that serve the same end organ or vascular bed as another blood vessel that cannot adequately supply that end organ or vascular bed sufficiently.

text: In

text: medicine

text: , collateralization, also vessel collateralization and blood vessel collateralization, is the growth of a

text: blood vessel

text: or several blood vessels that serve the same end organ or vascular bed as another blood vessel that cannot adequately supply that end organ or vascular bed sufficiently.

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answers: no

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text: How they made my heart beat faster!

text: How they made my heart beat faster!

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answers: 0

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answers: NDQ_007807

answers: capillaries

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: right ventricle

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: right heart

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: heart attack

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: heart beat faster

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: The pulmonary circulation passes through the right and left atria.

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: atria

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: Veins must have muscular walls

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Arteries generally carry oxygen-rich blood.

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: blood vessels dilate

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: the heart

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: lungs

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: Pacemaker

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: Aorta

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: They do not make the heart beat faster.

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: Blood flows through the heart in two ways.

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: A valve is a part of the heart.

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: Systemic circulation includes the right atrium and right ventricle

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: The aorta is located in the heart

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: Veins have thinner walls.

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: dilating or constricting

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: atherosclerosis

text: The cardiovascular systems of humans are closed, meaning that the blood never leaves the network of blood vessels. In contrast, oxygen and nutrients diffuse across the blood vessel layers and enter  interstitial fluid, which carries oxygen and nutrients to the target cells, and carbon dioxide and wastes in the opposite direction. The other component of the circulatory system, the lymphatic system, is open.

text: The cardiovascular systems of humans are closed, meaning that the blood never leaves the network of

text: blood vessels

text: . In contrast, oxygen and nutrients diffuse across the blood vessel layers and enter

text: interstitial fluid

text: , which carries oxygen and nutrients to the target cells, and carbon dioxide and wastes in the opposite direction. The other component of the circulatory system, the

text: lymphatic system

text: , is open.

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answers: interstitial fluid

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: Cardiovascular

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: the left

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: left ventricle

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: target cells

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: open

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: the left

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: cardiovascular

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: Cardiovascular

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: Cardiovascular systems of humans

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: lung

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: target cells

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: The cardiovascular systems of humans are closed

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: Cardiovascular systems

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: Veins

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: interstitial fluid

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: interstitial fluid

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: oxygen and nutrients

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: blood vessel layers

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: pacemaker

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: blood vessel

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: closed

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: venous

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: blood never leaves the network of blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: In contrast, oxygen and nutrients diffuse across the blood vessel layers

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: The cardiovascular systems

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: systemic circulation

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: The cardiovascular systems of humans

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: Veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: The cardiovascular systems of humans are closed

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: The cardiovascular systems of humans are closed

text: Acorn worms have an open circulatory system, in which the blood flows through the tissues sinuses. A dorsal blood vessel in the mesentery above the gut and delivers blood to a sinus in the proboscis that contains a muscular sac acting as a heart. Unlike the hearts of most other animals, however, this structure is a closed fluid-filled vesicle whose interior does not connect directly to the blood system. Nonetheless, it does regularly pulsate, helping to push blood through the surrounding sinuses.

text: Acorn worms have an

text: open circulatory system

text: , in which the blood flows through the tissues

text: sinuses

text: . A dorsal blood vessel in the

text: mesentery

text: above the gut and delivers blood to a sinus in the proboscis that contains a muscular sac acting as a

text: heart

text: . Unlike the hearts of most other animals, however, this structure is a closed fluid-filled vesicle whose interior does not connect directly to the blood system. Nonetheless, it does regularly pulsate, helping to push blood through the surrounding sinuses.

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answers: dorsal

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answers: NDQ_007811

answers: Acorn worms

answers: NDQ_007812

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answers: NDQ_007813

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answers: NDQ_007814

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answers: NDQ_007815

answers: Cardiomyopathy

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: Acorn worms

answers: NDQ_007818

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answers: NDQ_007820

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answers: NDQ_007828

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answers: NDQ_007831

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answers: NDQ_007835

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answers: NDQ_007836

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answers: NDQ_007842

answers: Acorn worms have an open circulatory system

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answers: A dorsal blood vessel

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: veins

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answers: regularly pulsate

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: atherosclerosis

text: The lymphatic system is part of the immune surveillance system. Blood contains fluid and blood cells. The fluid, which may contain suspended foreign material such as bacteria and viruses, seeps through blood vessel walls into the tissues, where it bathes the body cells and exchanges substances with them. Some of this lymph fluid is then taken up by lymphatic vessels and passed back to the heart, where it is again mixed with the blood. On its way, the fluid passes through the lymph nodes, small nodular organs located throughout the body but concentrated in certain areas such as the armpits or groin. These lymph nodes are also known as glands or lymphoid tissue. If they detect something foreign passing through them, they enlarge. This is called lymphadenopathy or swollen glands. Usually this is localized (for example, an infected spot on the scalp will cause lymph nodes in the neck on that same side to swell). However, when two or more lymph node groups are involved, it is called generalized lymphadenopathy. Usually this is in response to a significant systemic disease and will subside once the person has recovered. Sometimes it can persist long-term, even when no explanation for the lymphadenopathy can be found.

text: The

text: lymphatic system

text: is part of the

text: immune surveillance system

text: Blood

text: contains

text: fluid

text: and blood

text: cell

text: s. The fluid, which may contain suspended foreign material such as

text: bacteria

text: and

text: virus

text: es, seeps through

text: blood vessel

text: walls into the

text: tissues

text: , where it bathes the body cells and exchanges substances with them. Some of this lymph fluid is then taken up by

text: lymphatic vessel

text: s and passed back to the heart, where it is again mixed with the blood. On its way, the fluid passes through the

text: lymph node

text: s, small nodular organs located throughout the body but concentrated in certain areas such as the

text: armpit

text: s or

text: groin

text: . These lymph nodes are also known as glands or lymphoid tissue. If they detect something foreign passing through them, they enlarge. This is called

text: lymphadenopathy

text: or swollen glands. Usually this is localized (for example, an infected spot on the

text: scalp

text: will cause lymph nodes in the neck on that same side to swell). However, when two or more lymph node groups are involved, it is called

text: generalized lymphadenopathy

text: . Usually this is in response to a significant systemic disease and will subside once the person has recovered. Sometimes it can persist long-term, even when no explanation for the lymphadenopathy can be found.

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answers: NDQ_007807

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answers: 4

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answers: lymphatic vessels

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: Cardiovascular disease

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: lymphatic vessels

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: lymphatic vessels

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: lymphatic

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: systemic disease

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: systemic disease

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: The lymphatic system

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: lymphatic vessels and passed back to the heart

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: Blood contains fluid and blood cells

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Arteries

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: Blood contains fluid and blood cells

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: lymphatic vessels

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: lymph nodes

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: Blood

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: lymphatic vessels

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: blood

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: Blood contains fluid and blood cells

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: fluid is then taken up by lymphatic vessels and passed back to the heart

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: The lymphatic system

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: The lymphatic system

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: blood vessel walls

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: lymphatic vessels

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: lymphadenopathy

text: During each heartbeat, blood pressure varies between a maximum (systolic) and a minimum (diastolic) pressure. The blood pressure in the circulation is principally due to the pumping action of the heart. Differences in mean blood pressure are responsible for blood flow from one location to another in the circulation. The rate of mean blood flow depends on both blood pressure and the resistance to flow presented by the blood vessels. Mean blood pressure decreases as the circulating blood moves away from the heart through arteries and capillaries due to viscous losses of energy. Mean blood pressure drops over the whole circulation, although most of the fall occurs along the small arteries and arterioles. Gravity affects blood pressure via hydrostatic forces (e.g., during standing), and valves in veins, breathing, and pumping from contraction of skeletal muscles also influence blood pressure in veins.

text: During each heartbeat, blood pressure varies between a maximum (systolic) and a minimum (diastolic) pressure. The blood pressure in the circulation is principally due to the pumping action of the heart. Differences in mean blood pressure are responsible for blood flow from one location to another in the circulation. The rate of mean blood flow depends on both blood pressure and the resistance to flow presented by the blood vessels. Mean blood pressure decreases as the

text: circulating blood

text: moves away from the

text: heart

text: through arteries and

text: capillaries

text: due to

text: viscous

text: losses of energy. Mean blood pressure drops over the whole circulation, although most of the fall occurs along the small arteries and

text: arterioles

text: . Gravity affects blood pressure via

text: hydrostatic

text: forces (e.g., during standing), and valves in veins,

text: breathing

text: , and pumping from contraction of skeletal muscles also influence blood pressure in veins.

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answers: NDQ_007849

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answers: NDQ_007807

answers: arteries and capillaries

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: Cardiovascular disease

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: capillaries

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: circulation

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: diastolic

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: capillaries

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: heart failure

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: blood pressure

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: diastolic

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: skeletal muscles

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: Blood in the pulmonary circulation passes through the right and left atria.

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: During each heartbeat

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: skeletal muscles

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: small arteries and arterioles

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: resistance to flow presented by the blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: capillaries

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: blood pressure

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: capillaries

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: capillaries do not have a pumping action

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: arteries and capillaries

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: valves

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: Systemic circulation

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: resistance to flow presented by the blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: The rate of mean blood flow

text: Cardiovascular disease has often been linked to water hardness as the main cause. Water hardness means that there is magnesium in the water with calcium playing a role.  Of course some research has completely discredited this evidence, and have found that the more magnesium in the water the less chance of death cardiovascular disease.

text: Cardiovascular disease

text: has often been linked to

text: water

text: hardness as the main cause.

text: Water

text: hardness means that there is

text: magnesium

text: in the

text: water

text: with

text: calcium

text: playing a role.  Of course some research has completely discredited this evidence, and have found that the more

text: magnesium

text: in the

text: water

text: the less chance of death

text: cardiovascular disease

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text: As the blood vessels pass along the thigh, they branch, with their main branches remaining closely associated, where they are still referred to collectively as femoral vessels.

text: As the blood vessels pass along the thigh, they branch, with their main branches remaining closely associated, where they are still referred to collectively as femoral vessels.

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text: Coronary artery spasm may occur with subsequent myocardial infarction, dysrhythmia, or cardiac arrest. Those with underlying coronary disease are at greater risk of cardiac effects from anaphylaxis. The coronary spasm is related to the presence of histamine-releasing cells in the heart. While a fast heart rate caused by low blood pressure is more common, a Bezold–Jarisch reflex has been described in 10% of cases where a slow heart rate is associated with low blood pressure. A drop in blood pressure or shock (either distributive or cardiogenic) may cause the feeling of lightheadedness or loss of consciousness. Rarely very low blood pressure may be the only sign of anaphylaxis.

text: Coronary artery spasm

text: may occur with subsequent

text: myocardial infarction

text: dysrhythmia

text: , or

text: cardiac arrest

text: . Those with underlying coronary disease are at greater risk of cardiac effects from anaphylaxis. The coronary spasm is related to the presence of histamine-releasing cells in the heart. While

text: a fast heart rate

text: caused by low blood pressure is more common, a

text: Bezold–Jarisch reflex

text: has been described in 10% of cases where a

text: slow heart rate

text: is associated with

text: low blood pressure

text: . A drop in

text: blood pressure

text: or

text: shock

text: (either

text: distributive

text: or

text: cardiogenic

text: ) may cause the feeling of lightheadedness or

text: loss of consciousness

text: . Rarely very low blood pressure may be the only sign of anaphylaxis.

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text: Hemorrhage and Vascular Regression. cIAP1 has an important role on the maintenance of endothelial cells and blood vessel homeostasis during the development of the vessels. Mutations on the gene that encodes cIAP1 are related to hemorrhage and vascular regression because of the defects it represents on the endothelial cell survival and the modification of apoptosis.

text: Hemorrhage

text: and Vascular Regression. cIAP1 has an important role on the maintenance of

text: endothelial cells

text: and

text: blood vessel

text: homeostasis

text: during the development of the vessels.

text: Mutations

text: on the gene that encodes cIAP1 are related to hemorrhage and vascular regression because of the defects it represents on the endothelial cell survival and the modification of apoptosis.

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answers: NDQ_007807

answers: Vascular

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: Vascular Regression

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: blood vessel

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: Blood vessel

answers: NDQ_007812

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answers: NDQ_007813

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: Vascular

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: Vascular Regression

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: cIAP1 mutations

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: Cardiomyocytes

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: right and left atria

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: atria

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: Vascular Regression

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Vascular Regression

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answers: Vascular Regression

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answers: lungs

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answers: cIAP1

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answers: Vascular Regression

text: Furthermore, over the past years obesity rates have dramatically increased worldwide. Statistics from across the globe demonstrate that approximately 22 million children under the age of five are classified as obese. Some health risks associated with childhood obesity include high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. These factors eventually lead to further complications such as heart attack, stroke, a variety of cardiovascular conditions and if not treated properly and in a timely manner may ultimately result in death. Data concluded from the Bogalusa Heart Study demonstrates that approximately 60 percent of overweight children five to ten years of age had at least one cardiovascular risk factor. A few examples of other health risks include Blount's disease, skin fungal infections, Acanthosis Nigracans, Hepatic Steatosis, in addition to both psychological and behavioral problems. Overweight children often struggle to maintain high self-esteem and experience both depression and anxiety.

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answers: cardiovascular

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: stroke

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: left ventricle

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: stroke

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: cardiovascular

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: heart attack

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: pulmonary

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: cardiovascular

answers: NDQ_007828

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answers: The aorta

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answers: NDQ_007848

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answers: NDQ_007849

answers: high cholesterol levels

text: Venous hypertension may also stretch veins and allow blood proteins to leak into the extravascular space, isolating extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules and growth factors, preventing them from helping to heal the wound.  Leakage of fibrinogen from veins as well as deficiencies in fibrinolysis may also cause fibrin to build up around the vessels, preventing oxygen and nutrients from reaching cells.  Venous insufficiency may also cause white blood cells (leukocytes) to accumulate in small blood vessels, releasing inflammatory factors and reactive oxygen species (ROS, free radicals) and further contributing to chronic wound formation. Buildup of white blood cells in small blood vessels may also plug the vessels, further contributing to ischemia.  This blockage of blood vessels by leukocytes may be responsible for the "no reflow phenomenon," in which ischemic tissue is never fully reperfused.  Allowing blood to flow back into the limb, for example by elevating it, is necessary but also contributes to reperfusion injury.  Other comorbidities may also be the root cause of venous ulcers.

text: Venous

text: hypertension

text: may also stretch veins and allow

text: blood protein

text: s to leak into the

text: extravascular space

text: , isolating

text: extracellular matrix

text: (ECM) molecules and

text: growth factor

text: s, preventing them from helping to heal the wound.  Leakage of

text: fibrinogen

text: from veins as well as deficiencies in

text: fibrinolysis

text: may also cause

text: fibrin

text: to build up around the vessels, preventing

text: oxygen

text: and

text: nutrient

text: s from reaching

text: cells

text: .  Venous insufficiency may also cause

text: white blood cell

text: s (leukocytes) to accumulate in small

text: blood vessel

text: s, releasing inflammatory factors and

text: reactive oxygen species

text: (ROS,

text: free radical

text: s) and further contributing to chronic wound formation. Buildup of white blood cells in small blood vessels may also plug the vessels, further contributing to

text: ischemia

text: .  This blockage of blood vessels by leukocytes may be responsible for the "

text: no reflow phenomenon

text: ," in which ischemic tissue is never fully reperfused.  Allowing blood to flow back into the limb, for example by elevating it, is necessary but also contributes to

text: reperfusion injury

text: .  Other

text: comorbidities

text: may also be the root cause of venous ulcers.

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answers: NDQ_007808

answers: ischemia

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: ischemia

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: limb

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: Venous

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: ischemia

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: hypertension

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: Venous

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: leukocytes

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: Venous hypertension

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: Venous hypertension

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: Stretch veins

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Arteries

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: Venous hypertension

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: lungs

answers: NDQ_007838

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answers: NDQ_007839

answers: extracellular matrix

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: venous

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: blood proteins to leak into the extravascular space

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: Venous

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: no reflow

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: systemic circulation

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: Stretch veins

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: buildup of white blood cells

text: The vasa vasorum (Latin, "the vessels of the vessels") is a network of small blood vessels that supply the walls of large blood vessels, such as elastic arteries (aorta) and large veins (vena cava).

text: The vasa vasorum (Latin, "the vessels of the vessels") is a network of small

text: blood vessel

text: s that supply the walls of large blood vessels, such as

text: elastic arteries

text: aorta

text: ) and large veins (

text: vena cava

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answers: NDQ_007807

answers: vasa vasorum

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: Cardiovascular disease

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: venous

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: vasa vasorum

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: aorta

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: vena cava

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: aorta

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: vasa vasorum

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: aorta

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: vasa vasorum

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: pulmonary

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: cardiac muscle

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: Vasa vasorum

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: The vasa vasorum

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: Vasa vasorum

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Vasa vasorum

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: Vasa vasorum

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: aorta

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: aorta

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: vasa vasorum

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: vasa vasorum

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: vena cava

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: The vessels of the vessels is a network of small blood vessels that supply the walls of large blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: arteries (aorta)

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: Vasa vasorum

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: Vasa vasorum

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: elastic arteries

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: Vasa vasorum

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: atherosclerosis

text: Through the generation of low pressure, blood circulation within the lower body parts and the abdomen is encouraged, meaning that arterial perfusion is stimulated. This blood flow leads to a reduction of hypertension within the central line, stroke volume, cardiac output and eventually to a reduction of the arterial blood flow which is counteracted through the compensation mechanisms.As a reaction to this change, pulse and peripheral vascular resistance are enhanced. In addition, the sympathetic answer of the heart is activated. Blood volume is adapted to the change of pressure within the lower part of the body. The flow of oxygenized blood within the legs and lower extremities is encouraged and enhanced through the changed conditions of normal and low pressure. During the phase of normal pressure, the backflow of venous blood and lymph within the large vessels is facilitated. Through that, the IVT has a strong physiological effect on the “removal of lymphatic waste products”, in other words a lymphatic drainage takes place. The related raise in pH value often entails a strengthening of the connective tissue, leading to an increase of collagen synthesis as well as to improved fat reduction.

text: Through the generation of low pressure,

text: blood circulation

text: within the lower body parts and the abdomen is encouraged, meaning that arterial

text: perfusion

text: is stimulated. This blood flow leads to a reduction of hypertension within the central line, stroke volume, cardiac output and eventually to a reduction of the arterial blood flow which is counteracted through the compensation mechanisms.As a reaction to this change,

text: pulse

text: and peripheral vascular resistance are enhanced. In addition, the sympathetic answer of the heart is activated.

text: Blood volume

text: is adapted to the change of pressure within the lower part of the body. The flow of

text: oxygenized

text: blood within the legs and lower extremities is encouraged and enhanced through the changed conditions of normal and low pressure. During the phase of normal pressure, the backflow of venous blood and lymph within the large vessels is facilitated. Through that, the IVT has a strong physiological effect on the “removal of lymphatic waste products”, in other words a lymphatic drainage takes place. The related raise in

text: pH

text: value often entails a strengthening of the connective tissue, leading to an increase of collagen synthesis as well as to improved fat reduction.

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text: The cardiac skeleton is made of dense connective tissue and this gives structure to the heart. It forms the atrioventricular septum which separates the atria from the ventricles, and the fibrous rings which serve as bases for the four heart valves. The cardiac skeleton also provides an important boundary in the heart's electrical conduction system since collagen cannot conduct electricity. The interatrial septum separates the atria and the interventricular septum separates the ventricles. The interventricular septum is much thicker than the interatrial septum, since the ventricles need to generate greater pressure when they contract.

text: The

text: cardiac skeleton

text: is made of

text: dense connective tissue

text: and this gives structure to the heart. It forms the

text: atrioventricular septum

text: which separates the atria from the ventricles, and the fibrous rings which serve as bases for the four

text: heart valve

text: s. The cardiac skeleton also provides an important boundary in the heart's electrical conduction system since collagen cannot conduct electricity. The interatrial septum separates the atria and the interventricular septum separates the ventricles. The interventricular septum is much thicker than the interatrial septum, since the ventricles need to generate greater pressure when they contract.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_007831

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answers: NDQ_007834

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answers: NDQ_007836

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answers: NDQ_007837

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answers: NDQ_007838

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answers: NDQ_007839

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answers: NDQ_007841

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_007846

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answers: NDQ_007848

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007807

answers: ventricles

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: Cardiomyopathy

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: ventricles

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: ventricles

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: atria

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: ventricles

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: atria

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: atria from the ventricles

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: Cardiomyopathy

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: Cardiovascular diseases

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: ventricles

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: cardiac skeleton

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: interatrial septum

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: The interventricular septum

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: The cardiac skeleton

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: atria

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: The interventricular septum

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: atria

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: atria

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: electricity

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: dense connective tissue

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: atria

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: interatrial septum

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: Collagen cannot conduct electricity

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: The interatrial septum separates the atria from the ventricles

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: heart valves

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: interventricular septum separates the ventricles

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: The cardiac skeleton is made of dense connective tissue

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: contract

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: Cardiovascular disease

text: Telangiectasias and arteriovenous malformations in HHT are thought to arise because of changes in angiogenesis, the development of blood vessels out of existing ones. The development of a new blood vessel requires the activation and migration of various types of cells, chiefly endothelium, smooth muscle and pericytes. The exact mechanism by which the HHT mutations influence this process is not yet clear, and it is likely that they disrupt a balance between pro- and antiangiogenic signals in blood vessels. The wall of telangiectasias is unusually friable, which explains the tendency of these lesions to bleed.

text: Telangiectasias and arteriovenous malformations in HHT are thought to arise because of changes in

text: angiogenesis

text: , the development of blood vessels out of existing ones. The development of a new blood vessel requires the activation and migration of various types of cells, chiefly

text: endothelium

text: smooth muscle

text: and

text: pericyte

text: s. The exact mechanism by which the HHT mutations influence this process is not yet clear, and it is likely that they disrupt a balance between pro- and antiangiogenic signals in blood vessels. The wall of telangiectasias is unusually

text: friable

text: , which explains the tendency of these lesions to bleed.

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answers: NDQ_007807

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007808

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answers: NDQ_007809

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007810

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answers: NDQ_007811

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007829

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answers: NDQ_007831

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answers: NDQ_007834

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answers: NDQ_007835

answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_007838

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007841

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answers: NDQ_007842

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answers: NDQ_007843

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007844

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answers: NDQ_007848

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007849

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answers: NDQ_007807

answers: arteriovenous

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: arteriovenous malformations

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: arteriovenous

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: arteriovenous

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: arteriovenous

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: venous

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: arteriovenous

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: arteriovenous

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: arteriovenous malformation

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: HHT mutations

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: venous

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: smooth muscle

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: Arteriovenous malformations

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: Arteriovenous malformations

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: smooth muscle

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: arteriovenous

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: angiogenesis

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: arteriovenous

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: arteriovenous

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: HHT mutations

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: smooth muscle

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: arteriovenous

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: capillaries are not blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: arteriovenous

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: arteriovenous

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: systemic circulation

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: Arteriovenous malformations

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: The wall of telangiectasias

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: antiangiogenic signals

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: blood vessels out of existing ones

text: Atherosclerosis is the hardening and narrowing of the arteries, due to the formation of plaques in the blood vessel. Atherosclerosis is the usual cause of heart attacks, strokes, and peripheral vascular disease. Together, these diseases are called "cardiovascular disease."

text: Atherosclerosis is the hardening and narrowing of the arteries, due to the formation of plaques in the blood vessel. Atherosclerosis is the usual cause of heart attacks, strokes, and peripheral vascular disease. Together, these diseases are called "cardiovascular disease."

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answers: Atherosclerosis

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: peripheral

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: peripheral

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: peripheral

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: heart attacks

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: formation of plaques in the blood vessel

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: peripheral

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: plaques

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: Atria

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: atria

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: Atherosclerosis

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Atherosclerosis

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: Atherosclerosis

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: lungs

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: Atherosclerosis

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: plaques

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: peripheral

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: Atherosclerosis is the hardening and narrowing of arteries, due to the formation of plaques in the blood vessel

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: Atherosclerosis

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: systemic circulation

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: Atherosclerosis

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: Atherosclerosis

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: hardening and narrowing of the arteries

text: Certain subtypes of troponin (cardiac I and T) are very sensitive and specific indicators of damage to the heart muscle (myocardium). They are measured in the blood to differentiate between unstable angina and myocardial infarction (heart attack) in people with chest pain or acute coronary syndrome. A person who recently had a myocardial infarction would have an area of damaged heart muscle and elevated cardiac troponin levels in the blood. This can also occur in people with coronary vasospasm, a type of myocardial infarction involving severe constriction of the cardiac blood vessels. After a myocardial infarction troponins may remain high for up to 2 weeks.

text: Certain subtypes of troponin (cardiac

text: I

text: and

text: T

text: ) are very

text: sensitive and specific

text: indicators

text: of damage to the

text: heart

text: muscle (

text: myocardium

text: ). They are measured in the

text: blood

text: to differentiate between unstable

text: angina

text: and

text: myocardial infarction

text: (heart attack) in people with

text: chest pain

text: or

text: acute coronary syndrome

text: . A person who recently had a myocardial infarction would have an area of damaged heart muscle and elevated cardiac troponin levels in the blood. This can also occur in people with

text: coronary vasospasm

text: , a type of myocardial infarction involving severe constriction of the cardiac blood vessels. After a myocardial infarction troponins may remain high for up to 2 weeks.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007807

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007845

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answers: NDQ_007846

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007807

answers: cardiac blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: coronary syndrome

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: myocardium

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: myocardium

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: myocardium

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: chest

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: cardiac

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: myocardial infarction

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: chest pain or acute coronary syndrome

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: chest

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: myocardium

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: myocardium

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: cardiac blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: coronary vasospasm

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: myocardium

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: troponin

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: cardiac blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: cardiac

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: coronary

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: blood vessels are very sensitive and specific indicators of damage to the heart muscle

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: Vasospasm

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: myocardium

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: coronary vasospasm

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: troponin

text: Studies into the effect of Cycloidal Vibration Therapy on blood circulation has shown that it increases mean blood flow and the temperature of skin and subcutaneous tissue and the clearance rate of radioactively labelled sodium from skin in contact with the CVT device. In rabbit, Cycloidal Vibrations at 22–62 Hz increases blood flow within 1–2 minutes due to an increased dilation in the resistance vessels of skeletal muscle. In humans with hypertension (systolic pressure equal or more than 140mmHg) Cycloidal Vibrations did not affect diastolic blood pressure, but did decrease systolic blood pressure and well as heart rate. In practice, the ability of CVT to increase circulation has been used in orthopaedic wards to prevent bed sores which are caused by pressure and immobility, reducing hospitalization time.

text: Studies into the effect of Cycloidal Vibration Therapy on blood circulation has shown that it increases mean

text: blood flow

text: and the temperature of skin and subcutaneous tissue and the clearance rate of radioactively labelled sodium from skin in contact with the CVT device. In rabbit, Cycloidal Vibrations at 22–62 Hz increases blood flow within 1–2 minutes due to an increased dilation in the resistance vessels of skeletal muscle. In humans with

text: hypertension

text: (systolic pressure equal or more than 140mmHg) Cycloidal Vibrations did not affect

text: diastolic

text: blood pressure, but did decrease

text: systolic

text: blood pressure and well as heart rate. In practice, the ability of CVT to increase circulation has been used in orthopaedic wards to prevent bed sores which are caused by pressure and immobility, reducing hospitalization time.

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text: The heart is a mesoderm-derived organ; Mesoderm is the middle germ layer of an embryo, whose formation is regulated by various genes. Initially, the most important is expression of Nkx2.5, CR1, pitx2, anf and mhc2a, is responsible for differentiation of the types of cardiomyocytes to determine which part of the heart they go to.[5] In a later in differentiation, activation of  hand1, hand2 and other genes was revealed to help in development. [5] Expression of these genes expression is regulated by various processes, including transcription and growth factors, as well as proteins like fibrillin, Wnt,  BMP2, BMP 4, BMP5, BMP7,  which aid in different heart development features like the valves and septum, and other substances, such as retinoid and folic acid.[5] Crucial steps in heart formation are development of the ventricles and atrium formation, as well as septation and valve formation. Any disturbances of such processes may lead to various congenital heart diseases and defects that could be initiated by various genetic, epigenetic or environmental factors. The most common heart malformations from genetic or epigenetic problems are: stenosis of the aorta and pulmonary trunk, which is a narrowing of the vessels, atrial and/or ventricular septal defect, tricuspid atresia, hypoplastic left and right heart.  When you have hypoplastic right or left heart more than one of these problems occur together [5]

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answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracies.

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answers: NDQ_007807

answers: pulmonary trunk

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: stenosis

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: pulmonary

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: ventricles

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: atrium

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: ventricular

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: pulmonary

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: aorta

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: stenosis

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: environmental factors

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: pulmonary

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: cardiomyocyte

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: hypoplastic right or left heart

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: development of the ventricles and atrium

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: Mesoderm

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Arteries generally carry oxygen-rich

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: blood vessels dilate

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: septum

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: pulmonary trunk

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: BMP7

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: Mesoderm

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: pulmonary

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: aorta

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: capillaries are not involved in heart development

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: atrial and/or ventricular septal defect

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: valves

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: hypoplastic right or left heart

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: heart malformations from genetic or epigenetic problems

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: blood vessels help maintain homeostasis

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: Cardiomyocytes to determine which part of the heart they go to

text: Coordinated contractions of cardiac muscle cells in the heart pump blood out of the atria and ventricles to the blood vessels of the left/body/systemic and right/lungs/pulmonary circulatory systems. This complex mechanism illustrates systole of the heart.

text: Coordinated

text: contraction

text: s of cardiac muscle cells in the heart pump

text: blood

text: out of the

text: atria

text: and

text: ventricles

text: to the blood vessels of the left/body/systemic and right/lungs/pulmonary

text: circulatory system

text: s. This complex mechanism illustrates

text: systole

text: of the heart.

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answers: NDQ_007812

answers: ventricles

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answers: NDQ_007816

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answers: NDQ_007807

answers: left/body/systemic and right/lungs/pulmonary

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: Cardiovascular disease

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: atria

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: body

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: lungs

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: ventricles

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: pulmonary

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: left/body/systemic

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: systole

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: Cardiovascular disease

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: pulmonary

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: cardiac muscle

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: atria

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: atria

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: cardiac muscle cells

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: atria

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: ventricles

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: lungs

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: cardiac muscle cells

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: atria

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: pulmonary

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: capillaries do not pump blood

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: left/body/systemic and right/lungs/pulmonary circulatory systems

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: atria

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: systemic

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: aorta

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: contractions

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: atherosclerosis

text: The visceral layer extends to the beginning of the great vessels (the large blood vessels serving the heart)  becoming one with the parietal layer of the serous pericardium. This happens at two areas: where the aorta and pulmonary trunk leave the heart and where the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and pulmonary veins enter the heart.

text: The visceral layer extends to the beginning of the great vessels (the large

text: blood vessel

text: s serving the heart)  becoming one with the parietal layer of the serous pericardium. This happens at two areas: where the

text: aorta

text: and pulmonary trunk leave the heart and where the

text: superior vena cava

text: inferior vena cava

text: and pulmonary veins enter the heart.

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answers: NDQ_007848

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007807

answers: aorta and pulmonary trunk

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: coronary heart disease

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: pulmonary veins

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: superior vena cava

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: right ventricle

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: pulmonary trunk

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: pulmonary veins

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: inferior vena cava and pulmonary veins

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: pulmonary trunk

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: aorta and pulmonary trunk

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: pulmonary trunk

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: pericardium

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: right and left atria

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: The large blood vessels serving the heart

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: great vessels

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: (the large blood vessels serving the heart)

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: pulmonary veins

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: pulmonary veins

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: aorta

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: visceral layer

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: superior vena cava

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: The visceral layer extends to the beginning of the great vessels

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and pulmonary veins enter the heart

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: superior vena cava

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: systemic circulation

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: The aorta

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: (the large blood vessels serving the heart)

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: the large blood vessels serving the heart

text: After the body uses up the oxygen delivered by the blood flowing through the arteries, then arterioles, then capillaries, the unoxygenated blood returns to the heart by the capillaries, then venules, then veins.

text: After the body uses up the oxygen delivered by the blood flowing through the

text: arteries

text: , then

text: arterioles

text: , then

text: capillaries

text: , the unoxygenated blood returns to the heart by the capillaries, then

text: venules

text: , then

text: veins

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answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracies.

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0391/T_2200/0db1d6f7d82bb3b2278e1352cbc602b1

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007807

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: 2

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007807

answers: arterioles

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: capillaries

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: capillaries

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: arterioles

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: capillaries

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: artery

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: Cardiovascular diseases

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: arterioles

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: blood flowing through the arteries

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: capillaries

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: arterioles

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: arterioles

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: unoxygenated blood returns to the heart by the capillaries

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: arteries, then arterioles, then capillaries

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: Arterioles

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: arteries, then arterioles

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: venules

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: arteries

text: The symptoms of esophageal spasm, erectile dysfunction, and abdominal pain are attributed to the fact that hemoglobin released during hemolysis binds with circulating nitric oxide, a substance that is needed to relax smooth muscle. This theory is supported by the fact that these symptoms improve on administration of nitrates or sildenafil (Viagra), which improves the effect of nitric oxide on muscle cells. There is a suspicion that chronic hemolysis causing chronically depleted nitric oxide may lead to the development of pulmonary hypertension (increased pressure in the blood vessels supplying the lung), which in turn puts strain on the heart and causes heart failure.

text: The symptoms of

text: esophageal spasm

text: , erectile dysfunction, and abdominal pain are attributed to the fact that

text: hemoglobin

text: released during hemolysis binds with circulating

text: nitric oxide

text: , a substance that is needed to relax

text: smooth muscle

text: . This theory is supported by the fact that these symptoms improve on administration of nitrates or

text: sildenafil

text: (Viagra), which improves the effect of nitric oxide on muscle cells. There is a suspicion that chronic hemolysis causing chronically depleted nitric oxide may lead to the development of

text: pulmonary hypertension

text: (increased pressure in the blood vessels supplying the lung), which in turn puts strain on the

text: heart

text: and causes

text: heart failure

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answers: NDQ_007807

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answers: NDQ_007808

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answers: 2

answers: NDQ_007810

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answers: NDQ_007811

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answers: NDQ_007812

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answers: NDQ_007813

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007814

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answers: NDQ_007815

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answers: NDQ_007816

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answers: NDQ_007818

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answers: NDQ_007820

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answers: NDQ_007828

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answers: NDQ_007829

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answers: NDQ_007831

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answers: NDQ_007834

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answers: NDQ_007835

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answers: NDQ_007837

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answers: NDQ_007838

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answers: NDQ_007839

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answers: NDQ_007840

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007841

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answers: NDQ_007842

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answers: NDQ_007843

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007844

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answers: NDQ_007845

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answers: NDQ_007846

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answers: NDQ_007847

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answers: NDQ_007848

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007807

answers: supplying the lung

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: heart failure

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: pulmonary

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: lung

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: lung

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: pulmonary

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: pulmonary

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: supplying the lung

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: heart failure

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: chronic hemolysis causing chronically depleted nitric oxide

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: pulmonary

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: muscle cells

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: blood vessels supplying the lung

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: increased pressure in the blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: nitric oxide

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: muscle cells

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: smooth muscle

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: pulmonary

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: blood vessels supplying the lung

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: blood vessels supplying the lung

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: increased pressure

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: pulmonary hypertension

text: The FDA has stated that methylhexanamine "is known to narrow the blood vessels and arteries, which can elevate blood pressure and may lead to cardiovascular events ranging from shortness of breath and tightening in the chest to heart attack." Numerous adverse events and at least five deaths have been reported in association with methylhexanamine-containing dietary supplements.

text: The FDA has stated that methylhexanamine "is known to narrow the blood vessels and arteries, which can elevate blood pressure and may lead to cardiovascular events ranging from shortness of breath and tightening in the chest to heart attack." Numerous adverse events and at least five deaths have been reported in association with methylhexanamine-containing dietary supplements.

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text: It has been shown that injection of VEGF-A in dogs following severely restricted blood flow to the heart caused an increase in collateral blood vessel formation compared to the dogs who did not receive the VEGF-A treatment. It was also shown in dogs that delivery of VEGF-A to areas of the heart with little or no blood flow enhanced collateral blood vessel formation and increased the viability of the cells in that area. In gene therapy, DNA which encodes the gene of interest is integrated into a vector along with elements that are able to promote the gene’s expression. The vector is then injected either into muscle cells of the heart or the blood vessels supplying the heart. The natural machinery of the cell is then used to express these genes. Currently, human clinical trials are being conducted to study the effectiveness of gene therapy with VEGF-A in restoring blood flow and function to areas of the heart that have severely restricted blood flow. So far, this type of therapy has proven both safe and beneficial.

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text: Sympathomimetic drugs mimic or enhance at least some of the effects of norepinephrine released by the sympathetic nervous system; sympatholytic drugs, in contrast, block at least some of the effects.  Both of these are large groups with diverse uses, depending on exactly which effects are enhanced or blocked.  Norepinephrine itself is classified as a sympathomimetic drug:  its effects when given by intravenous injection of increasing heart rate and force and constricting blood vessels make it very useful for treating medical emergencies that involve critically low blood pressure.

text: Sympathomimetic drug

text: s mimic or enhance at least some of the effects of norepinephrine released by the sympathetic nervous system;

text: sympatholytic

text: drugs, in contrast, block at least some of the effects.  Both of these are large groups with diverse uses, depending on exactly which effects are enhanced or blocked.

text: Norepinephrine

text: itself is classified as a sympathomimetic drug:  its effects when given by intravenous injection of increasing heart rate and force and constricting blood vessels make it very useful for treating medical emergencies that involve critically low blood pressure.

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answers: atherosclerosis

text: Blood is circulated around the body through blood vessels by the pumping action of the heart. In humans, blood is pumped from the strong left ventricle of the heart through arteries to peripheral tissues and returns to the right atrium of the heart through veins. It then enters the right ventricle and is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs and returns to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins. Blood then enters the left ventricle to be circulated again. Arterial blood carries oxygen from inhaled air to all of the cells of the body, and venous blood carries carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism by cells, to the lungs to be exhaled. However, one exception includes pulmonary arteries, which contain the most deoxygenated blood in the body, while the pulmonary veins contain oxygenated blood.

text: Blood is circulated around the body through

text: blood vessel

text: s by the pumping action of the

text: heart

text: . In humans, blood is pumped from the strong

text: left ventricle

text: of the heart through

text: arteries

text: to peripheral

text: tissues

text: and returns to the right

text: atrium of the heart

text: through

text: vein

text: s. It then enters the right

text: ventricle

text: and is pumped through the

text: pulmonary artery

text: to the

text: lung

text: s and returns to the left atrium through the

text: pulmonary vein

text: s. Blood then enters the left ventricle to be circulated again. Arterial blood carries oxygen from inhaled air to all of the cells of the body, and

text: venous blood

text: carries carbon dioxide, a waste product of

text: metabolism

text: by

text: cells

text: , to the lungs to be exhaled. However, one exception includes pulmonary arteries, which contain the most deoxygenated blood in the body, while the pulmonary veins contain oxygenated blood.

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answers: NDQ_007810

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answers: lungs

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answers: left ventricle

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: right atrium

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answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: heart attack

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: pulmonary arteries

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: right ventricle

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: ventricle

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: right atrium

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: left ventricle

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: Blood is circulated around the body through blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Arterial blood

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: Arterial blood

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: left ventricle

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: pulmonary artery

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: Pacemaker

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: Arterial

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: pulmonary

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: blood is pumped from the strong left ventricle of the heart through arteries

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: arteries to peripheral tissues and returns to the right atrium of the heart through veins

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: left ventricle

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: left ventricle of the heart

answers: NDQ_007846

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answers: NDQ_007847

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: venous blood

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: pulmonary arteries

text: The autonomic nervous system controls all automatic functions in the body and contains two subsections within it that aids in response to an acute stress reaction. These two subunits are the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic response is colloquially known as the "fight or flight" response, indicated by accelerated pulse and respiration rates, pupil dilation, and a general feeling of anxiety and hyper-awareness.  This is caused by the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal glands. the norepinephrine and epinephrine strike the beta receptors of the heart in order to feed the heart sympathetic nerve fibers to increase the strength of heart muscle contraction. as a result more blood is being circulated increasing the heart rate and respiratory rate. The sympathetic nervous system also stimulates the skeletal system and muscular system in an effort to pump more blood to those areas to handle the acute stress. simultaneously the sympathetic nervous system inhibits the digestive system and the urinary system in order to optimize blood flow to the heart, lungs, and skeletal muscles. this plays a role in the alarm reaction stage. The para-sympathetic response is colloquially known as the "rest and digest" response, indicated by reduced heart and respiration rates, and more obviously by a temporary loss of consciousness if the system is fired at a rapid rate. The parasympathetic nervous system stimulates the digestive system and urinary system in order to send more blood to those systems to increase the process of digestion. In order to do this, it must inhibit the cardiovascular system and respiratory system in an effort to optimize blood flow to the digestive tract causing low heart and respiratory rates. parasympathetic plays no role in acute stress response (VanPutte Regan Russo 2014).

text: The autonomic nervous system controls all automatic functions in the body and contains two subsections within it that aids in response to an acute stress reaction. These two subunits are the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic response is colloquially known as the "

text: fight or flight

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answers: the sympathetic nervous system inhibits the digestive system and the urinary system

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answers: cardiovascular

answers: NDQ_007808

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answers: NDQ_007809

answers: respiratory

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: skeletal system

answers: NDQ_007811

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answers: NDQ_007812

answers: cardiovascular

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: respiratory

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: cardiovascular

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: acute stress reaction

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: heart rate and respiratory rate

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: respiratory

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: sympathetic nerve fibers

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: The sympathetic nervous system also stimulates the skeletal system and muscular system

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: The sympathetic nervous system also stimulates the skeletal system and muscular system

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: norepinephrine and epinephrine strike the beta receptors of the heart

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Arteries

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: pupil dilation

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: lungs

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: norepinephrine and epinephrine

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: blood

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: skeletal

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: Vascular

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: Parasympathetic plays no role in acute stress response

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: This is caused by the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal glands

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: systemic circulation

answers: NDQ_007846

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answers: It must inhibit the cardiovascular system

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: pupil dilation

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: The sympathetic nervous system also stimulates the skeletal system and muscular system

text: In humans, other mammals, and birds, the heart is divided into four chambers: upper left and right atria; and lower left and right ventricles. Commonly the right atrium and ventricle are referred together as the right heart and their left counterparts as the left heart. Fish in contrast have two chambers, an atrium and a ventricle, while reptiles have three chambers. In a healthy heart blood flows one way through the heart due to heart valves, which prevent backflow. The heart is enclosed in a protective sac, the pericardium, which also contains a small amount of fluid. The wall of the heart is made up of three layers: epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium.

text: In humans, other mammals, and birds, the heart is divided into four chambers: upper left and right

text: atria

text: ; and lower left and right

text: ventricles

text: . Commonly the right atrium and ventricle are referred together as the right heart and their left counterparts as the left heart. Fish in contrast have two chambers, an atrium and a ventricle, while reptiles have three chambers. In a healthy heart blood flows one way through the heart due to

text: heart valve

text: s, which prevent

text: backflow

text: . The heart is enclosed in a protective sac, the

text: pericardium

text: , which also contains a small amount of

text: fluid

text: . The wall of the heart is made up of three layers:

text: epicardium

text: myocardium

text: , and

text: endocardium

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007807

answers: atria

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: Cardiomyopathy

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: lower left

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: right ventricles

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: right heart

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: ventricles

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: atria

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: atria

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: heart valves

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: humans, other mammals, and birds

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: ventricle

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: myocardium

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: upper left and right atria

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: lower left and right ventricles

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: myocardium, and endocardium

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Arteries generally carry oxygen-rich blood

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: In a healthy heart

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: ventricle

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: atria

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: heart valves

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: blood

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: myocardium

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: pericardium

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: blood flows one way through the heart due to heart valves

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: In a healthy heart

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: heart valves

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: right atrium and ventricle

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: In humans, other mammals, and birds

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: prevent backflow

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: The wall of the heart

text: As early as the 17th century, William Harvey had already discerned the existence of the Ductus Arteriosus and explained its relative function. Here he says, "...in embryos, whilst the lungs are in a state of inaction, performing no function, subject to no movement any more than if they had not been present, Nature uses the two ventricles of the heart as if they formed but one for the transmission of the blood." However, the apex of Harvey's work is probably the eighth chapter, in which he deals with the actual quantity of blood passing through the heart from the veins to the arteries. Coming into conflict with Galen's accepted view of the liver as the origin of venous blood, Harvey estimated the capacity of the heart, how much blood is expelled through each pump of the heart, and the number of times the heart beats in a half an hour. All of these estimates were purposefully low, so that people could see the vast amount of blood Galen's theory required the liver to produce. He estimated that the capacity of the heart was , and that every time the heart pumps, 1/8 of that blood is expelled. This led to Harvey's estimate that about  of blood went through the heart every time it pumped. The next estimate he used was that the heart beats 1000 times every half an hour, which gave 10 pounds 6 ounces of blood in a half an hour, and when this number was multiplied by 48 half hours in a day he realized that the liver would have to produce 540 pounds of blood in a day.

text: As early as the 17th century, William Harvey had already discerned the existence of the

text: Ductus Arteriosus

text: and explained its relative function. Here he says, "...in

text: embryos

text: , whilst the

text: lungs

text: are in a state of inaction, performing no function, subject to no movement any more than if they had not been present,

text: Nature

text: uses the two

text: ventricles

text: of the

text: heart

text: as if they formed but one for the transmission of the

text: blood

text: ." However, the apex of Harvey's work is probably the eighth chapter, in which he deals with the actual quantity of

text: blood

text: passing through the

text: heart

text: from the

text: veins

text: to the

text: arteries

text: . Coming into conflict with

text: Galen

text: 's accepted view of the

text: liver

text: as the origin of

text: venous

text: blood

text: , Harvey estimated the capacity of the

text: heart

text: , how much

text: blood

text: is expelled through each

text: pump

text: of the

text: heart

text: , and the number of times the

text: heart

text: beats in a half an hour. All of these estimates were purposefully low, so that people could see the vast amount of

text: blood

text: Galen

text: 's theory required the

text: liver

text: to produce. He estimated that the capacity of the

text: heart

text: was , and that every time the

text: heart

text: pumps, 1/8 of that

text: blood

text: is expelled. This led to Harvey's estimate that about  of

text: blood

text: went through the

text: heart

text: every time it pumped. The next estimate he used was that the

text: heart

text: beats 1000 times every half an hour, which gave 10 pounds 6 ounces of

text: blood

text: in a half an hour, and when this number was multiplied by 48 half hours in a day he realized that the

text: liver

text: would have to produce 540 pounds of

text: blood

text: in a day.

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answers: 1: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracies.

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answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracies.

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0391/T_2200/0db1d6f7d82bb3b2278e1352cbc602b1

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007807

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007810

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answers: NDQ_007811

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answers: NDQ_007812

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007813

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answers: NDQ_007814

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007845

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answers: NDQ_007846

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007807

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: Cardiovascular disease

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: right ventricle

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: ventricles

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: ventricles

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: Cardiomyopathy

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: the number of times the heart beats

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: ventricles

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: ventricles

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: The lungs are in a state of inaction

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: the atria

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: All of these estimates were purposefully low

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Arteries generally carry oxygen-rich blood

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: blood vessels dilate

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: lungs

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: a pacemaker

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: Arteriosus

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: the lungs are in a state of inaction

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: the veins to the arteries

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: Ductus Arteriosus

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: the two ventricles of the heart

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: Ductus Arteriosus

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: venous blood

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: the liver

text: In severe heat stroke, there may be confused, hostile, or seemingly intoxicated behavior.  Heart rate and respiration rate will increase (tachycardia and tachypnea) as blood pressure drops and the heart attempts to maintain adequate circulation.  The decrease in blood pressure can then cause blood vessels to contract reflexly, resulting in a pale or bluish skin color in advanced cases.  Young children, in particular, may have seizures. Eventually, organ failure, unconsciousness and death will result.

text: In severe heat stroke, there may be confused, hostile, or seemingly intoxicated behavior.  Heart rate and respiration rate will increase (

text: tachycardia

text: and

text: tachypnea

text: ) as blood pressure drops and the heart attempts to maintain adequate

text: circulation

text: .  The decrease in blood pressure can then cause blood vessels to contract reflexly, resulting in a pale or bluish skin color in advanced cases.  Young children, in particular, may have

text: seizures

text: . Eventually,

text: organ failure

text: unconsciousness

text: and

text: death

text: will result.

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answers: NDQ_007808

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answers: NDQ_007809

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007837

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answers: NDQ_007838

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007807

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: Cardiovascular disease

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: Tachycardia

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: circulatory

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: circulatory

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: death

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: intoxicated behavior

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: respiratory

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: Blood vessels to contract reflexly

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: blood vessels to contract

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: lungs

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: blood pressure

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: blood

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: Blood vessels contract reflexly, resulting in a pale or bluish skin color

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: systemic circulation

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: Blood vessels to contract reflexly

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: contract reflexly

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: blood vessels to contract reflexly

text: Depending upon "how much venom is in the bloodstream, and how close the venom is until it enters the heart", the transformation could last anywhere from 2–5 days. During this time, the human will endure indescribable pain. Once the venom is injected, the sensation is described as very similar to being burned alive. The venom will then make its way throughout the body. Next through the heart, and it will pump again and again in the heart until it starts meeting itself in the veins. Then it will burn all the veins until the heart stops beating. It moves slower than blood because it is thicker, which makes the transformation long-lasting. Each beat of the heart can only push it so far. The changing/burning process is slow. The venom has to saturate every cell in the body before the process can be completed.

text: Depending upon "how much venom is in the bloodstream, and how close the venom is until it enters the heart", the transformation could last anywhere from 2–5 days. During this time, the human will endure indescribable pain. Once the venom is injected, the sensation is described as very similar to being burned alive. The venom will then make its way throughout the body. Next through the heart, and it will pump again and again in the heart until it starts meeting itself in the veins. Then it will burn all the veins until the heart stops beating. It moves slower than blood because it is thicker, which makes the transformation long-lasting. Each beat of the heart can only push it so far. The changing/burning process is slow. The venom has to saturate every cell in the body before the process can be completed.

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text: The blood vessels are the part of the circulatory system that transports blood throughout the human body. There are three major types of blood vessels: the arteries, which carry the blood away from the heart; the capillaries, which enable the actual exchange of water and chemicals between the blood and the tissues; and the veins, which carry blood from the capillaries back toward the heart. The word vascular, meaning relating to the blood vessels, is derived from the Latin vas, meaning vessel. A few structures (such as cartilage and the lens of the eye) do not contain blood vessels and are labeled.

text: The blood vessels are the part of the

text: circulatory system

text: that transports

text: blood

text: throughout the

text: human body

text: . There are three major types of blood vessels: the

text: arteries

text: , which carry the blood away from the

text: heart

text: ; the

text: capillaries

text: , which enable the actual exchange of water and chemicals between the blood and the

text: tissues

text: ; and the

text: vein

text: s, which carry blood from the capillaries back toward the heart. The word vascular, meaning relating to the blood vessels, is derived from the Latin vas, meaning vessel. A few structures (such as

text: cartilage

text: and the

text: lens

text: of the eye) do not contain blood vessels and are labeled.

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answers: Cardiovascular disease

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text: Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure of circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels. When used without further specification, "blood pressure" usually refers to the arterial pressure in the systemic circulation. Blood pressure is usually expressed in terms of the systolic (maximum during one heart beat) pressure over diastolic (minimum in between two heart beats) pressure and is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg), above the surrounding atmospheric pressure (considered to be zero for convenience).

text: Blood pressure (BP) is the

text: pressure

text: of circulating

text: blood

text: on the walls of

text: blood vessel

text: s. When used without further specification, "blood pressure" usually refers to the

text: arterial

text: pressure in the

text: systemic circulation

text: . Blood pressure is usually expressed in terms of the

text: systolic

text: (maximum during one heart beat) pressure over

text: diastolic

text: (minimum in between two heart beats) pressure and is measured in millimeters of mercury (

text: mmHg

text: ), above the surrounding atmospheric pressure (considered to be zero for convenience).

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text: Although most veins take blood back to the heart, there is an exception. Portal veins carry blood between capillary beds. For example, the hepatic portal vein takes blood from the capillary beds in the digestive tract and transports it to the capillary beds in the liver. The blood is then drained in the gastrointestinal tract and spleen, where it is taken up by the hepatic veins, and blood is taken back into the heart. Since this is an important function in mammals, damage to the hepatic portal vein can be dangerous. Blood clotting in the hepatic portal vein can cause portal hypertension, which results in a decrease of blood fluid to the liver.

text: Although most veins take blood back to the heart, there is an exception. Portal veins carry blood between capillary beds. For example, the hepatic portal vein takes blood from the capillary beds in the digestive tract and transports it to the capillary beds in the liver. The blood is then drained in the gastrointestinal tract and spleen, where it is taken up by the hepatic veins, and blood is taken back into the heart. Since this is an important function in mammals, damage to the hepatic portal vein can be dangerous. Blood clotting in the hepatic portal vein can cause portal hypertension, which results in a decrease of blood fluid to the liver.

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answers: NDQ_007808

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answers: NDQ_007809

answers: spleen

answers: NDQ_007810

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answers: NDQ_007811

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answers: NDQ_007812

answers: spleen

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: pulmonary

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: Blood clotting

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: damage to the hepatic portal vein

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: pulmonary

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: blood is taken back into the heart

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: most veins

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: damage to the hepatic portal vein

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: portal hypertension

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007837

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answers: NDQ_007838

answers: blood

answers: NDQ_007839

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answers: NDQ_007840

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: hepatic

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: Most veins take blood back to the heart

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: Portal veins carry blood between capillary beds

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: veins

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answers: NDQ_007847

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answers: NDQ_007849

answers: damage to the hepatic portal vein

text: An oxygenator is a medical device that is capable of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood of human patient during surgical procedures that may necessitate the interruption or cessation of blood flow in the body, a critical organ or great blood vessel. These organs can be the heart, lungs or liver, while the great vessels can be the aorta, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins or vena cava. An oxygenator is typically utilized by a perfusionist in cardiac surgery in conjunction with the heart-lung machine. However, oxygenators can also be utilized in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in neonatal intensive care units by nurses.

text: An oxygenator is a medical device that is capable of exchanging

text: oxygen

text: and

text: carbon dioxide

text: in the blood of human patient during surgical procedures that may necessitate the interruption or cessation of blood flow in the body, a critical organ or great blood vessel. These organs can be the

text: heart

text: lung

text: s or

text: liver

text: , while the great vessels can be the

text: aorta

text: pulmonary artery

text: pulmonary veins

text: or

text: vena cava

text: . An oxygenator is typically utilized by a

text: perfusionist

text: in

text: cardiac surgery

text: in conjunction with the

text: heart-lung machine

text: . However, oxygenators can also be utilized in

text: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

text: in neonatal intensive care units by

text: nurses

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answers: NDQ_007807

answers: pulmonary veins or vena cava

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: cardiac

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: pulmonary

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: pulmonary artery

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: pulmonary artery

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: pulmonary veins

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: pulmonary

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: pulmonary veins or vena cava

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: cardiac surgery

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: heart, lungs or liver

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: pulmonary

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: pulmonary artery

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: pulmonary artery

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: great vessels

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: pulmonary artery

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: pulmonary artery

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: An oxygenator

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: great vessels

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: pulmonary artery

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: vena cava

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: vena cava

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: heart-lung machine

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: vena cava

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: systemic circulation

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: great vessels

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: cessation of blood flow

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: atherosclerosis

text: AEN has never been recorded as a one symptom disorder, but instead present by multiple symptoms. The symptoms vary from the severity of the disorder. The most classic sign of AEN is the dark pigmentation of esophageal mucosa in an upper endoscopy, usually viewed as an ulcer or as an infectious disease. Necrosis can be found mostly between the three distals of the esophagus, but stops abruptly at the gastroesophageal junction. The basic and most common symptoms reported are blood in stool and blood in vomiting. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding then is reported, and is very commonly represented in elderly patients. Black or bloody stools and hematemesis account for over three quarters of the case presentations.  Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and unstable vital signs are common.  A cardiovascular event (such as a heart attack) was reported in ten percent of the total known cases.

text: AEN has never been recorded as a one symptom disorder, but instead present by multiple symptoms. The symptoms vary from the severity of the disorder. The most classic sign of AEN is the dark pigmentation of esophageal mucosa in an upper endoscopy, usually viewed as an ulcer or as an infectious disease. Necrosis can be found mostly between the three distals of the esophagus, but stops abruptly at the

text: gastroesophageal junction

text: . The basic and most common symptoms reported are

text: blood in stool

text: and

text: blood in vomiting

text: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding

text: then is reported, and is very commonly represented in elderly patients. Black or bloody stools and hematemesis account for over three quarters of the case presentations.  Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and unstable vital signs are common.  A cardiovascular event (such as a

text: heart attack

text: ) was reported in ten percent of the total known cases.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007807

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007807

answers: Vascular

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: heart attack

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: left ventricle

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: right ventricle

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: Vascular

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: heart attack

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: elderly patients

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: Left

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: heart attack

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: Blood in stool and blood in vomiting

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: AEN has never been recorded as a one symptom disorder

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: Blood in stool and blood in vomiting

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: heart attack

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: Blood in stool and blood in vomiting

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: lungs

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: AEN

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: cardiovascular

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: Cardiovascular

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: aorta

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: AEN has never been recorded as a one symptom disorder

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding then is reported

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: Necrosis

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: cardiovascular event

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: Aorta

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: Veins have thicker walls

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: unstable vital signs

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: A cardiovascular event

text: Vasomotion is the spontaneous oscillation in tone of blood vessel walls, independent of heart beat, innervation or respiration. While vasomotion was first observed by Jones in 1852, the complete mechanisms responsible for its generation and its physiological importance remain to be elucidated, however several hypotheses have been put forth.

text: Vasomotion is the spontaneous oscillation in

text: tone

text: of

text: blood vessel

text: walls, independent of

text: heart beat

text: innervation

text: or

text: respiration

text: . While vasomotion was first observed by Jones in 1852, the complete mechanisms responsible for its generation and its physiological importance remain to be elucidated, however several hypotheses have been put forth.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0391/T_2200/0db1d6f7d82bb3b2278e1352cbc602b1

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007807

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: 2

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007807

answers: blood vessel walls

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: Cardiovascular disease

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: innervation

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: blood vessel walls

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: blood vessel walls

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: Vasomotor

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: blood vessel

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: heart beat

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: blood vessel walls

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: Respiratory

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: innervation

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: Vasomotion

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: Vasomotion

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: blood vessel walls

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: blood vessel walls

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: Vasomotion

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: blood vessel walls

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: lungs

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: innervation

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: walls

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: blood vessel walls

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: blood vessel

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: capillaries do not have a heart beat

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: blood vessel walls

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: blood vessel walls

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: blood vessel walls

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: Vasomotion

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: blood vessel walls

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: Vasomotion

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: atherosclerosis

text: The sounds heard during measurement of blood pressure are not the same as the heart sounds 'lub' and 'dub' that are due to vibrations inside the ventricles that are associated with the snapping shut of the valves. If a stethoscope is placed over the brachial artery in the antecubital fossa in a normal person (without arterial disease), no sound should be audible. As the heart beats, these pulses are transmitted smoothly via laminar (non-turbulent) blood flow throughout the arteries, and no sound is produced. Similarly, if the cuff of a sphygmomanometer is placed around a patient's upper arm and inflated to a pressure above the patient's systolic blood pressure, there will be no sound audible. This is because the pressure in the cuff is high enough such that it completely occludes the blood flow. This is similar to a flexible tube or pipe with fluid in it that is being pinched shut.

text: The sounds heard during measurement of blood pressure are not the same as the heart sounds 'lub' and 'dub' that are due to vibrations inside the ventricles that are associated with the snapping shut of the valves. If a

text: stethoscope

text: is placed over the

text: brachial artery

text: in the

text: antecubital fossa

text: in a normal person (without arterial disease), no sound should be audible. As the

text: heart

text: beats, these pulses are transmitted smoothly via laminar (non-turbulent) blood flow throughout the arteries, and no sound is produced. Similarly, if the cuff of a

text: sphygmomanometer

text: is placed around a patient's upper arm and inflated to a pressure above the patient's

text: systolic blood pressure

text: , there will be no sound audible. This is because the pressure in the cuff is high enough such that it completely occludes the

text: blood

text: flow

text: . This is similar to a flexible tube or pipe with fluid in it that is being pinched shut.

answers: tqa2:L_0391/T_2194/22153ff22aad3418daf4163f5e4755c7

answers: 0

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answers: NDQ_007831

answers: This is similar to a flexible tube or pipe with fluid in it that is being pinched shut

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text: A blood vessel starts from the peritoneum (the membrane that loosely encloses the stomach), with blind capillaries supplying the stomach. The blood vessel leads up the middle of the body to a circular vessel at the base of the lophophore, and from there a single blind vessel runs up each tentacle. A pair of blood vessels near the body wall lead downward from the lophophore ring, and in most species these are combined into one a little below the lophophore ring. The downward vessel(s) leads back to the peritoneum, and also to blind branches throughout the body. There is no heart, but muscles in the major vessels contract in waves to move the blood. Unlike many animals that live in tubes, phoronids do not ventilate their trunks with oxygenated water, but rely on respiration by the lophophore, which extends above hypoxic sediments. The blood has hemocytes containing hemoglobin, which unusual in such small animals and seems to be an adaptation to anoxic and hypoxic environments. The blood of Phoronis  architecta carries as much oxygen per cm as that of most vertebrates; the blood's volume in cm per gm of body weight is twice that of a human.

text: A blood vessel starts from the

text: peritoneum

text: (the

text: membrane

text: that loosely encloses the stomach), with blind

text: capillaries

text: supplying the stomach. The blood vessel leads up the middle of the body to a circular vessel at the base of the lophophore, and from there a single blind vessel runs up each tentacle. A pair of blood vessels near the body wall lead downward from the lophophore ring, and in most species these are combined into one a little below the lophophore ring. The downward vessel(s) leads back to the peritoneum, and also to blind branches throughout the body. There is no heart, but muscles in the major vessels contract in waves to move the blood. Unlike many animals that live in tubes, phoronids do not ventilate their trunks with oxygenated water, but rely on

text: respiration

text: by the lophophore, which extends above

text: hypoxic

text: sediments. The blood has hemocytes containing

text: hemoglobin

text: , which unusual in such small animals and seems to be an adaptation to

text: anoxic and hypoxic

text: environments. The blood of Phoronis  architecta carries as much oxygen per cm as that of most

text: vertebrate

text: s; the blood's volume in cm per gm of body weight is twice that of a human.

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answers: Cardiovascular disease

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: peritoneum

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: No heart

answers: NDQ_007812

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answers: NDQ_007813

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007814

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answers: NDQ_007815

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answers: NDQ_007816

answers: body weight is twice that of a human

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: hemocytes

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: No heart, but muscles in the major vessels contract in waves to move the blood

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: No heart, but muscles in the major vessels contract in waves

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: Muscles in the major vessels contract in waves

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Arteries

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: blood vessels dilate

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: the peritoneum

answers: NDQ_007837

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answers: NDQ_007838

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answers: NDQ_007839

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answers: NDQ_007840

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answers: NDQ_007841

answers: lophophore

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: There is no heart, but muscles in the major vessels contract in waves to move the blood

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: No heart, but muscles in the major vessels contract in waves

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: There is no heart, but muscles in the major vessels contract in waves

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: There is no heart

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: There is no heart, but muscles in the major vessels contract in waves to move the blood

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: muscles in the major vessels contract in waves

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: atherosclerosis

text: Hypertensive heart disease is the result of structural and functional adaptations leading to left ventricular hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction, CHF, abnormalities of blood flow due to atherosclerotic coronary artery disease and microvascular disease, and cardiac arrhythmias. Individuals with left ventricular hypertrophy are at increased risk for, stroke, CHF, and sudden death. Aggressive control of hypertension can regress or reverse left ventricular hypertrophy and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. left ventricular hypertrophy are seen in 25% of the hypertensive patients and can easily be diagnosed by using echocardiography. Underlying mechanisms of hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy are of 2 types: mechanical, mainly leading to myocyte hypertrophy; neuro-hormonal, mainly resulting in a fibroblastic proliferation.

text: Hypertensive heart disease

text: is the result of structural and functional adaptations leading to

text: left ventricular hypertrophy

text: diastolic dysfunction

text: CHF

text: , abnormalities of

text: blood flow

text: due to

text: atherosclerotic

text: coronary artery disease

text: and

text: microvascular disease

text: , and

text: cardiac arrhythmias

text: . Individuals with left ventricular hypertrophy are at increased risk for,

text: stroke

text: CHF

text: , and

text: sudden death

text: . Aggressive control of hypertension can regress or reverse left ventricular hypertrophy and reduce the risk of

text: cardiovascular disease

text: . left ventricular hypertrophy are seen in 25% of the hypertensive patients and can easily be diagnosed by using

text: echocardiography

text: . Underlying mechanisms of hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy are of 2 types:

text: mechanical

text: , mainly leading to

text: myocyte

text: hypertrophy

text: neuro-hormonal

text: , mainly resulting in a

text: fibroblast

text: ic

text: proliferation

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answers: NDQ_007809

answers: left

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answers: artery

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: left ventricular

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: left ventricular

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: left ventricular

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: left ventricular

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: CHF

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: left ventricular hypertrophy

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: pulmonary

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: myocyte

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: Left ventricular hypertrophy

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: left ventricular hypertrophy

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: structural and functional adaptations

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: artery

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: blood flow due to atherosclerotic coronary artery disease and microvascular disease

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: left ventricular

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: pulmonary circulation

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: hypertension

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: artery

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: artery

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: left ventricular

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: capillaries are not the same as arteries

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: structural and functional adaptations

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: left ventricular

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: left ventricular hypertrophy

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: artery

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: left ventricular hypertrophy

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: abnormalities of blood flow

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: coronary artery disease

text: The recording of a heart beat (an ECG), may be corrupted by noise from the AC mains.  The exact frequency of the power and its harmonics may vary from moment to moment.

text: The recording of a heart beat (an

text: ECG

text: ), may be corrupted by noise from the

text: AC mains

text: .  The exact frequency of the power and its

text: harmonics

text: may vary from moment to moment.

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text: Phase-contrast MRA:Phase wrapping caused by the under estimation of maximum blood velocity in the image. The fast moving blood about maximum set velocity for phase-contrast MRA gets aliased and the signal wraps from pi to -pi  instead making flow information unreliable. This can be avoided by using velocity encoding (VENC) values above the maximum measured velocity. It can also be corrected with the so-called phase-unwrapping.Maxwell terms: caused by the switching of the gradients field in the main field B0. This cause the over magnetic field to be distort and give inaccurate phase information for the flow.Acceleration: accelerating blood flow is not properly encoded by phase-contrast techniques and can lead to errors in quantifying blood flow.Time-of-flight MRA:Saturation artifact due to laminar flow: In many vessels, blood flow is slower near the vessel walls than near the center of the vessel. This causes blood near the vessel walls to become saturated and can reduce the apparent caliber of the vessel.Venetian blind' artifact: Because the technique acquires images in slabs, a non-uniform flip angle across the slab can appear as horizontal stripe in the composed images.

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answers: NDQ_007811

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answers: NDQ_007815

answers: Saturation

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: under estimation of maximum blood velocity in the image

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: Left

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: cardiac myocytes

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: Phase-contrast MRA

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: Phase-contrast MRA

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: Veins must have muscular walls to withstand the pressure of blood pumped by the heart.

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Arteries generally carry oxygen-rich blood.

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: Blood vessels dilate to increase the amount of blood they can carry.

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: the vessel walls

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: vessel walls

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: Phase-contrast MRA

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: blood

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: saturated

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: venous

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: Venetian blind' artifact

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: Blood flow is slower near the vessel walls than near the center of the vessel

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: Vascular artery

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: Systemic circulation includes the right atrium and right ventricle.

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: Aorta

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: Veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: blood flow is slower near the vessel walls than near the center

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: The leading cause of cardiovascular disease is atherosclerosis.

text: A tarantula’s blood is unique (not only by appearance); an oxygen-transporting protein is present (the copper-based hemocyanin) but not enclosed in blood cells such as the erythrocytes of mammals. A tarantula’s blood is not true blood but rather a liquid called haemolymph, or hemolymph. There are at least four types of hemocytes, or hemolymph cells. The tarantula’s heart is a long slender tube that is located along the top of the opisthosoma. The heart is neurogenic as opposed to myogenic, so nerve cells instead of muscle cells initiate and coordinate the heart. The heart pumps hemolymph to all parts of the body through open passages often referred to as sinuses, and not through a circular system of blood vessels. If the exoskeleton is breached, loss of hemolymph will kill the tarantula unless the wound is small enough that the hemolymph can dry and close the wound.

text: A tarantula’s blood is unique (not only by appearance); an oxygen-transporting protein is present (the copper-based

text: hemocyanin

text: ) but not enclosed in blood cells such as the erythrocytes of mammals. A tarantula’s blood is not true blood but rather a liquid called

text: haemolymph

text: , or hemolymph. There are at least four types of hemocytes, or hemolymph cells. The tarantula’s heart is a long slender tube that is located along the top of the opisthosoma. The heart is neurogenic as opposed to myogenic, so nerve cells instead of muscle cells initiate and coordinate the heart. The heart pumps hemolymph to all parts of the body through open passages often referred to as sinuses, and not through a circular system of blood vessels. If the exoskeleton is breached, loss of hemolymph will kill the tarantula unless the wound is small enough that the hemolymph can dry and close the wound.

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answers: neurogenic

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answers: NDQ_007807

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007816

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answers: NDQ_007818

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007820

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answers: NDQ_007828

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answers: NDQ_007829

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_007831

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answers: NDQ_007834

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007837

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answers: NDQ_007838

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answers: NDQ_007839

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007845

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answers: NDQ_007846

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007807

answers: sinuses

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: coronary heart disease

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: sinuses

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: exoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: tarantula

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: sinuses

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: sinus

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: erythrocytes

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: myogenic

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: muscle cells initiate and coordinate the heart

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: pulmonary

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: nerve cells

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: The heart

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: nerve cells instead of muscle cells

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: nerve cells instead of muscle cells

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: erythrocytes

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: hemolymph

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: sinuses

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: lungs

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: nerve cells

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: blood cells

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: myogenic

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: opisthosoma

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: a circular system of blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: The heart pumps hemolymph

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: The heart

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: The heart

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: The heart is neurogenic as opposed to myogenic

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: erythrocytes

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: atherosclerosis

text: Lateral hearts of earthworms, also known as commissural vessels, are found between the body segments six and thirteen. These vessels run on either side of the alimentary canal and pump blood from the dorsal vessel to the ventral vessel.

text: Lateral hearts of

text: earthworm

text: s, also known as commissural vessels, are found between the body segments six and thirteen. These vessels run on either side of the alimentary canal and pump blood from the dorsal vessel to the ventral vessel.

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answers: dorsal

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: Cardiovascular disease

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: dorsal

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: dorsal

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: ventral vessel

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: ventral

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: ventral

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: dorsal vessel

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: Cardiomyopathy

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: lateral hearts of earthworms

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: ventral

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: commissural

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: Lateral hearts of earthworms

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: Lateral hearts

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: Lateral hearts of earthworms

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Lateral hearts

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: Lateral hearts of earthworms

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: dorsal vessel

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: Lateral hearts

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: Pacemaker

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: earthworms

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: dorsal

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: dorsal

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: Lateral hearts of earthworms, also known as commissural vessels, are found between the body segments six and thirteen

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: dorsal vessel

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: The ventral vessel

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: systemic circulation

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: The aorta

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: Veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: pump blood

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: atherosclerosis

text: The heart valves and the chambers are lined with endocardium. Heart valves separate the atria from the ventricles, or the ventricles from a blood vessel. Heart valves are situated around the fibrous rings of the cardiac skeleton. The valves incorporate leaflets or cusps, which are pushed open to allow blood flow and which then close together to seal and prevent backflow. The mitral valve has two cusps, whereas the others have three. There are nodules at the tips of the cusps that make the seal tighter.

text: The heart valves and the

text: chambers

text: are lined with

text: endocardium

text: . Heart valves separate the

text: atria

text: from the

text: ventricles

text: , or the ventricles from a

text: blood vessel

text: . Heart valves are situated around the

text: fibrous rings

text: of the

text: cardiac skeleton

text: . The valves incorporate leaflets or cusps, which are pushed open to allow blood flow and which then close together to seal and prevent backflow. The mitral valve has two cusps, whereas the others have three. There are nodules at the tips of the cusps that make the seal tighter.

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answers: NDQ_007811

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answers: NDQ_007812

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answers: NDQ_007813

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answers: NDQ_007814

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007815

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answers: NDQ_007816

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answers: NDQ_007818

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007820

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answers: NDQ_007828

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answers: NDQ_007829

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_007831

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answers: NDQ_007834

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answers: NDQ_007835

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answers: NDQ_007836

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answers: NDQ_007837

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answers: NDQ_007838

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answers: NDQ_007839

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answers: NDQ_007843

answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_007847

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answers: NDQ_007848

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answers: NDQ_007849

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answers: NDQ_007807

answers: ventricles

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: coronary heart disease

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: ventricles

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: ventricles

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: atria

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: ventricles

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: atria

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: blood vessel

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: backflow

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: endocardium

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: ventricles

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: endocardium

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: Heart valves separate the atria

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: atria from the ventricles

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: endocardium

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: atria

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: leaflets or cusps

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: ventricles

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: Atria

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: cardiac skeleton

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: endocardium

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: atria

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: capillaries are lined with endocardium

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: Heart valves separate the atria from the ventricles

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: Heart valves

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: Heart valves separate the atria from the ventricles

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: Aorta

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: leaflets or cusps

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: leaflets or cusps

text: In contrast, deep neurovascular bundle, with arteries in it, has a more complicated composition. Arteries are the vessels that transfer the blood pumped by the heart to the entire body. The blood in arteries have high blood pressure. So outside the endothelium structure, arteries also have a smooth muscle and a connective tissue structure. These compositions enable the arteries to contract and transfer the blood.

text: In contrast, deep neurovascular bundle, with arteries in it, has a more complicated composition. Arteries are the vessels that transfer the blood pumped by the heart to the entire body. The blood in arteries have high blood pressure. So outside the endothelium structure, arteries also have a smooth muscle and a connective tissue structure. These compositions enable the arteries to contract and transfer the blood.

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text: The circulatory system is often seen to comprise two separate systems: the cardiovascular system, which distributes blood, and the lymphatic system, which circulates lymph. The passage of lymph for example takes much longer than that of blood. Blood is a fluid consisting of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets that is circulated by the heart through the vertebrate vascular system, carrying oxygen and nutrients to and waste materials away from all body tissues. Lymph is essentially recycled excess blood plasma after it has been filtered from the interstitial fluid (between cells) and returned to the lymphatic system. The cardiovascular (from Latin words meaning "heart" and "vessel") system comprises the blood, heart, and blood vessels. The lymph, lymph nodes, and lymph vessels form the lymphatic system, which returns filtered blood plasma from the interstitial fluid (between cells) as lymph.

text: The circulatory system is often seen to comprise two separate systems: the cardiovascular system, which distributes blood, and the

text: lymphatic system

text: , which circulates

text: lymph

text: . The passage of lymph for example takes much longer than that of blood. Blood is a fluid consisting of

text: plasma

text: red blood cell

text: s,

text: white blood cell

text: s, and

text: platelets

text: that is circulated by the

text: heart

text: through the vertebrate vascular system, carrying oxygen and nutrients to and waste materials away from all body tissues. Lymph is essentially recycled excess blood plasma after it has been

text: filtered

text: from the

text: interstitial fluid

text: (between cells) and returned to the lymphatic system. The cardiovascular (from Latin words meaning "heart" and "vessel") system comprises the blood, heart, and

text: blood vessel

text: s. The lymph,

text: lymph node

text: s, and

text: lymph vessels

text: form the lymphatic system, which returns filtered blood plasma from the interstitial fluid (between cells) as lymph.

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text: Blood vessels do not actively engage in the transport of blood (they have no appreciable peristalsis), but arteries—and veins to a degree—can regulate their inner diameter by contraction of the muscular layer. This changes the blood flow to downstream organs, and is determined by the autonomic nervous system. Vasodilation and vasoconstriction are also used antagonistically as methods of thermoregulation.

text: Blood vessels do not actively engage in the transport of blood (they have no appreciable

text: peristalsis

text: ), but arteries—and veins to a degree—can regulate their inner diameter by contraction of the muscular layer. This changes the blood flow to downstream organs, and is determined by the

text: autonomic nervous system

text: . Vasodilation and vasoconstriction are also used antagonistically as methods of

text: thermoregulation

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answers: Cardiovascular disease

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answers: Vasodilation

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: Vasoconstriction

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: autonomic nervous system

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: Vasodilation

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: muscular layer

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: arteries—and veins to a degree

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: Vasoconstriction

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: contraction of the muscular layer

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answers: blood flow to downstream organs

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answers: Vasodilation

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answers: arteries

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answers: arteries

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answers: They have no appreciable peristalsis

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answers: arteries—and veins

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: Vasoconstriction

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answers: blood flow to downstream organs

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answers: Blood vessels

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answers: veins to a degree

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answers: Vasoconstriction

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answers: arteries—and veins to a degree

text: A congenital heart defect (CHD) is a defect in the structure of the heart and great vessels of a newborn. Most heart defects either obstruct blood flow in the heart or vessels near it or cause blood to flow through the heart in an abnormal pattern, although other defects affecting heart rhythm such as long QT syndrome can also occur. Heart defects are among the most common birth defects and congenital birth defects  are the leading cause of birth defect-related deaths.

text: A

text: congenital heart defect

text: (CHD) is a defect in the structure of the heart and great vessels of a newborn. Most heart defects either obstruct blood flow in the heart or vessels near it or cause blood to flow through the heart in an abnormal pattern, although other defects affecting heart rhythm such as long QT syndrome can also occur. Heart defects are among the most common birth defects and congenital birth defects  are the leading cause of birth defect-related deaths.

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text: The lymphatic system is part of the body's immune surveillance system. Blood contains fluid and blood cells. The fluid, which may contain suspended foreign material such as bacteria and viruses, seeps through blood vessel walls into the tissues, where it bathes the body cells and exchanges substances with them. Some of this fluid is then taken up by lymphatic vessels and passed back to the heart, where it is again mixed with the blood. On its way the fluid passes through the lymph nodes. If nodes detect something foreign passing through them such as a bacterium or a cancer cell they will swell up. This is called lymphadenopathy or swollen glands. Usually this is localised (for example an infected spot on the scalp will cause lymph nodes in the neck on that same side to swell up), but when it is in two or more regions, it is called generalized lymphadenopathy.

text: The

text: lymphatic system

text: is part of the body's

text: immune surveillance system

text: Blood

text: contains

text: fluid

text: and blood

text: cell

text: s. The fluid, which may contain suspended foreign material such as

text: bacteria

text: and

text: virus

text: es, seeps through

text: blood vessel

text: walls into the

text: tissues

text: , where it bathes the body cells and exchanges substances with them. Some of this fluid is then taken up by

text: lymphatic vessel

text: s and passed back to the heart, where it is again mixed with the blood. On its way the fluid passes through the

text: lymph node

text: s. If nodes detect something foreign passing through them such as a bacterium or a cancer cell they will swell up. This is called

text: lymphadenopathy

text: or swollen glands. Usually this is localised (for example an infected spot on the

text: scalp

text: will cause lymph nodes in the neck on that same side to swell up), but when it is in two or more regions, it is called generalized lymphadenopathy.

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answers: lymphatic vessels

answers: NDQ_007808

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answers: NDQ_007809

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answers: NDQ_007814

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answers: NDQ_007815

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answers: NDQ_007816

answers: lymphadenopathy

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: The lymphatic system

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: lymphatic vessels

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: Blood contains fluid and blood cells

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Arteries

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: blood vessel walls

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: lymphatic vessels

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: lungs

answers: NDQ_007838

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answers: NDQ_007839

answers: Blood

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answers: lymphatic vessels

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: neck

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: Blood contains fluid and blood cells

answers: NDQ_007843

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answers: NDQ_007844

answers: nodes

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text: Mural thrombi are thrombi that adhere to the wall of a blood vessel. They occur in large vessels such as the heart and aorta, and can restrict blood flow but usually do not block it entirely.  They appear grey-red with alternating light and dark lines (known as lines of Zahn) which represent bands of fibrin (lighter) with entrapped white blood cells and red blood cells (darker).

text: Mural thrombi are thrombi that adhere to the wall of a blood vessel. They occur in large vessels such as the heart and

text: aorta

text: , and can restrict blood flow but usually do not block it entirely.  They appear grey-red with alternating light and dark lines (known as

text: lines of Zahn

text: ) which represent bands of fibrin (lighter) with entrapped white blood cells and red blood cells (darker).

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text: In this disease, there is a build of the amyloid beta protein in the brain. This ultimately leads to a reduction in the haemodynamic response and less blood flow in the brain. This reduced cerebral blood flow not only kills neuronal cells because of shortages in oxygen and glucose but it also reduces the brain’s ability to remove amyloid beta. In a healthy brain, these protein fragments are broken down and eliminated. In Alzheimer's disease, the fragments accumulate to form hard, insoluble plaques which reduce blood flow. Two proteins are involved in this accumulation of amyloid beta: serum response factor or SRF and myocardin. Together, these 2 proteins determine whether smooth muscle of blood vessels contract. SRF and myocardin are more active in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s disease. When these proteins are active, they turn on SREBP2 which inhibits LRP-1. LRP-1 helps the brain remove amyloid beta. Therefore, when SRF and myocardin are active, there is a buildup in amyloid beta protein which ultimately leads to less blood flow in the brain because of contracted blood vessels.

text: In this disease, there is a build of the

text: amyloid beta

text: protein in the brain. This ultimately leads to a reduction in the haemodynamic response and less blood flow in the brain. This reduced cerebral blood flow not only kills neuronal cells because of shortages in oxygen and glucose but it also reduces the brain’s ability to remove amyloid beta. In a healthy brain, these protein fragments are broken down and eliminated. In Alzheimer's disease, the fragments accumulate to form hard, insoluble plaques which reduce blood flow. Two proteins are involved in this accumulation of amyloid beta:

text: serum response factor

text: or

text: SRF

text: and myocardin. Together, these 2 proteins determine whether smooth muscle of blood vessels contract. SRF and myocardin are more active in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s disease. When these proteins are active, they turn on SREBP2 which inhibits LRP-1. LRP-1 helps the brain remove amyloid beta. Therefore, when SRF and myocardin are active, there is a buildup in amyloid beta protein which ultimately leads to less blood flow in the brain because of contracted blood vessels.

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answers: NDQ_007808

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answers: NDQ_007809

answers: myocardin

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: right atrium

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: brain

answers: NDQ_007812

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answers: NDQ_007813

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answers: NDQ_007814

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answers: NDQ_007818

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answers: Contracting blood vessels causes less blood flow.

answers: NDQ_007843

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answers: A build of the amyloid beta protein

text: This condition is a febrile illness caused by immune attack of the pleura and the pericardium. Possible cell mediated immunity led by Helper T-cells and Cytotoxic T-cells is postulated to be important in the pathogenesis of this condition. There is also possibility of anti-cardiac antibodies created idiopathically, or due to concurrent cross-reactivity of the antibodies produced against viral antigens, however the latter assumption is not fool-proof or completely reliable due to conflicting studies.  It is entirely possible the autoimmune etiology is an ephiphenomenon and there is a more simple, more likely explanation like the impact of retained blood complications.  It is well described that unevaluated blood is often retained around the heart due in part to clogged chest tubes.  This blood undergoes an intense inflammatory response in part due to coagulation, and also to hemolysis, resulting in reactive oxygen species that can damage the surface of the heart and pericardium, contributing to pleural effusions, pericardial effusions, and postoperative atrial fibrillation. In light of newer understandings of the etiology intrapericardial inflammation as related to retained blood, and less likely from an immune response, it may be advisable for investigators to re-think how to best describe and develop treatments for this syndrome.

text: This condition is a febrile illness caused by immune attack of the

text: pleura

text: and the

text: pericardium

text: . Possible cell mediated immunity led by Helper T-cells and Cytotoxic T-cells is postulated to be important in the pathogenesis of this condition. There is also possibility of anti-cardiac antibodies created idiopathically, or due to concurrent cross-reactivity of the antibodies produced against viral antigens, however the latter assumption is not fool-proof or completely reliable due to conflicting studies.  It is entirely possible the autoimmune etiology is an

text: ephiphenomenon

text: and there is a more simple, more likely explanation like the impact of

text: retained blood complications

text: .  It is well described that unevaluated blood is often retained around the heart due in part to clogged

text: chest tube

text: s.  This blood undergoes an intense inflammatory response in part due to coagulation, and also to hemolysis, resulting in

text: reactive oxygen species

text: that can damage the surface of the heart and pericardium, contributing to

text: pleural effusion

text: s,

text: pericardial effusion

text: s, and postoperative

text: atrial fibrillation

text: . In light of newer understandings of the etiology intrapericardial inflammation as related to retained blood, and less likely from an immune response, it may be advisable for investigators to re-think how to best describe and develop treatments for this syndrome.

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answers: chest tubes

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: Cardiac

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: pericardial

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: pericardium

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: pericardium

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: pericardium

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: pericardial

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: heart and pericardium

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: atrial fibrillation

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: cell mediated immunity led by Helper T-cells and Cytotoxic T-cells

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: pleural

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: pleural effusions, pericardial effusions

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: atrial fibrillation

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: This blood undergoes an intense inflammatory response

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: reactive oxygen species

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: This blood undergoes an intense inflammatory response

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: pericardium

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: pleura

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: clogged chest tubes

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: pericardium

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: pericardium

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: pericardium

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: blood is often retained around the heart due in part to clogged chest tubes

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: pleura and the pericardium

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: pericardium

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: Systemic circulation

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: The aorta

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: Veins have thicker walls.

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: blood vessels help maintain homeostasis

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: cell mediated immunity led by Helper T-cells and Cytotoxic T-cells

text: There is no solid evidence that folate or vitamin B12 improves outcomes in those with cognitive problems. Statins also have no benefit in dementia. Medications for other health conditions may need to be managed differently for a person who also has a diagnosis of dementia.  The MATCH-D criteria can help identify ways that a diagnosis of dementia changes medication management for other health conditions. It is unclear if there is a link between blood pressure medication and dementia. There is a possibility that people may experience an increase in cardiovascular-related events if these medications are withdrawn.

text: There is no solid evidence that

text: folate

text: or

text: vitamin B12

text: improves outcomes in those with cognitive problems.

text: Statins

text: also have no benefit in dementia. Medications for other health conditions may need to be managed differently for a person who also has a diagnosis of dementia.  The MATCH-D criteria can help identify ways that a diagnosis of dementia changes medication management for other health conditions. It is unclear if there is a link between blood pressure medication and dementia. There is a possibility that people may experience an increase in cardiovascular-related events if these medications are withdrawn.

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text: The function of the heart is to drive blood through the circulatory system in a cycle that delivers oxygen, nutrients and chemicals to the body's cells and removes cellular waste. Because it pumps out whatever blood comes back into it from the venous system, the quantity of blood returning to the heart effectively determines the quantity of blood the heart pumps out – its cardiac output, Q. Cardiac output is classically defined alongside stroke volume (SV) and the heart rate (HR) as:

text: The function of the heart is to drive blood through the

text: circulatory system

text: in a cycle that delivers oxygen, nutrients and chemicals to the body's cells and removes cellular waste. Because it pumps out whatever blood comes back into it from the

text: venous system

text: , the quantity of blood returning to the heart effectively determines the quantity of blood the heart pumps out – its cardiac output, Q. Cardiac output is classically defined alongside

text: stroke volume

text: (SV) and the

text: heart rate

text: (HR) as:

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007807

answers: venous

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: heart disease

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: venous

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: venous system

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: venous system

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: venous

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: venous

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: venous

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: stroke

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: heart disease

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: pulmonary

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: cardiac output

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: atria

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: cardiac output

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: venous system

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: blood vessels dilate

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: venous system

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: venous

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: cardiac output

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: blood

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: venous

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: venous

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: venous system

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: venous system

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: cardiac output

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: The circulatory system

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: The aorta

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: The function of the heart

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: Atherosclerosis

text: The Ebers Papyrus is written in hieratic Egyptian writing and preserves for us the most voluminous record of ancient Egyptian medicine known. The scroll contains some 700 magical formulas and remedies. It contains many incantations meant to turn away disease-causing demons and there is also evidence of a long tradition of empiricism. The papyrus contains a "treatise on the heart". It notes that the heart is the center of the blood supply, with vessels attached for every member of the body. The Egyptians seem to have known little about the kidneys and made the heart the meeting point of a number of vessels which carried all the fluids of the body—blood, tears, urine and semen. Mental disorders are detailed in a chapter of the papyrus called the Book of Hearts. Disorders such as depression and dementia are covered. The descriptions of these disorders suggest that Egyptians conceived of mental and physical diseases in much the same way. The papyrus contains chapters on contraception, diagnosis of pregnancy and other gynecological matters, intestinal disease and parasites, eye and skin problems, dentistry and the surgical treatment of abscesses and tumors, bone-setting and burns.

text: The Ebers Papyrus is written in

text: hieratic

text: Egyptian writing and preserves for us the most voluminous record of ancient Egyptian medicine known. The scroll contains some 700 magical formulas and remedies. It contains many incantations meant to turn away disease-causing demons and there is also evidence of a long tradition of empiricism. The papyrus contains a "treatise on the

text: heart

text: ". It notes that the heart is the center of the blood supply, with vessels attached for every member of the body. The

text: Egyptians

text: seem to have known little about the

text: kidney

text: s and made the heart the meeting point of a number of vessels which carried all the fluids of the body—blood, tears, urine and semen. Mental disorders are detailed in a chapter of the papyrus called the Book of Hearts. Disorders such as

text: depression

text: and

text: dementia

text: are covered. The descriptions of these disorders suggest that Egyptians conceived of mental and physical diseases in much the same way. The papyrus contains chapters on contraception, diagnosis of pregnancy and other gynecological matters, intestinal disease and parasites, eye and skin problems, dentistry and the surgical treatment of abscesses and tumors, bone-setting and burns.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0391/T_2200/0db1d6f7d82bb3b2278e1352cbc602b1

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007807

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007807

answers: kidneys

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: dementia

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: kidneys

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: kidneys

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: right ventricle

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: kidneys

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: kidneys

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: kidneys

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: dementia

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: depression and dementia

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: kidneys

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: The right and left atria

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: The atria

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: The heart is the center of the blood supply

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Arteries

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: The heart is the center of the blood supply

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: kidneys

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: kidneys

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: the Book of Hearts

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: kidneys

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: kidneys

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: kidneys and made the heart the meeting point

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: The Egyptians seem to have known little about the kidneys

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: The Egyptians seem to have known little about the kidneys

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: The aorta

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: kidneys

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: the Book of Hearts

text: The mammalian heart has four chambers, two upper atria, the receiving chambers, and two lower ventricles, the discharging chambers. The heart has four valves, which separate its chambers and ensures blood flows in the correct direction through the heart (preventing backflow). After gas exchange in the pulmonary capillaries (blood vessels in the lungs), oxygen-rich blood returns to the left atrium via one of the four pulmonary veins. Blood flows nearly continuously back into the atrium, which acts as the receiving chamber, and from here through an opening into the left ventricle. Most blood flows passively into the heart while both the atria and ventricles are relaxed, but toward the end of the ventricular relaxation period, the left atrium will contract, pumping blood into the ventricle. The heart also requires nutrients and oxygen found in blood like other muscles, and is supplied via coronary arteries.

text: The mammalian heart has four chambers, two upper

text: atria

text: , the receiving chambers, and two lower

text: ventricles

text: , the discharging chambers. The heart has four valves, which separate its chambers and ensures blood flows in the correct direction through the heart (preventing backflow). After

text: gas exchange

text: in the pulmonary capillaries (blood vessels in the lungs), oxygen-rich blood returns to the left atrium via one of the four

text: pulmonary vein

text: s. Blood flows nearly continuously back into the atrium, which acts as the receiving chamber, and from here through an opening into the left ventricle. Most blood flows passively into the heart while both the atria and ventricles are relaxed, but toward the end of the

text: ventricular relaxation period

text: , the left atrium will contract, pumping blood into the ventricle. The heart also requires nutrients and oxygen found in blood like other muscles, and is supplied via

text: coronary arteries

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text: The medical report on the death certificate listed 'Schlagfluss' – that is, a stroke. A blood-vessel near the brain had suddenly burst. The autopsy declared 'a weakness of the cerebral vessels, and a want of sufficient energy in the heart.'  The coffin was quickly sealed and sent to the nearest seaport, to be returned to England for burial.

text: The medical report on the death certificate listed 'Schlagfluss' – that is, a stroke. A blood-vessel near the brain had suddenly burst. The autopsy declared 'a weakness of the cerebral vessels, and a want of sufficient energy in the heart.'  The coffin was quickly sealed and sent to the nearest seaport, to be returned to England for burial.

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answers: Atherosclerosis

text: The Framingham Heart Study is a long-term, ongoing cardiovascular cohort study on residents of the town of Framingham, Massachusetts. The study began in 1948 with 5,209 adult subjects from Framingham, and is now on its third generation of participants.  Prior to it almost nothing was known about the "epidemiology of hypertensive or arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease". Much of the now-common knowledge concerning heart disease, such as the effects of diet, exercise, and common medications such as aspirin, is based on this longitudinal study. It is a project of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, in collaboration with (since 1971) Boston University.  Various health professionals from the hospitals and universities of Greater Boston staff the project.

text: The Framingham Heart Study is a long-term, ongoing

text: cardiovascular

text: cohort study

text: on residents of the town of

text: Framingham

text: Massachusetts

text: . The study began in 1948 with 5,209 adult subjects from Framingham, and is now on its third generation of participants.  Prior to it almost nothing was known about the "epidemiology of hypertensive or arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease". Much of the now-common knowledge concerning heart disease, such as the effects of

text: diet

text: exercise

text: , and common medications such as

text: aspirin

text: , is based on this

text: longitudinal study

text: . It is a project of the

entity_name: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute

text: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute

text: , in collaboration with (since 1971)

text: Boston University

text: .  Various health professionals from the hospitals and universities of

text: Greater Boston

text: staff the project.

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text: As the left and right coronary arteries run on the surface of the heart, they can be called epicardial coronary arteries. These arteries, when healthy, are capable of autoregulation to maintain coronary blood flow at levels appropriate to the needs of the heart muscle.  These relatively narrow vessels are commonly affected by atherosclerosis and can become blocked, causing angina or a heart attack. (See also: circulatory system.) The coronary arteries that run deep within the myocardium are referred to as subendocardial.

text: As the left and right coronary arteries run on the surface of the heart, they can be called epicardial coronary arteries. These arteries, when healthy, are capable of autoregulation to maintain coronary blood flow at levels appropriate to the needs of the

text: heart muscle

text: .  These relatively narrow vessels are commonly affected by

text: atherosclerosis

text: and can become blocked, causing

text: angina

text: or a

text: heart attack

text: . (See also:

text: circulatory system

text: .) The coronary arteries that run deep within the myocardium are referred to as subendocardial.

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text: Past  research has shown that anger, fear and sadness each elicit distinct responses  in the autonomic nervous system. In direct contrast, the positive emotions  appeared to have no distinguishable autonomic responses. Positive emotions do not themselves generate  cardiovascular reactivity, but instead quell any existing cardiovascular  reactivity caused by negative emotions. Put differently, a prior state of  negative emotional arousal may be a necessary backdrop to illuminate the  cardiovascular impact of positive emotions. Assuming (as most emotion theorists  do) that the cardiovascular reactivity sparked by certain negative emotions  prepares the body for specific actions, the broaden-and-build theory suggests  that positive emotions can speed recovery from—or undo—this cardiovascular  reactivity and return the body to mid-range levels of activation suitable for  pursuing a wider range of behavioral options. According to this view, positive  emotions have a unique ability to down-regulate lingering negative emotions and  the psychological and physiological states they generate. In one of the studies, they gave participants an acute stressor –  the possibility of giving a public speech.   As participants prepare for this speech their bodies exhibit increased  sympathetic nervous system activation (sweaty palms, increased heart rate,  increased blood pressure).  After a minute or so of this heightened state of arousal, participants learn that they  don’t have to give the speech after all and instead view a randomly assigned video  clip that generates a positive or negative emotion, or a state of neutrality.  Fredrickson and colleagues measured the amount of time it took each  person to recover from the anxiety about the possible speech.  Results indicated that positive emotions led  to a quicker return to a resting state than neutral or negative emotions. This is called the undoing effect.

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text: When this process becomes unregulated, LDL molecules without receptors begin to appear in the blood. These LDL molecules are oxidized and taken up by macrophages, which become engorged and form foam cells. These foam cells often become trapped in the walls of blood vessels and contribute to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Differences in cholesterol homeostasis affect the development of early atherosclerosis (carotid intima-media thickness). These plaques are the main causes of heart attacks, strokes, and other serious medical problems, leading to the association of so-called LDL cholesterol (actually a lipoprotein) with "bad" cholesterol.

text: When this process becomes unregulated, LDL molecules without receptors begin to appear in the blood. These LDL molecules are oxidized and taken up by

text: macrophages

text: , which become engorged and form foam cells. These foam cells often become trapped in the walls of blood vessels and contribute to

text: atherosclerotic plaque

text: formation. Differences in cholesterol homeostasis affect the development of early atherosclerosis (carotid intima-media thickness). These plaques are the main causes of heart attacks, strokes, and other serious medical problems, leading to the association of so-called LDL cholesterol (actually a

text: lipoprotein

text: ) with "bad" cholesterol.

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text: Tunicates have a well-developed heart and circulatory system. The heart is a double U-shaped tube situated just below the gut. The blood vessels are simple connective tissue tubes, and their blood has several types of corpuscle. The blood may appear pale green, but this is not due to any respiratory pigments, and oxygen is transported dissolved in the plasma. Exact details of the circulatory system are unclear, but the gut, pharynx, gills, gonads, and nervous system seem to be arranged in series rather than in parallel, as happens in most other animals. Every few minutes, the heart stops beating and then restarts, pumping fluid in the reverse direction.

text: Tunicates have a well-developed

text: heart

text: and

text: circulatory system

text: . The heart is a double U-shaped tube situated just below the gut. The blood vessels are simple connective tissue tubes, and their blood has several types of

text: corpuscle

text: . The blood may appear pale green, but this is not due to any respiratory pigments, and oxygen is transported dissolved in the

text: plasma

text: . Exact details of the circulatory system are unclear, but the gut, pharynx, gills, gonads, and nervous system seem to be arranged in series rather than in parallel, as happens in most other animals. Every few minutes, the heart stops beating and then restarts, pumping fluid in the reverse direction.

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answers: NDQ_007807

answers: simple connective tissue tubes

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: coronary heart disease

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: the left

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: left ventricle

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: Tunicates

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: circulatory

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: the left

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: corpuscle

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: heart stops beating

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: obesity

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: gills

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: corpuscle

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: Tunicates

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: pumping fluid in the reverse direction

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: simple connective tissue tubes

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: The blood may appear pale green

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: blood vessels are simple connective tissue tubes

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: gills

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: Every few minutes

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: connective tissue

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: connective tissue tubes

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: Tunicates

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: The blood vessels are simple connective tissue tubes

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: double U-shaped tube

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: The heart

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: Tunicates

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answers: NDQ_007847

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007848

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text: The heart is separated into 4 chambers. Deoxygenated blood enters into the right chambers of the heart and continues through the pulmonary arteries to be oxygenated in the lungs. Oxygenated blood returns into the left side of the heart and out to the rest of the body, known as the systemic circulation. In congenital heart defects such as ventricular septal defects (VSD) and Atrioventricular septal defects (AVSD), there may be one or multiple holes in the walls separating adjacent chambers. This causes left-to-right shunting of blood as oxygenated blood can flow back to the right side of the heart, resulting in a mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Increased amounts of blood on the right side of the heart cause an excess of blood flow into the lungs (pulmonary circulation) and increased pulmonary resistance due to the buildup of pressure.

text: The heart is separated into 4 chambers. Deoxygenated blood enters into the right chambers of the heart and continues through the pulmonary arteries to be oxygenated in the lungs. Oxygenated blood returns into the left side of the heart and out to the rest of the body, known as the

text: systemic circulation

text: . In congenital heart defects such as

text: ventricular septal defect

text: s (VSD) and

text: Atrioventricular septal defect

text: s (AVSD), there may be one or multiple holes in the walls separating adjacent chambers. This causes left-to-right shunting of blood as oxygenated blood can flow back to the right side of the heart, resulting in a mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Increased amounts of blood on the right side of the heart cause an excess of blood flow into the lungs (

text: pulmonary circulation

text: ) and increased pulmonary resistance due to the buildup of pressure.

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answers: NDQ_007813

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answers: NDQ_007815

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answers: NDQ_007816

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answers: NDQ_007820

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answers: NDQ_007807

answers: pulmonary arteries

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: coronary heart disease

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: right

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: right chambers

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: right side of the heart

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: pulmonary arteries

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: ventricular septal defects

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: congenital heart defects

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: right

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: ventricular septal

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: pulmonary arteries

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: Atria

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: The heart is separated into 4 chambers

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: pulmonary arteries

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: Increased amounts of blood

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: pulmonary arteries

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: AVSD

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: pulmonary

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: pulmonary arteries

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: The heart is separated into 4 chambers

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: Oxygenated blood

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: holes in the walls

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: The left side of the heart

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: The pulmonary arteries

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: blood vessels help maintain homeostasis

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: buildup of pressure

text: The technology also allows a person's heart rate to be measured from a webcam without the person wearing anything. This is done using color changes in the person's face, which pulse each time the heart beats.

text: The technology also allows a person's heart rate to be measured from a webcam without the person wearing anything. This is done using color changes in the person's face, which pulse each time the heart beats.

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text: He was the chairman in the Institute for heart diseases and blood vessels, and chairman of the clinic for diseases of the heart and blood vessels at the University Hospital Centre Zagreb. Goldner is the author and coauthor of more than 200 papers, which were cited more than 200 times in the world literature. He co-owns four patents from electrocardiography. Goldner mentored 10 master theses and doctoral dissertations and guided 10 completed research projects. He is the lecturer and course leader in the postgraduate studies in cardiology, pulmonary medicine, clinical pharmacology and emergency medicine. He is the member of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, European Society of Cardiology and North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Goldner is the member of editorial board at the Acta medica Croatica and Journal of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology. In 1990 he was awarded with the city of Zagreb award for his discovery in the field of electrocardiography, and in 1995 with the Strossmayer award for the best scientific work.

text: He was the chairman in the Institute for heart diseases and blood vessels, and chairman of the clinic for diseases of the heart and blood vessels at the University Hospital Centre Zagreb. Goldner is the author and coauthor of more than 200 papers, which were cited more than 200 times in the world literature. He co-owns four patents from electrocardiography. Goldner mentored 10 master theses and doctoral dissertations and guided 10 completed research projects. He is the lecturer and course leader in the postgraduate studies in cardiology, pulmonary medicine, clinical pharmacology and emergency medicine. He is the member of the

text: Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts

text: European Society of Cardiology

text: and North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Goldner is the member of editorial board at the Acta medica Croatica and Journal of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology. In 1990 he was awarded with the city of Zagreb award for his discovery in the field of electrocardiography, and in 1995 with the

text: Strossmayer

text: award for the best scientific work.

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answers: more than 200 papers, which were cited more than 200 times in the world literature

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answers: He is the lecturer and course leader in the postgraduate studies

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text: Nitrates, like nitroglycerin, dilate blood vessels, which is beneficial against myocardial ischemia in two ways: By increasing blood flow in the coronary arteries and the amount of oxygen that arrives to heart muscle; and by relaxing all blood vessels in the body, thereby reducing the workload that heart needs to produce against them and the oxygen it consumes. The preferred mode of administration is sublingually. By relaxing blood vessels nitrates also reduce blood pressure, which must be carefully monitored; they must not be used if hypotension is present. They must also be avoided in patients who have taken sildenafil or other phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (used for erectile dysfunction) within the previous 24–48 hours, as the combination of the two could cause a serious drop in blood pressure.  Intravenous nitrates are useful in patients with hypertension or pulmonary edema.

text: Nitrates, like

text: nitroglycerin

text: , dilate blood vessels, which is beneficial against myocardial ischemia in two ways: By increasing blood flow in the coronary arteries and the amount of oxygen that arrives to heart muscle; and by relaxing all blood vessels in the body, thereby reducing the workload that heart needs to produce against them and the oxygen it consumes. The preferred mode of administration is

text: sublingually

text: . By relaxing blood vessels nitrates also reduce blood pressure, which must be carefully

text: monitored

text: ; they must not be used if

text: hypotension

text: is present. They must also be avoided in patients who have taken

text: sildenafil

text: or other

text: phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors

text: (used for

text: erectile dysfunction

text: ) within the previous 24–48 hours, as the combination of the two could cause a serious drop in blood pressure.

text: Intravenous

text: nitrates are useful in patients with hypertension or

text: pulmonary edema

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text: As lymph is a filtrate of blood it closely resembles the plasma in its water content. Lymph also contains a small amount of metabolic waste and a much smaller amount of protein than that of blood.      Lymph vessels carry the lymph and in the frog open into the four lymph hearts. These lymph hearts are located on the dorsal side of frog's body. The front pair is situated below the shoulder blades. The posterior pair is on either side of a long, rod-like bone called a urostyle, formed by the fusion of the last few vertebrae. The anterior pair opens into the subclavian vein and the posterior pair into the femoral vein. The pair near the third vertebra pumps lymph into the jugular vein. The other pair at the end of the vertebral column pump lymph into the iliac vein in the legs.

text: As lymph is a filtrate of blood it closely resembles the plasma in its water content. Lymph also contains a small amount of metabolic waste and a much smaller amount of

text: protein

text: than that of blood.      Lymph vessels carry the lymph and in the frog open into the four lymph hearts. These lymph hearts are located on the dorsal side of frog's body. The front pair is situated below the shoulder blades. The posterior pair is on either side of a long, rod-like bone called a urostyle, formed by the fusion of the last few vertebrae. The anterior pair opens into the

text: subclavian vein

text: and the posterior pair into the

text: femoral vein

text: . The pair near the third vertebra pumps lymph into the

text: jugular vein

text: . The other pair at the end of the

text: vertebral column

text: pump lymph into the

text: iliac vein

text: in the legs.

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answers: NDQ_007809

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007807

answers: jugular vein

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: Cardiovascular disease

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: posterior

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: femoral vein

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: jugular vein

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: femoral

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: subclavian

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: Lymph vessels

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: Cardiomyopathy

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: femoral vein

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: subclavian

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: urostyle

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: Lymph vessels carry the lymph

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: The front pair is situated below the shoulder blades

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: Lymph vessels carry the lymph

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Lymph vessels

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: Lymph vessels

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: lymph

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: subclavian vein

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: Lymph

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: blood

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: Lymph vessels

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: femoral vein

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: Lymph is a filtrate of blood

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: The anterior pair opens into the subclavian vein and the posterior pair into the femoral vein

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: Lymph vessels carry the lymph

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: Lymph vessels carry the lymph

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: Lymph vessels

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: vein

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: Lymph vessels

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: Lymph vessels

text: Modified Russel-Movat staining is used to study the heart, blood vessels and connective tissues. It can also be used to diagnose vascular and lung diseases.

text: Modified Russel-Movat staining is used to study the

text: heart

text: blood vessels

text: and

text: connective tissues

text: . It can also be used to diagnose vascular and lung diseases.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0391/T_2200/0db1d6f7d82bb3b2278e1352cbc602b1

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007807

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007807

answers: vascular

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: vascular

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: vascular

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: vascular

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: lung

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: vascular

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: vascular

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: lung diseases

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: vascular

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: vascular

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: Modified Russel-Movat

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: heart, blood vessels and connective tissues

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: Blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: Modified Russel-Movat staining

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: lung

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: Pacemaker

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: vascular

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: vascular

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: Modified Russel-Movat staining is used to study the heart

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: Russel-Movat

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: Blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: Blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: Blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: homeostasis

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: atherosclerosis

text: Other autonomic functions may also be disrupted. For example, problems with body temperature regulation mostly occur in injuries at T8 and above.Another serious complication that can result from lesions above T6 is neurogenic shock, which results from an interruption in output from the sympathetic nervous system responsible for maintaining muscle tone in the blood vessels. Without the sympathetic input, the vessels relax and dilate.  Neurogenic shock presents with dangerously low blood pressure, low heart rate, and blood pooling in the limbs—which results in insufficient blood flow to the spinal cord and potentially further damage to it.

text: Other autonomic functions may also be disrupted. For example, problems with body temperature regulation mostly occur in injuries at T8 and above.Another serious complication that can result from lesions above T6 is

text: neurogenic shock

text: , which results from an interruption in output from the

text: sympathetic nervous system

text: responsible for maintaining

text: muscle tone

text: in the blood vessels. Without the sympathetic input, the vessels relax and dilate.  Neurogenic shock presents with dangerously low blood pressure,

text: low heart rate

text: , and blood pooling in the limbs—which results in insufficient blood flow to the spinal cord and potentially further damage to it.

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answers: NDQ_007807

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answers: NDQ_007808

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answers: NDQ_007809

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answers: NDQ_007810

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007807

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: Cardiovascular disease

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: T8

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: T8

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: T8

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: low heart rate

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: low blood pressure, low heart rate

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: T8

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: T8

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: heart rate

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: blood

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: blood flow

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: low heart rate

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: muscle

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: dilate

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: T8

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: Without the sympathetic input, the vessels relax and dilate

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: Insufficient blood flow

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: Without the sympathetic input

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: blood vessels relax and dilate

text: The myogenic mechanism is how arteries and arterioles react to an increase or decrease of blood pressure to keep the blood flow within the blood vessel constant.

text: The myogenic mechanism is how

text: arteries

text: and

text: arteriole

text: s react to an increase or decrease of

text: blood pressure

text: to keep the blood flow within the

text: blood vessel

text: constant.

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007807

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: 2

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007807

answers: arterioles

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: Cardiovascular disease

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: arterioles

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: blood vessel

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: arterioles

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: arterioles

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: arterioles

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: heart attack

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: increase or decrease of blood pressure

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: myogenic

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: arteries and arterioles

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: The myogenic mechanism

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: The myogenic mechanism

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Arterioles

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: increase or decrease of blood pressure

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: arterioles

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: arterioles

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: myogenic mechanism

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: arterioles

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: capillaries do not have a myogenic mechanism

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: Arterioles

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: Arterioles

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: systemic circulation

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: arteries and arterioles

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: decrease of blood pressure

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: atherosclerosis

text: Dairy peptides are proposed to inhibit the activity of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE).  ACE is part of the renin-angiotensin system — a natural mechanism that helps regulate blood pressure in the body. In certain individuals, the renin-angiotensin system can become overactive, often due to stress, an unhealthy diet, and/or unhealthy lifestyle. Under such conditions, ACE becomes overactive and converts more angiotensin I into angiotensin II.  Angiotensin II causes blood vessels to constrict, and so increases blood pressure, which has potential to lead to hypertension. But, when ACE activity is inhibited, the formation of angiotensin II is reduced. This then helps the blood vessels to relax and expand back to a normal healthy state, so blood pressure is lowered.

text: Dairy peptides are proposed to inhibit the activity of the

text: angiotensin

text: -converting

text: enzyme

text: ACE

text: ).  ACE is part of the

text: renin-angiotensin system

text: — a natural mechanism that helps regulate blood pressure in the body. In certain individuals, the renin-angiotensin system can become overactive, often due to stress, an unhealthy diet, and/or unhealthy lifestyle. Under such conditions, ACE becomes overactive and converts more angiotensin I into angiotensin II.  Angiotensin II causes blood vessels to constrict, and so increases blood pressure, which has potential to lead to hypertension. But, when ACE activity is inhibited, the formation of angiotensin II is reduced. This then helps the blood vessels to relax and expand back to a normal healthy state, so blood pressure is lowered.

answers: tqa2:L_0391/T_2194/22153ff22aad3418daf4163f5e4755c7

answers: 0

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text: Blood flows from the heart through arteries, which branch and narrow into arterioles, and then branch further into capillaries where nutrients and wastes are exchanged. The capillaries then join and widen to become venules, which in turn widen and converge to become veins, which then return blood back to the heart through the great veins.

text: Blood flows from the heart through

text: arteries

text: , which branch and narrow into

text: arterioles

text: , and then branch further into capillaries where nutrients and wastes are exchanged. The capillaries then join and widen to become

text: venules

text: , which in turn widen and converge to become

text: veins

text: , which then return blood back to the heart through the

text: great veins

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answers: NDQ_007809

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answers: right ventricle

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: great veins

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: great veins

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: venules

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: narrow

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: arteries branch and narrow

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: pulmonary

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: arterioles

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answers: Arterioles

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answers: Arterioles

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answers: veins

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answers: Blood

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answers: widen

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answers: The capillaries then join and widen to become venules

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: arteries branch and narrow into arterioles, and then branch further into capillaries

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: Arterioles

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answers: Blood flows from the heart through arteries

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answers: The aorta

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text: In anatomy, lymphatic vessels (or lymph vessels or lymphatics) are thin-walled, valved structures that carry lymph. As part of the lymphatic system, lymph vessels are complementary to the cardiovascular system. Lymph vessels are lined by endothelial cells, and have a thin layer of smooth muscles, and adventitia that bind the lymph vessels to the surrounding tissue. Lymph vessels are devoted to propulsion of the lymph from the lymph capillaries, which are mainly concerned with absorption of interstitial fluid from the tissues. Lymph capillaries are slightly larger than their counterpart capillaries of the vascular system. Lymph vessels that carry lymph to a lymph node are called the afferent lymph vessel, and one that carries it from a lymph node is called the efferent lymph vessel, from where the lymph may travel to another lymph node, may be returned to a vein, or may travel to a larger lymph duct. Lymph ducts drain the lymph into one of the subclavian veins and thus return it to general circulation.

text: In

text: anatomy

text: , lymphatic vessels (or lymph vessels or lymphatics) are thin-walled,

text: valve

text: d structures that carry

text: lymph

text: . As part of the

text: lymphatic system

text: , lymph vessels are complementary to the

text: cardiovascular system

text: . Lymph vessels are lined by

text: endothelial cells

text: , and have a thin layer of

text: smooth muscle

text: s, and

text: adventitia

text: that bind the lymph vessels to the surrounding tissue. Lymph vessels are devoted to propulsion of the lymph from the

text: lymph capillaries

text: , which are mainly concerned with absorption of

text: interstitial fluid

text: from the tissues. Lymph capillaries are slightly larger than their counterpart capillaries of the vascular system. Lymph vessels that carry lymph to a

text: lymph node

text: are called the afferent lymph vessel, and one that carries it from a lymph node is called the

text: efferent lymph vessel

text: , from where the lymph may travel to another lymph node, may be returned to a vein, or may travel to a larger

text: lymph duct

text: . Lymph ducts drain the lymph into one of the

text: subclavian vein

text: s and thus return it to general

text: circulation

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answers: lymphatic vessels

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: Cardiovascular

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: subclavian

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: lymphatic system

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: lymphatic vessels

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: subclavian

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: the left

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: lymphatic vessels

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: Cardiovascular

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: lymphatic vessels

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: subclavian

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: cardiovascular system

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: Lymph capillaries

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: Lymphatic vessels

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: Lymph vessels

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: lymphatic vessels

answers: NDQ_007836

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answers: Lymph vessels

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answers: lymph capillaries

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: capillaries

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: subclavian veins

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answers: Lymph capillaries are slightly larger than their counterpart capillaries of the vascular system

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: Lymph capillaries

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: valved structures

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answers: lymphatic system

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answers: Lymph vessels

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answers: Lymph vessels

text: Differences in mean blood pressure are responsible for blood flow from one location to another in the circulation. The rate of mean blood flow depends on both blood pressure and the resistance to flow presented by the blood vessels. Mean blood pressure decreases as the circulating blood moves away from the heart through arteries and capillaries due to viscous losses of energy. Mean blood pressure drops over the whole circulation, although most of the fall occurs along the small arteries and arterioles. Gravity affects blood pressure via hydrostatic forces (e.g., during standing), and valves in veins, breathing, and pumping from contraction of skeletal muscles also influence blood pressure in veins.

text: Differences in mean blood pressure are responsible for blood flow from one location to another in the circulation. The rate of mean blood flow depends on both blood pressure and the resistance to flow presented by the blood vessels. Mean blood pressure decreases as the

text: circulating blood

text: moves away from the

text: heart

text: through arteries and

text: capillaries

text: due to

text: viscous

text: losses of energy. Mean blood pressure drops over the whole circulation, although most of the fall occurs along the small arteries and

text: arterioles

text: . Gravity affects blood pressure via

text: hydrostatic

text: forces (e.g., during standing), and valves in veins,

text: breathing

text: , and pumping from contraction of skeletal muscles also influence blood pressure in veins.

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answers: atherosclerosis

text: The chief reason why people with diabetes develop high blood pressure is hardening of the arteries. Diabetes tends to speed up the process of atherosclerosis. The other fact about diabetes is that it affects both large and small blood vessels in the body. Over time, blood vessels become clogged with fatty depots, become non-compliant and lose their elasticity. The process of atherosclerosis is a lot faster in diabetic individuals whom do not have good control of their blood sugars. The high blood pressure eventually leads to heart failure, strokes, heart attacks, blindness, kidney failure, loss of libido and poor circulation of blood in the legs. When the blood supply to the feet is compromised, the chances of infections and amputations also increases. All diabetics should know that even mild elevations in blood pressure can be detrimental to health. Studies have shown that diabetics with even a slight elevation in blood pressure have 2-3 times the risk of heart disease compared to individuals without diabetes.

text: The chief reason why people with diabetes develop high blood pressure is hardening of the

text: arteries

text: . Diabetes tends to speed up the process of atherosclerosis. The other fact about diabetes is that it affects both large and small

text: blood vessel

text: s in the body. Over time, blood vessels become clogged with

text: fatty depots

text: , become non-compliant and lose their elasticity. The process of atherosclerosis is a lot faster in diabetic individuals whom do not have good control of their

text: blood sugar

text: s. The high blood pressure eventually leads to heart failure, strokes, heart attacks,

text: blindness

text: kidney failure

text: , loss of

text: libido

text: and poor circulation of blood in the legs. When the

text: blood supply

text: to the feet is compromised, the chances of infections and

text: amputation

text: s also increases. All diabetics should know that even mild elevations in blood pressure can be detrimental to health. Studies have shown that diabetics with even a slight elevation in blood pressure have 2-3 times the risk of heart disease compared to individuals without diabetes.

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answers: NDQ_007834

answers: high blood pressure

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: high blood pressure

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: lungs

answers: NDQ_007838

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answers: NDQ_007839

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answers: NDQ_007843

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answers: NDQ_007844

answers: The process of atherosclerosis

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: systemic circulation

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answers: The aorta

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answers: NDQ_007848

answers: non-compliant

answers: NDQ_007849

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text: Traditional obstetric sonograms are done by placing a transducer on the abdomen of the pregnant woman.  One variant, a transvaginal sonography, is done with a probe placed in the woman's vagina.  Transvaginal scans usually provide clearer pictures during early pregnancy and in obese women. Also used is Doppler sonography which detects the heartbeat of the fetus.  Doppler sonography can be used to evaluate the pulsations in the fetal heart and bloods vessels for signs of abnormalities.

text: Traditional obstetric sonograms are done by placing a

text: transducer

text: on the

text: abdomen

text: of the pregnant woman.  One variant, a transvaginal sonography, is done with a probe placed in the woman's

text: vagina

text: .  Transvaginal scans usually provide clearer pictures during early pregnancy and in

text: obese

text: women. Also used is Doppler sonography which detects the heartbeat of the fetus.  Doppler sonography can be used to evaluate the pulsations in the fetal heart and bloods vessels for signs of abnormalities.

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answers: NDQ_007815

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answers: NDQ_007816

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answers: NDQ_007818

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answers: NDQ_007820

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answers: NDQ_007837

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answers: NDQ_007809

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answers: NDQ_007810

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answers: NDQ_007811

answers: fetus

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: bloods

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: bloods vessels

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: bloods vessels

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: abnormalities

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: obese women

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: bloods vessels

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: Doppler

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: Doppler

answers: NDQ_007831

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answers: NDQ_007834

answers: bloods

answers: NDQ_007835

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answers: NDQ_007836

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answers: NDQ_007837

answers: lungs

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: transducer

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: bloods

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: bloods

answers: NDQ_007841

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answers: NDQ_007842

answers: bloods vessels for signs of abnormalities

answers: NDQ_007843

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answers: NDQ_007844

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answers: obesity

text: Upshaw–Schulman syndrome (USS) is the recessively inherited form of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), a rare and complex blood coagulation disease. USS is caused by the absence of the ADAMTS13 protease resulting in the persistence of unusually large von Willebrand factor multimers (ULVWF), causing episodes of acute thrombotic microangiopathy with disseminated multiple small vessel obstructions. These obstructions deprive downstream tissues from blood and oxygen, which can result in tissue damage and death. The presentation of an acute USS episode is variable but usually associated with thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA) with schistocytes on the peripheral blood smear, fever and signs of ischemic organ damage in the brain, kidney and heart.

text: Upshaw–Schulman syndrome (USS) is the

text: recessively inherited

text: form of

text: thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

text: (TTP), a rare and complex blood coagulation disease. USS is caused by the absence of the

text: protease

text: resulting in the persistence of unusually large

text: von Willebrand factor

text: multimers (ULVWF), causing episodes of acute

text: thrombotic microangiopathy

text: with disseminated multiple small vessel obstructions. These obstructions deprive downstream tissues from blood and oxygen, which can result in tissue damage and death. The presentation of an acute USS episode is variable but usually associated with

text: thrombocytopenia

text: microangiopathic hemolytic anemia

text: (MAHA) with

text: schistocytes

text: on the peripheral

text: blood smear

text: fever

text: and signs of

text: ischemic

text: organ damage in the brain, kidney and heart.

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007807

answers: small vessel

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: ischemic

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: small vessel obstructions

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: small vessel

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: ischemic

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: Upshaw–Schulman syndrome

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: pulmonary

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: Upshaw–Schulman syndrome

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: Upshaw–Schulman syndrome

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: Upshaw–Schulman syndrome

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Small vessel obstructions

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: Upshaw–Schulman syndrome

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: pulmonary circulation

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: ADAMTS13

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: small vessel

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: small

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: kidney

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: Upshaw–Schulman syndrome is the recessively inherited form of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: Upshaw–Schulman syndrome

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: Small vessel obstructions

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: The aorta

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: obstructions

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: ischemic organ damage

text: Anemia goes undetected in many people and symptoms can be minor. The symptoms can be related to an underlying cause or the anemia itself.Most commonly, people with anemia report feelings of weakness or tired, and sometimes poor concentration. They may also report shortness of breath on exertion.  In very severe anemia, the body may compensate for the lack of oxygen-carrying capability of the blood by increasing cardiac output.  The patient may have symptoms related to this, such as palpitations, angina (if pre-existing heart disease is present), intermittent claudication of the legs, and symptoms of heart failure.On examination, the signs exhibited may include pallor (pale skin, lining mucosa, conjunctiva and nail beds), but this is not a reliable sign.  There may be signs of specific causes of anemia, e.g., koilonychia (in iron deficiency), jaundice (when anemia results from abnormal break down of red blood cells — in hemolytic anemia), bone deformities (found in thalassemia major) or leg ulcers (seen in sickle-cell disease).In severe anemia, there may be signs of a hyperdynamic circulation: tachycardia (a fast heart rate), bounding pulse, flow murmurs, and cardiac ventricular hypertrophy (enlargement).  There may be signs of heart failure.Pica, the consumption of non-food items such as ice, but also paper, wax, or grass, and even hair or dirt, may be a symptom of iron deficiency, although it occurs often in those who have normal levels of hemoglobin.Chronic anemia may result in behavioral disturbances in children as a direct result of impaired neurological development in infants, and reduced academic performance in children of school age. Restless legs syndrome is more common in those with iron-deficiency anemia.

text: Anemia goes undetected in many people and symptoms can be minor. The symptoms can be related to an underlying cause or the anemia itself.Most commonly, people with anemia report feelings of

text: weakness

text: or

text: tired

text: , and sometimes poor concentration. They may also report

text: shortness of breath

text: on exertion.  In very severe anemia, the body may compensate for the lack of oxygen-carrying capability of the blood by increasing

text: cardiac output

text: .  The patient may have symptoms related to this, such as

text: palpitation

text: s,

text: angina

text: (if pre-existing heart disease is present), intermittent

text: claudication

text: of the legs, and symptoms of

text: heart failure

text: .On examination, the signs exhibited may include

text: pallor

text: pale

text: skin

text: , lining

text: mucosa

text: conjunctiva

text: and

text: nail beds

text: ), but this is not a reliable sign.  There may be signs of specific causes of anemia, e.g.,

text: koilonychia

text: (in iron deficiency),

text: jaundice

text: (when anemia results from abnormal break down of red blood cells — in hemolytic anemia), bone deformities (found in

text: thalassemia

text: major) or

text: leg

text: ulcers

text: (seen in

text: sickle-cell disease

text: ).In severe anemia, there may be signs of a

text: hyperdynamic circulation

text: tachycardia

text: (a fast heart rate),

text: bounding pulse

text: flow murmurs

text: , and

text: cardiac

text: ventricular hypertrophy

text: (enlargement).  There may be signs of

text: heart failure

text: Pica

text: , the consumption of non-food items such as ice, but also paper, wax, or grass, and even hair or dirt, may be a symptom of iron deficiency, although it occurs often in those who have normal levels of

text: hemoglobin

text: .Chronic anemia may result in behavioral disturbances in children as a direct result of impaired neurological development in infants, and reduced academic performance in children of school age.

text: Restless legs syndrome

text: is more common in those with

text: iron-deficiency anemia

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answers: NDQ_007807

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answers: NDQ_007848

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answers: NDQ_007849

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answers: NDQ_007807

answers: the legs

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: angina

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: ventricular

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: right atrium

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: ventricular

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: ventricular

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: heart failure

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: pre-existing heart disease

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: ventricular

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: ventricular hypertrophy

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: Blood in the pulmonary circulation passes through the right and left atria.

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: cardiac ventricular hypertrophy (enlargement)

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: In very severe anemia

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: The patient may have symptoms related to this

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: Oxygen-carrying capability

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: ventricular hypertrophy

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: lungs

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: a fast heart rate

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: angina

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: artery

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: This is not a reliable sign

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: cardiac ventricular hypertrophy

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: ventricular hypertrophy

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: systemic circulation

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: The aorta

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: the body may compensate for the lack of oxygen-carrying capability of the blood by increasing cardiac output

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: Anemia

text: The epoxyeicosatrienoic acids or EETs are signaling molecules formed within various types of cells by the metabolism of arachidonic acid by a specific subset of Cytochrome P450 enzymes termed cytochrome P450 epoxygenases.  These nonclassic eicosanoids are generally short-lived, being rapidly converted from epoxides to less active or inactive dihydroxy-eicosatrienoic acids (diHETrEs) by a widely distributed cellular enzyme, Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), also termed Epoxide hydrolase 2.  The EETs consequently function as transiently acting, short-range hormones; that is, they work locally to regulate the function of the cells that produce them (i.e. they are autocrine agents) or of nearby cells (i.e. they are paracrine agents). The EETs have been most studied in animal models where they show the ability to lower blood pressure possibly by a) stimulating arterial vasorelaxation and b) inhibiting the kidney's retention of salts and water to decrease intravascular blood volume.  In these models, EETs prevent arterial occlusive diseases such as heart attacks and brain strokes not only by their anti-hypertension action but possibly also by their anti-inflammatory effects on blood vessels, their inhibition of platelet activation and thereby blood clotting, and/or their promotion of pro-fibrinolytic removal of blood clots. With respect to their effects on the heart, the EETs are often termed cardio-protective. Beyond these cardiovascular actions that may prevent various cardiovascular diseases, studies have implicated the EETs in the pathological growth of certain types of cancer and in the physiological and possibly pathological perception of neuropathic pain.  While studies to date imply that the EETs, EET-forming epoxygenases, and EET-inactivating sEH can be manipulated to control a wide range of human diseases, clinical studies have yet to prove this.  Determination of the role of the EETS in human diseases is made particularly difficult because of the large number of EET-forming epoxygenases, large number of epoxygenase substrates other than arachidonic acid, and the large number of activities, some of which may be pathological or injurious, that the EETs possess.

text: The epoxyeicosatrienoic acids or EETs are signaling molecules formed within various types of cells by the metabolism of

text: arachidonic acid

text: by a specific subset of

text: Cytochrome P450

text: enzymes termed cytochrome P450

text: epoxygenase

text: s.  These

text: nonclassic eicosanoid

text: s are generally short-lived, being rapidly converted from epoxides to less active or inactive dihydroxy-eicosatrienoic acids (diHETrEs) by a widely distributed cellular enzyme,

text: Soluble epoxide hydrolase

text: (sEH), also termed Epoxide hydrolase 2.  The EETs consequently function as transiently acting, short-range

text: hormone

text: s; that is, they work locally to regulate the function of the cells that produce them (i.e. they are

text: autocrine

text: agents) or of nearby cells (i.e. they are

text: paracrine

text: agents). The EETs have been most studied in animal models where they show the ability to lower blood pressure possibly by a) stimulating arterial

text: vasorelaxation

text: and b) inhibiting the kidney's retention of salts and water to decrease intravascular blood volume.  In these models, EETs prevent arterial occlusive diseases such as

text: heart attack

text: s and

text: brain stroke

text: s not only by their anti-hypertension action but possibly also by their

text: anti-inflammatory

text: effects on blood vessels, their inhibition of platelet activation and thereby blood clotting, and/or their promotion of

text: pro-fibrinolytic

text: removal of blood clots. With respect to their effects on the heart, the EETs are often termed cardio-protective. Beyond these cardiovascular actions that may prevent various

text: cardiovascular diseases

text: , studies have implicated the EETs in the pathological growth of certain types of cancer and in the physiological and possibly pathological perception of

text: neuropathic pain

text: .  While studies to date imply that the EETs, EET-forming epoxygenases, and EET-inactivating sEH can be manipulated to control a wide range of human diseases, clinical studies have yet to prove this.  Determination of the role of the EETS in human diseases is made particularly difficult because of the large number of EET-forming epoxygenases, large number of epoxygenase substrates other than arachidonic acid, and the large number of activities, some of which may be pathological or injurious, that the EETs possess.

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answers: NDQ_007807

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answers: NDQ_007808

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answers: NDQ_007809

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answers: NDQ_007810

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answers: NDQ_007811

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answers: NDQ_007812

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answers: NDQ_007813

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answers: NDQ_007814

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answers: NDQ_007815

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_007816

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answers: NDQ_007818

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answers: NDQ_007820

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answers: NDQ_007828

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answers: NDQ_007829

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answers: NDQ_007831

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answers: NDQ_007834

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answers: NDQ_007835

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answers: NDQ_007836

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answers: NDQ_007837

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answers: NDQ_007838

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answers: NDQ_007839

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answers: NDQ_007840

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answers: NDQ_007841

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answers: NDQ_007842

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answers: NDQ_007843

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007844

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answers: NDQ_007845

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answers: NDQ_007846

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answers: NDQ_007847

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007807

answers: kidney

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: heart attacks

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: right atrium

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: right ventricle

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: arterial

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: heart attacks

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: hypertension

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: autocrine

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: Blood in the pulmonary circulation passes through the right and left atria.

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: The EETs have been most studied in animal models

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: The EETs have been most studied in animal models

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Arteries

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: vasorelaxation

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: Epoxygenases

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: Epoxide hydrolase 2

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: EETs

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: EETs

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: Arteries

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: arterial

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: EETs have been most studied in animal models

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: EETs in the pathological growth of certain types of cancer

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: Vascular occlusive diseases

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: Systemic circulation

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: are needed to confirm these findings.

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: veins have thicker walls

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: Vasorelaxation

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: In these models, EETs prevent arterial occlusive diseases

text: In 2014, Lexington Medical Center began to offer transcatheter aortic valve replacement, known as TAVR. This state-of-the-art cardiovascular technology allows doctors to replace the aortic valve with a catheter procedure instead of open heart surgery. Currently, TAVR is for patients with severe aortic stenosis who are high-risk candidates for open heart surgery because of their age, history of heart disease, or other health issues. Patients with severe aortic stenosis have a narrowed aortic valve that does not allow blood to flow efficiently. As the heart works harder to pump enough blood through the smaller opening in the valve, the heart eventually becomes weak. Over time, that can lead to life-threatening heart problems. Lexington Medical Center performed the first fully percutaneous TAVR procedure in South Carolina. With this minimally invasive technique, doctors deployed the new aortic valve through just a small puncture in the femoral artery in the leg.

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answers: aortic

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: heart disease

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: aortic

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: aortic valve

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: aortic valve

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: aortic

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: aortic

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: Aortic

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: heart eventually becomes weak

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: history of heart disease, or other health issues

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: aortic

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: atria

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: Transcatheter aortic valve replacement

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: aortic valve

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Arteries

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: Transcatheter aortic valve replacement

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: Aortic valve

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: pulmonary artery

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: The pacemaker controls the beating of the heart

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: artery

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: artery

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: aortic

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: capillaries do not carry blood

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: Transcatheter aortic valve replacement

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: aortic valve

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: The right atrium and right ventricle

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: aortic valve

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: Veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: allowing blood to flow efficiently

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: aortic stenosis

text: An AVM lacks the dampening effect of capillaries on the blood flow, which means that the AVM can get progressively larger over time as the amount of blood flowing through it increases, forcing the heart to work harder to keep up with the extra blood flow. It also causes the surrounding area to be deprived of the functions of the capillaries—removal of  and delivery of nutrients to the cells. The resulting tangle of blood vessels, often called a nidus (Latin for "nest"), has no capillaries. It can be extremely fragile and prone to bleeding because of the abnormally direct connections between high-pressure arteries and low-pressure veins. The resultant sign, audible via stethoscope, is a rhythmic, whooshing sound caused by excessively rapid blood flow through the arteries and veins. It has been given the term "bruit", French for noise. On some occasions a patient with a brain AVM may become aware of the noise, which can compromise hearing and interfere with sleep in addition to causing psychological distress.

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answers: NDQ_007849

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007807

answers: low-pressure veins

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: AVM

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: brain

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: AVM

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: brain

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: arteries and veins

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: AVM

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: lacks the dampening effect of capillaries on the blood flow

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: AVM

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: The resulting tangle of blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: The resultant sign

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: capillaries

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: capillaries

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: excessively rapid blood flow

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: capillaries

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: Capillaries

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: capillaries

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: capillaries

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: AVM

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: The surrounding area to be deprived of the functions of the capillaries

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: arteries and low-pressure veins

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: An AVM

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: systemic circulation

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: AVM

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: the dampening effect

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: The resulting tangle of blood vessels

text: Hemodynamically, venous return (VR) to the heart from the venous vascular beds is determined by a pressure gradient (venous pressure - right atrial pressure) and venous resistance (RV).  Therefore, increases in venous pressure or decreases in right atrial pressure or venous resistance will lead to an increase in venous return, except when changes are brought about by altered body posture (see below). Although the above relationship is true for the hemodynamic factors that determine the flow of blood from the veins back to the heart, it is important not to lose sight of the fact that blood flow through the entire systemic circulation represents both the cardiac output and the venous return, which are equal in the steady-state because the circulatory system is closed. Therefore, one could just as well say that venous return is determined by the mean aortic pressure minus the mean right atrial pressure, divided by the resistance of the entire systemic circulation (i.e., the systemic vascular resistance).

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text: Not only can an echocardiogram create ultrasound images of heart structures, but it can also produce accurate assessment of the blood flowing through the heart by Doppler echocardiography, using pulsed- or continuous-wave Doppler ultrasound. This allows assessment of both normal and abnormal blood flow through the heart. Color Doppler, as well as spectral Doppler, is used to visualize any abnormal communications between the left and right sides of the heart, any leaking of blood through the valves (valvular regurgitation), and  estimate how well the valves open (or do not open in the case of valvular stenosis). The Doppler technique can also be used for tissue motion and velocity measurement, by tissue Doppler echocardiography.

text: Not only can an echocardiogram create ultrasound images of heart structures, but it can also produce accurate assessment of the blood flowing through the heart by Doppler echocardiography, using pulsed- or continuous-wave Doppler ultrasound. This allows assessment of both normal and abnormal blood flow through the heart. Color Doppler, as well as spectral Doppler, is used to visualize any abnormal communications between the left and right sides of the heart, any leaking of blood through the valves (valvular regurgitation), and  estimate how well the valves open (or do not open in the case of valvular stenosis). The Doppler technique can also be used for tissue motion and velocity measurement, by

text: tissue Doppler echocardiography

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text: The layer of the heart responsible for mechanical function is the myocardium.The myocardium is sandwiched between two thin layers — the epicardium & endocardium — and is composed of a special type of muscle cell called cardiomyocytes.Disorders of these cells results in dysfunction of the structure and function of the heart.

text: The layer of the heart responsible for mechanical function is the

text: myocardium

text: .The myocardium is sandwiched between two thin layers — the

text: epicardium

text: endocardium

text: — and is composed of a special type of muscle cell called

text: cardiomyocyte

text: s.Disorders of these cells results in dysfunction of the structure and function of the heart.

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answers: NDQ_007820

answers: cardiomyocytes

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: right and left atria

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: Myocardium

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: Myocardium

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Endocardium

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: It increases the amount of blood they can carry

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: epicardium

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: epicardium

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: Cardiomyocytes

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answers: atherosclerosis

text: Endoscopic vessel harvesting (EVH) is a surgical technique that may be used in conjunction with coronary artery bypass surgery (commonly called a "bypass"). For patients with coronary artery disease, a physician may recommend a bypass to reroute blood around blocked arteries to restore and improve blood flow and oxygen to the heart. To create the bypass graft, a surgeon will remove or "harvest" healthy blood vessels from another part of the body, often from the patient's leg or arm. This vessel becomes a graft, with one end attaching to a blood source above and the other end below the blocked area, creating a "conduit" channel or new blood flow connection across the heart.

text: Endoscopic vessel harvesting (EVH) is a surgical technique that may be used in conjunction with

text: coronary artery bypass surgery

text: (commonly called a "bypass"). For patients with

text: coronary artery disease

text: , a physician may recommend a bypass to reroute blood around blocked arteries to restore and improve

text: blood flow

text: and

text: oxygen

text: to the heart. To create the

text: bypass graft

text: , a surgeon will remove or "harvest" healthy blood vessels from another part of the body, often from the patient's leg or arm. This vessel becomes a graft, with one end attaching to a blood source above and the other end below the blocked area, creating a "conduit" channel or new blood flow connection across the heart.

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answers: blocked arteries

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: coronary disease

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: coronary

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: coronary artery

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: right ventricle

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: coronary

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: artery disease

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: coronary artery disease

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: The pulmonary circulation passes through the right and left atria.

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: atria

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: This vessel becomes a graft

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Oxygen

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: reroute blood around blocked arteries to restore and improve blood flow and oxygen to the heart

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: blocked arteries

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: lungs

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: Endoscopic vessel harvesting

answers: NDQ_007839

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answers: NDQ_007840

answers: healthy

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: artery

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: capillaries do not have arteries

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: creating a "conduit" channel or new blood flow connection

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: artery

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answers: systemic circulation

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: coronary artery

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: Veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: endoscopic vessel harvesting

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: blocked arteries

text: Plaques that have ruptured are called complicated plaques.  The extracellular matrix of the lesion breaks, usually at the shoulder of the fibrous cap that separates the lesion from the arterial lumen, where the exposed thrombogenic components of the plaque, mainly collagen will trigger thrombus formation.  The thrombus then travels downstream to other blood vessels, where the blood clot may partially or completely block blood flow. If the blood flow is completely blocked, cell deaths occur due to the lack of oxygen supply to nearby cells, resulting in necrosis. The narrowing or obstruction of blood flow can occur in any artery within the body. Obstruction of arteries supplying the heart muscle results in a heart attack, while the obstruction of arteries supplying the brain results in a stroke.

text: Plaques that have ruptured are called complicated plaques.  The

text: extracellular matrix

text: of the lesion breaks, usually at the shoulder of the fibrous cap that separates the lesion from the arterial lumen, where the exposed thrombogenic components of the plaque, mainly

text: collagen

text: will trigger

text: thrombus

text: formation.  The thrombus then travels downstream to other blood vessels, where the blood clot may partially or completely block blood flow. If the blood flow is completely blocked, cell deaths occur due to the lack of

text: oxygen

text: supply to nearby cells, resulting in

text: necrosis

text: . The narrowing or obstruction of blood flow can occur in any artery within the body. Obstruction of arteries supplying the heart muscle results in a

text: heart attack

text: , while the obstruction of arteries supplying the brain results in a

text: stroke

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answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: heart attack

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: heart attack

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: muscle

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: heart attack

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: Plaques that have ruptured

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: muscle

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: atria

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: atria

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: What does the passage imply?

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Necrosis

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: The extracellular matrix of the lesion

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: heart muscle

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: lungs

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: a pacemaker

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: extracellular matrix

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: artery

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: The extracellular matrix of the lesion breaks

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: systemic circulation

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: narrowing or obstruction

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: obstruction of blood flow

text: Another possible mechanism by which cocaine harms the fetus may be in part by interfering with blood supply to the uterus. Cocaine causes vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels) in both mother and fetus, which can cause hypoxia in the fetus. Constricting blood vessels causes tissues to receive insufficient blood flow, killing cells, but this effect is less pronounced with cocaine than with nicotine. The reduction in blood flow to the uterus limits the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus. Cocaine also constricts the blood vessels in the fetus, which is potentially linked to slowed fetal growth and abnormal development of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, digestive, and musculoskeletal systems.Cocaine causes changes in the mother's blood pressure that are thought to be the cause of strokes in the fetus; one study found that 6% of cocaine-exposed infants had had one or more strokes. Such prenatal strokes may be the cause of neurological problems found in some cocaine-exposed infants after birth.Blood vessel contraction can also cause premature labor and birth. Cocaine has also been found to enhance the contractility of the tissue in the uterus, another factor that has been suggested as a possible mechanism for its contribution to increased prematurity rates. Increased contractility of the uterus may also be behind the increased likelihood of placental abruption (the placenta tearing away from the uterine wall) which some findings have linked with PCE.

text: Another possible mechanism by which cocaine harms the fetus may be in part by interfering with blood supply to the uterus. Cocaine causes

text: vasoconstriction

text: (narrowing of blood vessels) in both mother and fetus, which can cause

text: hypoxia

text: in the fetus. Constricting blood vessels causes tissues to receive insufficient blood flow, killing cells, but this effect is less pronounced with cocaine than with

text: nicotine

text: . The reduction in blood flow to the uterus limits the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus. Cocaine also constricts the blood vessels in the fetus, which is potentially linked to slowed fetal growth and abnormal development of the

text: genitourinary

text: cardiovascular

text: digestive

text: , and

text: musculoskeletal system

text: s.Cocaine causes changes in the mother's

text: blood pressure

text: that are thought to be the cause of

text: stroke

text: s in the fetus; one study found that 6% of cocaine-exposed infants had had one or more strokes. Such prenatal strokes may be the cause of neurological problems found in some cocaine-exposed infants after birth.Blood vessel contraction can also cause

text: premature labor

text: and birth. Cocaine has also been found to enhance the contractility of the tissue in the

text: uterus

text: , another factor that has been suggested as a possible mechanism for its contribution to increased prematurity rates. Increased contractility of the uterus may also be behind the increased likelihood of

text: placental abruption

text: (the placenta tearing away from the uterine wall) which some findings have linked with PCE.

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answers: NDQ_007849

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answers: NDQ_007807

answers: Vasoconstriction

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: cardiovascular

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: hypoxia

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: fetus

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: cardiovascular

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: cardiovascular

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: Vasoconstriction

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: cocaine harms the fetus

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: cardiovascular

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: cardiovascular

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: Blood vessels in the fetus

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: constricting blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: Vasoconstriction

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Arteries

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: Increased contractility of the uterus

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: cocaine

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: musculoskeletal

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: Constricting blood vessels causes tissues to receive insufficient blood flow, killing cells

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: vasoconstriction

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: vasoconstriction

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: cardiovascular

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: The aorta

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: Vasoconstriction

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: Vasoconstriction

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: blood vessels

text: The capacitance of blood vessels describes the distensibility of blood vessels located within the body; it is inversely proportional to elasticity.  Therefore, the greater the amount of elastic tissue in a blood vessel, the greater the elasticity, and the smaller the compliance.  This ultimately describes how volume changes in response to a change in pressure within the blood vessel at hand.

text: The capacitance of blood vessels describes the

text: distensibility

text: of

text: blood vessel

text: s located within the body; it is inversely proportional to

text: elasticity

text: .  Therefore, the greater the amount of

text: elastic tissue

text: in a blood vessel, the greater the elasticity, and the smaller the

text: compliance

text: .  This ultimately describes how volume changes in response to a change in pressure within the blood vessel at hand.

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answers: NDQ_007843

answers: It is inversely proportional to elasticity

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text: The theory centers on the "permanent cavitation" element of a handgun wound. A big hole damages more tissue. It is therefore valid to a point, but penetration is also important, as a large bullet that does not penetrate will be less likely to strike vital blood vessels and blood-carrying organs such as the heart and liver, while a smaller bullet that penetrates deep enough to strike these organs or vessels will cause faster bleed-out through a smaller hole. The ideal may therefore be a combination; a large bullet that penetrates deeply, which can be achieved with a larger, slower non-expanding bullet, or a smaller, faster expanding bullet such as a hollow point.

text: The theory centers on the "permanent cavitation" element of a handgun wound. A big hole damages more tissue. It is therefore valid to a point, but penetration is also important, as a large bullet that does not penetrate will be less likely to strike vital blood vessels and blood-carrying organs such as the heart and liver, while a smaller bullet that penetrates deep enough to strike these organs or vessels will cause faster bleed-out through a smaller hole. The ideal may therefore be a combination; a large bullet that penetrates deeply, which can be achieved with a larger, slower non-expanding bullet, or a smaller, faster expanding bullet such as a hollow point.

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answers: NDQ_007809

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answers: NDQ_007811

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answers: NDQ_007812

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: heart and liver

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: bleed-out

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: blood-carrying organs

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007820

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answers: NDQ_007828

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answers: NDQ_007829

answers: blood-carrying organs

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: blood-carrying organs

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answers: vital blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: blood-carrying organs

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: heart

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answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: a hollow point

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: the heart and liver

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: vital

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: permanent cavitation

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: blood-carrying organs

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: heart

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answers: The heart and liver

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answers: NDQ_007847

answers: blood-carrying organs

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answers: blood-carrying organs

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answers: the heart and liver

text: In reptiles, the ventricular septum of the heart is incomplete and the pulmonary artery is equipped with a sphincter muscle. This allows a second possible route of blood flow. Instead of blood flowing through the pulmonary artery to the lungs, the sphincter may be contracted to divert this blood flow through the incomplete ventricular septum into the left ventricle and out through the aorta. This means the blood flows from the capillaries to the heart and back to the capillaries instead of to the lungs. This process is useful to ectothermic (cold-blooded) animals in the regulation of their body temperature.

text: In reptiles, the

text: ventricular septum

text: of the heart is incomplete and the

text: pulmonary artery

text: is equipped with a

text: sphincter muscle

text: . This allows a second possible route of blood flow. Instead of blood flowing through the pulmonary artery to the lungs, the sphincter may be contracted to divert this blood flow through the incomplete ventricular septum into the

text: left ventricle

text: and out through the

text: aorta

text: . This means the blood flows from the capillaries to the heart and back to the capillaries instead of to the lungs. This process is useful to

text: ectothermic

text: (cold-blooded) animals in the regulation of their body temperature.

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answers: atherosclerosis

text: According to studies reported on by the Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI), excessive intake of palmitic acid, which makes up 44 percent of palm oil, increases blood cholesterol levels and may contribute to heart disease. The CSPI also reported that the World Health Organization and the US National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute have encouraged consumers to limit the consumption of palmitic acid and foods high in saturated fat. According to the World Health Organization, evidence is convincing that consumption of palmitic acid increases risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, placing it in the same evidence category as trans fatty acids.

text: According to studies reported on by the

entity_name: Center for Science in the Public Interest

text: Center for Science in the Public Interest

text: (CSPI), excessive intake of

text: palmitic acid

text: , which makes up 44 percent of palm oil, increases blood cholesterol levels and may contribute to

text: heart disease

text: . The CSPI also reported that the

text: World Health Organization

text: and the US

text: National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute

text: have encouraged consumers to limit the consumption of palmitic acid and foods high in saturated fat. According to the

text: World Health Organization

text: , evidence is convincing that consumption of palmitic acid increases risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, placing it in the same evidence category as

text: trans fatty acids

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text: Atrial tachycardia is a type of heart rhythm problem in which the heart's electrical impulse comes from an ectopic pacemaker (that is, an abnormally located cardiac pacemaker) in the upper chambers (atria) of the heart, rather than from the sinoatrial node, the normal origin of the heart's electrical activity.  Atrial tachycardias can exhibit very regular (consistent) heart rates ranging typically from 140 to 220 beats per minute.As with any other form of tachycardia (rapid heart beat), the underlying mechanism can be either the rapid discharge of an abnormal focus, the presence of a ring of cardiac tissue that gives rise to a circle movement (reentry), or a triggered rapid rhythm due to other pathological circumstances (as would be the case with some drug toxicities, such as digoxin toxicity). Atrial tachycardia is a risk factor for atrial fibrillation, as the rapid rhythm can trigger or degrade into the lack of a rhythm. All atrial tachycardias are by definition supraventricular tachycardias.

text: Atrial tachycardia is a type of

text: heart rhythm problem

text: in which the

text: heart

text: 's electrical impulse comes from an

text: ectopic pacemaker

text: (that is, an abnormally located

text: cardiac pacemaker

text: ) in the upper chambers (

text: atria

text: ) of the heart, rather than from the

text: sinoatrial node

text: , the normal origin of

entity_name: Electrical conduction system of the heart

text: the heart's electrical activity

text: .  Atrial tachycardias can exhibit very regular (consistent)

text: heart rate

text: s ranging typically from 140 to 220

text: beats

text: per minute.As with any other form of

text: tachycardia

text: (rapid heart beat), the underlying mechanism can be either the rapid discharge of an abnormal focus, the presence of a ring of cardiac tissue that gives rise to a circle movement (

text: reentry

text: ), or a triggered rapid rhythm due to other pathological circumstances (as would be the case with some drug toxicities, such as

text: digoxin toxicity

text: ). Atrial tachycardia is a

text: risk factor

text: for

text: atrial fibrillation

text: , as the rapid rhythm can trigger or degrade into the lack of a rhythm. All atrial tachycardias are by definition

text: supraventricular tachycardia

text: s.

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answers: Atrial tachycardia

text: In old versions, when a heart beat is detected a radio signal is transmitted, which the receiver uses to determine the current heart rate. This signal can be a simple radio pulse or a unique coded signal from the chest strap (such as Bluetooth, ANT, or other low-power radio link); the latter prevents one user's receiver from using signals from other nearby transmitters (known as cross-talk interference).

text: In old versions, when a heart beat is detected a radio signal is transmitted, which the receiver uses to determine the current heart rate. This signal can be a simple radio pulse or a unique coded signal from the chest strap (such as

text: Bluetooth

text: ANT

text: , or other low-power radio link); the latter prevents one user's receiver from using signals from other nearby transmitters (known as cross-talk interference).

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answers: NDQ_007818

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answers: NDQ_007820

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answers: NDQ_007828

answers: right and left atria

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: When a heart beat is detected a radio pulse

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: The latter prevents one user's receiver from using signals from other nearby transmitters

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Arteries

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: Blood vessels dilate to increase the amount of blood they can carry

answers: NDQ_007836

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answers: NDQ_007837

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answers: When a heart beat is detected

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text: The circulatory system of the giraffe has several adaptations for its great height. Its heart, which can weigh more than  and measures about  long, must generate approximately double the blood pressure required for a human to maintain blood flow to the brain. As such, the wall of the heart can be as thick as . Giraffes have unusually high heart rates for their size, at 150 beats per minute. When the animal lowers its head the blood rushes down fairly unopposed and a rete mirabile in the upper neck prevents excess blood flow to the brain. When it raises again, the blood vessels constrict and direct the blood into the brain so the animal doesn't faint. The jugular veins contain several (most commonly seven) valves to prevent blood flowing back into the head from the inferior vena cava and right atrium while the head is lowered. Conversely, the blood vessels in the lower legs are under great pressure because of the weight of fluid pressing down on them. To solve this problem, the skin of the lower legs is thick and tight; preventing too much blood from pouring into them.

text: The

text: circulatory system

text: of the giraffe has several adaptations for its great height. Its heart, which can weigh more than  and measures about  long, must generate approximately double the blood pressure required for a human to maintain blood flow to the brain. As such, the wall of the heart can be as thick as . Giraffes have unusually high heart rates for their size, at 150 beats per minute. When the animal lowers its head the blood rushes down fairly unopposed and a

text: rete mirabile

text: in the upper neck prevents excess blood flow to the brain. When it raises again, the blood vessels constrict and direct the blood into the brain so the animal doesn't faint. The

text: jugular vein

text: s contain several (most commonly seven) valves to prevent blood flowing back into the head from the

text: inferior vena cava

text: and

text: right atrium

text: while the head is lowered. Conversely, the blood vessels in the lower legs are under great pressure because of the weight of fluid pressing down on them. To solve this problem, the skin of the lower legs is thick and tight; preventing too much blood from pouring into them.

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answers: NDQ_007808

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answers: NDQ_007809

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answers: NDQ_007810

answers: right atrium

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: brain

answers: NDQ_007812

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answers: NDQ_007813

answers: right atrium

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: jugular veins

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: faint

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: high heart rates

answers: NDQ_007818

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answers: NDQ_007820

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answers: NDQ_007828

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answers: NDQ_007829

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answers: NDQ_007831

answers: The wall of the heart can be as thick as

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Arteries

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: When the animal lowers its head

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: unopposed

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: right atrium

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: a pacemaker

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: lower legs

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: inferior vena cava

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: The skin of the lower legs is thick and tight; preventing too much blood from pouring into them

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: When the animal lowers its head the blood rushes down fairly unopposed

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: valves

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: The jugular veins

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: The wall of the heart can be as thick as

answers: NDQ_007847

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text: The endothelium maintains vascular homeostasis through the release of active vasodilators. Although Nitric Oxide (NO) is recognized as the primary factor at level of arteries, increased evidence for the role of another endothelium-derived vasodilator known as endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) has accumulated in the last years. Experiments show that when NO and Prostacyclin (Vasodilators) are inhibited there is still another factor causing the vessels to dilateDespite the ongoing debate of its intriguingly variable nature and mechanisms of action, the contribution of EDHF to the endothelium-dependent relaxation is currently appreciated as an important feature of “healthy” endothelium. Since EDHF's contribution is greatest at level of small arteries, the changes in the EDHF action are of critical importance for the regulation of organ blood flow, peripheral vascular resistance, and blood pressure, and in particular when production of NO is compromised. Moreover, depending on the type of cardiovascular disorders altered, EDHF responses may contribute to, or compensate for, endothelial abnormalities associated with pathogenesis of certain diseases.It is widely accepted EDHF plays an important role in vasotone, especially in micro vessels. Its effect varies, depending on the size of the vessel.

text: The endothelium maintains vascular

text: homeostasis

text: through the release of active

text: vasodilators

text: . Although

text: Nitric Oxide

text: (NO) is recognized as the primary factor at level of arteries, increased evidence for the role of another endothelium-derived vasodilator known as endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) has accumulated in the last years. Experiments show that when NO and

text: Prostacyclin

text: (Vasodilators) are inhibited there is still another factor causing the vessels to dilateDespite the ongoing debate of its intriguingly variable nature and mechanisms of action, the contribution of EDHF to the endothelium-dependent relaxation is currently appreciated as an important feature of “healthy” endothelium. Since EDHF's contribution is greatest at level of small arteries, the changes in the EDHF action are of critical importance for the regulation of organ blood flow,

text: peripheral vascular resistance

text: , and

text: blood pressure

text: , and in particular when production of NO is compromised. Moreover, depending on the type of cardiovascular disorders altered, EDHF responses may contribute to, or compensate for, endothelial abnormalities associated with pathogenesis of certain diseases.It is widely accepted EDHF plays an important role in vasotone, especially in micro vessels. Its effect varies, depending on the size of the vessel.

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answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: Cardiovascular disorders

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: peripheral

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: endothelium

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: peripheral

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: Cardiovascular disorders

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: endothelial abnormalities

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: Left

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: endothelial

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: Vasodilators

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Nitric Oxide

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: Vasodilators

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: Nitric Oxide

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: endothelium

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: Nitric Oxide

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: endothelium

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: arteries

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answers: Nitric Oxide (NO) is recognized as the primary factor

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: Nitric Oxide (NO)

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: Vasodilators

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answers: systemic circulation

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: Vasodilators

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: active vasodilators

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: endothelial abnormalities

text: Humans have known about the heart since ancient times, although its precise function and anatomy were not clearly understood. From the primarily religious views of earlier societies towards the heart, ancient Greeks are considered to have been the primary seat of scientific understanding of the heart in the ancient world. Aristotle considered the heart to be organ responsible for creating blood; Plato considered the heart as the source of circulating blood and Hippocrates noted blood circulating cyclically from the body through the heart to the lungs. Erasistratos (304–250 BCE) noted the heart as a pump, causing dilation of blood vessels, and noted that arteries and veins both radiate from the heart, becoming progressively smaller with distance, although he believed they were filled with air and not blood. He also discovered the heart valves.

text: Humans have known about the heart since ancient times, although its precise function and anatomy were not clearly understood. From the primarily religious views of earlier societies towards the heart,

text: ancient Greek

text: s are considered to have been the primary seat of scientific understanding of the heart in the ancient world.

text: Aristotle

text: considered the heart to be organ responsible for creating blood;

text: Plato

text: considered the heart as the source of circulating blood and

text: Hippocrates

text: noted blood circulating cyclically from the body through the heart to the lungs.

text: Erasistratos

text: (304–250 BCE) noted the heart as a pump, causing dilation of blood vessels, and noted that arteries and veins both radiate from the heart, becoming progressively smaller with distance, although he believed they were filled with air and not blood. He also discovered the heart valves.

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answers: they were filled with air and not blood

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answers: atherosclerosis

text: These dilated blood vessels can develop anywhere on the body but are commonly seen on the face around the nose, cheeks, and chin. Dilated blood vessels can also develop on the legs, although when they occur on the legs, they often have underlying venous reflux or "hidden varicose veins" (see "Venous reflux" below). When found on the legs, they are found specifically on the upper thigh, below the knee joint, and around the ankles.

text: These dilated

text: blood vessel

text: s can develop anywhere on the body but are commonly seen on the face around the nose, cheeks, and chin. Dilated

text: blood vessel

text: s can also develop on the legs, although when they occur on the legs, they often have underlying venous reflux or "hidden varicose veins" (see "Venous reflux" below). When found on the legs, they are found specifically on the upper thigh, below the knee joint, and around the ankles.

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answers: venous

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: Cardiovascular disease

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: venous

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: legs

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: face

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: venous

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: varicose

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: venous reflux

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: Dilated blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: myocardium

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: right and left atria

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: Dilated blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: Dilated blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Dilated blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: Dilated blood vessels

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answers: lungs

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answers: Dilated blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: blood

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: dilated

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: venous

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: They can develop anywhere on the body but are commonly seen on the face around the nose, cheeks, and chin

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: right atrium and right ventricle

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: The aorta

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: Dilated blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: dilated blood vessels

text: Blood flows through the heart in one direction, from the atria to the ventricles, and out through the pulmonary artery into the pulmonary circulation, and the aorta into the systemic circulation. The pulmonary artery (also trunk) branches into the left and right pulmonary arteries to supply each lung. Blood is prevented from flowing backwards (regurgitation) by the tricuspid, bicuspid, aortic, and pulmonary valves.

text: Blood flows through the heart in one direction, from the atria to the ventricles, and out through the

text: pulmonary artery

text: into the pulmonary circulation, and the

text: aorta

text: into the systemic circulation. The pulmonary artery (also trunk) branches into the left and right

text: pulmonary arteries

text: to supply each lung. Blood is prevented from flowing backwards (

text: regurgitation

text: ) by the tricuspid, bicuspid, aortic, and pulmonary valves.

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answers: the pulmonary circulation, and the aorta

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text: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels. Cardiovascular disease includes coronary artery diseases (CAD) such as angina and myocardial infarction (commonly known as a heart attack). Other CVDs are stroke, heart failure, hypertensive heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, heart arrhythmia, congenital heart disease, valvular heart disease, carditis, aortic aneurysms, peripheral artery disease, and venous thrombosis.

text: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a class of diseases that involve the

text: heart

text: or

text: blood vessel

text: s. Cardiovascular disease includes

text: coronary artery disease

text: s (CAD) such as

text: angina

text: and

text: myocardial infarction

text: (commonly known as a heart attack). Other CVDs are

text: stroke

text: heart failure

text: hypertensive heart disease

text: rheumatic heart disease

text: cardiomyopathy

text: heart arrhythmia

text: congenital heart disease

text: valvular heart disease

text: carditis

text: aortic aneurysm

text: s,

text: peripheral artery disease

text: , and

text: venous thrombosis

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answers: NDQ_007834

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: peripheral artery

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: coronary artery diseases

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: myocardial

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: right ventricle

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: aortic

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: venous

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: artery

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: infarction

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: hypertensive heart disease

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: aortic

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: cardiomyopathy

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: Cardiovascular disease

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: Cardiomyopathy, heart arrhythmia

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: Cardiomyopathy

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Cardiovascular disease

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: Cardiovascular disease

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: coronary artery

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: arrhythmia

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: artery

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: Cardiomyopathy

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: aortic

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: Cardiovascular disease includes coronary artery diseases

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: coronary artery

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: Cardiovascular disease

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: Cardiovascular disease

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: aortic aneurysms

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: Cardiovascular disease

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: coronary artery diseases

text: Blood is circulated around the body through blood vessels by the pumping action of the heart. In animals with lungs, arterial blood carries oxygen from inhaled air to the tissues of the body, and venous blood carries carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism produced by cells, from the tissues to the lungs to be exhaled.

text: Blood is circulated around the body through

text: blood vessel

text: s by the pumping action of the

text: heart

text: . In animals with

text: lung

text: s,

text: arterial

text: blood carries oxygen from inhaled air to the tissues of the body, and

text: venous

text: blood carries carbon dioxide, a waste product of

text: metabolism

text: produced by cells, from the tissues to the lungs to be exhaled.

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answers: NDQ_007807

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answers: NDQ_007810

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answers: NDQ_007811

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answers: NDQ_007812

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007814

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answers: NDQ_007815

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007836

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answers: NDQ_007837

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007838

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answers: NDQ_007839

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answers: NDQ_007840

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007842

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answers: NDQ_007843

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answers: NDQ_007844

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answers: NDQ_007847

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answers: NDQ_007848

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answers: NDQ_007849

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answers: NDQ_007807

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: venous

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: left ventricle

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: lungs

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: venous

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: arterial

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: arterial

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: heart attack

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: Cardiovascular diseases

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: venous

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: Arteries

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: Arteries

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: Veins

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Arteries

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: blood vessels dilate

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: lungs

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: Pacemaker

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: Blood

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: lungs

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: vein

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: Blood is circulated around the body by the pumping action of the heart

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: arterial blood

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: Heart

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: The pumping action of the heart

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: pumping action of the heart

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: blood vessels

text: The scaphopod vascular system is rudimentary, lacking both heart and blood vessels; the blood is held in sinuses throughout the body cavity, and is pumped through the body by the rhythmic action of the foot. Metabolic waste is excreted through a pair of nephridia close to the anus.  The tusk shells appear to be the only extant molluscs which completely lack the otherwise standard molluscan reno-pericardial apertures.  Furthermore, they also appear to be the only molluscs with openings that directly connect the hemocoel with the surrounding water (through two "water pores" located near the nephridial openings).  These openings may serve to allow the animal to relieve internal pressure by ejecting body fluid (blood) during moments of extreme muscular contraction of the foot.

text: The scaphopod vascular system is rudimentary, lacking both heart and blood vessels; the blood is held in sinuses throughout the body cavity, and is pumped through the body by the rhythmic action of the foot. Metabolic waste is excreted through a pair of

text: nephridia

text: close to the anus.  The tusk shells appear to be the only extant molluscs which completely lack the otherwise standard molluscan

text: reno-pericardial aperture

text: s.  Furthermore, they also appear to be the only molluscs with openings that directly connect the hemocoel with the surrounding water (through two "water pores" located near the nephridial openings).  These openings may serve to allow the animal to relieve internal pressure by ejecting body fluid (blood) during moments of extreme muscular contraction of the foot.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 3

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answers: sinuses

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: coronary heart disease

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: pericardial

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: foot

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: scaphopod

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: pericardial

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: pericardial

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: reno-pericardial

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: Reno-pericardial

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: lack of heart and blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: reno

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: pericardial

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: lack both heart and blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: reno-pericardial apertures

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: reno-pericardial apertures

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: sinuses

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: The blood is held in sinuses throughout the body cavity

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: the rhythmic action of the foot

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: blood

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: sinuses

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: anus

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: lacking both heart and blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: reno-pericardial apertures

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: reno-pericardial

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: lack both heart and blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: lacking both heart and blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: relieve internal pressure

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: atherosclerosis

text: In Ortner's syndrome or cardiovocal syndrome, a rare cause of left recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy, expansion of structures within the heart or major blood vessels impinges upon the nerve, causing symptoms of unilateral nerve injury.

text: In

text: Ortner's syndrome

text: or cardiovocal syndrome, a rare cause of left recurrent laryngeal nerve

text: palsy

text: , expansion of structures within the

text: heart

text: or major blood vessels impinges upon the nerve, causing symptoms of unilateral nerve injury.

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answers: 4

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answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_007807

answers: major blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: cardiovocal syndrome

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: major blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: major

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: cardiac injury

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: expansion of structures within the heart or major blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: cardiovocal

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: major blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: major blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: major blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: expansion of structures

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: major

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: major blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: capillaries are not blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: major blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: Vascular valve

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: major blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: major blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: expansion

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: major blood vessels

text: The lymphatic system is part of the circulatory system and a vital part of the immune system, comprising a network of lymphatic vessels that carry a clear fluid called  lymph (from Latin, lympha meaning water) directionally towards the heart. The lymphatic system was first described in the seventeenth century independently by Olaus Rudbeck and Thomas Bartholin. Unlike the cardiovascular system, the lymphatic system is not a closed system. The human circulatory system processes an average of 20 liters of blood per day through capillary filtration, which removes plasma while leaving the blood cells. Roughly 17 litres of the filtered plasma are reabsorbed directly into the blood vessels, while the remaining three litres remain in the interstitial fluid.  One of the main functions of the lymph system is to provide an accessory return route to the blood for the surplus three litres.

text: The lymphatic system is part of the

text: circulatory system

text: and a vital part of the

text: immune system

text: , comprising a network of

text: lymphatic vessel

text: s that carry a clear fluid called

text: lymph

text: (from Latin, lympha meaning water) directionally towards the heart. The lymphatic system was first described in the seventeenth century independently by

text: Olaus Rudbeck

text: and

text: Thomas Bartholin

text: . Unlike the

text: cardiovascular system

text: , the lymphatic system is not a closed system. The human circulatory system processes an average of 20 liters of

text: blood

text: per day through

text: capillary filtration

text: , which removes

text: plasma

text: while leaving the

text: blood cells

text: . Roughly 17 litres of the filtered plasma are reabsorbed directly into the blood vessels, while the remaining three litres remain in the

text: interstitial fluid

text: .  One of the main functions of the lymph system is to provide an accessory return route to the blood for the surplus three litres.

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text: Blood vessels are made of a thin layer of ECs. As part of the circulatory system, blood vessels play a critical role in transporting blood throughout the body. Consequently, ECs have unique functions such as fluid filtration, homeostasis and hormone trafficking. ECs are the most differentiated form of an ESC. Formation of new blood vessels occurs by two different processes: vasculogenesis and angiogenesis.  The former requires differentiation of endothelial cells from hemangioblasts and then the further organization into a primary capillary network. The latter occurs when new vessels are built from preexisting blood vessels.

text: Blood vessels are made of a thin layer of ECs. As part of the

text: circulatory system

text: , blood vessels play a critical role in transporting blood throughout the body. Consequently, ECs have unique functions such as fluid filtration,

text: homeostasis

text: and hormone trafficking. ECs are the most differentiated form of an ESC. Formation of new blood vessels occurs by two different processes:

text: vasculogenesis

text: and

text: angiogenesis

text: .  The former requires differentiation of endothelial cells from hemangioblasts and then the further organization into a primary capillary network. The latter occurs when new vessels are built from preexisting blood vessels.

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answers: NDQ_007811

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answers: NDQ_007831

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answers: NDQ_007834

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answers: NDQ_007835

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answers: homeostasis

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text: Generation of interstitial fluid is regulated by the forces of the Starling equation. Hydrostatic pressure within blood vessels tends to cause water to filter out into the tissue. This leads to a difference in protein concentration between blood plasma and tissue. As a result, the colloidal or oncotic pressure of the higher level of protein in the plasma tends to draw water back into the blood vessels from the tissue. Starling's equation states that the rate of leakage of fluid is determined by the difference between the two forces and also by the permeability of the vessel wall to water, which determines the rate of flow for a given force imbalance. Most water leakage occurs in capillaries or post capillary venules, which have a semi-permeable membrane wall that allows water to pass more freely than protein. (The protein is said to be reflected and the efficiency of reflection is given by a reflection constant of up to 1.) If the gaps between the cells of the vessel wall open up then permeability to water is increased first, but as the gaps increase in size permeability to protein also increases with a fall in reflection coefficient.

text: Generation of interstitial fluid is regulated by the forces of the

text: Starling equation

text: . Hydrostatic pressure within blood vessels tends to cause water to filter out into the tissue. This leads to a difference in protein concentration between blood plasma and tissue. As a result, the colloidal or

text: oncotic pressure

text: of the higher level of protein in the plasma tends to draw water back into the blood vessels from the tissue. Starling's equation states that the rate of leakage of fluid is determined by the difference between the two forces and also by the permeability of the vessel wall to water, which determines the rate of flow for a given force imbalance. Most water leakage occurs in capillaries or post capillary

text: venule

text: s, which have a

text: semi-permeable membrane

text: wall that allows water to pass more freely than protein. (The protein is said to be reflected and the efficiency of reflection is given by a reflection constant of up to 1.) If the gaps between the cells of the vessel wall open up then permeability to water is increased first, but as the gaps increase in size permeability to protein also increases with a fall in reflection coefficient.

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answers: interstitial fluid

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: coronary artery disease

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: right atrium

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: capillaries

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: venules

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: Cardiovascular disease

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: gaps between the cells of the vessel wall open up

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: Left

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: Capillaries

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: Starling's equation

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: Starling's equation

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: Starling's equation

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: capillaries

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: The protein is said to be reflected

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: tissue

answers: NDQ_007837

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answers: NDQ_007838

answers: Starling equation

answers: NDQ_007839

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answers: NDQ_007840

answers: capillaries

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answers: venules

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answers: The protein is said to be reflected

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: blood plasma

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answers: Starling equation

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answers: systemic circulation

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answers: Starling's equation

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answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: a difference in protein concentration between blood plasma and tissue

answers: NDQ_007849

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text: In the 30% to 60% of cases classified as hyperadrenergic POTS, norepinephrine levels are elevated on standing, often due to hypovolemia or partial autonomic neuropathy. A smaller minority of people with POTS have (typically very high) standing norepinephrine levels that are elevated even in the absence of hypovolemia and autonomic neuropathy; this is classified as central hyperadrenergic POTS. The high norepinephrine levels contribute to symptoms of tachycardia. Another subtype, neuropathic POTS, is associated with denervation of sympathetic nerves in the lower limbs. In this subtype, it is thought that impaired constriction of the blood vessels causes blood to pool in the veins of the lower limbs. Heart rate increases to compensate for this blood pooling.

text: In the 30% to 60% of cases classified as hyperadrenergic POTS,

text: norepinephrine

text: levels are elevated on standing, often due to hypovolemia or partial

text: autonomic neuropathy

text: . A smaller minority of people with POTS have (typically very high) standing norepinephrine levels that are elevated even in the absence of hypovolemia and autonomic neuropathy; this is classified as central hyperadrenergic POTS. The high norepinephrine levels contribute to symptoms of tachycardia. Another subtype, neuropathic POTS, is associated with

text: denervation

text: of

text: sympathetic nerve

text: s in the lower limbs. In this subtype, it is thought that impaired

text: constriction of the blood vessels

text: causes blood to pool in the veins of the lower limbs. Heart rate increases to compensate for this blood pooling.

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text: Endothelial NOS (eNOS), also known as nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3) or constitutive NOS (cNOS), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NOS3 gene located in the 7q35-7q36 region of chromosome 7.  This enzyme is one of three isoforms that synthesize nitric oxide (NO), a small gaseous and lipophilic molecule that participates in several biological processes. The other isoforms include neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), which is constitutively expressed in specific neurons of the brain and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), whose expression is typically induced in inflammatory diseases. eNOS is primarily responsible for the generation of NO in the vascular endothelium, a monolayer of flat cells lining the interior surface of blood vessels, at the interface between circulating blood in the lumen and the remainder of the vessel wall. NO produced by eNOS in the vascular endothelium plays crucial roles in regulating vascular tone, cellular proliferation, leukocyte adhesion, and platelet aggregation. Therefore, a functional eNOS is essential for a healthy cardiovascular system.

text: Endothelial NOS (eNOS), also known as nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3) or constitutive NOS (cNOS), is an

text: enzyme

text: that in humans is encoded by the NOS3

text: gene

text: located in the 7q35-7q36 region of chromosome 7.  This enzyme is one of three

text: isoforms

text: that synthesize

text: nitric oxide

text: (NO), a small gaseous and lipophilic molecule that participates in several biological processes. The other isoforms include

text: neuronal nitric oxide synthase

text: (nNOS), which is constitutively expressed in specific neurons of the brain and

text: inducible nitric oxide synthase

text: (iNOS), whose expression is typically induced in

text: inflammatory disease

text: s. eNOS is primarily responsible for the generation of NO in the

text: vascular endothelium

text: , a monolayer of flat cells lining the interior surface of blood vessels, at the interface between circulating blood in the lumen and the remainder of the vessel wall. NO produced by eNOS in the vascular endothelium plays crucial roles in regulating vascular tone, cellular proliferation,

text: leukocyte

text: adhesion, and

text: platelet aggregation

text: . Therefore, a functional eNOS is essential for a healthy cardiovascular system.

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answers: NDQ_007809

answers: the left

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: endothelium

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: endothelium

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: cardiovascular

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: inflammatory diseases

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: inflammatory diseases

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: endothelial

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: Endothelial NOS

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: atria

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: Endothelial NOS

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Arteries

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: Endothelial NOS (eNOS)

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: the remainder of the vessel wall

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: endothelium

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: eNOS

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: vascular endothelium

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: Endothelial

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: Endothelial NOS

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: Endothelial NOS (eNOS) is primarily responsible for the generation of NO in the vascular endothelium

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: circulating blood in the lumen and the remainder of the vessel wall

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: Endothelial

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: cardiovascular system

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: Endothelial NOS

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: veins have thicker walls

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: regulating vascular tone

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: Endothelial NOS

text: In peripheral organs, lymphatic vessels are responsible for conducting lymph between different parts of the body. In general, lymphatic drainage is important for maintaining fluid homeostasis as well as providing a means for immune cells to traffic into draining lymph nodes from other parts of the body, allowing for immune surveillance of bodily tissues.

text: In peripheral organs,

text: lymphatic vessels

text: are responsible for conducting

text: lymph

text: between different parts of the body. In general, lymphatic drainage is important for maintaining fluid

text: homeostasis

text: as well as providing a means for immune cells to traffic into draining

text: lymph nodes

text: from other parts of the body, allowing for immune surveillance of bodily tissues.

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answers: NDQ_007807

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007813

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answers: NDQ_007814

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007815

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answers: NDQ_007816

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answers: NDQ_007818

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answers: NDQ_007820

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answers: NDQ_007828

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answers: NDQ_007829

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answers: NDQ_007831

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answers: NDQ_007834

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answers: NDQ_007835

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answers: NDQ_007836

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007845

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answers: NDQ_007846

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answers: NDQ_007847

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answers: NDQ_007848

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007807

answers: peripheral

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: Cardiovascular disease

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: peripheral

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: peripheral organs

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: peripheral organs

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: peripheral

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: lymphatic vessels

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: heart attack

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: lymphatic vessels

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: nodes

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: right and left atria

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: lymphatic vessels are responsible for conducting lymph between different parts of the body

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: Lymphatic vessels

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Arteries

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: lymphatic vessels

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: lymphatic vessels

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: lungs

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: lymphatic vessels

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: bodily tissues

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: peripheral

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: lymphatic vessels

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: capillaries are responsible for conducting lymph between different parts of the body

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: lymphatic vessels

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: Lymphatic vessels

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: lymphatic vessels

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: lymphatic vessels

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: lymphatic drainage

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: lymphatic vessels

text: The clinical course of HCM is variable. Many patients are asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic. The symptoms and signs of HCM include shortness of breath (dyspnea) due to stiffening and decreased blood filling of the ventricles, exertional chest pain (sometimes known as angina) due to reduced or restricted blood flow (ischemia) to the coronary arteries, uncomfortable awareness of the heart beat (palpitations) due to the aforementioned ischemia, as well as disruption of the electrical system running through the abnormal heart muscle, lightheadedness, fatigue, fainting (called syncope) and sudden cardiac death. As mentioned, dyspnea is largely due to increased stiffness of the left ventricle, which impairs filling of the ventricles, but also leads to elevated pressure in the left ventricle and left atrium, causing back pressure and interstitial congestion in the lungs. Symptoms are not closely related to the presence or severity of an outflow tract gradient. Often, symptoms mimic those of congestive heart failure (esp. activity intolerance and dyspnea), but treatment of each is different. Beta blockers are used in both cases, but treatment with diuretics, a mainstay of CHF treatment, will exacerbate symptoms in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy by decreasing ventricular preload volume and thereby increasing outflow resistance (less blood to push aside the thickened obstructing tissue).

text: The clinical course of HCM is variable. Many patients are asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic. The

text: symptom

text: s and

text: signs

text: of HCM include shortness of breath (

text: dyspnea

text: ) due to stiffening and decreased blood filling of the ventricles, exertional chest pain (sometimes known as

text: angina

text: ) due to reduced or restricted blood flow (

text: ischemia

text: ) to the coronary arteries, uncomfortable awareness of the

text: heart beat

text: palpitations

text: ) due to the aforementioned ischemia, as well as disruption of the electrical system running through the abnormal heart muscle,

text: lightheadedness

text: , fatigue, fainting (called

text: syncope

text: ) and

text: sudden cardiac death

text: . As mentioned, dyspnea is largely due to increased stiffness of the left ventricle, which impairs filling of the ventricles, but also leads to elevated pressure in the left ventricle and left atrium, causing back pressure and interstitial congestion in the lungs. Symptoms are not closely related to the presence or severity of an outflow tract gradient. Often, symptoms mimic those of

text: congestive heart failure

text: (esp. activity intolerance and dyspnea), but treatment of each is different. Beta blockers are used in both cases, but treatment with diuretics, a mainstay of CHF treatment, will exacerbate symptoms in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy by decreasing ventricular preload volume and thereby increasing outflow resistance (less blood to push aside the thickened obstructing tissue).

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text: Heart murmurs are sounds generated by blood flowing through the structures of the heart.  The location of the Still's murmur on examination suggests resonation of blood in the left ventricular outflow tract and aorta, and this is supported by studies that have shown that the murmur is more intense over the aortic valve than the pulmonary valve.   There has been conjecture that the vibratory or musical quality of the murmur is caused by vibration of “false chordae” of the left ventricle, which are a common finding in normal individuals, but no relationship between the two has been proven.   There is some evidence that a smaller aorta with higher peak flow velocities are associated with Still’s murmur, which certainly fits in well with the concept that the murmur is a musical phenomenon.

text: Heart murmurs are sounds generated by blood flowing through the structures of the heart.  The location of the Still's murmur on examination suggests resonation of blood in the left ventricular outflow tract and

text: aorta

text: , and this is supported by studies that have shown that the murmur is more intense over the

text: aortic valve

text: than the

text: pulmonary valve

text: .   There has been conjecture that the vibratory or musical quality of the murmur is caused by vibration of “false chordae” of the left ventricle, which are a common finding in normal individuals, but no relationship between the two has been proven.   There is some evidence that a smaller aorta with higher peak flow velocities are associated with Still’s murmur, which certainly fits in well with the concept that the murmur is a musical phenomenon.

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answers: NDQ_007818

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answers: NDQ_007820

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answers: NDQ_007828

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answers: NDQ_007829

answers: left ventricular outflow tract and aorta

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: Blood flowing through the structures of the heart

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text: The normal body temperature of a cat is between . A cat is considered febrile (hyperthermic) if it has a temperature of  or greater, or hypothermic if less than . For comparison, humans have an average body temperature of about . A domestic cat's normal heart rate ranges from 140 to 220 beats per minute (bpm), and is largely dependent on how excited the cat is. For a cat at rest, the average heart rate usually is between 150 and 180 bpm, about twice that of a human, which averages 70 bpm.

text: The normal

text: body temperature

text: of a cat is between . A cat is considered

text: febrile

text: hyperthermic

text: ) if it has a temperature of  or greater, or

text: hypothermic

text: if less than . For comparison, humans have an average

text: body temperature

text: of about . A domestic cat's normal heart rate ranges from 140 to 220 beats per minute (bpm), and is largely dependent on how excited the cat is. For a cat at rest, the average heart rate usually is between 150 and 180 bpm, about twice that of a human, which averages 70 bpm.

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text: Age 35 serves as a watershed as to the likely cause of sudden death. Before age 35, congenital abnormalities of the heart and blood vessels predominate. These are usually asymptomatic  prior to the fatal event although not invariably so. Congenital cardiovascular problems are reported to occur disproportionately in African-American athletes.

text: Age 35 serves as a watershed as to the likely cause of sudden death. Before age 35, congenital abnormalities of the heart and blood vessels predominate. These are usually asymptomatic  prior to the fatal event although not invariably so. Congenital cardiovascular problems are reported to occur disproportionately in African-American athletes.

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text: The lymphatic system is part of the circulatory system. It is a network of lymphatic vessels and lymph capillaries, lymph nodes and organs, and lymphatic tissues and circulating lymph. One of its major functions is to carry the lymph, draining and returning interstitial fluid back towards the heart for return to the cardiovascular system, by emptying into the lymphatic ducts. Its other main function is in the adaptive immune system.

text: The

text: lymphatic system

text: is part of the circulatory system. It is a network of

text: lymphatic vessel

text: s and

text: lymph capillaries

text: lymph nodes

text: and

text: organs

text: , and

text: lymphatic tissues

text: and circulating

text: lymph

text: . One of its major functions is to carry the lymph, draining and returning

text: interstitial fluid

text: back towards the heart for return to the cardiovascular system, by emptying into the

text: lymphatic duct

text: s. Its other main function is in the

text: adaptive immune system

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text: Watershed strokes are caused by ischemia or a lack of blood flow to the brain.  There are several causes of ischemia, including embolism and atherosclerosis.  There are several conditions that can predispose someone to watershed stroke by increasing the likelihood that insufficient blood supply will be able to reach the brain.  People with many different cardiovascular diseases have a higher likelihood of experiencing a clot or a plaque that impedes flow through a blood vessel.  Cardiovascular diseases that increase the risk of ischemia include:

text: Watershed strokes are caused by ischemia or a lack of blood flow to the brain.  There are several causes of ischemia, including

text: embolism

text: and

text: atherosclerosis

text: .  There are several conditions that can predispose someone to watershed stroke by increasing the likelihood that insufficient blood supply will be able to reach the brain.  People with many different

text: cardiovascular disease

text: s have a higher likelihood of experiencing a clot or a plaque that impedes flow through a

text: blood vessel

text: .  Cardiovascular diseases that increase the risk of ischemia include:

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text: The cardiac skeleton, also known as the fibrous skeleton of the heart, is a high density single structure of connective tissue that forms and anchors the valves and influences the forces exerted through them. The cardiac skeleton separates and partitions the atria (the smaller, upper two chambers) from the ventricles (the larger, lower two chambers). This is important because it forms the primary channel that electrical energy follows from the top to the bottom of the heart.

text: The cardiac skeleton, also known as the fibrous skeleton of the

text: heart

text: , is a high density single structure of

text: connective tissue

text: that forms and anchors the valves and influences the forces exerted through them. The cardiac skeleton separates and partitions the

text: atria

text: (the smaller, upper two chambers) from the

text: ventricles

text: (the larger, lower two chambers). This is important because it forms the primary channel that electrical energy follows from the top to the bottom of the heart.

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answers: ventricles

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: Cardiovascular disease

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: ventricles

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: ventricles

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: atria

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: ventricles

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: atria

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: atria

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: cardiac ischemia

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: Cardiovascular diseases

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: ventricles

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: cardiac skeleton

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: The cardiac skeleton

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: cardiac skeleton separates and partitions the atria

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: The cardiac skeleton

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: atria

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: The cardiac skeleton

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: ventricles

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: cardiac skeleton

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: electrical energy

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: connective tissue

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: cardiac skeleton

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: atria

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: The cardiac skeleton separates and partitions the atria from the ventricles

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: atria (the smaller, upper two chambers) from the ventricles (the larger, lower two chambers)

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: The cardiac skeleton

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: systemic circulation

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: The cardiac skeleton

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: The cardiac skeleton

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: fibrous skeleton

text: The MUGA scan is performed by labeling the patient's red blood pool with a radioactive tracer, technetium-99m-pertechnetate (Tc-99m), and measuring radioactivity over the anterior chest as the radioactive blood flows through the large vessels and the heart chambers.

text: The MUGA scan is performed by labeling the patient's red blood pool with a radioactive tracer,

text: technetium

text: pertechnetate

text: (Tc-99m), and measuring radioactivity over the anterior chest as the radioactive blood flows through the large vessels and the heart chambers.

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text: The function and health of the circulatory system and its parts are measured in a variety of manual and automated ways. These include simple methods such as those that are part of the cardiovascular examination, including the taking of a person's pulse as an indicator of a person's heart rate, the taking of blood pressure through a sphygmomanometer or the use of a stethoscope to listen to the heart for murmurs which may indicate problems with the heart's valves. An electrocardiogram can also be used to evaluate the way in which electricity is conducted through the heart.

text: The function and health of the circulatory system and its parts are measured in a variety of manual and automated ways. These include simple methods such as those that are part of the

text: cardiovascular examination

text: , including the taking of a person's

text: pulse

text: as an indicator of a person's

text: heart rate

text: , the taking of

text: blood pressure

text: through a

text: sphygmomanometer

text: or the use of a

text: stethoscope

text: to listen to the heart for

text: murmur

text: s which may indicate problems with the

text: heart's valves

text: . An

text: electrocardiogram

text: can also be used to evaluate the way in which electricity is conducted through the heart.

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text: Although Purkinje fibers and the bundle of His were discovered as early as the 19th century, their specific role in the electrical conduction system of the heart remained unknown until Sunao Tawara published his monograph, titled Das Reizleitungssystem des Säugetierherzens, in 1906. Tawara's discovery of the atrioventricular node prompted Arthur Keith and Martin Flack to look for similar structures in the heart, leading to their discovery of the sinoatrial node several months later. These structures form the anatomical basis of the electrocardiogram, whose inventor, Willem Einthoven, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology in 1924.

text: Although

text: Purkinje fibers

text: and the

text: bundle of His

text: were discovered as early as the 19th century, their specific role in the

text: electrical conduction system of the heart

text: remained unknown until

text: Sunao Tawara

text: published his monograph, titled

entity_name: Das Reizleitungssystem des Säugetierherzens

text: Das Reizleitungssystem des Säugetierherzens

text: , in 1906. Tawara's discovery of the

text: atrioventricular node

text: prompted

text: Arthur Keith

text: and

text: Martin Flack

text: to look for similar structures in the heart, leading to their discovery of the

text: sinoatrial node

text: several months later. These structures form the anatomical basis of the

text: electrocardiogram

text: , whose inventor,

text: Willem Einthoven

text: , was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology in 1924.

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answers: sinoatrial

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answers: Cardiomyopathy

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answers: atrioventricular

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: sinoatrial node

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: sinoatrial node

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answers: atrioventricular

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: atrioventricular

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: Cardiomyopathy

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: Willem Einthoven

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: ventricle

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: sinoatrial node

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: Purkinje fibers

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: Sinoatrial node

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answers: Purkinje fibers

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answers: Purkinje fibers

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answers: Purkinje fibers

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answers: sinoatrial node

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answers: Purkinje fibers

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answers: Purkinje

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: Purkinje fibers

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: Säugetierherzens

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: The bundle of His were discovered as early as the 19th century

answers: NDQ_007843

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answers: NDQ_007844

answers: atrioventricular node

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answers: Purkinje fibers

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answers: Purkinje fibers

text: In the blood and tissue biopsy there is eosinophillia. Other ways for diagnosis from a biopsy are eggs and larvae in the blood vessels. Imaging go the liver and intestine can also be helpful.Serology is sometimes used to diagnose from a blood sample and there are specific ELISA.

text: In the blood and tissue biopsy there is eosinophillia. Other ways for diagnosis from a biopsy are eggs and larvae in the blood vessels. Imaging go the liver and intestine can also be helpful.Serology is sometimes used to diagnose from a blood sample and there are specific ELISA.

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answers: atherosclerosis

text: Bypass surgery is performed by removing a vein from the arm or leg, or an artery from the chest and replacing the blocked artery in the heart. This allows the blood to flow more freely through the heart. Valve repair is where the valve that is causing heart failure is modified by removing excess valve tissues that cause them to close too tightly. In some cases, annuloplasty is required to replace the ring around the valves. If the repair of the valve is not possible, it is replaced by an artificial heart valve. The final step is heart replacement. When severe heart failure is present and medicines or other heart procedures are not effective, the diseased heart needs to be replaced.

text: Bypass surgery is performed by removing a vein from the arm or leg, or an artery from the chest and replacing the blocked artery in the heart. This allows the blood to flow more freely through the heart. Valve repair is where the valve that is causing heart failure is modified by removing excess valve tissues that cause them to close too tightly. In some cases,

text: annuloplasty

text: is required to replace the ring around the valves. If the repair of the valve is not possible, it is replaced by an

text: artificial heart valve

text: . The final step is heart replacement. When severe heart failure is present and medicines or other heart procedures are not effective, the diseased heart needs to be replaced.

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answers: NDQ_007807

answers: vein

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: heart failure

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: artery

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: right ventricle

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: artery

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: artery

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: heart failure

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: coronary artery disease

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: atria

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: atria

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: vein

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Arteries

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: Bypass surgery

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: artery

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: vein

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: medicines

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: artery

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: artery

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: artery

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: blood flow more freely through the heart

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: Bypass surgery

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: artificial heart valve

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: systemic circulation

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: artery

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: vein

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: Bypass surgery

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: blocked artery

text: The study of vascular  or remodelling in the embryo is widely believed to have been pioneered by Thoma in 1893 when he observed that increases in local blood flow cause widening of the vessel diameter, even going so far as to postulate that blood flow might be responsible for the growth and development of blood vessels. Subsequently, Chapman in 1918 discovered that removing a chick embryo’s heart disrupted the remodelling process, but the initial vessel patterns laid down by vasculogenesis remained undisturbed. Next, in 1926 Murray proposed that vessel diameter was proportional to the amount of shear stress at the vessel wall; that is, that vessels actively adapted to flow patterns based on physical cues from the environment, such as shear stress.

text: The study of vascular  or remodelling in the

text: embryo

text: is widely believed to have been pioneered by Thoma in 1893 when he observed that increases in local blood flow cause widening of the vessel

text: diameter

text: , even going so far as to postulate that blood flow might be responsible for the

text: growth and development

text: of blood vessels. Subsequently, Chapman in 1918 discovered that removing a chick embryo’s heart disrupted the remodelling process, but the initial vessel patterns laid down by vasculogenesis remained undisturbed. Next, in 1926 Murray proposed that vessel diameter was

text: proportional

text: to the amount of shear stress at the vessel wall; that is, that vessels actively

text: adapted

text: to flow patterns based on physical cues from the environment, such as shear stress.

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answers: NDQ_007807

answers: vasculogenesis

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: coronary

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: left ventricle

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: chick embryo

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: removing

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: shear stress at the vessel wall

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: atria

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: Shear stress

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Arteries

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: increases in local blood flow cause widening

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: Thoma

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: vessel wall

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: vascular

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: Vasculogenesis

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: removing a chick embryo’s heart disrupted the remodelling process

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: local blood flow cause widening of the vessel diameter

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: Chapman

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: systemic circulation

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: The aorta

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: increases in local blood flow cause widening

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: atherosclerosis

text: The inner surface of the blood vessel consists of endothelial cells. Endothelial cells do not express TF except when they are exposed to inflammatory molecules such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Another cell type that expresses TF on the cell surface in inflammatory conditions is the monocyte (a white blood cell).

text: The inner surface of the blood vessel consists of endothelial cells. Endothelial cells do not express TF except when they are exposed to inflammatory molecules such as

text: tumor necrosis factor-alpha

text: (TNF-alpha). Another cell type that expresses TF on the cell surface in inflammatory conditions is the

text: monocyte

text: (a white blood cell).

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text: Microvascular decompression appears to be the most popular surgical treatment at present. Microvascular decompression relieves pressure on the facial nerve, which is the cause of most hemifacial spasm cases. Excellent to good results are reported in 80% or more cases with a 10% recurrence rate. In the present series approximately 10% had previously failed surgery. Serious complications can follow microsurgical decompressive operations, even when performed by experienced surgeons. These include cerebellar haematoma or swelling, brain stem infarction (blood vessel of the brain stem blocked), cerebral infarction (ischemic stroke resulting from a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain), subdural haematoma and intracerebral infarction (blockage of blood flow to the brain). Death or permanent disability (hearing loss) can occur in 2% of patients of hemifacial spasm.

text: Microvascular decompression

text: appears to be the most popular surgical treatment at present. Microvascular decompression relieves pressure on the facial nerve, which is the cause of most hemifacial spasm cases. Excellent to good results are reported in 80% or more cases with a 10% recurrence rate. In the present series approximately 10% had previously failed surgery. Serious complications can follow microsurgical decompressive operations, even when performed by experienced surgeons. These include cerebellar haematoma or swelling,

text: brain stem

text: infarction (blood vessel of the brain stem blocked),

text: cerebral infarction

text: (ischemic stroke resulting from a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain),

text: subdural haematoma

text: and intracerebral infarction (blockage of blood flow to the brain). Death or permanent disability (hearing loss) can occur in 2% of patients of hemifacial spasm.

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answers: Microvascular

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text: A typical Electrothermal Bipolar Vessel Sealing system consists of an electric current generator and an instrument for grasping blood vessels. During surgery, a surgeon first grasps a blood vessel to be sealed with  the instrument that is usually designed as a clamp. A surgeon then initiates a sealing cycle controlled by the generator. The generator produces an electric current across the blood vessel wall. Electromagnetic wave surrounding the current energizes the electrons within the blood vessel. These electrons release their energy as heat. As the blood vessel is heated, the collagen and elastin found in the blood vessel wall denature. The generator precisely controls the amount of energy delivered to the tissue through a computer algorithm that varies depending on the manufacturer. The majority of the generator systems monitor the impedance in the circuit and as it begins to rise automatically break the current. This prevents charring and burning of the vessel wall. The sealing cycle is complete with a period of cool-down during which the elastin and collagen form a seal. Some of the EBVS instruments are also able to cut the formed seal either with a blade incorporated into jaws of the instrument or with an harmonic scalpel technology.

text: A typical Electrothermal Bipolar Vessel Sealing system consists of an

text: electric current

text: harmonic scalpel

text: technology.

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text: Thrombosis in the heart can lead to a myocardial infarction. Coronary thrombosis and myocardial infarction are sometimes used as synonyms, although this is technically inaccurate as the thrombosis refers to the blocking of blood vessels, while the infarction refers to the tissue death due to the consequent loss of blood flow to the heart tissue. The heart contains many connecting blood vessels, and depending upon the location of the thrombosis, the infarction may cause no symptoms.

text: Thrombosis

text: in the heart can lead to a

text: myocardial infarction

text: . Coronary thrombosis and myocardial infarction are sometimes used as synonyms, although this is technically inaccurate as the thrombosis refers to the

text: blocking of blood vessels

text: , while the infarction refers to the

text: tissue death

text: due to the consequent loss of

text: blood flow

text: to the heart tissue. The heart contains

text: many connecting blood vessels

text: , and depending upon the location of the thrombosis, the infarction may

text: cause no symptoms

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answers: Coronary thrombosis

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answers: myocardial

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: left ventricle

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: myocardial

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: myocardial

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: Coronary

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: myocardial

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: infarction

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: Thrombosis

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: Coronary

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: myocardial

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: atria

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: myocardial

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: Myocardial infarction

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Arteries

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: blood flow

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: heart tissue

answers: NDQ_007837

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answers: loss of blood flow

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: heart tissue

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: myocardial

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answers: coronary artery

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: The heart contains many connecting blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: The heart contains many connecting blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: loss of blood flow

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text: In 2014 a fossil was described in the journal Nature Communications that preserved in exquisite, unequaled detail the tubular heart and blood vessels, which represent the oldest cardiovascular system yet identified.  "The rich vascularization in the head... suggests that the brain of this species required a good supply of oxygen for its performance," said University of Arizona neuroscientist Nicholas Strausfeld, one of the researchers.

text: In 2014 a fossil was described in the journal Nature Communications that preserved in exquisite, unequaled detail the tubular heart and blood vessels, which represent the oldest cardiovascular system yet identified.  "The rich vascularization in the head... suggests that the brain of this species required a good supply of oxygen for its performance," said University of Arizona neuroscientist Nicholas Strausfeld, one of the researchers.

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answers: tubular

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answers: Cardiovascular

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: tubular

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answers: right atrium

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answers: brain

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answers: tubular

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answers: tubular

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answers: tubular

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answers: tubular heart

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answers: blood vessels

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answers: tubular

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answers: tubular heart

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: The tubular heart

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: the tubular heart

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answers: Blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Arteries

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answers: vascularization

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answers: oxygen

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answers: Strausfeld

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: vascularization

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answers: vascularization

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: The oldest cardiovascular system yet identified

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: tubular heart

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: Vascularization

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answers: blood vessels

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answers: The aorta

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answers: vascularization

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answers: atherosclerosis

text: It is important to recognize that the strongest predictor of cardiovascular risk in any risk equation is age. Almost all persons aged 70 and over are at >20% ten year cardiovascular risk and almost nobody aged under 40 is at >20% ten year cardiovascular risk. Since those who benefit most from treatment are those at highest risk, this means that treatment of patients with raised blood pressure and raised cholesterol levels in their thirties benefits very few. Whereas treatment of patients with "normal" blood pressure and "normal" cholesterol levels in their seventies benefits many. This casts doubt on the wisdom of categorizing individuals as having high blood pressure or raised cholesterol and treating these individual risk factors without a consideration of both their overall risk of cardiovascular disease and of the probability that they will benefit.

text: It is important to recognize that the strongest predictor of cardiovascular risk in any risk equation is age. Almost all persons aged 70 and over are at >20% ten year cardiovascular risk and almost nobody aged under 40 is at >20% ten year cardiovascular risk. Since those who benefit most from treatment are those at highest risk, this means that treatment of patients with raised blood pressure and raised cholesterol levels in their thirties benefits very few. Whereas treatment of patients with "normal" blood pressure and "normal" cholesterol levels in their seventies benefits many. This casts doubt on the wisdom of categorizing individuals as having high blood pressure or raised cholesterol and treating these individual risk factors without a consideration of both their overall risk of cardiovascular disease and of the probability that they will benefit.

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answers: blood pressure

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text: The study of anatomy begins at least as early as 1600 BC, the date of the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus. This treatise shows that the heart, its vessels, liver, spleen, kidneys, hypothalamus, uterus and bladder were recognized, and that the blood vessels were known to emanate from the heart. Other vessels are described, some carrying air, some mucus, and two to the right ear are said to carry the "breath of life", while two to the left ear the "breath of death".The Ebers Papyrus (c. 1550 BC) features a treatise on the heart. It notes that the heart is the center of blood supply, and attached to it are vessels for every member of the body. The Egyptians seem to have known little about the function of the kidneys and made the heart the meeting point of a number of vessels which carried all the fluids of the body – blood, tears, urine and semen.  However, they did not have a theory as to where saliva and sweat came from.

text: The study of

text: anatomy

text: begins at least as early as

text: 1600 BC

text: , the date of the

text: Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus

text: . This treatise shows that the

text: heart

text: , its vessels,

text: liver

text: spleen

text: kidneys

text: hypothalamus

text: uterus

text: and

text: bladder

text: were recognized, and that the

text: blood vessel

text: s were known to emanate from the heart. Other vessels are described, some carrying air, some

text: mucus

text: , and two to the right

text: ear

text: are said to carry the "breath of life", while two to the left ear the "breath of death".The

text: Ebers Papyrus

text: (c. 1550 BC) features a treatise on the heart. It notes that the heart is the center of blood supply, and attached to it are vessels for every member of the body. The Egyptians seem to have known little about the function of the kidneys and made the heart the meeting point of a number of vessels which carried all the fluids of the body –

text: blood

text: tears

text: urine

text: and

text: semen

text: .  However, they did not have a theory as to where

text: saliva

text: and sweat came from.

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answers: NDQ_007809

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answers: NDQ_007811

answers: right ear

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: kidneys

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: right

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: kidneys

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: death

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: liver, spleen, kidneys

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: hypothalamus

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: the "breath of life", while two to the left ear the "breath of death"

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: the atria

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: Blood vessels were known to emanate from the heart

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Arteries

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: Blood vessels were known to emanate from the heart

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: the heart

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: lungs

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: pacemaker

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: kidneys

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: mucus

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: kidneys

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: they did not have a theory as to where saliva and sweat came from

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: the "breath of life", while two to the left ear the "breath of death"

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: valve

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: right atrium and right ventricle

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: The aorta

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: the "breath of life"

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: atherosclerosis

text: Zone 4 can be seen at the lung bases at low lung volumes or in Pulmonary oedema. Pulmonary interstitial pressure (Pi) rises as lung volume decreases due to reduced radial tethering of the lung Parenchyma Pi is highest at the base of the lung due to the weight of the above lung tissue. Pi can also rise due to an increased volume of 'leaked' fluid fluid from the pulmonary vasculature aka Pulmonary oedema . An increase in Pi causes extralveolar blood vessels to reduce in caliber and so blood flow decreases. Extralveolar blood vessels are those blood vessels outside alveoli.  Intralveolar Blood vessels aka Pulmonary capillaries are considered to be the thin walled vessels adjacent to alveoli which are subject to the pressure changes described by zones 1-3. Flow in zone 4 is governed by the arteriointerstitial pressure difference (Pa − Pi). This is because as Pi rises further the arterial caliber is further reduced and so resistance to flow rises, the Pa/Pv difference remains absolute since Pi is applied over both vessels.

text: Zone 4 can be seen at the lung bases at low lung volumes or in

text: Pulmonary oedema

text: . Pulmonary interstitial pressure (Pi) rises as lung volume decreases due to reduced radial tethering of the lung

text: Parenchyma

text: Pi is highest at the base of the lung due to the weight of the above lung tissue. Pi can also rise due to an increased volume of 'leaked' fluid fluid from the pulmonary vasculature aka

text: Pulmonary oedema

text: . An increase in Pi causes extralveolar blood vessels to reduce in caliber and so blood flow decreases. Extralveolar blood vessels are those blood vessels outside alveoli.  Intralveolar Blood vessels aka Pulmonary capillaries are considered to be the thin walled vessels adjacent to alveoli which are subject to the pressure changes described by zones 1-3. Flow in zone 4 is governed by the arteriointerstitial pressure difference (Pa − Pi). This is because as Pi rises further the arterial caliber is further reduced and so resistance to flow rises, the Pa/Pv difference remains absolute since Pi is applied over both vessels.

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answers: Extralveolar blood vessels

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answers: arteriointerstitial

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answers: arterioveolar

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answers: Intralveolar Blood vessels

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answers: base of the lung

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answers: low lung volumes or in Pulmonary oedema

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answers: Intralveolar Blood vessels

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answers: Intralveolar Blood vessels aka Pulmonary capillaries

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answers: Arteries generally carry oxygen-rich blood.

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: Intralveolar Blood vessels

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answers: alveoli

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answers: Arterioveolar

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answers: Arteriointerstitial pressure difference

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answers: An increase in Pi

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answers: Systemic circulation

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answers: Intralveolar Blood vessels

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answers: blood flow decreases

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answers: arterial caliber is further reduced and so resistance to flow rises

text: A Registered Cardiovascular Invasive Specialist or RCIS assists a cardiologist with cardiac catheterization procedures in the United States.  These procedures can determine if a blockage exists in the blood vessels that supply the heart muscle and can help diagnose other problems.

text: A Registered Cardiovascular Invasive Specialist or RCIS assists a

text: cardiologist

text: with

text: cardiac catheterization

text: procedures in the

text: United States

text: .  These procedures can determine if a blockage exists in the

text: blood vessels

text: that supply the heart muscle and can help diagnose other problems.

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text: A simple but well-developed circulatory system is usually present. The two main blood vessels furnish smaller vessels to supply the parapodia and the gut. Blood flows forward in the dorsal vessel, above the gut, and returns down the body in the ventral vessel, beneath the gut. The blood vessels themselves are contractile, helping to push the blood along, so most species have no need of a heart. In a few cases, however, muscular pumps analogous to a heart are found in various parts of the system. Conversely, some species have little or no circulatory system at all, transporting oxygen in the coelomic fluid that fills their body cavities.

text: A simple but well-developed circulatory system is usually present. The two main blood vessels furnish smaller vessels to supply the parapodia and the gut. Blood flows forward in the dorsal vessel, above the gut, and returns down the body in the ventral vessel, beneath the gut. The blood vessels themselves are contractile, helping to push the blood along, so most species have no need of a heart. In a few cases, however, muscular pumps analogous to a heart are found in various parts of the system. Conversely, some species have little or no circulatory system at all, transporting oxygen in the

text: coelomic fluid

text: that fills their body cavities.

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answers: two main blood vessels furnish smaller vessels to supply the parapodia and the gut

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answers: In a few cases, however, muscular pumps analogous to a heart are found in various parts of the system

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text: As with other red wines, a number of health effects are claimed. Among other wines, it has a relatively low level of sugar and a low alcohol level. This means it can be drunk by diabetics, and the calorie content is low by comparison with most other wines.  Some examples of health claims for red wine include reduced cardiovascular risks; favourable effect on digestion; promotes metabolism; can prevent insomnia and strengthens the blood stream. Regular consumption has been claimed to prevent heart attacks. Several studies have concluded that regular consumption of red wine such as Cviček (1 to 2 glasses per day) improves the antioxidant activity of the blood and prevents the aggregation of blood platelets, thus reducing the risk for a stroke or heart attack. In that sense, ethyl alcohol in the wine acts similarly to a solvent.  Scientists examining cancer occurrence and development have found also many anti-tumour substances in red wine.

text: As with other red wines, a number of health effects are claimed. Among other wines, it has a relatively low level of sugar and a low alcohol level. This means it can be drunk by diabetics, and the calorie content is low by comparison with most other wines.  Some examples of health claims for red wine include reduced cardiovascular risks; favourable effect on digestion; promotes metabolism; can prevent insomnia and strengthens the blood stream. Regular consumption has been claimed to prevent heart attacks. Several studies have concluded that regular consumption of red wine such as Cviček (1 to 2 glasses per day) improves the antioxidant activity of the blood and prevents the aggregation of blood platelets, thus reducing the risk for a stroke or heart attack. In that sense, ethyl alcohol in the wine acts similarly to a solvent.  Scientists examining cancer occurrence and development have found also many anti-tumour substances in red wine.

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text: Riolan is remembered for his traditional views towards medicine, and was a major proponent of the teachings of Galen. He held a differing viewpoint in regards to William Harvey's (1578–1657) theory involving the blood's circulatory system. Riolan calculated that blood traveled through the blood vessels to the body's extremities and returned to the heart only two or three times a day. He also postulated that blood often ebbed and flowed in the veins and that it was taken in as nourishment by different parts of the body. Riolan also did not believe that the heart propelled the blood, instead he proposed that the blood kept the heart in motion, analogous to a stream moving the wheel of a water mill.

text: Riolan is remembered for his traditional views towards medicine, and was a major proponent of the teachings of

text: Galen

text: . He held a differing viewpoint in regards to

text: William Harvey

text: 's (1578–1657) theory involving the blood's

text: circulatory system

text: . Riolan calculated that blood traveled through the blood vessels to the body's extremities and returned to the

text: heart

text: only two or three times a day. He also postulated that blood often ebbed and flowed in the veins and that it was taken in as nourishment by different parts of the body. Riolan also did not believe that the heart propelled the blood, instead he proposed that the blood kept the heart in motion, analogous to a stream moving the wheel of a water mill.

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answers: veins

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answers: the heart propelled the blood

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: blood often ebbed and flowed in the veins

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: valve

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answers: The right atrium and right ventricle

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answers: The aorta

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answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: the blood kept the heart in motion

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: atherosclerosis

text: The heart is a muscle that squeezes blood and functions like a pump.Each part of the heart is susceptible to failure or dysfunction and the heart can be divided into the mechanical and the electrical parts.

text: The heart is a muscle that squeezes blood and functions like a pump.Each part of the heart is susceptible to failure or dysfunction and the heart can be divided into the mechanical and the electrical parts.

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answers: NDQ_007840

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answers: NDQ_007843

answers: 4

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answers: NDQ_007848

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answers: NDQ_007849

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answers: NDQ_007807

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: heart failure

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: mechanical

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: mechanical

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: mechanical

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: electrical

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: electrical

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: the mechanical

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: failure

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: failure or dysfunction

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: electrical

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: electrical

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: The heart is a muscle that squeezes blood

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: The mechanical parts

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Arteries

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: blood vessels dilate

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: lungs

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: electrical parts

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: blood

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: mechanical

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: capillaries do not pump blood

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: the electrical parts

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: valve

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: The electrical parts

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: The aorta

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: homeostasis

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: atherosclerosis

text: The patient is connected to a heart-lung machine, which circulates and oxygenates blood. The surgeon removes the failing heart and lungs. Most surgeons endeavour to cut blood vessels as close as possible to the heart to leave room for trimming, especially if the donor heart is of a different size than the original organ.

text: The patient is connected to a

text: heart-lung machine

text: , which circulates and oxygenates blood. The surgeon removes the failing heart and lungs. Most surgeons endeavour to cut blood vessels as close as possible to the heart to leave room for trimming, especially if the donor heart is of a different size than the original organ.

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text: Such tissue-regenerating properties of thymosin β may ultimately contribute to  repair of human heart muscle damaged by heart disease and heart attack. In mice, administration of thymosin β has been shown to stimulate formation of new heart muscle cells from otherwise inactive precursor cells present in the outer lining of adult hearts, to induce migration of these cells into heart muscle and recruit new blood vessels within the muscle.

text: Such tissue-regenerating properties of thymosin β may ultimately contribute to  repair of human heart muscle damaged by heart disease and heart attack. In mice, administration of thymosin β has been shown to stimulate formation of new heart muscle cells from otherwise inactive precursor cells present in the outer lining of adult hearts, to induce migration of these cells into heart muscle and recruit new blood vessels within the muscle.

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answers: The ventricles contract first

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answers: Thymosin

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answers: blood vessels

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answers: tissue-regenerating properties

text: Ventricular remodeling (or cardiac remodeling) refers to the changes in size, shape, structure, and function of the heart. This can happen as a result of exercise (physiological remodelling) or after injury to the heart muscle (pathological remodelling).  The injury is typically due to acute myocardial infarction (usually transmural or ST segment elevation infarction), but may be from a number of causes that result in increased pressure or volume, causing pressure overload or volume overload (forms of strain) on the heart. Chronic hypertension, congenital heart disease with intracardiac shunting, and valvular heart disease may also lead to remodeling. After the insult occurs, a series of histopathological and structural changes occur in the left ventricular myocardium that lead to progressive decline in left ventricular performance.  Ultimately, ventricular remodeling may result in diminished contractile (systolic) function and reduced stroke volume.

text: Ventricular remodeling (or cardiac remodeling) refers to the changes in size, shape, structure, and

text: function

text: of the

text: heart

text: . This can happen as a result of

text: exercise

text: (physiological remodelling) or after injury to the heart muscle (pathological remodelling).  The injury is typically due to

text: acute myocardial infarction

text: (usually transmural or ST segment elevation infarction), but may be from a number of causes that result in increased

text: pressure

text: or

text: volume

text: , causing

text: pressure overload

text: or

text: volume overload

text: (forms of strain) on the heart. Chronic

text: hypertension

text: congenital heart disease

text: with

text: intracardiac shunting

text: , and

text: valvular heart disease

text: may also lead to remodeling. After the insult occurs, a series of histopathological and structural changes occur in the left ventricular myocardium that lead to progressive decline in left ventricular performance.  Ultimately, ventricular remodeling may result in diminished contractile (

text: systolic

text: ) function and reduced

text: stroke volume

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answers: Ventricular

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answers: Chronic hypertension, congenital heart disease with intracardiac shunting

answers: NDQ_007818

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answers: heart

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answers: shunting

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answers: myocardium

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answers: left ventricular

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answers: capillaries are not involved in cardiac remodeling

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: Ventricular remodeling

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: valvular

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answers: Left ventricular myocardium

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answers: The Aorta

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answers: Ventricular remodeling

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answers: reduced stroke volume

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: Chronic hypertension

text: Angiogram: a test that looks at the blood vessels that feed the brain. An angiogram will show whether the blood vessel is blocked by a clot, the blood vessel is narrowed, or if there is an abnormality of a blood vessel known as an aneurysm.

text: Angiogram: a test that looks at the blood vessels that feed the brain. An

text: angiogram

text: will show whether the blood vessel is blocked by a clot, the blood vessel is narrowed, or if there is an abnormality of a blood vessel known as an aneurysm.

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answers: 3

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answers: NDQ_007807

answers: feed the brain

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: aneurysm

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: the left

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: brain

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: brain

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: aneurysm

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: aneurysm

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: left

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: aneurysm

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: right and left atria

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: atria

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: An aneurysm

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: aneurysm

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: aneurysm

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: brain

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: lungs

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: aneurysm

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: clot

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: Angiogram

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: blood vessel

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: capillaries are not blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: blood vessels that feed the brain

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: Aneurysm

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: blood vessels that feed the brain

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: aneurysm

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: Veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: homeostasis

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: atherosclerosis

text: A healthy heart has four valves, separated by flaps that open and close to control blood flow between the chambers. When the heart beats, oxygen-poor blood enters the right atrium. The blood then flows into the right ventricle, where it enters the pulmonary artery to travel to the lungs for oxygen. Oxygen-rich blood returns to the left atrium, where it then travels into the left ventricle. The left ventricle pushes the oxygenated blood into the aorta to be circulated to the rest of the body.

text: A healthy heart has four

text: valves

text: , separated by flaps that open and close to control blood flow between the chambers. When the heart beats, oxygen-poor blood enters the

text: right atrium

text: . The blood then flows into the

text: right ventricle

text: , where it enters the

text: pulmonary artery

text: to travel to the lungs for oxygen. Oxygen-rich blood returns to the

text: left atrium

text: , where it then travels into the

text: left ventricle

text: . The left ventricle pushes the oxygenated blood into the

text: aorta

text: to be circulated to the rest of the body.

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answers: NDQ_007807

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: 2

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007807

answers: aorta

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: right ventricle

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: right atrium

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: pulmonary artery

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: left ventricle

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: left atrium

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: atrium

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: heart attack

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: blood clotting

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: right ventricle

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: ventricle

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: Oxygen-poor blood enters the right atrium

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: When the heart beats, oxygen-poor blood enters the right atrium

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: The pulmonary artery

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: Oxygen-rich blood

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: Oxygen-rich blood

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: right ventricle

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: pulmonary artery

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: Pacemaker

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: artery

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: artery

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: aorta

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: capillaries do not have valves

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: The left ventricle pushes the oxygenated blood into the aorta

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: flaps that open and close

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: oxygen-poor blood enters the right atrium

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: The aorta

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: flaps

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: atherosclerosis

text: Contrary to a basic understanding of the cardiovascular system, the heart cannot itself receive enough oxygen and nutrients from the blood it pumps and it must be supplied with blood as if it were any other organ in the body. Unlike the systemic organs the heart receives perfusion in the phase of diastole rather than systole. This circulation of blood is called the coronary circulation.The coronary circulation consists of coronary arteries and coronary veins.The two main coronary arteries — right coronary artery (RCA) and left coronary artery (LCA) — branch off of the ascending aorta and the left further branches into the left circumflex artery (LCx) and left anterior descending artery (LAD).Combined, the RCA, LCx, and LAD comprise the three main coronary arteries (e.g., "three vessel disease").Lastly, the posterior descending artery (PDA) is supplied by the RCA and/or LCx, and this connection determines the "dominance" of the heart (e.g., if the RCA supplies the PDA then the heart is "right dominant").

text: Contrary to a basic understanding of the cardiovascular system, the heart cannot itself receive enough oxygen and nutrients from the blood it pumps and it must be supplied with blood as if it were any other

text: organ

text: in the body. Unlike the systemic organs the heart receives perfusion in the phase of diastole rather than systole. This circulation of blood is called the

text: coronary circulation

text: .The coronary circulation consists of

text: coronary arteries

text: and

text: coronary vein

text: s.The two main coronary arteries —

text: right coronary artery

text: (RCA) and

text: left coronary artery

text: (LCA) — branch off of the

text: ascending aorta

text: and the left further branches into the

entity_name: Circumflex branch of left coronary artery

text: left circumflex artery

text: (LCx) and

entity_name: Anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery

text: left anterior descending artery

text: (LAD).Combined, the RCA, LCx, and LAD comprise the three main coronary arteries (e.g., "three vessel disease").Lastly, the

text: posterior descending artery

text: (PDA) is supplied by the RCA and/or LCx, and this connection determines the "dominance" of the heart (e.g., if the RCA supplies the PDA then the heart is "right dominant").

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007807

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007807

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: three vessel disease

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: diastole

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: left coronary artery

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: RCA

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: Systole

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: diastole

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: coronary arteries

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: three vessel disease

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: right coronary artery (RCA) and left coronary artery (LCA)

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: diastole

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: cardiac muscle

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: Blood in the pulmonary circulation passes through the right and left atria.

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: systole

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: It must be supplied with blood

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: coronary arteries

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: diastole

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: aorta

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: lungs

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: cardiac pacemaker

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: aorta

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: The heart cannot itself receive enough oxygen and nutrients

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: coronary arteries and coronary veins

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: This connection determines the "dominance" of the heart

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: The coronary circulation

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: The two main coronary arteries (RCA) and left coronary artery (LCA) branch off of the ascending aorta

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: diastole

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: atherosclerosis

text: The body cavity contains the circulatory or haemal system. The vessels form three rings: one around the mouth (the hyponeural haemal ring), another around the digestive system (the gastric ring) and the third near the aboral surface (the genital ring). The heart beats about six times a minute and is at the apex of a vertical channel (the axial vessel) that connects the three rings. At the base of each arm are paired gonads; a lateral vessel extends from the genital ring past the gonads to the tip of the arm. This vessel has a blind end and there is no continuous circulation of the fluid within it. This liquid does not contain a pigment and has little or no respiratory function but is probably used to transport nutrients around the body.

text: The body cavity contains the

text: circulatory

text: or haemal system. The vessels form three rings: one around the mouth (the hyponeural haemal ring), another around the digestive system (the gastric ring) and the third near the aboral surface (the genital ring). The heart beats about six times a minute and is at the apex of a vertical channel (the axial vessel) that connects the three rings. At the base of each arm are paired

text: gonad

text: s; a lateral vessel extends from the genital ring past the gonads to the tip of the arm. This vessel has a blind end and there is no continuous circulation of the fluid within it. This liquid does not contain a pigment and has little or no respiratory function but is probably used to transport nutrients around the body.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0391/T_2200/aa2478b7730b821da9a62af234d17b6a

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0391/T_2200/a6fc0f2cec34cc47318637053da521b5

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0391/T_2200/5c6e3947fe243b8e2b24322ac55b395c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_0391/T_2200/0db1d6f7d82bb3b2278e1352cbc602b1

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007807

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007807

answers: lateral

answers: NDQ_007808

answers: Cardiovascular disease

answers: NDQ_007809

answers: lateral

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: lateral vessel

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: genital ring

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: lateral

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: lateral

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: axial vessel

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: Cardiomyopathy

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: gonads

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: lateral

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: apex

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: The right and left atria

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: The heart beats

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: This vessel has a blind end

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: The axial vessel

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: The vessels form three rings

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: axial vessel

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: lateral vessel

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: a blind end

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: haemal

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: lateral

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: lateral

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: There is no continuous circulation of the fluid within it

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: axial vessel

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: The heart beats

answers: NDQ_007845

answers: The heart

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: The heart beats about six times a minute

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: Veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: The heart beats about six times a minute

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: atherosclerosis

text: In cut carotid arteries with 100 mL of blood through the heart at each beat (at 65 beats a minute), a completely severed artery will spurt blood for about 30 seconds and the blood will not spurt much higher than the human head. If the artery is just nicked, on the other hand, the blood will spurt longer but will be coming out under pressure and spraying much further.

text: In cut

text: carotid arteries

text: with 100 mL of blood through the heart at each beat (at 65 beats a minute), a completely severed artery will spurt blood for about 30 seconds and the blood will not spurt much higher than the human head. If the artery is just nicked, on the other hand, the blood will spurt longer but will be coming out under pressure and spraying much further.

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answers: 4

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answers: carotid

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answers: heart disease

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answers: carotid

answers: NDQ_007810

answers: carotid arteries

answers: NDQ_007811

answers: head

answers: NDQ_007812

answers: carotid

answers: NDQ_007813

answers: carotid

answers: NDQ_007814

answers: carotid

answers: NDQ_007815

answers: severed artery

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: cut carotid arteries

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: pulmonary

answers: NDQ_007820

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007828

answers: blood will spurt much higher than the human head

answers: NDQ_007829

answers: beats a minute

answers: NDQ_007831

answers: blood will spurt longer but will be coming out under pressure and spraying much further

answers: NDQ_007834

answers: 100 mL of blood through the heart at each beat

answers: NDQ_007835

answers: 100 mL

answers: NDQ_007836

answers: the human head

answers: NDQ_007837

answers: lungs

answers: NDQ_007838

answers: beats

answers: NDQ_007839

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007840

answers: carotid

answers: NDQ_007841

answers: carotid

answers: NDQ_007842

answers: The blood will spurt much higher than the human head

answers: NDQ_007843

answers: cut carotid arteries

answers: NDQ_007844

answers: valve

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answers: systemic circulation

answers: NDQ_007846

answers: The aorta

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answers: veins

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: blood vessels help maintain homeostasis

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: atherosclerosis

text: Beta blockers block the beta receptors on heart muscle and other cells, making them more relaxed and less responsive to stress hormones. Carvedilol also blocks alpha receptors, which are found on blood vessels, and relaxes the blood vessels, dilating them, which lowers blood pressure and vascular resistance.

text: Beta blockers block the beta receptors on heart muscle and other cells, making them more relaxed and less responsive to stress hormones. Carvedilol also blocks alpha receptors, which are found on blood vessels, and relaxes the blood vessels, dilating them, which lowers blood pressure and vascular resistance.

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answers: left

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answers: NDQ_007816

answers: blood pressure and vascular resistance

answers: NDQ_007818

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answers: NDQ_007820

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answers: atria

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answers: vascular resistance

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answers: blood vessels

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answers: dilating

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answers: Beta blockers block the beta receptors on heart muscle and other cells, making them more relaxed and less responsive to stress hormones

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answers: lowers blood pressure

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text: An alternative measure consists of H.E.M. (Healthy blood flow, Eliminate swelling and Mobility). This treatment suggests increasing healthy blood flow to the ankle, including immune cells required for healing. The treatment also suggests improving healthy range of motion, stability and strength in the ankle to aid in a full recovery. Recent research suggests that macrophages (immune cells responsible for muscle repair and growth) are necessary for muscle to grow back to its pre-injured state. This requires healthy blood flow, but since it has been suggested that "when ice is applied to a body part for a prolonged period, nearby lymphatic vessels begin to dramatically increase their permeability (lymphatic vessels are ‘dead-end’ tubes which ordinarily help carry excess tissue fluids back into the cardiovascular system). As lymphatic permeability is enhanced, large amounts of fluid begin to pour from the lymphatics ‘in the wrong direction’ (into the injured area), increasing the amount of local swelling and pressure and potentially contributing to greater pain.", As a result, the H.E.M. ankle rehab treatment suggests not icing the injury, and instead, following more proactive rehab techniques for recovery.

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answers: NDQ_007813

answers: Cardiovascular

answers: NDQ_007814

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answers: NDQ_007815

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_007816

answers: lymphatic vessels begin to dramatically increase their permeability

answers: NDQ_007818

answers: cardiovascular

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answers: dead-end’ tubes which ordinarily help carry excess tissue fluids back into the cardiovascular system

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answers: lymphatic vessels are ‘dead-end’ tubes

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text: Subarachnoid hemorrhage is an extremely serious condition in which a neural membrane is breached and the brain itself is compromised. The onset is sudden, described as "the worst headache of one's life," and many grave symptoms follow. Adrenergic storm is often present among these symptoms, and is responsible for some of the dangers, both long-term and short, of subarachnoid hemhorrhage adrenergic storm, through a complex cascade of processes starting with the movement of subarachnoid blood into the brain. Apparently, as the intracranial pressure increases, the brain is squeezed and catecholamines are forced out of their vesicles into the synapses and extracellular space.  An alternative explanation that has been proposed is that this increased in intracranial pressure transduces through the brain parenchyma through to the blood vessels producing a loss in effective cerebral perfusion.  This triggers the sympathetic nervous system to secrete more norepinepherine and epinepherine increasing blood pressure and heart rate to dangerous levels to maintain cerebral perfusion.

text: Subarachnoid hemorrhage

text: is an extremely serious condition in which a neural membrane is breached and the brain itself is compromised. The onset is sudden, described as "the worst headache of one's life," and many grave symptoms follow. Adrenergic storm is often present among these symptoms, and is responsible for some of the dangers, both long-term and short, of subarachnoid hemhorrhage adrenergic storm, through a complex cascade of processes starting with the movement of subarachnoid blood into the brain. Apparently, as the

text: intracranial pressure

text: increases, the brain is squeezed and catecholamines are forced out of their vesicles into the synapses and extracellular space.  An alternative explanation that has been proposed is that this increased in intracranial pressure transduces through the brain parenchyma through to the blood vessels producing a loss in effective cerebral perfusion.  This triggers the sympathetic nervous system to secrete more norepinepherine and epinepherine increasing blood pressure and heart rate to dangerous levels to maintain cerebral perfusion.

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text: Myocardial infarction (MI), or heart attack, occurs when a blood clot forms around a  plaque already obstructing flow in coronary arteries preventing proper blood supply. Total occlusion of a coronary artery is the consequence of a plaque rupture and forming a blood clot disrupting blood flow. This leads to a risk zone with rapid loss of  oxygen delivery, deprivation of nutritive flow  to the heart leading to necrosis of the myocardium known as MI. Myocardial infarctions are graded according to severity: The less severe type is Non ST-segment Elevated Myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) with deprivation of flow occurring only in the subendocardium. ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) is the severe type. Here the damage is transmural with a completely blocked coronary artery. Although many occluded coronary arteries spontaneously reopen before the patient is treated with PPCI (primary percutaneous catheter interventions), the consequence of the arterial occlusion is a wave of necrosis of the heart muscle within the deprived area dependent of the occlusion time of a major coronary artery Despiteand residual collateral flow. Current therapies in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) focus on the rapid reopening of the occluded coronary arteries (PPCI), but recently also the ischemic microcirculation became a therapeutic target. Coronary angioplasty (or primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI)) has been used as a way to restore blood flow following an MI to the heart in order to prevent excessive damage to the tissue. This is the result of inadequate blood flow in the coronary microvasculature in spite of reopened large epicardial coronary arteries leaving myocardium insufficiently supported. Reduced myocardial blood flow causes in addition to necrosis apoptosis of sublethally injured  tissue leading to reduced heart function and the potential of heart failure. This phenomenon is part of reperfusion injury (WP-Link), the damage of myocardium after reopening of major coronary arteries, accounts for 50% of the final infarct size after STEMI. Therefore, the therapeutic target before, during or after reopening of epicardial coronary arteries is the obstructed microcirculation. This obstruction of coronary microcirculation is the main target of PICSO clearing  the coronary vasculature and restore nutritive flow by inducing washout in low flow or no flow areas.

text: Myocardial infarction (MI), or heart attack, occurs when a blood clot forms around a  plaque already obstructing flow in coronary arteries preventing proper blood supply. Total occlusion of a coronary artery is the consequence of a plaque rupture and forming a blood clot disrupting blood flow. This leads to a risk zone with rapid loss of  oxygen delivery, deprivation of nutritive flow  to the heart leading to

text: necrosis

text: of the myocardium known as MI. Myocardial infarctions are graded according to severity: The less severe type is Non ST-segment Elevated Myocardial infarction (

text: NSTEMI

text: ) with deprivation of flow occurring only in the subendocardium. ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (

text: STEMI

text: ) is the severe type. Here the damage is transmural with a completely blocked coronary artery. Although many occluded coronary arteries spontaneously reopen before the patient is treated with PPCI (primary percutaneous catheter interventions), the consequence of the arterial occlusion is a wave of necrosis of the

text: heart muscle

text: within the deprived area dependent of the occlusion time of a major coronary artery Despiteand residual collateral flow. Current therapies in

text: acute coronary syndrome

text: (ACS) focus on the rapid reopening of the occluded coronary arteries (PPCI), but recently also the ischemic microcirculation became a therapeutic target. Coronary angioplasty (or primary

text: percutaneous coronary intervention

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answers: NDQ_007846

answers: Aorta

answers: NDQ_007847

answers: blood clot

answers: NDQ_007848

answers: endocardium

answers: NDQ_007849

answers: blood clot

text: Myoglobin was the first protein to have its three-dimensional structure revealed by X-ray crystallography. This achievement was reported in 1958 by John Kendrew and associates. For this discovery, John Kendrew shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in chemistry with Max Perutz. Despite being one of the most studied proteins in biology, its physiological function is not yet conclusively established: mice genetically engineered to lack myoglobin are viable, but showed a 30% reduction in volume of blood being pumped by the heart during a contraction.  They adapted to this deficiency through natural reactions to inadequate oxygen supply (hypoxia) and a widening of blood vessels (vasodilation). In humans myoglobin is encoded by the MB gene.

text: Myoglobin was the first protein to have its three-dimensional structure revealed by

text: X-ray crystallography

text: . This achievement was reported in 1958 by

text: John Kendrew

text: and associates. For this discovery, John Kendrew shared the 1962

text: Nobel Prize in chemistry

text: with

text: Max Perutz

text: . Despite being one of the most studied proteins in biology, its physiological function is not yet conclusively established: mice genetically engineered to lack myoglobin are viable, but showed a 30% reduction in volume of blood being pumped by the heart during a contraction.  They adapted to this deficiency through natural reactions to inadequate oxygen supply (

text: hypoxia

text: ) and a widening of blood vessels (

text: vasodilation

text: ). In humans myoglobin is encoded by the MB

text: gene

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