text: In the past, the water was very polluted. This affects the river itself, underground water and local villages. The main source of pollution is the Arpechim Refinery. Even today, when the filters stop working, the river is again polluted. To stop this disaster, record fines were given recently. However, there are other sources of pollution, like petrol, when oil pipes are broken by thieves. In the lower part of the valley, pollution may accidentally come from local villagers who wash their cars and animals in the river or take construction materials from the riverbed.

text: In the past, the water was very polluted. This affects the river itself, underground water and local villages. The main source of pollution is the

entity_name: Arpechim Refinery

text: Arpechim

text: Refinery. Even today, when the filters stop working, the river is again polluted. To stop this disaster, record fines were given recently. However, there are other sources of pollution, like

entity_name: Gasoline

text: petrol

text: , when oil pipes are broken by thieves. In the lower part of the valley, pollution may accidentally come from local villagers who wash their cars and animals in the river or take construction materials from the riverbed.

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text: Pakistan faces a major scarcity when it comes to water resources, especially finding clean water supplies. There is only one major river, the Indus River that supplies water through out the agricultural plains in Punjab and in Sindh, while the rest of the country has very little access to other fresh water supplies. The scarcity of water not only threatens Pakistan’s economy but also poses a serious threat to the lives of millions of Pakistanis. The issue of water pollution further worsens this problem for Pakistan. The sources for water pollution include, the over use of chemical fertilizers, the dumping of industrial wastes into lakes and rivers, untreated sewage being dumped into the ocean and contaminated pipelines being used to transport water. The contamination of fresh drinking water makes it harder for people to find clean water supplies and increases the prevalence of waterborne diseases. Consequently, most of the reported health problems in Pakistan are either a direct or indirect result of polluted water. According to a report, 45% of infant deaths are due to diarrhea and 60% to overall water borne diseases.

text: Pakistan faces a major scarcity when it comes to water resources, especially finding clean water supplies. There is only one major river, the

entity_name: Indus River

text: Indus River

text: that supplies water through out the agricultural plains in

entity_name: Punjab (region)

text: Punjab

text: and in

entity_name: Sindh

text: Sindh

text: , while the rest of the country has very little access to other fresh water supplies. The scarcity of water not only threatens Pakistan’s economy but also poses a serious threat to the lives of millions of Pakistanis. The issue of water pollution further worsens this problem for Pakistan. The sources for water pollution include, the over use of chemical fertilizers, the dumping of industrial wastes into lakes and rivers, untreated sewage being dumped into the ocean and contaminated pipelines being used to transport water. The contamination of fresh drinking water makes it harder for people to find clean water supplies and increases the prevalence of

entity_name: Waterborne diseases

text: waterborne diseases

text: . Consequently, most of the reported health problems in Pakistan are either a direct or indirect result of polluted water. According to a report, 45% of infant deaths are due to diarrhea and 60% to overall water borne diseases.

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text: Lanzhou is the capital and largest city of Gansu Province in Northwest China. The prefecture-level city, located on the banks of the Yellow River, is a key regional transportation hub, connecting areas further west by rail to the eastern half of the country. Historically, it has been a major link on the Northern Silk Road. The city is also a center for heavy industry and petrochemical industry. Lanzhou was previously ranked as one of the cities with the worst air quality in the world, due to industrial pollution and its situation in a narrow river valley. However,  it was awarded China's climate progress title. As a city once unable to be spotted from satellites, Lanzhou has taken various measures to combat air pollution in recent years, having reduced its Air Pollution Index at the fastest speed across China.

text: Lanzhou is the capital and largest city of

entity_name: Gansu

text: Gansu

entity_name: Provinces of China

text: Province

text: in

entity_name: Northwest China

text: Northwest China

text: . The

entity_name: Prefecture-level city

text: prefecture-level city

text: , located on the banks of the

entity_name: Yellow River

text: Yellow River

text: , is a key regional transportation hub, connecting areas further west by rail to the eastern half of the country. Historically, it has been a major link on the

entity_name: Northern Silk Road

text: Northern Silk Road

text: . The city is also a center for

entity_name: Heavy industry

text: heavy industry

text: and

entity_name: Petrochemical industry

text: petrochemical industry

text: . Lanzhou was previously ranked as one of the cities with the worst

entity_name: Air quality index

text: air quality

text: in the world, due to industrial pollution and its situation in a narrow river valley. However,  it was awarded China's climate progress title. As a city once unable to be spotted from satellites, Lanzhou has taken various measures to combat air pollution in recent years, having reduced its Air Pollution Index at the fastest speed across China.

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text: Industrial wastewater may contain pollutants which cannot be removed by conventional sewage treatment. Also, variable flow of industrial waste associated with production cycles may upset the population dynamics of biological treatment units, such as the activated sludge process.

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text: activated sludge process

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text: An indirect discharger is one that sends its wastewater into a city sewer system, which carries it to the municipal sewage treatment plant or publicly owned treatment works (POTW). At the POTW, harmful pollutants in domestic sewage, called conventional pollutants, are removed from the sewage and then discharged into a surface water. POTWs are not designed to treat toxic or nonconventional pollutants in industrial wastewater, although they may incidentally remove some pollutants.

text: An indirect discharger is one that sends its wastewater into a city sewer system, which carries it to the municipal sewage treatment plant or

entity_name: Publicly owned treatment works

text: publicly owned treatment works

text: (POTW). At the POTW, harmful pollutants in

entity_name: Sewage

text: domestic sewage

text: , called

entity_name: Conventional pollutant

text: conventional pollutant

text: s, are removed from the sewage and then discharged into a surface water. POTWs are not designed to treat toxic or nonconventional pollutants in industrial wastewater, although they may incidentally remove some pollutants.

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text: Phytostabilization focuses on the long term stabilization and containment of the pollutant.For example, the plant's presence can reduce wind erosion; or the plant's roots can prevent water erosion, immobilize the pollutants by adsorption or accumulation, and provide a zone around the roots where the pollutant can precipitate and stabilize. Unlike phytoextraction, phytostabilization focuses mainly on sequestering pollutants in soil near the roots but not in plant tissues. Pollutants become less bioavailable, and livestock, wildlife, and human exposure is reduced. An example application of this sort is using a vegetative cap to stabilize and contain mine tailings.

text: Phytostabilization focuses on the long term stabilization and containment of the pollutant.For example, the plant's presence can reduce wind erosion; or the plant's roots can prevent water erosion, immobilize the pollutants by adsorption or accumulation, and provide a zone around the roots where the pollutant can precipitate and stabilize. Unlike phytoextraction, phytostabilization focuses mainly on sequestering pollutants in soil near the roots but not in plant tissues. Pollutants become less bioavailable, and livestock, wildlife, and human exposure is reduced. An example application of this sort is using a vegetative cap to stabilize and contain

entity_name: Tailings

text: mine tailings

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text: Significant issues that lead to water pollution are surface water contamination by squanders and unreasonable water utilize. Water contamination is associated with human movement, such as industrial waste, municipal waste, waste from health centers, and surfaces waste from agri-production. Waste management problems are a big contributor to pollution in the country of Georgia. For instance, according to the Minister of Environment Protection of Georgia, George Kachidze, high levels of ammonia and BOD3 are reported for most of the observed rivers and concentrations of heavy metals exceed permissible levels at certain locals on particular rivers.

text: Significant issues that lead to water pollution are surface water contamination by squanders and unreasonable water utilize. Water contamination is associated with human movement, such as industrial waste, municipal waste, waste from health centers, and surfaces waste from agri-production. Waste management problems are a big contributor to pollution in the country of Georgia. For instance, according to the Minister of Environment Protection of Georgia, George Kachidze, high levels of ammonia and BOD3 are reported for most of the observed rivers and concentrations of heavy metals exceed permissible levels at certain locals on particular rivers.

method: Bert-ConvKNRM

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answers: Water contamination is associated with human movement

answers: NDQ_006385

answers: It is not

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answers: no

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answers: municipal waste

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text: S.92 – Requirements to take precautions against pollution; The Secretary of State has the power to take precautions to make regulations concerning precautionary measures in relation to any poisonous, noxious or polluting matter to prevent it from entering controlled waters. As a result of these powers the Silage, Slurry, Agricultural and Fuel Oil Regulations 1991 were enacted to aid the control and prevention of pollution e.g. through new storage systems for slurry.

text: S.92 – Requirements to take precautions against pollution; The Secretary of State has the power to take precautions to make regulations concerning precautionary measures in relation to any poisonous, noxious or polluting matter to prevent it from entering controlled waters. As a result of these powers the Silage, Slurry, Agricultural and Fuel Oil Regulations 1991 were enacted to aid the control and prevention of pollution e.g. through new storage systems for slurry.

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answers: controlled waters

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answers: It is impossible to say

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answers: S.92

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answers: Slurry

text: Throughout Russia, mostly in Siberia but also west of the Urals in European Russia, there has been significant industrial development and pollution on indigenous lands. In many cases, these industrial developments arguably result in disproportionate harm for the indigenous inhabitants, who in many cases do not benefit proportionally from industrial resource extraction and transportation projects. According to ZumBrunnen, two of the most heavily polluted regions in Russia are northeastern European Russia and the Kola Peninsula, which also lies in European Russia.

text: Throughout

entity_name: Russia

text: Russia

text: , mostly in

entity_name: Siberia

text: Siberia

text: but also west of the

entity_name: Ural Mountains

text: Urals

text: in

entity_name: European Russia

text: European Russia

text: , there has been significant industrial development and pollution on indigenous lands. In many cases, these industrial developments arguably result in disproportionate harm for the

entity_name: Lists of indigenous peoples of Russia

text: indigenous

text: inhabitants, who in many cases do not benefit proportionally from industrial resource extraction and transportation projects. According to ZumBrunnen, two of the most heavily polluted regions in Russia are northeastern European Russia and the

entity_name: Kola Peninsula

text: Kola Peninsula

text: , which also lies in European Russia.

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answers: industrial development and pollution on indigenous lands

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answers: According to ZumBrunnen

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answers: no

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text: "The French feel that the rapid and poorly distributed increase in the price of water leads to new social inequities. They find it hard to accept that the water tariff weighs essentially on urban users and that, in apartment buildings, it is included in the rent. They do not understand that agricultural production is exempt from the Polluter-pays principle and that it continues to deteriorate the quality of groundwater with impunity. They wonder about the lack of transparency that prevails in the provision of public water supply. Finally, they find it very hard to understand their water bills."

text: "The French feel that the rapid and poorly distributed increase in the price of water leads to new social inequities. They find it hard to accept that the water tariff weighs essentially on urban users and that, in apartment buildings, it is included in the rent. They do not understand that agricultural production is exempt from the

entity_name: Polluter pays principle

text: Polluter-pays principle

text: and that it continues to deteriorate the quality of groundwater with impunity. They wonder about the lack of transparency that prevails in the provision of public water supply. Finally, they find it very hard to understand their water bills."

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answers: It continues to deteriorate the quality of groundwater with impunity

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text: Located in the heavily industrialized southwestern portion of Detroit, Boynton and Oakwood Heights are densely populated yet highly polluted by industries in and around the neighborhoods.  In several articles published in July 2010, the Detroit Free Press ranked the neighborhoods of Boynton and Oakwood Heights as the most polluted ZIP code in the state of Michigan.

text: Located in the heavily industrialized southwestern portion of Detroit, Boynton and Oakwood Heights are densely populated yet highly polluted by industries in and around the neighborhoods.  In several articles published in July 2010, the

entity_name: Detroit Free Press

text: Detroit Free Press

text: ranked the neighborhoods of Boynton and Oakwood Heights as the most polluted ZIP code in the state of Michigan.

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text: Crushed shells, available as a by-product of the seafood canning industry, can be used to remove pollutants from water.  It has been found that, as long as the water is maintained at an alkaline pH, crushed shells will remove cadmium, lead and other heavy metals from contaminated waters by swapping the calcium in their constituent aragonite for the heavy metal, and retaining these pollutants in a solid form. The rock oyster (Saccostrea cucullata) has been shown to reduce the levels of copper and cadmium in contaminated waters in the Persian Gulf. The live animals acted as biofilters, selectively removing these metals, and the dead shells also had the ability to reduce their concentration.

text: Crushed shells, available as a by-product of the seafood canning industry, can be used to remove pollutants from water.  It has been found that, as long as the water is maintained at an alkaline

entity_name: PH

text: pH

text: , crushed shells will remove cadmium, lead and other heavy metals from contaminated waters by swapping the calcium in their constituent aragonite for the heavy metal, and retaining these pollutants in a solid form. The rock oyster (

entity_name: Saccostrea cucullata

text: Saccostrea cucullata

text: ) has been shown to reduce the levels of

entity_name: Copper

text: copper

text: and cadmium in contaminated waters in the Persian Gulf. The live animals acted as biofilters, selectively removing these metals, and the dead shells also had the ability to reduce their concentration.

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answers: It has been found that, as long as the water is maintained at an alkaline pH

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text: Treatment of pollution : Traditionally, the runoff has been shunted directly into

entity_name: Storm drain

text: storm sewer

text: s,

entity_name: Stream

text: stream

text: s,

entity_name: Dry well

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entity_name: Sanitary sewer

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text: retention basin

text: s,

entity_name: Infiltration basin

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text: s and

entity_name: Percolation trench

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text: es. Some newer designs include

entity_name: Bioretention

text: bioretention

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answers: no facilities to control runoff

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answers: No

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answers: bioretention systems

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text: The environmental impact of meat production varies because of the wide variety of agricultural practices employed around the world. All agricultural practices have been found to have a variety of effects on the environment. Some of the environmental effects that have been associated with meat production are pollution through fossil fuel usage, animal methane, effluent waste, and water and land consumption. Meat is obtained through a variety of methods, including organic farming, free range farming, intensive livestock production, subsistence agriculture, hunting, and fishing.

text: The environmental impact of meat production varies because of the wide variety of

entity_name: Agriculture

text: agricultural

text: practices employed around the world. All agricultural practices have been found to have

entity_name: Environmental impact of agriculture

text: a variety of effects on the environment

text: . Some of the environmental effects that have been associated with

entity_name: Meat industry

text: meat production

text: are

entity_name: Pollution

text: pollution

text: through

entity_name: Fossil fuel

text: fossil fuel

text: usage, animal methane, effluent waste, and water and land consumption. Meat is obtained through a variety of methods, including

entity_name: Organic farming

text: organic farming

entity_name: Free range

text: free range farming

entity_name: Intensive animal farming

text: intensive livestock production

entity_name: Subsistence agriculture

text: subsistence agriculture

entity_name: Hunting

text: hunting

text: , and

entity_name: Fishing

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answers: the environment

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answers: meat production

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answers: All agricultural practices have been found to have a variety of effects on the environment

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answers: It is not possible to tell

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answers: no

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answers: organic farming

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answers: effluent waste

text: Listed below are additional and specific problems that may arise with the release of pollutants from agriculture.

text: Listed below are additional and specific problems that may arise with the release of pollutants from agriculture.

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entity_name: Deforestation

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text: It is also useful as a form of agricultural and municipal water treatment. It is placed in effluent from black tiger shrimp farms to absorb and metabolize pollutants. The plants grow quickly and take up large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus from the water. The plants that grow in the wastewater can then be used as feed for animals, such as carp, Nile tilapia, and chickens.

text: It is also useful as a form of

entity_name: Agricultural wastewater treatment

text: agricultural

text: and

text: municipal water treatment

text: . It is placed in

entity_name: Effluent

text: effluent

text: from

text: black tiger shrimp

text: farms

text: to absorb and metabolize pollutants. The plants grow quickly and take up large amounts of

text: nitrogen

text: and

text: phosphorus

text: from the water. The plants that grow in the wastewater can then be used as

text: feed

text: for animals, such as

text: carp

text: Nile tilapia

text: , and

text: chicken

text: s.

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answers: It is also useful as a form of agricultural and municipal water treatment

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text: One of the main sources of water pollution in the MRSP is the slums around the Guarapiranga and Billings river basins because these neighborhoods often lack adequate sanitation services. The direct discharge of raw sewage into the waterbodies has caused eutrophication in both reservoirs as well as the Baixo Cotia, Biritiba and Ribeirão dos Cristais Rivers. In addition, defects in the wastewater treatment system have caused wastewater to overflow into the tributaries of the Guarapiranga reservoir. Defects in infrastructure for collecting and transporting sewage to the wastewater treatment plants also cause problems. The dumping of industrial effluents and pesticides from agriculture has resulted in additional pollution.

text: One of the main sources of water pollution in the MRSP is the slums around the

text: Guarapiranga

text: and Billings river basins because these neighborhoods often lack adequate sanitation services. The direct discharge of raw sewage into the waterbodies has caused

text: eutrophication

text: in both reservoirs as well as the Baixo

text: Cotia

text: Biritiba

text: and

text: Ribeirão dos Cristais

text: Rivers. In addition, defects in the wastewater treatment system have caused wastewater to overflow into the tributaries of the Guarapiranga reservoir. Defects in infrastructure for collecting and transporting sewage to the wastewater treatment plants also cause problems. The dumping of industrial effluents and pesticides from agriculture has resulted in additional pollution.

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text: The common roach mostly feeds in the deeper parts of water bodies, but can be found in any water body deeper than  and wider than , and adapts to local circumstances, although in the summer, it can be caught using surface floats and bread. It tolerates organic pollution and is one of the last species to disappear in polluted waters, but is also often the most numerous cyprinid in nutrient-poor waters. It also tolerates brackish water. The lethal temperature is around 31°C (88°F).

text: The common roach mostly feeds in the deeper parts of water bodies, but can be found in any water body deeper than  and wider than , and adapts to local circumstances, although in the summer, it can be caught using surface floats and bread. It tolerates organic pollution and is one of the last species to disappear in polluted waters, but is also often the most numerous cyprinid in nutrient-poor waters. It also tolerates brackish water. The lethal temperature is around 31°C (88°F).

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answers: Polluted waters

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answers: It tolerates organic pollution

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answers: no

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answers: The common roach

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answers: organic pollution

text: Water and benthos pollution from industrial sources has been demonstrated to have varying  effects on biological diversity and survival potential of meroplankton. One study conducted in the Vostok Bay region in Russia, demonstrated that even in the presence of industrial pollutants, most species of meroplankton were able to proliferate almost unaffected. The authors of this study attribute these findings to the fact that meroplankton are transported by ocean currents generally from cleaner open waters inshore. Furthermore, the same study also concluded that even in heavily polluted areas, meroplankton populations were able to reestablish if pollution was brought under control and sufficient time was allowed to pass. However, the rate of recolonization was demonstrated to be notably slow, on average talking about 10 years before the abundance and diversity of meroplankton returned to its original levels. This is in part due to the slow nature of detoxification of benthic sediments, which retain much of the heavy metal pollution

text: Water and benthos pollution from industrial sources has been demonstrated to have varying  effects on biological diversity and survival potential of meroplankton. One study conducted in the

text: Vostok Bay

text: region in

text: Russia

text: , demonstrated that even in the presence of industrial pollutants, most species of meroplankton were able to proliferate almost unaffected. The authors of this study attribute these findings to the fact that meroplankton are transported by ocean currents generally from cleaner open waters inshore. Furthermore, the same study also concluded that even in heavily polluted areas, meroplankton populations were able to reestablish if pollution was brought under control and sufficient time was allowed to pass. However, the rate of recolonization was demonstrated to be notably slow, on average talking about 10 years before the abundance and diversity of meroplankton returned to its original levels. This is in part due to the slow nature of detoxification of benthic

text: sediment

text: s, which retain much of the heavy metal

text: pollution

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answers: It does not say

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answers: no

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answers: Water and benthos

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answers: industrial pollutants

text: The Sava River polluted with domestic and industrial waste; pollution of coastal waters with heavy metals and toxic chemicals; forest damage near Koper from air pollution (originating at metallurgical and chemical plants) and resulting acid rain.

text: The

text: Sava River

text: polluted with domestic and industrial waste; pollution of coastal waters with heavy metals and toxic chemicals; forest damage near

text: Koper

text: from air pollution (originating at metallurgical and chemical plants) and resulting

text: acid rain

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answers: domestic and industrial waste

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answers: developed nations

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answers: no

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answers: acid rain

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answers: heavy metals

text: Agriculture is the largest consumer of water in Egypt using about 85% of available water.Drainage water from the agricultural fields contains pollutants such as pesticide residues, toxic organic and inorganic pollutants, salts and treated and untreated domestic wastewater.  In the East - Delta drains - Faraskour, Serw and Hadous, samples of the water contained high levels of hookworms and other intestinal helminth eggs.In villages where the only available water is from irrigation canals, women use the water for domestic purposes and also dump the used water back into the drainages.In some areas, low water levels do not reach the waterways, so farmers build illegal waterwheels to get the water up the canals to irrigate their land.  Lack of drainage canals and the enforcement by officials to address these problems contribute to pollution of land and water. Villagers drinking polluted water have been affected with kidney and liver diseases.Animal manure, dredged sediments from drains and sludge for fertilizer are leached and the contaminants are a major source of pollution.  Agricultural drainage water reuse is used by farmers legally and illegally.  Improper irrigation and lack of education on effective irrigation methods and crop production contributes to crop failure and polluting of canals.  In areas where there is no formal operational structure for pumping water of individual diesel pumps, the tail-end users usually are not getting enough water to maintain crops.

text: Agriculture

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text: There are two main pollutants of water in Pristina: collective pollutants and industrial pollutants. Collective pollutants are households and individuals that throw waste in water and have common canalization system. Industrial pollutants are the largest industrial pollutants, such as agriculture, chemicals, and ironmongery pollutants. There are 6 individual pollutants in Prishtevka River, and 1 collective pollutant. There are 15 collective pollutants in Llapi River, and 7 individual pollutants. Sitnica River has 24 collective pollutants and 7 individual pollutants, and Gracanka River has 3 collective pollutants, and 1 individual pollutant. The table below shows the individualpollutants in Pristina and their landfills.

text: There are two main pollutants of water in Pristina: collective pollutants and industrial pollutants. Collective pollutants are households and individuals that throw waste in water and have common canalization system. Industrial pollutants are the largest industrial pollutants, such as agriculture, chemicals, and ironmongery pollutants. There are 6 individual pollutants in Prishtevka River, and 1 collective pollutant. There are 15 collective pollutants in Llapi River, and 7 individual pollutants. Sitnica River has 24 collective pollutants and 7 individual pollutants, and Gracanka River has 3 collective pollutants, and 1 individual pollutant. The table below shows the individualpollutants in Pristina and their landfills.

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text: Due to its competition for resources and pressure to shift to industrial systems that will meet urban demand, inappropriate or excessive use of agricultural inputs including pesticides, nitrogen, phosphorus, and raw organic matter containing undesirable residues such as heavy metals, is a concern.The nature of the environment nearby to urban areas can be hazardous to agricultural production. There are physical, chemical, and fungal threats in the form of roadway exhaust and debris, dense urban populations, water and soil pollution by organic pollutants, industrial chemicals, heavy metals, and antibiotics, and fungal and secondary metabolites.

text: Due to its competition for resources and pressure to shift to industrial systems that will meet urban demand, inappropriate or excessive use of agricultural inputs including

text: pesticides

text: nitrogen

text: phosphorus

text: , and raw organic matter containing undesirable residues such as heavy metals, is a concern.The nature of the environment nearby to urban areas can be hazardous to agricultural production. There are physical, chemical, and

text: fungal

text: threats in the form of roadway exhaust and debris, dense urban populations, water and soil pollution by organic pollutants, industrial chemicals, heavy metals, and

text: antibiotics

text: , and fungal and secondary metabolites.

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text: Phosphates enter the water ways through both non-point sources and point sources. Non-point source (NPS) pollution refers to water pollution from diffuse sources. Nonpoint source pollution can be contrasted with point source pollution, where discharges occur to a body of water at a single location. The non-point sources of phosphates include: natural decomposition of rocks and minerals, storm water runoff, agricultural runoff, erosion and sedimentation, atmospheric deposition, and direct input by animals/wildlife; whereas: point sources may include: waste water treatment plants and permitted industrial discharges. In general, the non-point source pollution typically is significantly higher than the point sources of pollution. Therefore, the key to sound management is to limit the input from both point and non-point sources of phosphate. High concentration of phosphate in water bodies is an indication of pollution and largely responsible for eutrophication.

text: Phosphates enter the water ways through both non-point sources and point sources. Non-point source (NPS) pollution refers to water pollution from diffuse sources. Nonpoint source pollution can be contrasted with point source pollution, where discharges occur to a body of water at a single location. The non-point sources of phosphates include: natural decomposition of rocks and minerals, storm water runoff, agricultural runoff, erosion and sedimentation, atmospheric deposition, and direct input by animals/wildlife; whereas: point sources may include: waste water treatment plants and permitted industrial discharges. In general, the non-point source pollution typically is significantly higher than the point sources of pollution. Therefore, the key to sound management is to limit the input from both point and non-point sources of phosphate. High concentration of phosphate in water bodies is an indication of pollution and largely responsible for

text: eutrophication

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answers: Point sources may include: waste water treatment plants and permitted industrial discharges

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answers: It does not say

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answers: point sources

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answers: agricultural runoff

text: Levels of industrial pollution vary significantly throughout the basin. In 2007, significant sources of industrial pollution were identified in Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia. Levels of lead, cadmium and arsenic measured in the Sava River at Zagreb in 2003 did not exceed permitted concentrations, but measured levels of mercury exceeded permitted levels in four out of 216 samples. Levels of heavy metals, specifically zinc, copper, lead and cadmium, measured in sediments in the Sava River near Belgrade were assessed as representing little to no risk, and the conclusion drawn was that in order to "reduce the existing bacterial contamination of the Sava River it is necessary to control faecal discharge near cities like Belgrade."  The two countries (Croatia and Montenegro) with greatest direct access to the Adriatic showed by far the least polluted basin surface waters, although other factors, such as demography, agricultural/environmental development and, especially, investment (internal and external), play a role.

text: Levels of industrial pollution vary significantly throughout the basin. In 2007, significant sources of industrial pollution were identified in Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia. Levels of lead, cadmium and arsenic measured in the Sava River at Zagreb in 2003 did not exceed permitted concentrations, but measured levels of

text: mercury

text: exceeded permitted levels in four out of 216 samples. Levels of

text: heavy metals

text: , specifically zinc, copper, lead and cadmium, measured in sediments in the Sava River near Belgrade were assessed as representing little to no risk, and the conclusion drawn was that in order to "reduce the existing bacterial contamination of the Sava River it is necessary to control faecal discharge near cities like Belgrade."  The two countries (Croatia and Montenegro) with greatest direct access to the Adriatic showed by far the least polluted basin surface waters, although other factors, such as demography, agricultural/environmental development and, especially, investment (internal and external), play a role.

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answers: faecal

text: The Yongding Reservoir is heavily polluted by industrial wastewater, despite efforts at reducing the pollution load undertaken since the 1980s. However, these efforts were dwarfed by new industrial plants, by lax enforcement and by the construction of dams further upstream so that less water was available for dilution. During the 1980s, the Guanting Reservoir was heavily polluted by the development of hotels without wastewater treatment on the shores of the reservoir, by aquaculture in the reservoir, as well as by iron ore mining in its basin. All these activities were shut down in the 1990s and 2000s to protect water quality in the reservoir. There have been substantial efforts to improve the water quality in the reservoir prior to the 2008 Olympics. There is little information on groundwater pollution, but some drinking water wells had to be shut down for "safety reasons".

text: The Yongding Reservoir is heavily polluted by industrial wastewater, despite efforts at reducing the pollution load undertaken since the 1980s. However, these efforts were dwarfed by new industrial plants, by lax enforcement and by the construction of dams further upstream so that less water was available for dilution. During the 1980s, the Guanting Reservoir was heavily polluted by the development of hotels without wastewater treatment on the shores of the reservoir, by aquaculture in the reservoir, as well as by iron ore mining in its basin. All these activities were shut down in the 1990s and 2000s to protect water quality in the reservoir. There have been substantial efforts to improve the water quality in the reservoir prior to the

text: 2008 Olympics

text: . There is little information on groundwater pollution, but some drinking water wells had to be shut down for "safety reasons".

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answers: There is little information on groundwater pollution

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answers: little information on groundwater pollution

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answers: no

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answers: aquaculture

text: The show took place on or around the fictional Coral Island, and revolved around a group of island-dwelling people called Suntots and a trio of polluting treasure hunters called the Smoggies. The Suntots spent much of their time defending their island paradise from the Smoggies, who polluted everything around them and lived on a coal fired steam ship, the SS Stinky Poo, which polluted the water and air around the island. The Smoggies constantly tried to destroy the Suntots' home for their own benefits.

text: The show took place on or around the fictional Coral Island, and revolved around a group of island-dwelling people called Suntots and a trio of polluting treasure hunters called the Smoggies. The Suntots spent much of their time defending their island paradise from the Smoggies, who polluted everything around them and lived on a coal fired steam ship, the SS Stinky Poo, which polluted the water and air around the island. The Smoggies constantly tried to destroy the Suntots' home for their own benefits.

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answers: It's impossible to say

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answers: no

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answers: Coral Island

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answers: coal

text: Water pollution is a major environmental issue in India. The largest source of water pollution in India is untreatedsewage. Other sources of pollution include agricultural runoff and unregulated small scale industry. Most rivers, lakes and surface water in India are polluted.

text: Water pollution

text: is a major environmental issue in India. The largest source of water pollution in India is untreated

text: sewage

text: . Other sources of pollution include

text: agricultural runoff

text: and unregulated small scale industry. Most rivers, lakes and surface water in India are polluted.

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text: There are five primary stakeholders involved in NPS water pollution regulation: government agencies, environmental advocacy groups, potentially regulated entities, and the public. Government stakeholders are government agencies responsible for regulating NPS pollution. In addition to scientific results, agencies are concerned with how new regulations may influence their funding.  Environmental advocacy stakeholders are organizations that aim to solve environmental problems, such as the Natural Resources Defense Council.  These groups focus on the involvement of concerned citizens. The potentially regulated entities are the industries that will be regulated under new regulation. The public is a key stackholder group, and various measures have been taken to engage the public on NPS water pollution, including the publication of citizen handbooks on NPS water pollution and online information.  Environmental regulations for nonpoint sources must be expressed in directives that are specifically understandable by the regulatory target and enforceable by subsequent government intervention. The legal section above noted a number of policy options that have been used for regulating NPS water pollution. Some of the options include: volunteerism, command and control regulations, incentive based instruments, design standards, emissions limits, product bans, trading systems, subsidies, liability rules, and other options.

text: There are five primary stakeholders involved in NPS water pollution regulation: government agencies, environmental

text: advocacy group

text: s, potentially regulated entities, and the public. Government stakeholders are government agencies responsible for regulating NPS pollution. In addition to scientific results, agencies are concerned with how new regulations may influence their funding.  Environmental advocacy stakeholders are organizations that aim to solve environmental problems, such as the

text: Natural Resources Defense Council

text: .  These groups focus on the involvement of concerned citizens. The potentially regulated entities are the industries that will be regulated under new regulation. The public is a key stackholder group, and various measures have been taken to engage the public on NPS water pollution, including the publication of citizen handbooks on NPS water pollution and online information.  Environmental regulations for nonpoint sources must be expressed in directives that are specifically understandable by the regulatory target and enforceable by subsequent government intervention. The legal section above noted a number of policy options that have been used for regulating NPS water pollution. Some of the options include: volunteerism,

text: command and control regulation

text: s, incentive based instruments, design standards, emissions limits, product bans, trading systems, subsidies, liability rules, and other options.

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text: Contaminated stormwater washed off parking lots, roads and highways, and lawns (often containing fertilizers and pesticides) is called urban runoff. This runoff is often classified as a type of NPS pollution. Some people may also consider it a point source because many times it is channeled into municipal storm drain systems and discharged through pipes to nearby surface waters. However, not all urban runoff flows through storm drain systems before entering water bodies. Some may flow directly into water bodies, especially in developing and suburban areas. Also, unlike other types of point sources, such as industrial discharges, sewage treatment plants and other operations, pollution in urban runoff cannot be attributed to one activity or even group of activities. Therefore, because it is not caused by an easily identified and regulated activity, urban runoff pollution sources are also often treated as true non-point sources as municipalities work to abate them.

text: Contaminated stormwater washed off parking lots, roads and highways, and lawns (often containing

text: fertilizer

text: s and

text: pesticide

text: s) is called

text: urban runoff

text: . This runoff is often classified as a type of NPS pollution. Some people may also consider it a point source because many times it is channeled into municipal storm drain systems and discharged through pipes to nearby

text: surface water

text: s. However, not all urban runoff flows through

text: storm drain

text: systems before entering water bodies. Some may flow directly into water bodies, especially in developing and suburban areas. Also, unlike other types of point sources, such as industrial discharges,

text: sewage treatment

text: plants and other operations, pollution in urban runoff cannot be attributed to one activity or even group of activities. Therefore, because it is not caused by an easily identified and regulated activity, urban runoff pollution sources are also often treated as true non-point sources as municipalities work to abate them.

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answers: Some may flow directly into water bodies

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text: The intended beneficial uses of these water resources include flood control, aids to navigation, irrigation, supplemental water supply, power generation, municipal and industrial water supplies, stream-pollution abatement, sediment control, preservation and enhancement of fish and wildlife, and creation of recreation opportunities.

text: The intended beneficial uses of these water resources include

text: flood control

text: , aids to navigation,

text: irrigation

text: , supplemental

text: water supply

text: power generation

text: , municipal and industrial water supplies,

text: stream-pollution

text: abatement,

text: sediment control

text: preservation

text: and enhancement of

text: fish

text: and

text: wildlife

text: , and creation of recreation opportunities.

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answers: It's impossible to say

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answers: no

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answers: recreation opportunities

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answers: irrigation

text: The danger of pollution of municipal supplies is minimized by locating wells in areas of deep groundwater and impermeable soils, and careful testing and monitoring of the aquifer and nearby potential pollution sources.

text: The danger of pollution of municipal supplies is minimized by locating wells in areas of deep groundwater and impermeable soils, and careful testing and monitoring of the aquifer and nearby potential pollution sources.

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answers: It's impossible to say

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answers: no

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answers: fertilizer

text: Motor vehicle emissions are one of the leading causes of air pollution. China, United States, Russia, India Mexico, and Japan are the world leaders in air pollution emissions. Principal stationary pollution sources include chemical plants, coal-fired power plants, oil refineries, petrochemical plants, nuclear waste disposal activity, incinerators, large livestock farms (dairy cows, pigs, poultry, etc.), PVC factories, metals production factories, plastics factories, and other heavy industry. Agricultural air pollution comes from contemporary practices which include clear felling and burning of natural vegetation as well as spraying of pesticides and herbicides

text: Motor vehicle emissions

text: are one of the leading causes of air pollution.

text: China

text: United States

text: Russia

text: India

text: Mexico

text: , and

text: Japan

text: are the world leaders in air pollution emissions. Principal stationary pollution sources include

text: chemical plant

text: s, coal-fired

text: power plants

text: oil refineries

text: petrochemical

text: plants,

text: nuclear waste

text: disposal activity, incinerators, large livestock farms (dairy cows, pigs, poultry, etc.),

text: PVC

text: factories, metals production factories, plastics factories, and other

text: heavy industry

text: . Agricultural air pollution comes from contemporary practices which include clear felling and burning of natural vegetation as well as spraying of pesticides and herbicides

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answers: Motor vehicle emissions are one of the leading causes of air pollution

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answers: Air pollution

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answers: Nuclear waste disposal activity

answers: NDQ_006389

answers: large livestock farms

answers: NDQ_006390

answers: clear felling and burning

text: Organic contaminants like pesticides are common in agricultural areas, and other contaminants like organic solvents in paints and glues are common in urban areas. These hazards are carcinogens (cancer-causing substances) and often impair critical bodily functions (e.g. breathing) over time. Local groundwater and topsoil become polluted, and geomelting is one way regularly treat these resources. The melting process destroys organic compounds because no organic materials are able to survive the high temperatures of the melt process.

text: Organic contaminants like

text: pesticides

text: are common in agricultural areas, and other contaminants like organic

text: solvents

text: in paints and glues are common in urban areas. These hazards are

text: carcinogen

text: s (cancer-causing substances) and often impair critical bodily functions (e.g. breathing) over time. Local

text: groundwater

text: and

text: topsoil

text: become polluted, and geomelting is one way regularly treat these resources. The melting process destroys organic compounds because no organic materials are able to survive the high temperatures of the melt process.

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answers: It's impossible to say

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answers: no

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answers: geomelting

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answers: pesticides

text: Israel is one on the world’s most densely populated countries, with most people living in the center and on the Mediterranean Coast. Israel’s total population is approximately 8,174,527, with an annual growth rate of 1.53%. Some authors suggest this rapid population growth is a product of pro-natal/immigration policies pursued by the Israel government throughout its formative years. However, with little room to expand this rate of growth is putting unsustainable pressure on the environment in the form of increased consumption, transportation, destruction of natural spaces and waste production. On the Coastal Plain, rapid urbanization, pollution, the introduction of predatory weeds and habitat fragmentation have damaged or destroyed many natural spaces. Reduction in public beach space, and pollution along the coastlines of the Mediterranean and Red Sea have forced the Israeli government to pursue varied cleanup and inspection programs, including being party to the Mediterranean Action Plan. Additionally, air pollution has been exacerbated by population growth. Despite reductions in per-capita emissions from the transportation and industrial sectors, population growth has led to an overall increase in air pollution. According to a report by the Israeli Ministry of Environmental Protection, the pressure exerted by Israel’s growing population needs to be reduced in order to prevent the loss of open spaces and ecological corridors near and between surface water bodies.

text: Israel is one on the world’s most densely populated countries, with most people living in the center and on the Mediterranean Coast. Israel’s total population is approximately 8,174,527, with an annual growth rate of 1.53%. Some authors suggest this rapid population growth is a product of pro-natal/immigration policies pursued by the Israel government throughout its formative years. However, with little room to expand this rate of growth is putting unsustainable pressure on the environment in the form of increased consumption, transportation, destruction of natural spaces and waste production. On the Coastal Plain, rapid urbanization, pollution, the introduction of predatory weeds and habitat fragmentation have damaged or destroyed many natural spaces. Reduction in public beach space, and pollution along the coastlines of the Mediterranean and Red Sea have forced the Israeli government to pursue varied cleanup and inspection programs, including being party to the

text: Mediterranean Action Plan

text: . Additionally, air pollution has been exacerbated by population growth. Despite reductions in per-capita emissions from the transportation and industrial sectors, population growth has led to an overall increase in air pollution. According to a report by the Israeli Ministry of Environmental Protection, the pressure exerted by Israel’s growing population needs to be reduced in order to prevent the loss of open spaces and ecological corridors near and between surface water bodies.

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answers: many natural spaces

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answers: population growth

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answers: raw sewage is dumped into the same water where people drink and bathe

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answers: It does not say

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answers: no

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answers: waste production

text: Calculations of tidal prism are useful in determining the residence time of water (and pollutants) in an estuary.If it is known how much water is exported compared to how much of the estuarine water remains, it can be determined how long pollutants reside in that estuary.  If the tidal prism forms a large proportion of the water in an estuary at high tide, then when the tide ebbs, it will take with it the majority of the water (this occurs in shallow estuaries) and any pollutants or sediments suspended in that water.  This means that the estuary has a good flushing time, or that the residence time of water in that estuary is low.  On the contrary, in deeper estuaries, the amount of water that is influenced by the tides forms a smaller proportion of the total water.  The difference between high tide and low tide is not as great as in shallower estuaries creating a smaller tidal prism and a longer residence time.

text: Calculations of tidal prism are useful in determining the residence time of water (and

text: pollutant

text: s) in an estuary.If it is known how much

text: water

text: is exported compared to how much of the estuarine water remains, it can be determined how long pollutants reside in that estuary.  If the tidal prism forms a large proportion of the water in an estuary at high tide, then when the tide ebbs, it will take with it the majority of the water (this occurs in shallow estuaries) and any pollutants or

text: sediment

text: s suspended in that water.  This means that the estuary has a good flushing time, or that the residence time of water in that estuary is low.  On the contrary, in deeper estuaries, the amount of water that is influenced by the tides forms a smaller proportion of the total water.  The difference between high tide and low tide is not as great as in shallower estuaries creating a smaller tidal prism and a longer residence time.

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answers: It can be determined how long pollutants reside in that estuary

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answers: It is not as great

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answers: It is not possible to tell

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answers: tidal

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answers: water

text: The Water Quality Act of 1965 had a major impact on controlling water pollution in the Connecticut River and its tributaries.

text: The

text: Water Quality Act

text: of 1965 had a major impact on controlling

text: water pollution

text: in the Connecticut River and its tributaries.

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answers: Water Quality Act

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answers: water pollution

text: The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program addresses water pollution by regulating point sources that discharge pollutants to waters of the United States. Created in 1972 by the Clean Water Act, the NPDES permit program is authorized to state governments by EPA to perform many permitting, administrative, and enforcement aspects of the program.

text: The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program addresses water pollution by regulating point sources that discharge pollutants to waters of the United States. Created in 1972 by the Clean Water Act, the NPDES permit program is authorized to state governments by EPA to perform many permitting, administrative, and enforcement aspects of the program.

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answers: waters

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answers: NPDES permit program addresses water pollution

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answers: It does not say

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answers: no

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text: States have primary responsibility for implementing NPS water pollution regulations. Both the CZMA and the CWA direct the states to draft and implement NPS plans, and the federal government plays a limited role. As noted in the previous section on federal regulations, the CWA and CZMA provide financing for states to implement NPS programs, and those NPS programs have taken a variety of forms.  The majority of state plans rely on education and technical assistance, including the development of best management practices, to reduce NPS water pollution. Local governments also have an important role to play in NPS regulation. Local municipality, water conservation districts and other entities with land management responsibility provide planning, zoning, and technical and informational assistance to control NPS pollution. While the approaches states and local governments have taken to regulating NPS water pollution are perhaps too numerous to count, a survey of a few state approaches can provide insight on common NPS implementation plans.

text: States have primary responsibility for implementing NPS water pollution regulations. Both the CZMA and the CWA direct the states to draft and implement NPS plans, and the federal government plays a limited role. As noted in the previous section on federal regulations, the CWA and CZMA provide financing for states to implement NPS programs, and those NPS programs have taken a variety of forms.  The majority of state plans rely on education and technical assistance, including the development of best management practices, to reduce NPS water pollution. Local governments also have an important role to play in NPS regulation. Local municipality, water conservation districts and other entities with land management responsibility provide planning, zoning, and technical and informational assistance to control NPS pollution. While the approaches states and local governments have taken to regulating NPS water pollution are perhaps too numerous to count, a survey of a few state approaches can provide insight on common NPS implementation plans.

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answers: No

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text: Domestic activities, industry and agriculture cause water pollution in Sri Lanka.

text: Domestic activities,

text: industry

text: and agriculture cause water pollution in Sri Lanka.

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text: Fish Legal fights cases on behalf of its members against perpetrators of the following: all types of water Pollution, including sewage pollution (as in the case of Llyn Padarn involving pollution by Welsh Water), agricultural pollution and chemical pollution, over-abstraction, poaching,unlawful navigation, barriers to fish, such as weirs and hydropower schemes designed with inappropriate concern of anglers or fish welfare as in the case referenced here, where Fish legal were acting on behalf of the Pride of Derby & Derbyshire Angling Association to preserve fishing rights of the local weir from impoundment by developers.

text: Fish Legal fights cases on behalf of its members against perpetrators of the following: all types of water

text: Pollution

text: , including sewage pollution (as in the case of

text: Llyn Padarn

text: involving pollution by

text: Welsh Water

text: ), agricultural pollution and chemical pollution, over-abstraction,

text: poaching

text: ,unlawful

text: navigation

text: , barriers to fish, such as weirs and hydropower schemes designed with inappropriate concern of anglers or fish welfare as in the case referenced here, where Fish legal were acting on behalf of the Pride of Derby & Derbyshire Angling Association to preserve fishing rights of the local weir from impoundment by developers.

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text: Thailand's Pollution Control Department reports divide the country into five main geographical regions: north, northeast, central, south, and east. Thailand has a total of 25 river basins in the country and Thailand's annual rainfall is around 1,700 mm. Despite the annual southwest monsoon, Thailand is subject to drought, particularly the northeastern region. As of 2002, Thailand had less water available per person than any other country in Asia, and nearly one-third of its water was "unsuitable for human consumption." Non-potable water was a result of increasing untreated domestic sewage, industrial waste water, and solid hazardous wastes. This is a critical environmental problem for Thailand. Like air pollution, water pollution is most serious in the populous central region, with high levels of industrial and domestic waste water.

text: Thailand's Pollution Control Department reports divide the country into five main geographical

text: regions

text: north

text: northeast

text: central

text: south

text: , and

text: east

text: . Thailand has a total of 25 river basins in the country and Thailand's annual rainfall is around 1,700 mm. Despite the annual southwest

text: monsoon

text: Thailand

text: is subject to drought, particularly the northeastern region. As of 2002, Thailand had less water available per person than any other country in Asia, and nearly one-third of its water was "unsuitable for human consumption." Non-potable water was a result of increasing untreated domestic sewage, industrial waste water, and solid hazardous wastes. This is a critical environmental problem for Thailand. Like air pollution, water pollution is most serious in the populous central region, with high levels of industrial and domestic waste water.

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text: Within the current regulatory framework, Pollution Prevention and Control (PPC) is a regime for controlling pollution from certain industrial activities. The regime introduces the concept of Best Available Techniques ("BAT") to environmental regulations. Operators must use the BAT to control pollution from their industrial activities to prevent, and where that is not practicable, to reduce to acceptable levels, pollution to air, land and water from industrial activities. The Best Available Techniques also aim to balance the cost to the operator against benefits to the environment.The system of Pollution Prevention and Control is replacing that of Integrated Pollution Control (IPC) (which was established by the Environmental Protection Act 1990) and is taking effect between 2000 and 2007. The Pollution Prevention and Control regime implements the European Directive (EC/96/61) on integrated pollution prevention and control.

text: Within the current regulatory framework, Pollution Prevention and Control (PPC) is a regime for controlling pollution from certain industrial activities. The regime introduces the concept of

text: Best Available Techniques

text: ("BAT") to environmental regulations. Operators must use the BAT to control pollution from their industrial activities to prevent, and where that is not practicable, to reduce to acceptable levels, pollution to air, land and water from industrial activities. The Best Available Techniques also aim to balance the cost to the operator against benefits to the environment.The system of Pollution Prevention and Control is replacing that of Integrated Pollution Control (IPC) (which was established by the Environmental Protection Act 1990) and is taking effect between 2000 and 2007. The Pollution Prevention and Control regime implements the European Directive (EC/96/61) on integrated pollution prevention and control.

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text: Until recently the river was heavily polluted, and in 1969 even caught fire.  The passage of the Clean Water Act in 1972 made it unlawful to discharge any pollution from a point source into navigable waters and the EPA's National Pollution Discharge Elimination Program was created to regulate these discharges.  In 1986, a non-profit organization of concerned citizens called Friends of the Rouge was formed and began organizing an annual cleanup called Rouge Rescue to raise awareness about the need to clean up the Rouge. In 1987, the entire watershed was designated a Great Lakes Area of Concern under the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement and nine Beneficial Use Impairments were identified. In 1992, a massive project called the Rouge River National Wet Weather Demonstration Project was implemented  and further cleanup measures are ongoing. The Alliance of Rouge Communities is an organization of governmental and non-governmental entities created in 2006 to manage the watershed.

text: Until recently the river was heavily polluted, and in 1969 even caught fire.  The passage of the

text: Clean Water Act

text: in 1972 made it unlawful to discharge any pollution from a point source into navigable waters and the EPA's National Pollution Discharge Elimination Program was created to regulate these discharges.  In 1986, a non-profit organization of concerned citizens called Friends of the Rouge was formed and began organizing an annual cleanup called Rouge Rescue to raise awareness about the need to clean up the Rouge. In 1987, the entire watershed was designated a Great Lakes Area of Concern under the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement and nine Beneficial Use Impairments were identified. In 1992, a massive project called the Rouge River National Wet Weather Demonstration Project was implemented  and further cleanup measures are ongoing. The

text: Alliance of Rouge Communities

text: is an organization of governmental and non-governmental entities created in 2006 to manage the watershed.

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text: Calico main textile unit was the only textile plant in Ahmedabad to be fuelled by natural gas, with virtually no smoke and no air pollution. To minimize water pollution, Calico had its own primary effluent processing plant, which ensured that no waste was thrown directly into municipal sewers.

text: Calico main textile unit was the only textile plant in Ahmedabad to be fuelled by natural gas, with virtually no smoke and no air pollution. To minimize water pollution, Calico had its own primary effluent processing plant, which ensured that no waste was thrown directly into municipal sewers.

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answers: no

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answers: primary effluent

text: There are a variety of water quality parameters that may be affected by point source water pollution. They include: dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), temperature, pH, turbidity, phosphorus, nitrates, total suspended solids, conductivity, alkalinity, and fecal coliform. Given that much of the point source water pollution in the United States comes from municipal wastewater treatment plants, BOD is perhaps the most widely used metric to assess water quality.

text: There are a variety of

text: water quality

text: parameters that may be affected by point source water pollution. They include:

text: dissolved oxygen

text: and

text: biochemical oxygen demand

text: (BOD), temperature,

text: pH

text: turbidity

text: phosphorus

text: nitrate

text: s,

text: total suspended solids

text: conductivity

text: alkalinity

text: , and

text: fecal coliform

text: . Given that much of the point source water pollution in the United States comes from municipal wastewater treatment plants, BOD is perhaps the most widely used metric to assess water quality.

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text: Trucks contribute to air, noise, and water pollution similarly to automobiles. Trucks may emit lower air pollution emissions than cars per equivalent vehicle mass, although the absolute level per vehicle distance traveled is higher, and diesel particulate matter is especially problematic for health. EPA measures pollution from trucks. With respect to noise pollution, trucks emit considerably higher sound levels at all speeds compared to typical cars; this contrast is particularly strong with heavy-duty trucks. There are several aspects of truck operations that contribute to the overall sound that is emitted. Continuous sounds are those from tires rolling on the roadway, and the constant hum of their diesel engines at highway speeds. Less frequent noises, but perhaps more noticeable, are things like the repeated sharp-pitched whistle of a turbocharger on acceleration, or the abrupt blare of an exhaust brake retarder when traversing a downgrade. There has been noise regulation put in place to help control where and when the use of engine braking retarders are allowed.

text: Trucks contribute to air, noise, and

text: water pollution

text: similarly to

text: automobile

text: s. Trucks may emit lower

text: air pollution

text: emissions than cars per equivalent vehicle mass, although the absolute level per vehicle distance traveled is higher, and

text: diesel particulate matter

text: is especially problematic for health. EPA measures pollution from trucks. With respect to

text: noise pollution

text: , trucks emit considerably higher sound levels at all speeds compared to typical cars; this contrast is particularly strong with heavy-duty trucks. There are several aspects of truck operations that contribute to the overall sound that is emitted. Continuous sounds are those from

text: tire

text: s rolling on the roadway, and the constant hum of their diesel engines at highway speeds. Less frequent noises, but perhaps more noticeable, are things like the repeated sharp-pitched whistle of a

text: turbocharger

text: on acceleration, or the abrupt blare of an

text: exhaust brake

text: retarder

text: when traversing a downgrade. There has been

text: noise regulation

text: put in place to help control where and when the use of

text: engine braking

text: retarders are allowed.

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answers: Trucks contribute to air, noise, and water pollution

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text: Regulatory regimes may also use definitions to reflect policy decisions, excluding certain classes of materials from the definition of water pollution that would otherwise be considered to constitute water pollution. For example, the U.S. Clean Water Act definition quoted above later excludes sewage discharged from vessels (further information at Regulation of ship pollution in the United States) - meaning that a common and important class of water pollution is, by definition, not considered a pollutant for purposes of the United States' primary water quality law.

text: Regulatory regimes may also use definitions to reflect policy decisions, excluding certain classes of materials from the definition of water pollution that would otherwise be considered to constitute water pollution. For example, the U.S. Clean Water Act definition quoted above later excludes sewage discharged from vessels (further information at

entity_name: Regulation of ship pollution in the United States

text: Regulation of ship pollution in the United States

text: ) - meaning that a common and important class of

text: water pollution

text: is, by definition, not considered a pollutant for purposes of the United States' primary water quality law.

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answers: No

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text: Nonpoint source pollution from farms is caused by surface runoff from fields during rain storms.  Agricultural runoff is a major source of pollution, in some cases the only source, in many watersheds.

text: Nonpoint source pollution

text: from farms is caused by

text: surface runoff

text: from fields during rain storms.  Agricultural runoff is a major source of

text: pollution

text: , in some cases the only source, in many

text: watersheds

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answers: Agricultural runoff

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answers: no

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answers: No

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answers: Nonpoint source pollution

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answers: surface runoff

text: The Federal Water Pollution Control Act, or Clean Water Act (CWA), is the principal U.S. law concerned with limiting polluting activity in the nation’s streams, lakes, estuaries, and coastal waters. The act’s primary mechanism for controlling pollutant discharges is the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program, authorized in Section 402. In accordance with the NPDES program, pollutant discharges from point sources — a term that includes vessels — are prohibited unless a permit has been obtained. While sewage is defined as a pollutant under the act, sewage from vessels is exempt from this statutory definition and is therefore exempt from the requirement to obtain an NPDES permit. Further, EPA regulations implementing the NPDES permit program provide that “discharges incidental to the normal operation of vessels” are excluded from regulation and thus from permit requirements. However, a 2006 federal court ruling could result in changes to these regulations that would remove the current permitting exemption (see discussion of "Ballast water").

text: The Federal Water Pollution Control Act, or

text: Clean Water Act

text: (CWA), is the principal U.S. law concerned with limiting polluting activity in the nation’s

text: stream

text: s,

text: lake

text: s,

text: estuaries

text: , and

text: coastal waters

text: . The act’s primary mechanism for controlling pollutant discharges is the

entity_section: National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

text: National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

text: (NPDES) program, authorized in Section 402. In accordance with the NPDES program, pollutant discharges from

text: point sources

text: — a term that includes vessels — are prohibited unless a permit has been obtained. While

text: sewage

text: is defined as a pollutant under the act, sewage from vessels is exempt from this statutory definition and is therefore exempt from the requirement to obtain an NPDES permit. Further, EPA regulations implementing the NPDES permit program provide that “discharges incidental to the normal operation of vessels” are excluded from regulation and thus from permit requirements. However, a 2006 federal court ruling could result in changes to these regulations that would remove the current permitting exemption (see discussion of "

text: Ballast water

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answers: coastal waters

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answers: point sources

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answers: The Federal Water Pollution Control Act, or Clean Water Act

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answers: It does not say

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answers: no

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answers: sewage from vessels

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answers: sewage

text: Where a defendant is acting wrongfully, but ceases to engage in such conduct once a litigation has been threatened or commenced, the court will still not deem this correction to moot the case. Obviously, a party could stop acting improperly just long enough for the case to be dismissed and then resume the improper conduct. For example, in Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc., , the Supreme Court held that an industrial polluter, against whom various deterrent civil penalties were being pursued, could not claim that the case was moot, even though the polluter had ceased polluting and had closed the factory responsible for the pollution. The court noted that so long as the polluter still retained its license to operate such a factory, it could open similar operations elsewhere if not deterred by the penalties sought.

text: Where a defendant is acting wrongfully, but ceases to engage in such conduct once a

text: litigation

text: has been threatened or commenced, the court will still not deem this correction to moot the case. Obviously, a party could stop acting improperly just long enough for the case to be dismissed and then resume the improper conduct. For example, in

entity_name: Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.

text: Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.

text: , , the Supreme Court held that an industrial polluter, against whom various deterrent civil penalties were being pursued, could not claim that the case was moot, even though the polluter had ceased polluting and had closed the factory responsible for the pollution. The court noted that so long as the polluter still retained its license to operate such a factory, it could open similar operations elsewhere if not deterred by the penalties sought.

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answers: the environment

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answers: industrial polluter

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answers: It could open similar operations elsewhere if not deterred by the penalties sought

answers: NDQ_006385

answers: It could open similar operations elsewhere if not deterred by the penalties

answers: NDQ_006388

answers: It could open similar operations elsewhere

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answers: the polluter still retained its license to operate such a factory

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answers: industrial polluter

text: Water resources are polluted by the discharge of untreated or insufficiently treated industrial and domestic wastewater, leaching from septic tanks, agricultural non-point sources such as pesticides and nitrates, hospital waste and domestic solid waste, as well as the discharge of motor oil. The Ghadir river in the South of Beirut is probably the most polluted river in the country, while the Wazzani River in South Lebanon may be the least polluted river because of limited economic activity in its basin. The discharge of untreated municipal and industrial effluents, the drainage from agricultural lands, and the uncontrolled discharge of solid wastes have considerably degraded the water quality of the  Qaraoun Lake and the Litani River. Untreated industrial effluents are discharged into the lake and river from sugar-beet factories, paper factories, lead recovery plants, limestone crushers, agro-industries, poultry farms, tanneries and slaughterhouses. According to a 1998 study by the National Council of Scientific Research of Lebanon for UNICEF 60–70% percent of all natural sources were affected by bacterial contamination. An example is the Jeita spring, which has witnessed an increase in fecal coliform bacteria.

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answers: all natural sources

answers: NDQ_006383

answers: industrial and domestic wastewater

answers: NDQ_006384

answers: Untreated municipal and industrial effluents

answers: NDQ_006385

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_006388

answers: untreated

answers: NDQ_006389

answers: Wazzani River

answers: NDQ_006390

answers: nitrates

text: The environment of Hong Kong has improved while that of Mainland China is heavily polluted. The Pearl River Delta faced serious water pollution and much farmland was turned into industrial uses. The primary industry of Guangdong decreased from 70.7% to only 32.9%, while that of the secondary industry rose from 12.2% to 20.7%. From 1988 to 2009, the area of rice fields dropped by 32%. Consequently, local governments of South China passed laws to restrict industrial pollution.

text: The environment of Hong Kong has improved while that of Mainland China is heavily polluted. The Pearl River Delta faced serious water pollution and much farmland was turned into industrial uses. The primary industry of Guangdong decreased from 70.7% to only 32.9%, while that of the secondary industry rose from 12.2% to 20.7%. From 1988 to 2009, the area of rice fields dropped by 32%. Consequently, local governments of South China passed laws to restrict industrial pollution.

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answers: no

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answers: rice fields

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answers: rice fields

text: The water footprint of an individual, community or business is defined as the total volume of freshwater used to produce the goods and services consumed by the individual or community or produced by the business. Water use is measured in water volume consumed (evaporated) and/or polluted per unit of time. A water footprint can be calculated for any well-defined group of consumers (e.g., an individual, family, village, city, province, state or nation) or producers (e.g., a public organization, private enterprise or economic sector). The water footprint is a geographically explicit indicator, not only showing volumes of water use and pollution, but also the locations.

text: The water footprint of an individual, community or business is defined as the total volume of freshwater used to produce the goods and services consumed by the individual or community or produced by the business. Water use is measured in water volume consumed (evaporated) and/or polluted per unit of time. A water footprint can be calculated for any well-defined group of consumers (e.g., an individual, family, village, city, province, state or nation) or producers (e.g., a public organization, private enterprise or economic sector). The water footprint is a geographically explicit indicator, not only showing volumes of water use and pollution, but also the locations.

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answers: evaporated

text: The Pannagam thodu is almost free from water pollution. There are a few issues affecting the water pollution mainly by disposal of urban and domestic waste into the streams.

text: The Pannagam thodu is almost free from

text: water pollution

text: . There are a few issues affecting the water pollution mainly by disposal of urban and domestic waste into the streams.

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answers: urban and domestic waste

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answers: urban

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answers: urban and domestic waste into the streams

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answers: It is not possible to tell

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answers: no

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answers: domestic waste

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answers: urban and domestic waste

text: The overproduction and low cost of commodity grains encourages the  mass production of livestock in concentrated feedlots and has led to large expansions in cattle feedlots, hog factories and broiler productions. The USDA provides marketing assistance to agriculture, encouraging Americans to drink more milk, eat more eggs and eat more meat. Encouraging the increased consumption of these foods heightens the demand for commodity corn, since one of its main usages is animal feed. Large scale expansion of concentrated animal feeding operations contributes to air, water and soil pollution. Combined, the poultry, pork and beef industries produce six to ten times more waste than humans.  The Environmental Protection Agency also explains that waste from animals from factory farms contains phosphorus, nitrogen, pathogens and veterinary pharmaceuticals (including hormones and antibiotics) which runoff and pollute the soil and water. Emissions of gases and particulates from the animals also pollute the air.

text: The overproduction and low cost of commodity grains encourages the  mass production of livestock in concentrated

text: feedlots

text: and has led to large expansions in cattle feedlots, hog factories and broiler productions. The USDA provides marketing assistance to agriculture, encouraging Americans to drink more milk, eat more eggs and eat more meat. Encouraging the increased consumption of these foods heightens the demand for commodity corn, since one of its main usages is animal feed. Large scale expansion of concentrated animal feeding operations contributes to

text: air

text: water

text: and

text: soil pollution

text: . Combined, the

text: poultry

text: pork

text: and

text: beef

text: industries produce six to ten times more

text: waste

text: than humans.  The

entity_name: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: also explains that waste from animals from factory farms contains

text: phosphorus

text: nitrogen

text: pathogens

text: and veterinary

text: pharmaceuticals

text: (including

text: hormones

text: and

text: antibiotics

text: ) which

text: runoff

text: and pollute the soil and water. Emissions of

text: gases

text: and particulates from the animals also pollute the air.

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answers: Large scale expansion of concentrated animal feeding operations contributes to air, water and soil pollution

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answers: It does not say

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answers: no

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text: By the 1980s, the countryside was beginning to show the effects of pollution, both from herbicides used in agriculture and from industrial pollutants. Most noticeable was the gradual contamination of the country's bodies of water, endangering fish and wildlife. Although concern was mounting over these disturbing threats to the environment, no major steps had yet been taken to arrest them.

text: By the 1980s, the countryside was beginning to show the effects of pollution, both from herbicides used in agriculture and from industrial pollutants. Most noticeable was the gradual contamination of the country's bodies of water, endangering fish and wildlife. Although concern was mounting over these disturbing threats to the environment, no major steps had yet been taken to arrest them.

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answers: no major steps had yet been taken

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answers: no major steps

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text: The impact of agriculture on the environment is not merely in terms of pollution but also due to imbalance of the lack of closure of nutrient cycles. To make agriculture environmentally friendly, there is need to re-utilized waste and residue through incineration, landfill and recycling. Also the need to abide the organic amendment to reduce land degradation and conserve natural resources. It is considered as a sustainable agriculture when it guarantees the conservation of environmental equilibrium, full safety to the hygienic and sanitary safe conditions, and produce economically convenient productions.

text: The impact of agriculture on the environment is not merely in terms of pollution but also due to imbalance of the lack of closure of nutrient cycles. To make agriculture environmentally friendly, there is need to re-utilized waste and residue through incineration, landfill and recycling. Also the need to abide the organic amendment to reduce land degradation and conserve natural resources. It is considered as a sustainable agriculture when it guarantees the conservation of environmental equilibrium, full safety to the hygienic and sanitary safe conditions, and produce economically convenient productions.

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answers: the environment

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answers: agriculture

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answers: The impact of agriculture on the environment is not merely in terms of pollution

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answers: The impact of agriculture on the environment

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answers: incineration

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text: Agricultural operations account for a large percentage of all nonpoint source pollution in the United States. When large tracts of land are plowed to grow crops, it exposes and loosens soil that was once buried. This makes the exposed soil more vulnerable to erosion during rainstorms. It also can increase the amount of fertilizer and pesticides carried into nearby bodies of water.

text: Agricultural operations account for a large percentage of all nonpoint source pollution in the United States. When large tracts of land are

text: plow

text: ed to grow

text: crops

text: , it exposes and loosens soil that was once buried. This makes the exposed soil more vulnerable to

text: erosion

text: during

text: rainstorm

text: s. It also can increase the amount of fertilizer and pesticides carried into nearby bodies of water.

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answers: No

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answers: no

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text: Soil degradation and desertification are the main causes of environmental problems. In addition, Cuba has other issues such as deforestation, water pollution, the loss of biological diversity, and air pollution.  Soil degradation and desertification are produced by the lack of good farming techniques and natural disasters. Deforestation is killing the forest, for example, cutting down trees. Water pollution is the contamination of water caused by different industries. Also, the loss of biological diversity is caused by the extinction of different animal species. Lastly, air pollution largely caused by the increasing number of “old” cars that fill Cuba’s streets.

text: Soil degradation and desertification are the main causes of environmental problems. In addition,

text: Cuba

text: has other issues such as deforestation, water pollution, the loss of biological diversity, and air pollution.  Soil degradation and desertification are produced by the lack of good farming techniques and natural disasters.

text: Deforestation

text: is killing the forest, for example, cutting down trees. Water pollution is the contamination of water caused by different industries. Also, the loss of biological diversity is caused by the extinction of different animal species. Lastly, air pollution largely caused by the increasing number of “old” cars that fill Cuba’s streets.

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answers: Water pollution

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answers: Water pollution is the contamination of water

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answers: the contamination of water caused by different industries

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answers: Deforestation

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answers: Soil degradation

text: The pollution produced by heavy industry seriously degraded air quality.  The air contained high concentrations of sulfur dioxide because the energy production was largely based on combustion of fuel high in sulfur.  As a result, 50 percent of the forests were either dead or dying.  Cases of bronchitis and asthma in children almost doubled with the increase in the use of sulfur dioxide.  The water, too, was affected by the excessive pollution, both from industrial fertilizers and oil spills.  The lack of water waste treatment meant that a large portion of the water was undrinkable for the population, and some of the water was so bad that it was even unusable by the industry.  Conditions were worst in Northern Bohemia, which was a part of the so-called ‘triangle of death’ that also included South-East East Germany and South-West Poland, but the effects were also felt beyond the region in which the pollution originated.  The Danube River carried much of the pollution to other areas of the state and other countries, and acid rain brought the pollution directly to the cities, where it could eat away at the buildings and statues.

text: The

text: pollution

text: produced by heavy industry seriously degraded air quality.  The air contained high concentrations of

text: sulfur dioxide

text: because the energy production was largely based on combustion of fuel high in sulfur.  As a result, 50 percent of the forests were either dead or dying.  Cases of

text: bronchitis

text: and

text: asthma

text: in children almost doubled with the increase in the use of sulfur dioxide.  The water, too, was affected by the excessive pollution, both from industrial

text: fertilizer

text: s and

text: oil spill

text: s.  The lack of water

text: waste treatment

text: meant that a large portion of the water was undrinkable for the population, and some of the water was so bad that it was even unusable by the industry.  Conditions were worst in Northern

text: Bohemia

text: , which was a part of the so-called ‘triangle of death’ that also included South-East

text: East Germany

text: and South-West

text: Poland

text: , but the effects were also felt beyond the region in which the pollution originated.  The

text: Danube River

text: carried much of the pollution to other areas of the state and other countries, and

text: acid rain

text: brought the pollution directly to the cities, where it could eat away at the buildings and statues.

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answers: unanswerable

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answers: no

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answers: industrial fertilizers

text: The definition of NPS water pollution is open to interpretation. However, federal regulation under the CWA provides a specific legal definition for the term. A "nonpoint source" is defined as any source of water pollution that is not a "point source" as defined in section 502(14) of the Clean Water Act.  That definition states: "The term 'point source' means any discernible, confined and discrete conveyance, including but not limited to any pipe, ditch, channel, tunnel, conduit, well, discrete fissure, container, rolling stock, concentrated animal feeding operation, or vessel or other floating craft, from which pollutants are or may be discharged. This term does not include agricultural storm water discharges and return flows from irrigated agriculture."

text: The definition of NPS water pollution is open to interpretation. However, federal regulation under the CWA provides a specific legal definition for the term. A "nonpoint source" is defined as any source of water pollution that is not a "point source" as defined in section 502(14) of the Clean Water Act.  That definition states: "The term 'point source' means any discernible, confined and discrete conveyance, including but not limited to any pipe, ditch, channel, tunnel, conduit, well, discrete fissure, container, rolling stock, concentrated animal feeding operation, or vessel or other floating craft, from which pollutants are or may be discharged. This term does not include agricultural storm water discharges and return flows from irrigated agriculture."

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answers: It does not

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answers: No

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answers: agricultural storm water

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answers: storm water discharges

text: Rich agricultural soil is sacrificed for urbanisation. The urbanisation resulting from migratie from areas with employment opportunities results in pollution of the surface water, soil erosion and environmental pollution because of the lack of water purifying installtions and uncontrolled waste disposal.

text: Rich agricultural soil is sacrificed for urbanisation. The urbanisation resulting from migratie from areas with employment opportunities results in pollution of the surface water, soil erosion and environmental pollution because of the lack of water purifying installtions and uncontrolled waste disposal.

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text: Due to the year round cooling process,the warm water has an affect on the environment called Thermal Pollution. Thermal pollution is defined as "a rise in the temperature of rivers and lakes that is injurious to water-dwelling life, and is caused by the disposal of heated industrial waste water." One effect that thermal pollution has, is it reduces the levels of Dissolved Oxygen in the water. The dissolved oxygen reduces the amount of oxygen in the water that plants and animals need to survive. Warm water also provokes the spread of algae in the water which can also reduce levels of oxygen. Another effect that thermal pollution has on the environment is it increases the metabolic rate of organisms. "Increasing enzyme activity occurs that causes organisms to consume more food than what is normally required... It disrupts the stability of the food chain and (can) alter the balance of species composition." However, it is hard to tell if the thermal pollution from the plant is affecting the environment to the point where plants and animals are dying off. While many people are attracted to the lake for the warm water and  fishing, others refuse to go near the lake due to the possible toxicants it may carry.

text: Due to the year round cooling process,the warm water has an affect on the environment called

text: Thermal Pollution

text: . Thermal pollution is defined as "a rise in the temperature of rivers and lakes that is injurious to water-dwelling life, and is caused by the disposal of heated industrial waste water." One effect that thermal pollution has, is it reduces the levels of

text: Dissolved Oxygen

text: in the water. The dissolved oxygen reduces the amount of oxygen in the water that plants and animals need to survive. Warm water also provokes the spread of algae in the water which can also reduce levels of oxygen. Another effect that thermal pollution has on the environment is it increases the metabolic rate of organisms. "Increasing enzyme activity occurs that causes organisms to consume more food than what is normally required... It disrupts the stability of the food chain and (can) alter the balance of species composition." However, it is hard to tell if the thermal pollution from the plant is affecting the environment to the point where plants and animals are dying off. While many people are attracted to the lake for the warm water and  fishing, others refuse to go near the lake due to the possible toxicants it may carry.

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text: There is decreasing biodiversity, deforestation, grasslands destruction, monoculture tree plantations, and invasive exotic plant species in the park.There is sewage pollution, solid waste pollution and mercury contamination,Mercury pollution There is also sound pollution, visual pollution, uncontrolled tourism, overdevelopment and lake eutrophication in and near Kodaikanal town. The Government of Tamil Nadu and several local NGO conservation groups  are actively working to reduce some of these threats:

text: There is decreasing

text: biodiversity

text: deforestation

text: , grasslands destruction,

text: monoculture

text: tree plantations, and

text: invasive

text: exotic plant species

text: in the park.There is

text: sewage

text: pollution

text: solid waste

text: pollution and

text: mercury

text: contamination

text: Mercury pollution

text: There is also

text: sound pollution

text: visual pollution

text: , uncontrolled

text: tourism

text: overdevelopment

text: and lake

text: eutrophication

text: in and near Kodaikanal town. The Government of Tamil Nadu and several local

text: NGO

text: conservation

text: groups  are actively working to reduce some of these threats:

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text: Another serious effect created by the oil-related industries has been the pollution around the Houston Ship Channel and in Galveston Bay. By the 1970s, these waterways were among the most polluted waters in the United States. Though industrial sources were major sources of pollution, urbanization around the bay also contributed significantly to pollution levels. In recent decades, most of the pollution in the bay is the result of storm run-off from various smaller commercial, agricultural, and residential sources, as opposed to the major industrial complexes. Conservation efforts in the mid to late 20th century by area industries and municipalities have helped to dramatically improve water quality in the bay reversing at least some of the earlier damage to the ecosystem.

text: Another serious effect created by the oil-related industries has been the pollution around the Houston Ship Channel and in Galveston Bay. By the 1970s, these waterways were among the most polluted waters in the United States. Though industrial sources were major sources of pollution, urbanization around the bay also contributed significantly to pollution levels. In recent decades, most of the pollution in the bay is the result of storm run-off from various smaller commercial, agricultural, and residential sources, as opposed to the major industrial complexes. Conservation efforts in the mid to late 20th century by area industries and municipalities have helped to dramatically improve water quality in the bay reversing at least some of the earlier damage to the ecosystem.

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text: Water is also used in many large scale industrial processes, such as thermoelectric power production, oil refining, fertilizer production and other chemical plant use, and natural gas extraction from shale rock. Discharge of untreated water from industrial uses is pollution. Pollution includes discharged solutes (chemical pollution) and increased water temperature (thermal pollution). Industry requires pure water for many applications and utilizes a variety of purification techniques both in water supply and discharge. Most of this pure water is generated on site, either from natural freshwater or from municipal grey water. Industrial consumption of water is generally much lower than withdrawal, due to laws requiring industrial grey water to be treated and returned to the environment. Thermoelectric powerplants using cooling towers have high consumption, nearly equal to their withdrawal, as most of the withdrawn water is evaporated as part of the cooling process. The withdrawal, however, is lower than in once-through cooling systems.

text: Water is also used in many large scale industrial processes, such as thermoelectric power production, oil refining, fertilizer production and other chemical plant use, and natural gas extraction from shale rock. Discharge of untreated water from industrial uses is pollution. Pollution includes discharged solutes (chemical pollution) and increased water temperature (thermal pollution). Industry requires pure water for many applications and utilizes a variety of purification techniques both in water supply and discharge. Most of this pure water is generated on site, either from natural freshwater or from municipal

text: grey water

text: . Industrial consumption of water is generally much lower than withdrawal, due to laws requiring industrial grey water to be treated and returned to the environment. Thermoelectric powerplants using

text: cooling towers

text: have high consumption, nearly equal to their withdrawal, as most of the withdrawn water is evaporated as part of the cooling process. The withdrawal, however, is lower than in

text: once-through cooling

text: systems.

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text: Pollution and environment<br>Air pollution is a problem for Jeddah, particularly on hot summer days. The city has experienced bush fires, landfill fires, and pollution from the two industrial zones in the north and the south of the metropolitan area. A water treatment factory and the seaport also contribute to water pollution. Much of the seafront, however, is considered to be safe and clean.

text: Pollution and environment<br>Air pollution is a problem for Jeddah, particularly on hot summer days. The city has experienced bush fires,

text: landfill

text: fires, and pollution from the two industrial zones in the north and the south of the metropolitan area. A water treatment factory and the

text: seaport

text: also contribute to water pollution. Much of the seafront, however, is considered to be safe and clean.

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text: There are dozens of different transport models that can be generally grouped by pollutants addressed, complexity of pollutant sources, whether the model is steady state or dynamic, and time period modeled. Another important designation is whether the model is distributed (i.e. capable of predicting multiple points within a river) or lumped. In a basic model, for example, only one pollutant might be addressed from a simple point discharge into the receiving waters. In the most complex of models, various line source inputs from surface runoff might be added to multiple point sources, treating a variety of chemicals plus sediment in a dynamic environment including vertical river stratification and interactions of pollutants with in-stream biota. In addition watershed groundwater may also be included. The model is termed "physically based" if its parameters can be measured in the field.

text: There are dozens of different transport models that can be generally grouped by

text: pollutants

text: addressed, complexity of pollutant sources, whether the model is steady state or dynamic, and time period modeled. Another important designation is whether the model is distributed (i.e. capable of predicting multiple points within a river) or lumped. In a basic model, for example, only one pollutant might be addressed from a simple point discharge into the

text: receiving water

text: s. In the most complex of models, various

text: line source

text: inputs from

text: surface runoff

text: might be added to multiple

text: point source

text: s, treating a variety of

text: chemical

text: s plus

text: sediment

text: in a dynamic environment including vertical river stratification and interactions of pollutants with in-stream

text: biota

text: . In addition

text: watershed

text: groundwater

text: may also be included. The model is termed "physically based" if its parameters can be measured in the field.

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text: Other than near its source, the Liane's water quality was mediocre to highly polluted during the years 1980-1990, mainly as a result of industrial and urban waste. Towns and industries are now polluting less, but ploughing has conquered land from farming and pasture which have been pushed back in this region, and farmland erosion and fields which are kept barren in winter and autumn are a cause of the Liane's almost constant turbidity. In 2005, the Liane remained turbid and its French water quality grade insatisfaisante (unsatisfactory), with too much nitrates and organic substances from Carly onwards, according to the water agency. At the mouth at Boulogne, the Liane's waters are graded as mauvaise (bad), with all the indicators being bad: macro-pollutants, organic and oxidizable substances, azot substances (nitrates) and phosphoric substances.

text: Other than near its

text: source

text: , the Liane's water quality was mediocre to highly

text: polluted

text: during the years 1980-1990, mainly as a result of

text: industrial

text: and

text: urban waste

text: . Towns and industries are now polluting less, but ploughing has conquered land from farming and pasture which have been pushed back in this region, and farmland erosion and fields which are kept barren in winter and autumn are a cause of the Liane's almost constant turbidity. In 2005, the Liane remained turbid and its French water quality grade insatisfaisante (unsatisfactory), with too much nitrates and organic substances from Carly onwards, according to the water agency. At the mouth at Boulogne, the Liane's waters are graded as mauvaise (bad), with all the indicators being bad: macro-pollutants, organic and oxidizable substances, azot substances (nitrates) and phosphoric substances.

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answers: industrial and urban waste

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answers: It is not possible to tell

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answers: no

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answers: ploughing

answers: NDQ_006390

answers: ploughing

text: Many industrial sites in the upper Kocher valley and poor sewage plants led to heavy pollution of the Kocher. In 1984, the Kocher was declared the most polluted river in the administrative district of Stuttgart. After only a six years remediation project, the water quality significantly improved and today the Kocher is only moderately polluted. The mostly brown color of the Kocher comes from mud in the water and does not mean bad water quality.

text: Many industrial sites in the upper Kocher valley and poor sewage plants led to heavy pollution of the Kocher. In 1984, the Kocher was declared the most polluted river in the administrative district of Stuttgart. After only a six years remediation project, the water quality significantly improved and today the Kocher is only moderately polluted. The mostly brown color of the Kocher comes from mud in the water and does not mean bad water quality.

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answers: industrial sites

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answers: It does not say

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answers: no

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answers: mud

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answers: sewage plants

text: Intensive agriculture in the Vakhsh basin has left the river polluted with fertilizers, pesticides, and salts. Also, chemicals have leached into groundwater from the heavy industries near the Vakhsh’s dams, which has in turn contaminated surface water. However, ever since Tajikistan lost their Soviet agricultural subsidies with the breakup of the Soviet Union, farms have not been able to afford as many fertilizers or pesticides as before, thus decreasing levels of pollution in the river. The 2008 financial crisis has further increased poverty, which in turn has further decreased pollution.

text: Intensive agriculture in the Vakhsh basin has left the river polluted with fertilizers, pesticides, and salts. Also, chemicals have leached into groundwater from the heavy industries near the Vakhsh’s dams, which has in turn contaminated surface water. However, ever since Tajikistan lost their Soviet agricultural subsidies with the

text: breakup of the Soviet Union

text: , farms have not been able to afford as many fertilizers or pesticides as before, thus decreasing levels of pollution in the river. The

text: 2008 financial crisis

text: has further increased poverty, which in turn has further decreased pollution.

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answers: surface water

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answers: The 2008 financial crisis has further increased poverty

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answers: It does not say

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answers: no

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answers: salts

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answers: fertilizers

text: In response to water pollution and flooding challenges, the Government of Argentina (GoA) is working with the World Bank to address industrial water pollution by providing technical assistance and mentoring to the 50 worst industrial polluters which represent 95% of the total effluent. Oversight and monitoring is provided by the Matanza-Riachuelo River Basin Authority (ACUMAR). The Urban Flood Prevention and Drainage Program (APL) is the government's commitment to flood prevention and risk management and falls within the framework of the Buenos Aires Hydraulic Master Plan. The "Master Plan" focuses on implementing non-structural measures throughout the entire city.

text: In response to water pollution and flooding challenges, the Government of Argentina (GoA) is working with the

text: World Bank

text: to address industrial water pollution by providing technical assistance and mentoring to the 50 worst industrial polluters which represent 95% of the total

text: effluent

text: . Oversight and monitoring is provided by the Matanza-Riachuelo River Basin Authority (ACUMAR). The Urban Flood Prevention and Drainage Program (APL) is the government's commitment to flood prevention and risk management and falls within the framework of the Buenos Aires Hydraulic Master Plan. The "Master Plan" focuses on implementing non-structural measures throughout the entire city.

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answers: It does not say

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answers: The Urban Flood Prevention and Drainage Program

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answers: industrial

text: The success of amate paper commercialization has led to environmental issues in the San Pablito area and farther away. It is getting harder to find bark due to the over-stripping of trees and the loss of forests to agriculture and development. There have been attempts to cultivate the tree species currently used for paper-making, but without success. Currently, there are attempts to reforest the area with a similar species which grows to maturity faster. The use of caustic soda and industrial dyes in the process of making amate has caused problems with pollution, especially of the San Marcos River, whose waters then pollute the Cazones River.

text: The success of amate paper commercialization has led to environmental issues in the San Pablito area and farther away. It is getting harder to find bark due to the over-stripping of trees and the loss of forests to agriculture and development. There have been attempts to cultivate the tree species currently used for paper-making, but without success. Currently, there are attempts to reforest the area with a similar species which grows to maturity faster. The use of

text: caustic soda

text: and industrial dyes in the process of making amate has caused problems with pollution, especially of the San Marcos River, whose waters then pollute the

text: Cazones River

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text: The Clean Water Act is the primary federal law in the United States governing water pollution, and is administered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

text: The

text: Clean Water Act

text: is the primary federal law in the United States governing

text: water pollution

text: , and is administered by the

text: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA).

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text: The legal framework referred to as the "Clean Water Act" (CWA) has its statutory basis in the Water Pollution Control Act of 1948, which was the first federal regulation designed to address water pollution.  The Clean Water Act has been amended many times, but the CWA amendments of 1972 provide the core statutory basis for the regulation of point source water pollution and created the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System permit program. The CWA amendments of 1972 were also the first instance where Congress acknowledged the problem of NPS water pollution through the passage of section 208 of the CWA. Congress passed additional amendments to the CWA in 1987 that address NPS water pollution. This section will chronologically address the parts of the CWA that regulate NPS water pollution.

text: The legal framework referred to as the "

text: Clean Water Act

text: " (CWA) has its

text: statutory

text: basis in the Water Pollution Control Act of 1948, which was the first federal regulation designed to address water pollution.  The Clean Water Act has been amended many times, but the CWA amendments of 1972 provide the core statutory basis for the regulation of point source water pollution and created the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System permit program. The CWA amendments of 1972 were also the first instance where Congress acknowledged the problem of NPS water pollution through the passage of section 208 of the CWA. Congress passed additional amendments to the CWA in 1987 that address NPS water pollution. This section will chronologically address the parts of the CWA that regulate NPS water pollution.

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answers: point source water pollution

text: The Tajik aluminium smelting plant, TadAZ, in Tursunzoda, is the largest aluminium manufacturing plant in Central Asia, and possibly the world, and Tajikistan's chief industrial asset.  The country has no native aluminium ore, so the raw material for the plant has to be imported.  Construction of the plant proper began in 1972, and the first pouring of aluminium took place on March 31, 1975.  It consumes 40% of the country's electrical power, and a 2002 study found it responsible for notable fluorine water pollution in the region and air pollution.

text: The Tajik aluminium smelting plant,

text: TadAZ

text: , in Tursunzoda, is the largest aluminium manufacturing plant in

text: Central Asia

text: , and possibly the world, and Tajikistan's chief industrial asset.  The country has no native aluminium ore, so the raw material for the plant has to be imported.  Construction of the plant proper began in 1972, and the first pouring of aluminium took place on March 31, 1975.  It consumes 40% of the country's electrical power, and a 2002 study found it responsible for notable

text: fluorine

text: water pollution in the region and air pollution.

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text: The Najafgarh drain or Najafgarh nallah (nallah in Hindi means drain) is just another name for the River Sahibi which continues its flow through Delhi where it is channelled due to control floods, it is a tributary to River Yamuna in which it outfalls here. Within Delhi it is erroneously called "Najafgarh drain" or "Najafgarh nallah"', it gets this name from the once famous and huge Najafgarh lake near the town of Najafgarh in southwest Delhi and within urbanised Delhi it is the Indian capital's most polluted water body due to direct inflow of untreated sewage from surrounding populated areas. A January 2005 report by the Central Pollution Control Board clubs this drain with 13 other highly polluted wetlands under category "D" for assessing the water quality of wetlands in wildlife habitats.

text: The Najafgarh drain or Najafgarh nallah (nallah in

text: Hindi

text: means drain) is just another name for the

text: River Sahibi

text: which continues its flow through

text: Delhi

text: where it is channelled due to control floods, it is a

text: tributary

text: to River Yamuna in which it outfalls here. Within Delhi it is erroneously called "Najafgarh drain" or "Najafgarh nallah"', it gets this name from the once famous and huge

text: Najafgarh lake

text: near the town of

text: Najafgarh

text: in southwest Delhi and within urbanised Delhi it is the Indian capital's most polluted water body due to direct inflow of untreated sewage from surrounding populated areas. A January 2005 report by the Central Pollution Control Board clubs this drain with 13 other highly polluted wetlands under category "D" for assessing the water quality of wetlands in wildlife habitats.

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text: Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory- Palestinian Environmental NGOs Network- Paper shredder- Paper towel- Paperless office- Parametrization (climate)- Paraquat- Partial Test Ban Treaty- Partial zero-emissions vehicle- Particle radiation- Particulate- Passenger pigeon- Passive solar- Peak grain- Peak water- Pebble bed reactor- Percy Schmeiser- Periodicals- Permaculture- Permanent crop- Permeable paving- Persistent Organic Pollutant- Persistent organic pollutants- Pest (animal)- Pest control- Pesticide- Pesticide misuse- Pesticide poisoning- Pesticide side effects- Pesticide toxicity to bees- Pesticides- Phagy- Phytotreatment- Pigovian tax- Pioneer plant- Pioneer species- Planetary boundary layer- Planetary ecosynthesis- Planetary engineering- Planetary protection- Planned obsolescence- Plastic- Plastic bullet- Plastic goods- Plastic mulch- Plastic recycling- Plastic shopping bag- Plastic wrap- Poaching- Point of no return- Political ecology- Pollinator decline- Pollutant- Polluter Pays- Polluter pays principle- Pollution- Polychlorinated biphenyl- Polyculture- Polymer chemistry- Polymer clay- Polymer degradation- Polymer solar cells- Polystyrene- Polyvinyl chloride- POP Air Pollution Protocol- Population- Population control- Population decline- Population density- Population growth- Population growth rate- Population process- Population size- Population statistics- Population transfer- Population viability analysis- Post-industrial economy- Post-industrial society- Power station- Precautionary principle- Preservationist- Property and Environment Research Center- Protected area- Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty- Pulpwood- Quality of life

text: Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory

text: Palestinian Environmental NGOs Network

text: Paper shredder

text: Paper towel

text: Paperless office

text: Parametrization (climate)

text: Paraquat

text: Partial Test Ban Treaty

text: Partial zero-emissions vehicle

text: Particle radiation

text: Particulate

text: Passenger pigeon

text: Passive solar

text: Peak grain

text: Peak water

text: Pebble bed reactor

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text: Periodicals

text: Permaculture

text: Permanent crop

text: Permeable paving

text: Persistent Organic Pollutant

text: Persistent organic pollutants

text: Pest (animal)

text: Pest control

text: Pesticide

text: Pesticide misuse

text: Pesticide poisoning

text: Pesticide side effects

text: Pesticide toxicity to bees

text: Pesticides

text: Phagy

text: Phytotreatment

text: Pigovian tax

text: Pioneer plant

text: Pioneer species

text: Planetary boundary layer

text: Planetary ecosynthesis

text: Planetary engineering

text: Planetary protection

text: Planned obsolescence

text: Plastic

text: Plastic bullet

text: Plastic goods

text: Plastic mulch

text: Plastic recycling

text: Plastic shopping bag

text: Plastic wrap

text: Poaching

text: Point of no return

text: Political ecology

text: Pollinator decline

text: Pollutant

text: Polluter Pays

text: Polluter pays principle

text: Pollution

text: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: Polyculture

text: Polymer chemistry

text: Polymer clay

text: Polymer degradation

text: Polymer solar cells

text: Polystyrene

text: Polyvinyl chloride

text: POP Air Pollution Protocol

text: Population

text: Population control

text: Population decline

text: Population density

text: Population growth

text: Population growth rate

text: Population process

text: Population size

text: Population statistics

text: Population transfer

text: Population viability analysis

text: Post-industrial economy

text: Post-industrial society

text: Power station

text: Precautionary principle

text: Preservationist

entity_name: Property and Environment Research Center

text: Property and Environment Research Center

text: Protected area

entity_name: Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty

text: Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty

text: Pulpwood

text: Quality of life

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text: Some statutes strengthen common law rules imposing liability for environmental damage. Regulations issued under other statutes are intended to increase the effectiveness of liability rules by requiring that facilities seeking permits to handle hazardous materials have sufficient insurance or other resources to pay for potential damage caused by their activities.Liability guides compensation when polluters are sued. Liability could be strict (pay for any damages), or negotiable with the victims. However, private lawsuits are a difficult way to resolve nonpoint source pollution because it is difficult to prove NPS pollution was the proximate cause of damages.  The inability to trace nonpoint sources could greatly weaken the effectiveness of liability. Agriculture is a major source for nonpoint pollution sources, including nutrients, sediments, pesticides and salts, etc. Disaster insurance for agricultural sector could be necessary for preventing nonpoint pollution based on its characteristics. The uncertainty associate with nonpoint pollution may demand an “insurance policy” to protect water quality.

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answers: pesticides and salts

text: After introducing Ouellet, the book moves on to a discussion of possible causes of frog deformities.  There are two main theories: parasites, and agricultural chemicals. The parasite theory, advocated by Stan Sessions stated that parasitic cysts from flatworms blocked limb buds, forcing the tadpoles to try to adjust their limb development around the invaders.  The pollutant theory, pushed by McKinnell, stated that there were pollutants that were having teratogenic effects on the frogs.  The unknown pollutant or pollutants were theorized to be mimics of retinoic acid. Retinoic acid is a hormone that signals limb development in metamorphosing frogs.  The pollutant theory stated that these pollutants were disrupting retinoic acid levels in tadpoles, leading to missing or misplaced limbs, in addition to internal developmental abnormalities.

text: After introducing Ouellet, the book moves on to a discussion of possible causes of frog deformities.  There are two main theories: parasites, and agricultural chemicals. The parasite theory, advocated by Stan Sessions stated that parasitic

text: cysts

text: from

text: flatworms

text: blocked

text: limb bud

text: s, forcing the

text: tadpoles

text: to try to adjust their limb development around the invaders.  The pollutant theory, pushed by McKinnell, stated that there were pollutants that were having

text: teratogenic

text: effects on the frogs.  The unknown pollutant or pollutants were theorized to be mimics of

text: retinoic acid

text: . Retinoic acid is a hormone that signals limb development in metamorphosing frogs.  The pollutant theory stated that these pollutants were disrupting retinoic acid levels in tadpoles, leading to missing or misplaced limbs, in addition to internal developmental abnormalities.

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answers: no

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answers: chemicals

text: In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is charged with regulating stormwater pursuant to the Clean Water Act (CWA). The goal of the CWA is to restore all "Waters of the United States" to their "fishable" and "swimmable" conditions. Point source discharges, which originate mostly from municipal wastewater (sewage) and industrial wastewater discharges, have been regulated since enactment of the CWA in 1972. Pollutant loadings from these sources are tightly controlled through the issuance of National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits. However, despite these controls, thousands of water bodies in the U.S. remain classified as "impaired," meaning that they contain pollutants at levels higher than is considered safe by EPA for the intended beneficial uses of the water. Much of this impairment is due to polluted runoff.

text: In the

text: United States

text: , the

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA) is charged with

text: regulating

text: stormwater pursuant to the

text: Clean Water Act

text: (CWA). The goal of the CWA is to restore all "Waters of the United States" to their "fishable" and "swimmable" conditions. Point source discharges, which originate mostly from municipal

text: wastewater

text: sewage

text: ) and industrial wastewater discharges, have been regulated since enactment of the CWA in 1972. Pollutant loadings from these sources are tightly controlled through the issuance of National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (

text: NPDES

text: ) permits. However, despite these controls, thousands of water bodies in the U.S. remain classified as "impaired," meaning that they contain pollutants at levels higher than is considered safe by EPA for the intended beneficial uses of the water. Much of this impairment is due to polluted runoff.

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answers: In the United States

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answers: no

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text: Street sweeping can be an effective measure in reducing pollutants in stormwater runoff. The Environmental Protection Agency considers street sweeping a Best Management Practice in protecting water quality.

text: Street sweeping can be an effective measure in reducing

text: pollutant

text: s in storm

text: water runoff

text: . The Environmental Protection Agency considers street sweeping a

text: Best Management Practice

text: in protecting water quality.

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answers: Raw sewage is dumped into the same water where people drink and bathe

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answers: It does not say

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answers: no

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answers: pollutants

text: Environment - current issues: air pollution, especially in urban areas, from vehicle emissions, refinery operations, and industrial effluents; deforestation; overgrazing; desertification; oil pollution in the Persian Gulf; wetland losses from drought; soil degradation (salination); inadequate supplies of potable water; water pollution from raw sewage and industrial waste; urbanization. Iran ranked worst in the world for soil erosion in 2011.

text: Environment - current issues:

text: air pollution

text: , especially in urban areas, from vehicle emissions, refinery operations, and industrial effluents; deforestation; overgrazing; desertification; oil pollution in the Persian Gulf; wetland losses from drought; soil degradation (salination); inadequate supplies of potable water; water pollution from raw sewage and industrial waste; urbanization. Iran ranked worst in the world for soil erosion in 2011.

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answers: Water pollution from raw sewage and industrial waste

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answers: Raw sewage

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answers: potable water

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answers: raw sewage

text: According to the Clean Water Act of 2004, the DENR (through the LLDA) shall implement a wastewater charge system in all management areas including the Laguna Lake region and Regional Industrial Centers through the collection of wastewater charges/fees. The system shall be established on the basis of payment to the government for discharging wastewater into the water bodies. Wastewater charges shall be established taking into consideration the following: a) to provide strong economic inducement for polluters to modify their production or management processes or to invest in pollution control technology in order to reduce the amount of water pollutants generated; b) to cover the cost of administering water quality management or improvement programs, including the cost of administering the discharge permitting and water pollution charge system; c) reflect damages caused by water pollution on the surrounding environment, including the cost of rehabilitation; d) type of pollutant; e) classification of the receiving water body; and f) other special attributes of the water body.

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answers: surrounding environment

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answers: Wastewater charges

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answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_006388

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006389

answers: other special attributes of the water body

answers: NDQ_006390

answers: d

text: Celulosa Arauco y Constitución actively funds social and economic regeneration projects in constitucion, providing much needed funding for the municipality. Critics argue this dependence prevents the administration from being able to question issues regarding pollution with Arauco.

text: Celulosa Arauco y Constitución

text: actively funds social and economic regeneration projects in constitucion, providing much needed funding for the municipality. Critics argue this dependence prevents the administration from being able to question issues regarding pollution with Arauco.

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answers: constitucion

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answers: Arauco

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answers: pollution

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answers: Arauco

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answers: no

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answers: social and economic regeneration projects

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answers: Arauco

text: Beijing has a long history of environmental problems. Between 2000 and 2009 Beijing's urban extent quadrupled, which not only strongly increased the extent of anthropogenic emissions, but also changed the meteorological situation fundamentally, even if emissions of human society are not included. For example, surface albedo, wind speed and humidity near the surface were decreased, whereas ground and near-surface air temperatures, vertical air dilution and ozone levels were increased. Because of the combined factors of urbanisation and pollution caused by burning of fossil fuel, Beijing is often affected by serious environmental problems, which lead to health issues of many inhabitants. In 2013 heavy smog struck Beijing and most parts of northern China, in total 600 million people. After this "pollution shock" air pollution became an important economic and social concern in China. After that the government of Beijing announced measures to reduce air pollution, for example by lowering the share of coal from 24% in 2012 to 10% in 2017, while the national government ordered heavily polluting vehicles to be removed from 2015 to 2017 and increased its efforts to transition the energy system to clean sources.

text: Beijing has a long history of

text: environmental problems

text: . Between 2000 and 2009 Beijing's urban extent quadrupled, which not only strongly increased the extent of anthropogenic emissions, but also changed the meteorological situation fundamentally, even if

text: emissions

text: of human society are not included. For example, surface

text: albedo

text: , wind speed and

text: humidity

text: near the surface were decreased, whereas ground and near-surface

text: air temperature

text: s, vertical air dilution and

text: ozone

text: levels were increased. Because of the combined factors of urbanisation and pollution caused by burning of

text: fossil fuel

text: , Beijing is often affected by serious environmental problems, which lead to

text: health

text: issues of many inhabitants. In 2013 heavy

text: smog

text: struck Beijing and most parts of northern China, in total 600 million people. After this "pollution shock"

text: air pollution

text: became an important economic and social concern in China. After that the government of Beijing announced measures to reduce air pollution, for example by lowering the share of coal from 24% in 2012 to 10% in 2017, while the national government ordered heavily polluting vehicles to be removed from 2015 to 2017 and increased its efforts to transition the energy system to clean sources.

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answers: humidity near the surface

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answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_006384

answers: Beijing has a long history of environmental problems

answers: NDQ_006385

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_006388

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006389

answers: clean sources

answers: NDQ_006390

answers: coal

text: With the industrialization of the region, much of the lake's shoreline was developed; domestic and industrial waste, due to industry and urbanization, led to the severe degradation of the lake. Unsafe levels of pollution led to the banning of ice harvesting as early as 1901. In 1940, swimming was banned, and in 1970 fishing was banned due to mercury contamination. Mercury pollution is still a problem for the lake today.  Despite the passage of the Clean Water Act in 1973 and the closing of the major industrial polluter in 1986, Onondaga Lake is still one of the most polluted lakes in the United States. Several initiatives, including a 15-year multi-stage program currently under way, have been recently undertaken to clean up the lake.

text: With the industrialization of the region, much of the lake's shoreline was developed; domestic and

text: industrial waste

text: , due to industry and

text: urbanization

text: , led to the severe degradation of the lake. Unsafe levels of pollution led to the banning of ice harvesting as early as 1901. In 1940, swimming was banned, and in 1970 fishing was banned due to

text: mercury

text: contamination. Mercury pollution is still a problem for the lake today.  Despite the passage of the

text: Clean Water Act

text: in 1973 and the closing of the major industrial polluter in 1986, Onondaga Lake is still one of the most polluted lakes in the United States. Several initiatives, including a 15-year multi-stage program currently under way, have been recently undertaken to clean up the lake.

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answers: mercury

text: Other sources of water pollution include agriculture run off and small scale factories along the rivers and lakes of India. Fertilizers and pesticides used in agriculture in northwest have been found in rivers, lakes and ground water. Flooding during monsoons worsens India's water pollution problem, as it washes and moves all sorts of solid garbage and contaminated soils into its rivers and wetlands.

text: Other sources of water pollution include agriculture run off and small scale factories along the rivers and lakes of India. Fertilizers and pesticides used in agriculture in northwest have been found in rivers, lakes and ground water. Flooding during monsoons worsens India's water pollution problem, as it washes and moves all sorts of solid garbage and contaminated soils into its rivers and wetlands.

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answers: fertilizers and pesticides

text: On the downside, agriculture has many negative effects on health. Agricultural production, trade, and distribution can negatively affect the environment through pesticide and fertilizer runoff polluting the soil and ground water. According to WHO, around 1.1 billion people still lack access to safe drinking water.

text: On the downside, agriculture has many negative effects on health. Agricultural production,

text: trade

text: , and distribution can negatively affect the environment through pesticide and fertilizer runoff polluting the soil and ground water. According to WHO, around 1.1 billion people still lack access to safe drinking water.

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answers: According to WHO

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answers: fertilizer

text: Large-scale use of chemicals for cotton cultivation, inefficient irrigation systems, and poor drainage systems are examples of the conditions that led to a high filtration of salinized and contaminated water back into the soil. Post-Soviet policies have become even more dangerous; in the early 1990s, the average application of chemical fertilizers and insecticides throughout the Central Asian republics was twenty to twenty-five kilograms per hectare, compared with the former average of three kilograms per hectare for the entire Soviet Union. As a result, the supply of fresh water has received further contaminants. Industrial pollutants also have damaged Uzbekistan's water. In the Amu Darya, concentrations of phenol and oil products have been measured at far above acceptable health standards. In 1989 the minister of health of the Turkmen SSR described the Amu Darya as a sewage ditch for industrial and agricultural waste substances. Experts who monitored the river in 1995 reported even further deterioration.

text: Large-scale use of chemicals for cotton cultivation, inefficient irrigation systems, and poor drainage systems are examples of the conditions that led to a high filtration of salinized and contaminated water back into the soil. Post-Soviet policies have become even more dangerous; in the early 1990s, the average application of chemical fertilizers and insecticides throughout the Central Asian republics was twenty to twenty-five kilograms per hectare, compared with the former average of three kilograms per hectare for the entire Soviet Union. As a result, the supply of fresh water has received further contaminants. Industrial pollutants also have damaged Uzbekistan's water. In the Amu Darya, concentrations of phenol and oil products have been measured at far above acceptable health standards. In 1989 the minister of health of the Turkmen SSR described the Amu Darya as a sewage ditch for industrial and agricultural waste substances. Experts who monitored the river in 1995 reported even further deterioration.

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text: Najafgarh is located at  in South West Delhi district in the NCT of Delhi. Najafgarh is situated 29 km south-west of the New Delhi City Center and 10 km north-west to the district headquarters at Dwarka. It has an average elevation of  above mean Sea Level. Najafgarh Drain, the continuation of the Sahibi River and an elongation of the Najafgarh Lake is the Indian capital’s most polluted water body due to direct inflow of untreated sewage from surrounding populated areas. A January 2005 report by the Central Pollution Control Board classifies this drain, with 13 other highly polluted wetlands, under category ‘‘D’’ for assessing the water quality of wetlands in wildlife habitats.

text: Najafgarh is located at  in

text: South West Delhi district

text: in the

text: NCT of Delhi

text: . Najafgarh is situated 29 km south-west of the

text: New Delhi

text: City Center

text: and 10 km north-west to the district headquarters at

text: Dwarka

text: . It has an average elevation of  above mean Sea Level.

text: Najafgarh Drain

text: , the continuation of the

text: Sahibi River

text: and an elongation of the

text: Najafgarh Lake

text: is the Indian capital’s most polluted water body due to direct inflow of untreated sewage from surrounding populated areas. A January 2005 report by the

text: Central Pollution Control Board

text: classifies this drain, with 13 other highly polluted wetlands, under category ‘‘D’’ for assessing the water quality of wetlands in wildlife habitats.

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text: The main project of Valle in this context is the Marinz Project. This is a site specific based one. Marinz is a small country close to that industrial city where Valle grew. In the uncontaminated communist Albania, it was the polluted exclusion. Since the year 2012 the artist has been painting polluted flowers of Marinz, while taking its land pieces to transform them into art works, by drying and adorning them, acclimating and taming them, making them so to say, domestic.Valle seems to sustain that everything is nature, even pollution. That's why, he tries to witness that a new beauty appeared in our time, the polluted one.

text: The main project of Valle in this context is the Marinz Project. This is a site specific based one. Marinz is a small country close to that industrial city where Valle grew. In the uncontaminated communist Albania, it was the polluted exclusion. Since the year 2012 the artist has been painting polluted flowers of Marinz, while taking its land pieces to transform them into art works, by drying and adorning them, acclimating and taming them, making them so to say, domestic.Valle seems to sustain that everything is nature, even pollution. That's why, he tries to witness that a new beauty appeared in our time, the polluted one.

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answers: polluted

text: Due to industrial waste and automobiles, Manila suffers from air pollution, affecting 98% of the population. Annually, the air pollution causes more than 4,000 deaths. Ermita is Manila's most air polluted district due to open dump sites and industrial waste. According to a report in 2003, the Pasig River is one of the most polluted rivers in the world with 150 tons of domestic waste and 75 tons of industrial waste dumped daily.

text: Due to industrial waste and automobiles, Manila suffers from

text: air pollution

text: , affecting 98% of the population. Annually, the air pollution causes more than 4,000 deaths. Ermita is Manila's most air polluted district due to

text: open dump sites

text: and

text: industrial waste

text: . According to a report in 2003, the Pasig River is one of the most polluted rivers in the world with 150 tons of domestic waste and 75 tons of industrial waste dumped daily.

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text: Health effects (or health impacts) are changes in health resulting from exposure to a source. Health effects are an important consideration in many areas, such as hygiene, pollution studies, occupational safety and health, nutrition and health sciences in general.  Some of the major environmental sources of health effects are air pollution, water pollution, soil contamination, noise pollution and over-illumination.

text: Health effects (or health impacts) are changes in

text: health

text: resulting from exposure to a source. Health effects are an important consideration in many areas, such as

text: hygiene

text: pollution

text: studies,

text: occupational safety and health

text: nutrition

text: and

text: health sciences

text: in general.  Some of the major environmental sources of health effects are

text: air pollution

text: water pollution

text: soil contamination

text: noise pollution

text: and

text: over-illumination

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text: About 860 communities in the US have combined sewer systems, serving about 40 million people. CSO discharges during heavy storms can cause serious water pollution problems in these communities. Pollutants from CSO discharges can include bacteria and other pathogens, toxic chemicals, and debris. These pollutants have also been linked with antimicrobial resistance, posing serious public health concerns.  The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a policy in 1994 requiring municipalities to make improvements to reduce or eliminate CSO-related pollution problems. It is managed by the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program. The policy defined water quality parameters for the safety of an ecosystem; it allowed for action that are site specific to control CSOs in most practical way for community; it made sure the CSO control is not beyond a community’s budget; and allowed water quality parameters to be flexible, based upon the site specific conditions. The CSO Control Policy required all states to have ″nine minimum controls″ in place by January 1, 1997, to decrease the effects of sewage overflow by making small improvements in existing processes. In 2000 Congress amended the Clean Water Act to require the municipalities to comply with the EPA policy.

text: About 860 communities in the US have combined sewer systems, serving about 40 million people. CSO discharges during heavy storms can cause serious water pollution problems in these communities. Pollutants from CSO discharges can include

text: bacteria

text: and other

text: pathogen

text: s,

text: toxic

text: chemicals, and debris. These pollutants have also been linked with

text: antimicrobial resistance

text: , posing serious public health concerns.  The

text: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA) issued a policy in 1994 requiring municipalities to make improvements to reduce or eliminate CSO-related pollution problems. It is managed by the

text: National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)

text: permit program. The policy defined water quality parameters for the safety of an ecosystem; it allowed for action that are site specific to control CSOs in most practical way for community; it made sure the CSO control is not beyond a community’s budget; and allowed water quality parameters to be flexible, based upon the site specific conditions. The CSO Control Policy required all states to have ″nine minimum controls″ in place by January 1, 1997, to decrease the effects of sewage overflow by making small improvements in existing processes. In 2000

text: Congress

text: amended the

text: Clean Water Act

text: to require the municipalities to comply with the EPA policy.

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text: Around 90% of wastewater produced globally remains untreated, causing widespread water pollution, especially in low-income countries. Increasingly, agriculture is using untreated wastewater for irrigation. Cities provide lucrative markets for fresh produce, so are attractive to farmers. However, because agriculture has to compete for increasingly scarce water resources with industry and municipal users, there is often no alternative for farmers but to use water polluted with urban waste directly to water their crops.

text: Around 90% of wastewater produced globally remains untreated, causing widespread

text: water pollution

text: , especially in low-income countries. Increasingly,

text: agriculture

text: is using untreated wastewater for irrigation. Cities provide lucrative markets for fresh produce, so are attractive to farmers. However, because agriculture has to compete for increasingly scarce

text: water resources

text: with industry and municipal users, there is often no alternative for farmers but to use

text: water polluted

text: with urban waste directly to water their crops.

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text: The process begins with some governments setting aggregate pollution quotas (e.g., for carbon emissions) and selling pollution permits to the public respectively.  Polluters are required to buy those credits to match their pollution outputs. Some of the cost producers pay for pollution will result in higher costs for consumers, who as citizens are additionally faced with the environmental costs of the pollution. Under the cap and dividend system, public revenues raised from the sale of pollution credits is rebated to citizens or to consumers as a subsidy for increasing efficiency.

text: The process begins with some governments setting aggregate pollution quotas (e.g., for carbon emissions) and selling pollution permits to the public respectively.  Polluters are required to buy those credits to match their pollution outputs. Some of the cost producers pay for pollution will result in higher costs for consumers, who as citizens are additionally faced with the environmental costs of the pollution. Under the cap and dividend system, public revenues raised from the sale of pollution credits is rebated to citizens or to consumers as a subsidy for increasing efficiency.

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answers: Polluters are required to buy those credits to match their pollution outputs

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answers: It does not say

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text: The storm water component contributes pollutants to CSO; but a major faction of pollution is the first foul flush of accumulated biofilm and sanitary solids scoured from the dry weather wetted perimeter of combined sewers during peak flow turbulence. Each storm is different in the quantity and type of pollutants it contributes. For example, storms that occur in late summer, when it has not rained for a while, have the most pollutants. Pollutants like oil, grease, fecal coliform from pet and wildlife waste, and pesticides get flushed into the sewer system. In cold weather areas, pollutants from cars, people and animals also accumulate on hard surfaces and grass during the winter and then are flushed into the sewer systems during heavy spring rains.

text: The storm water component contributes pollutants to CSO; but a major faction of pollution is the

text: first foul flush

text: of accumulated

text: biofilm

text: and sanitary solids scoured from the dry weather

text: wetted perimeter

text: of combined sewers during peak flow

text: turbulence

text: . Each storm is different in the quantity and type of pollutants it contributes. For example, storms that occur in late summer, when it has not rained for a while, have the most pollutants. Pollutants like oil, grease,

text: fecal coliform

text: from pet and wildlife waste, and

text: pesticide

text: s get flushed into the sewer system. In cold weather areas, pollutants from cars, people and animals also accumulate on hard surfaces and grass during the winter and then are flushed into the sewer systems during heavy spring rains.

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answers: CSO

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answers: storms

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answers: The storm water component contributes pollutants to CSO

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answers: It does not say

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answers: no

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answers: biofilm and sanitary solids

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answers: pesticides

text: The Jiu Valley suffers from significant pollution due to industrialization and geographical factors (being situated in a depression). The region has been for more than a century a strongly mono-industrial one, with the economy revolving around mining, and this has had a very negative impact upon the environment. After the collapse of the mining industry in the 1990s, the region was officially considered a disadvantaged area, but there were not sufficient resources to care for the environment. The main effects of pollution are the pollution of the underground waters which also affects the surface, and the air pollution.This negatively affects the health of the population. The climate of Jiu Valley is also unfavourable: the mountain protection hamper the refreshing of the air.  Another effect is the pollution of Jiu river.

text: The Jiu Valley suffers from significant

text: pollution

text: due to industrialization and geographical factors (being situated in a

text: depression

text: ). The region has been for more than a century a strongly mono-industrial one, with the economy revolving around mining, and this has had a very negative impact upon the environment. After the collapse of the mining industry in the 1990s, the region was officially considered a disadvantaged area, but there were not sufficient resources to care for the environment. The main effects of pollution are the pollution of the underground waters which also affects the surface, and the air pollution.This negatively affects the health of the population. The climate of Jiu Valley is also unfavourable: the mountain protection hamper the refreshing of the air.  Another effect is the pollution of

text: Jiu river

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answers: no

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text: The Ngakawau Riverwatch environmental group formed in 2001 to address the water pollution in the river.

text: The Ngakawau Riverwatch environmental group formed in 2001 to address the water pollution in the river.

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answers: It's impossible to say

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answers: Ngakawau

text: Water pollution in Albania is caused by disposal of trash, and discharge of untreated wastewater and sewage. Two rivers which pass through the capital, Tirana, are two of the most polluted rivers in Albania. Lana and Tirana River are clean at their source, but once they enter Tirana, their water is several times more polluted than allowed standards.Industrial pollution of rivers has been observed in the rivers Shkumbini, Fani, Gjanika and Semani, where toxic organic compounds and metals from mining and industrial activity are heavily affecting these rivers.

text: Water pollution in Albania is caused by disposal of trash, and discharge of untreated wastewater and sewage. Two rivers which pass through the capital, Tirana, are two of the most polluted rivers in Albania.

text: Lana

text: and

text: Tirana River

text: are clean at their source, but once they enter Tirana, their water is several times more polluted than allowed standards.Industrial pollution of rivers has been observed in the rivers Shkumbini, Fani, Gjanika and Semani, where toxic organic compounds and metals from mining and industrial activity are heavily affecting these rivers.

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answers: Tirana River

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answers: sewage

text: The Clean Water Act regulates discharges of pollutants, including discharges of pollutants from municipal stormwater systems. The petition of a writ of certiorari (filed October 11, 2011) posed two questions to the Supreme Court:

text: The Clean Water Act regulates discharges of pollutants, including discharges of pollutants from municipal stormwater systems. The petition of a writ of

text: certiorari

text: (filed October 11, 2011) posed two questions to the Supreme Court:

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answers: municipal stormwater systems

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answers: municipal stormwater systems

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answers: The Clean Water Act regulates discharges

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answers: It is not possible to tell

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answers: No

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answers: municipal stormwater systems

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answers: municipal stormwater

text: Pollutant sources of lotic systems are hard to control because they derive, often in small amounts, over a very wide area and enter the system at many locations along its length.  Agricultural fields often deliver large quantities of sediments, nutrients, and chemicals to nearby streams and rivers.  Urban and residential areas can also add to this pollution when contaminants are accumulated on impervious surfaces such as roads and parking lots that then drain into the system.  Elevated nutrient concentrations, especially nitrogen and phosphorus which are key components of fertilizers, can increase periphyton growth, which can be particularly dangerous in slow-moving streams.  Another pollutant, acid rain, forms from sulfur dioxide and nitrous oxide emitted from factories and power stations.  These substances readily dissolve in atmospheric moisture and enter lotic systems through precipitation. This can lower the pH of these sites, affecting all trophic levels from algae to vertebrates (Brown 1987).  Mean species richness and total species numbers within a system decrease with decreasing pH.

text: Pollutant sources of lotic systems are hard to control because they derive, often in small amounts, over a very wide area and enter the system at many locations along its length.  Agricultural fields often deliver large quantities of sediments, nutrients, and chemicals to nearby streams and rivers.  Urban and residential areas can also add to this pollution when contaminants are accumulated on impervious surfaces such as roads and parking lots that then drain into the system.  Elevated nutrient concentrations, especially nitrogen and phosphorus which are key components of fertilizers, can increase periphyton growth, which can be particularly dangerous in slow-moving streams.  Another pollutant,

text: acid rain

text: , forms from sulfur dioxide and nitrous oxide emitted from factories and power stations.  These substances readily dissolve in atmospheric moisture and enter lotic systems through precipitation. This can lower the pH of these sites, affecting all trophic levels from algae to vertebrates (Brown 1987).  Mean species richness and total species numbers within a system decrease with decreasing pH.

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answers: lotic systems

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answers: Agricultural fields

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answers: Urban and residential areas can also add to this pollution when contaminants are accumulated on impervious surfaces

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answers: It is not possible to say

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answers: no

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answers: Agricultural fields

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answers: fertilizers

text: Sex is influenced by water pollutants that are encountered in everyday life. These sources of water can range from the simplicity of a water fountain to the entirety of the oceans.  The pollutants within the water range from Endocrine Disruptor Chemicals (EDCs) in birth control to Bisphenol-A (BPA). Foreign substances such as chemical pollutants that cause an alteration of sex have been found in growing prevalence in the circulating waters of the world. These pollutants have affected not only humans, but also animals in contact with the pollutants.

text: Sex

text: is influenced by water

text: pollutants

text: that are encountered in everyday life. These sources of water can range from the simplicity of a water fountain to the entirety of the oceans.  The pollutants within the water range from

text: Endocrine Disruptor Chemicals (EDCs)

text: in birth control to

text: Bisphenol-A (BPA)

text: . Foreign substances such as chemical pollutants that cause an alteration of sex have been found in growing prevalence in the circulating waters of the world. These pollutants have affected not only humans, but also animals in contact with the pollutants.

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answers: Sex

answers: NDQ_006383

answers: the oceans

answers: NDQ_006384

answers: Sex is influenced by water pollutants that are encountered in everyday life

answers: NDQ_006385

answers: It is not

answers: NDQ_006388

answers: no

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answers: birth control

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answers: Bisphenol-A

text: Synthetic pesticides such as 'Malathon, 'Rogor', 'Kelthane' and 'confidor' are the most widespread method of controlling pests in agriculture. Pesticides can leach through the soil and enter the groundwater, as well as linger in food products and result in death in humans. Pesticides can also kill non-target plants, birds, fish and other wildlife.A wide range of agricultural chemicals are used and some become pollutants through use, misuse, or ignorance. Pollutants from agriculture have a huge effect on water quality. Agricultural nonpoint source (NPS) solution impacts lakes, rivers, wetlands, estuaries, and groundwater. Agricultural NPS can be caused by poorly managed animal feeding operations, overgrazing, plowing, fertilizer, and improper, excessive, or badly timed use of Pesticides. Pollutants from farming include sediments, nutrients, pathogens, pesticides, metals, and salts.

text: Synthetic pesticides such as 'Malathon, 'Rogor', 'Kelthane' and 'confidor' are the most widespread method of controlling pests in agriculture. Pesticides can leach through the soil and enter the groundwater, as well as linger in food products and result in death in humans. Pesticides can also kill non-target plants, birds, fish and other wildlife.A wide range of

text: agricultural chemicals

text: are used and some become

text: pollutant

text: s through use, misuse, or ignorance. Pollutants from agriculture have a huge effect on water quality. Agricultural nonpoint source (NPS) solution impacts lakes, rivers,

text: wetland

text: s, estuaries, and

text: groundwater

text: . Agricultural NPS can be caused by poorly managed animal feeding operations, overgrazing, plowing, fertilizer, and improper, excessive, or badly timed use of

text: Pesticide

text: s. Pollutants from farming include sediments, nutrients, pathogens, pesticides, metals, and salts.

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answers: lakes, rivers, wetlands, estuaries, and groundwater

answers: NDQ_006383

answers: agriculture

answers: NDQ_006384

answers: Pollutants from agriculture have a huge effect on water quality

answers: NDQ_006385

answers: Pollutants from agriculture

answers: NDQ_006388

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006389

answers: fertilizer

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answers: pesticides

text: Under wind, atmospheric pollutants move in a north and northeasterly direction, and in times of low winds or moderate winds, are more evenly distributed over the city. The most polluting industrial processes in the city are ammonium sulfate, cement, plaster and paper pulp. The emission of gases from motor vehicle traffic is more critical in the central district, where much of the business is. The main source of air pollution is from the vehicles at 34% and then industry with 18%. The pollutants emitted by vehicles are carbon monoxide (89.12%), sulfur dioxide (0.23%), hydrocarbons (6.46%), oxides of nitrogen (3.82%) and other particles (0. 37%). To help remedy this problem, several state enterprises and private sector have supported a project to convert liquid fuel vehicles to natural gas. Furthermore, the city has installed more than 12 service stations catering to natural gas vehicles. Barranquilla is the fourth biggest atmospheric polluter from industry. According to research conducted by the Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies of Colombia (IDEAM), monthly concentrations in Barranquilla of particulate matter smaller than 160 micrograms per cubic meter exceeds the highest international standard allowed of 70. The causes of this problem lie heavily on the poor quality of petrol and diesel used by vehicles of the city, with record levels of 5,000 ppm (parts per million sulfur) and 4,500 ppm respectively, when there are countries whose rates do not even exceed 50.

text: Under wind, atmospheric pollutants move in a north and northeasterly direction, and in times of low winds or moderate winds, are more evenly distributed over the city. The most polluting industrial processes in the city are

text: ammonium sulfate

text: , cement,

text: plaster

text: and paper pulp. The emission of gases from motor vehicle traffic is more critical in the central district, where much of the business is. The main source of air pollution is from the vehicles at 34% and then industry with 18%. The pollutants emitted by vehicles are

text: carbon monoxide

text: sulfur dioxide

text: hydrocarbon

text: s (6.46%), oxides of

text: nitrogen

text: (3.82%) and other particles (0. 37%). To help remedy this problem, several state enterprises and private sector have supported a project to convert liquid fuel vehicles to natural gas. Furthermore, the city has installed more than 12 service stations catering to natural gas vehicles. Barranquilla is the fourth biggest atmospheric polluter from industry. According to research conducted by the Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies of Colombia (IDEAM), monthly concentrations in Barranquilla of particulate matter smaller than 160 micrograms per cubic meter exceeds the highest international standard allowed of 70. The causes of this problem lie heavily on the poor quality of petrol and diesel used by vehicles of the city, with record levels of 5,000 ppm (parts per million sulfur) and 4,500 ppm respectively, when there are countries whose rates do not even exceed 50.

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answers: Barranquilla

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answers: industry

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answers: The main source of air pollution is from the vehicles at 34% and then industry with 18%

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answers: The main source of air pollution

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answers: no

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answers: natural gas

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answers: sulfate

text: When the plan was introduced in October in 2003, it originally contained 65 actions built on previous legislation. Their immediate goal was to halt and reverse the decline in water quality entering the reef by 2013. By 2020, they hope that the quality of the water entering in the reef improves enough so that it doesn't have a detrimental impact on the health of the Great Barrier Reef. To achieve these goals they decided to reduce pollutants in the water entering the reef and to rehabilitate and conserve areas of the reef that naturally help reduce water pollutants. To achieve the objectives described above, this plan focuses on non-point sources of pollution, which cannot be traced to a single source such as a waste outlet.

text: When the plan was introduced in October in 2003, it originally contained 65 actions built on previous legislation. Their immediate goal was to halt and reverse the decline in water quality entering the reef by 2013. By 2020, they hope that the quality of the water entering in the reef improves enough so that it doesn't have a detrimental impact on the health of the Great Barrier Reef. To achieve these goals they decided to reduce pollutants in the water entering the reef and to rehabilitate and conserve areas of the reef that naturally help reduce water pollutants. To achieve the objectives described above, this plan focuses on non-point sources of pollution, which cannot be traced to a single source such as a waste outlet.

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answers: Great Barrier Reef

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answers: non-point sources

answers: NDQ_006384

answers: To achieve these goals they decided to reduce pollutants in the water entering the reef

answers: NDQ_006385

answers: It does not say

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answers: no

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answers: natural help reduce water pollutants

answers: NDQ_006390

answers: non-point sources

text: Nonpoint source (NPS) water pollution regulations are environmental regulations that restrict or limit water pollution from diffuse or nonpoint effluent sources such as polluted runoff from agricultural areas in a river catchments or wind-borne debris blowing out to sea. In the United States, governments have taken a number of legal and regulatory approaches to controlling NPS effluent. Nonpoint water pollution sources include, for example, leakage from underground storage tanks, storm water runoff, atmospheric deposition of contaminants, and golf course, agricultural, and forestry runoff. Nonpoint sources are the most significant single source of water pollution in the United States, accounting for almost half of all water pollution, and agricultural runoff is the single largest source of nonpoint source water pollution.  This water pollution has a number of detrimental effects on human health and the environment. Unlike point source pollution, nonpoint source pollution arises from numerous and diverse sources, making identification, monitoring, and regulation more complex.

text: Nonpoint source (NPS) water pollution regulations are environmental regulations that restrict or limit

text: water pollution

text: from diffuse or nonpoint

text: effluent

text: sources such as polluted

text: runoff

text: from agricultural areas in a river catchments or wind-borne debris blowing out to sea. In the United States, governments have taken a number of legal and regulatory approaches to controlling NPS effluent.

text: Nonpoint water pollution

text: sources include, for example, leakage from underground storage tanks, storm water runoff, atmospheric deposition of contaminants, and golf course, agricultural, and forestry runoff. Nonpoint sources are the most significant single source of

text: water pollution in the United States

text: , accounting for almost half of all water pollution, and agricultural runoff is the single largest source of nonpoint source water pollution.  This water pollution has a number of detrimental effects on human health and the environment. Unlike

text: point source

text: pollution, nonpoint source pollution arises from numerous and diverse sources, making identification, monitoring, and regulation more complex.

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text: Parts-per notation is often used describing dilute solutions in chemistry, for instance, the relative abundance of dissolved minerals or pollutants in water. The unit “1 ppm” can be used for a mass fraction if a water-borne pollutant is present at one-millionth of a gram per gram of sample solution.  When working with aqueous solutions, it is common to assume that the density of water is 1.00 g/mL.  Therefore, it is common to equate 1 kilogram of water with 1 L of water.  Consequently, 1 ppm corresponds to 1 mg/L and 1 ppb corresponds to 1 μg/L.

text: Parts-per notation is often used describing dilute solutions in

text: chemistry

text: , for instance, the relative abundance of dissolved minerals or pollutants in water. The unit “1 ppm” can be used for a mass fraction if a water-borne pollutant is present at one-millionth of a

text: gram

text: per gram of sample solution.  When working with aqueous solutions, it is common to assume that the density of water is 1.00 g/mL.  Therefore, it is common to equate 1 kilogram of water with 1 L of water.  Consequently, 1 ppm corresponds to 1 mg/L and 1 ppb corresponds to 1 μg/L.

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text: The Act requires use of best management practices for a wide range of other water discharges including nonpoint source pollution. Amendments in 1977 required stricter regulation of toxic pollutants. In 1987 Congress added NPDES permit coverage for municipal and industrial stormwater discharges.

text: The Act requires use of

entity_name: Best management practice for water pollution

text: best management practices

text: for a wide range of other water discharges including

text: nonpoint source pollution

text: . Amendments in 1977 required stricter regulation of

text: toxic

text: pollutants. In 1987 Congress added NPDES permit coverage for municipal and industrial

text: stormwater

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answers: nonpoint source

text: Hence to reduce the pollution emissions from these firms in water and air, a pollution tax can be charged from these firms which can be indexed (in slabs) in accordance of the pollution level done by the firms.

text: Hence to reduce the pollution emissions from these firms in water and air, a

text: pollution tax

text: can be charged from these firms which can be indexed (in slabs) in accordance of the pollution level done by the firms.

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answers: It can be charged from these firms

answers: NDQ_006389

answers: pollution tax

answers: NDQ_006390

answers: pollution emissions

text: Water pollution is largely the product of poor urban wastewater management but solid waste and agriculture are also water polluters. In some cases, high salinity, pesticides and other pollutants are present in water close to agricultural, urban, and industrial areas. Downstream of metal mining, flows of effluents also show high levels of cadmium, chrome and other heavy metals – high levels of mercury have been found in the waters of Samana Bay and the presence of pesticides and persistent organic pollutants (such as DDT and PCBs) in estuary mollusks has also been reported.

text: Water pollution is largely the product of poor urban wastewater management but solid waste and agriculture are also water polluters. In some cases, high salinity, pesticides and other pollutants are present in water close to agricultural, urban, and industrial areas. Downstream of metal mining, flows of effluents also show high levels of

text: cadmium

text: chrome

text: and other

text: heavy metals

text: – high levels of

text: mercury

text: have been found in the waters of Samana Bay and the presence of pesticides and persistent organic pollutants (such as DDT and PCBs) in estuary mollusks has also been reported.

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answers: no

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text: New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) are pollution control standards issued by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).  The term is used in the Clean Air Act Extension of 1970 (CAA) to refer to air pollution emission standards, and in the Clean Water Act (CWA) referring to standards for water pollution discharges of industrial wastewater to surface waters.

text: New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) are pollution control

text: standards

text: issued by the

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA).  The term is used in the

text: Clean Air Act Extension of 1970

text: (CAA) to refer to

text: air pollution

text: emission standards, and in the

text: Clean Water Act

text: (CWA) referring to standards for

text: water pollution

text: discharges of

text: industrial wastewater

text: to

text: surface water

text: s.

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answers: It does not say

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text: The Clean Water Act is a result of the 1972 amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, which was passed to ultimately eliminate pollution discharge into any body of water in the United States. One of the major mechanisms for implementing this statute was to create a permitting process for all discharging methods that involved dumping pollutants into streams, lakes, rivers, wetlands, or creeks. The National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permitting requirements apply to all phases of the petroleum industry. Petroleum industry waste, including frac flowback and produced water, cannot be discharged to the waters of the United States, except under an NPDES or equivalent state permit.

text: The Clean Water Act is a result of the 1972 amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, which was passed to ultimately eliminate pollution discharge into any body of water in the United States. One of the major mechanisms for implementing this statute was to create a permitting process for all discharging methods that involved dumping pollutants into streams, lakes, rivers, wetlands, or creeks. The

text: National Pollution Discharge Elimination System

text: (NPDES) permitting requirements apply to all phases of the petroleum industry. Petroleum industry waste, including frac flowback and produced water, cannot be discharged to the waters of the United States, except under an NPDES or equivalent state permit.

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answers: dumping pollutants

text: SAFE AIR  (Simulation of Air pollution From Emissions Above Inhomogeneous Regions) is an advanced atmospheric pollution dispersion model for calculating concentrations of atmospheric pollutants emitted both continuously or intermittently from point, line, volume and area sources. It adopts an integrated Gaussian puff modeling system.SAFE AIR  consists of three main parts: the meteorological pre-processor WINDS (Wind-field Interpolation by Non Divergent Schemes) to calculate wind fields, the meteorological pre-processor ABLE (Acquisition of Boundary Layer parameters) to calculate atmospheric parameters and a lagrangian multisource model named P6 (Program Plotting Paths of Pollutant Puffs and Plumes) to calculate pollutant dispersion.SAFE AIR  is included in the online Model Documentation System (MDS) of the European Environment Agency (EEA) and of the .Italian Agency for the Protection of the Environment (APAT).

text: SAFE AIR  (Simulation of Air pollution From Emissions Above Inhomogeneous Regions) is an advanced

text: atmospheric pollution dispersion model

text: for calculating concentrations of

text: atmospheric pollutants

text: emitted both

text: continuously

text: or

text: intermittently

text: from

text: point, line, volume and area sources

text: . It adopts an integrated

text: Gaussian puff modeling system

text: .SAFE AIR  consists of three main parts: the meteorological pre-processor WINDS (Wind-field Interpolation by Non Divergent Schemes) to calculate wind fields, the meteorological pre-processor ABLE (Acquisition of Boundary Layer parameters) to calculate atmospheric parameters and a lagrangian multisource model named P6 (Program Plotting Paths of Pollutant Puffs and Plumes) to calculate pollutant dispersion.SAFE AIR  is included in the online Model Documentation System (MDS) of the

text: European Environment Agency

text: (EEA) and of the .Italian Agency for the Protection of the Environment (APAT).

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text: A Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) is a regulatory term in the U.S. Clean Water Act, describing a value of the maximum amount of a pollutant that a body of water can receive while still meeting water quality standards. Alternatively, TMDL is an allocation of that water pollutant deemed acceptable to the subject receiving waters.TMDLs have been used extensively by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and state environmental agencies in implementing the Clean Water Act by establishing maximum pollution limits for industrial wastewater dischargers.  EPA published regulations in 1992 establishing TMDL procedures. Application of TMDL has broadened significantly in the last decade to include many watershed-scale efforts.  This process incorporates both point source and nonpoint source pollutants within a watershed.

text: A Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) is a regulatory term in the U.S.

text: Clean Water Act

text: , describing a value of the maximum amount of a

text: pollutant

text: that a

text: body of water

text: can receive while still meeting

text: water quality standards

text: . Alternatively, TMDL is an allocation of that

text: water pollutant

text: deemed acceptable to the subject

text: receiving water

text: s.TMDLs have been used extensively by the

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA) and state environmental agencies in implementing the Clean Water Act by establishing maximum pollution limits for

text: industrial wastewater

text: dischargers.  EPA published regulations in 1992 establishing TMDL procedures. Application of TMDL has broadened significantly in the last decade to include many watershed-scale efforts.  This process incorporates both

text: point source

text: and

text: nonpoint source

text: pollutants within a

text: watershed

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text: Environment - current issues:deforestation (some the result of illegal logging); overgrazing of the slopes of the coast and sierra leading to soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in Lima; pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes

text: Environment - current issues:deforestation (some the result of illegal logging); overgrazing of the slopes of the coast and sierra leading to soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in Lima; pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes

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text: Due to high levels of pollution, including 125 MLD of untreated sewerage water being discharged into the river by the Pune Municipal Corporation, the Maharashtra Pollution Control Board has classified the water quality to be of Class-IV. The Pune Municipal Corporation announced plans to clean up and restore the river by pumping in oxygen on the lines of restoration efforts undertaken in Mumbai for the Mithi River.

text: Due to high levels of pollution, including 125 MLD of untreated sewerage water being discharged into the river by the

text: Pune Municipal Corporation

text: , the

text: Maharashtra Pollution Control Board

text: has classified the water quality to be of Class-IV. The Pune Municipal Corporation announced plans to clean up and restore the river by pumping in oxygen on the lines of restoration efforts undertaken in

text: Mumbai

text: for the

text: Mithi River

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answers: Pune Municipal Corporation

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answers: untreated

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text: The Miccosukee Tribe filed suit under the Clean Water Act, which prohibits "the discharge of any pollutant by any person" unless done in compliance with the Act. The Tribe claimed that the pump station required an NPDES permit, because it moved phosphorus-laden water from the canal into the wetland area, but the District contended that the pump's operation did not constitute the "discharge of a pollutant" under the Act. The District Court granted the Tribe summary judgment, and the Eleventh Circuit affirmed. For the purposes of NPDES permitting requirements, the Government (as an impartial adviser to the District) contended that all water bodies that fall within the Act's definition of "navigable water" (which are defined as "the waters of the U.S.") should be viewed collectively. Since the Act requires NPDES permits only when there is an addition of a pollutant to "navigable waters," this approach implied that such permits are not required when water is transferred from one navigable water, unaltered, into another navigable water body. However, because neither the District nor the Government raised the "unitary waters" approach before the Eleventh Circuit or in their briefs respecting certiori and because some factual issues remained unresolved, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to resolve the unitary waters argument and the case was remanded to the lower court.

text: The

text: Miccosukee Tribe

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text: The major environmental issues in Argentina are pollution and the loss of agricultural lands. The soil is threatened by erosion, salinization, and deforestation. Air pollution is also a problem due to chemical agents from industrial sources. The water supply is threatened by uncontrolled dumping of pesticides, hydrocarbons, and heavy metals. Argentina has a renewable water supply of 276 cubic km. In 2002, some 97% of all city dwellers and over 70% of rural dwellers had access to improved water sources. In 2000, about 12.7% of the land area contained forest and woodland.

text: The major environmental issues in Argentina are

text: pollution

text: and the loss of agricultural lands. The soil is threatened by

text: erosion

text: salinization

text: , and

text: deforestation

text: Air pollution

text: is also a problem due to chemical agents from industrial sources. The water supply is threatened by uncontrolled dumping of

text: pesticide

text: s,

text: hydrocarbon

text: s, and

text: heavy metal

text: s. Argentina has a renewable water supply of 276 cubic km. In 2002, some 97% of all city dwellers and over 70% of rural dwellers had access to improved water sources. In 2000, about 12.7% of the land area contained forest and woodland.

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text: According to the Palestinian Environmental NGOs Network, "The public health and safety and environmental hazards stemming from the damage caused to infrastructure as a result of this military operation include water shortages, contaminated remaining drinking water, uncontrolled discharge and untreated sewage flowing in the streets resulting in groundwater pollution, pollution of agricultural land which Gazans will now be unable to cultivate to harvest crops, negatively impacting their earning."

text: According to the

text: Palestinian Environmental NGOs Network

text: , "The public health and safety and environmental hazards stemming from the damage caused to infrastructure as a result of this military operation include

text: water shortages

text: , contaminated remaining

text: drinking water

text: , uncontrolled discharge and

text: untreated sewage

text: flowing in the streets resulting in

text: groundwater pollution

text: , pollution of agricultural land which Gazans will now be unable to cultivate to harvest crops, negatively impacting their earning."

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text: The Najafgarh drain or Najafgarh nallah (nallah in Hindi means drain)  is just another name for the River Sahibi which continues its flow through Delhi where it is channelized due to flood control purposes, it is a tributary to River Yamuna in which it outfalls here. Within Delhi it is erroneously called "Najafgarh drain" or "Najafgarh nallah"', it gets this name from the once famous and huge Najafgarh Jheel (lake) near the town of Najafgarh in southwest Delhi and within urbanized Delhi it is the Indian Capital’s most polluted water body due to direct inflow of untreated sewage from surrounding populated areas. A January 2005 report by the Central Pollution Control Board clubs this drain with 13 other highly polluted wetlands under category ‘‘D ’’ for assessing the water quality of wetlands in wildlife habitats.

text: The Najafgarh drain or Najafgarh nallah (nallah in

text: Hindi

text: means drain)  is just another name for the

text: River Sahibi

text: which continues its flow through

text: Delhi

text: where it is channelized due to flood control purposes, it is a

text: tributary

text: to River Yamuna in which it outfalls here. Within Delhi it is erroneously called "Najafgarh drain" or "Najafgarh nallah"', it gets this name from the once famous and huge Najafgarh Jheel (lake) near the town of

text: Najafgarh

text: in southwest Delhi and within urbanized Delhi it is the Indian Capital’s most polluted water body due to direct inflow of untreated sewage from surrounding populated areas. A January 2005 report by the Central Pollution Control Board clubs this drain with 13 other highly polluted wetlands under category ‘‘D ’’ for assessing the water quality of wetlands in wildlife habitats.

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answers: It gets this name from the once famous and huge

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answers: untreated

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answers: untreated sewage

text: Section 85 of the WRA is concerned with the offence of polluting controlled water. The purpose of the section is to impose criminal liability on those who pollute natural water resources. The main offence states that it is an offence to cause or knowingly permit poisonous, noxious, or polluting matter or any solid waste to enter any controlled waters. Further offences, for example, a breach of conditions in a discharge consent, are also introduced by s.85.

text: Section 85 of the WRA is concerned with the offence of polluting controlled water. The purpose of the section is to impose criminal liability on those who pollute natural water resources. The main offence states that it is an offence to cause or knowingly permit poisonous, noxious, or polluting matter or any solid waste to enter any controlled waters. Further offences, for example, a breach of conditions in a discharge consent, are also introduced by s.85.

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answers: Poisonous, noxious, or polluting matter

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answers: It is not

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answers: It is an offence to cause or knowingly permit poisonous

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answers: solid waste

text: According to the French historian of the environment Jean-Baptiste Fressoz, financial compensation (not named "polluter pays principle" at that time) is already the regulation principle of pollution favoured by industrials in the nineteenth century. He wrote that: "This principle, which is now offered as a new solution, actually accompanied the process of industrialisation, and was intended by the manufacturers themselves."

text: According to the French

text: historian of the environment

text: Jean-Baptiste Fressoz,

text: financial compensation

text: (not named "polluter pays principle" at that time) is already the regulation principle of

text: pollution

text: favoured by industrials in the nineteenth century. He wrote that: "This principle, which is now offered as a new solution, actually accompanied the process of industrialisation, and was intended by the manufacturers themselves."

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answers: It is not possible to tell

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answers: no

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text: In the late 19th century, Calicut's municipal council decreed that the pond was to be reserved exclusively for drinking purposes, and prohibited its use for bathing, washing and recreational activities—a ruling that has remained in place ever since. The pond is an important source of drinking water for Kozhikode, but is susceptible to pollution from municipal sewage, domestic waste, and pollutants from nearby textile factories. An analysis of the water in 2000 by scientists from the Central Water Analysis Laboratory and Pondicherry Central University found that the pond was particularly bacteriologically contaminated during the monsoon season, and was highly alkaline afterwards.

text: In the late 19th century,

text: Calicut's

text: municipal council decreed that the pond was to be reserved exclusively for drinking purposes, and prohibited its use for bathing, washing and recreational activities—a ruling that has remained in place ever since. The pond is an important source of drinking water for Kozhikode, but is susceptible to pollution from municipal sewage, domestic waste, and pollutants from nearby textile factories. An analysis of the water in 2000 by scientists from the Central Water Analysis Laboratory and Pondicherry Central University found that the pond was particularly bacteriologically contaminated during the

text: monsoon

text: season, and was highly

text: alkaline

text: afterwards.

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answers: Kozhikode

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answers: textile factories

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answers: The pond is an important source of drinking water

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answers: Kozhikode

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answers: no

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answers: domestic waste

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answers: textile factories

text: A Discharge Monitoring Report (DMR) is a United States regulatory term for a periodic water pollution report prepared by industries, municipalities and other facilities discharging to surface waters. The facilities collect wastewater samples, conduct chemical and/or biological tests of the samples, and submit reports to a state agency or the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). All point source dischargers to ”Waters of the U.S.” must obtain a National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit from the appropriate agency, and many permittees are required to file DMRs.

text: A Discharge Monitoring Report (DMR) is a

text: United States

text: regulatory term for a periodic

text: water pollution

text: report prepared by

text: industries

text: municipalities

text: and other facilities discharging to

text: surface water

text: s. The facilities collect

text: wastewater

text: samples, conduct

text: chemical

text: and/or

text: biological

text: tests of the samples, and submit reports to a

text: state

text: agency or the

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA). All

text: point source

text: dischargers to

text: ”Waters of the U.S.”

text: must obtain a

text: National Pollution Discharge Elimination System

text: (NPDES) permit from the appropriate agency, and many permittees are required to file DMRs.

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answers: wastewater

text: The biggest river flowing into Vučitrn is the Sitnica. It is the second biggest natural basin river of Kosovo (), after the Drini i Bardhe (). According to many years of hydro-metrical observation, the Sitnica flows at a rate of approximately  , or 439.11 million m³ of water per year. The Sitnica river gathers smaller rivers such as Llapi, Lumkuqi, Tërrstena, Banja e Gjytezës and some other water flows that comes from the east side of the Čičavica mountain. The Sitnica river is in the fourth category of pollution, a category which includes the most polluted rivers in Kosovo. Besides chemical pollution, Sitnica river is also contaminated by KEDS's phenol, industrial and urban water.

text: The biggest river flowing into Vučitrn is the Sitnica. It is the second biggest natural basin river of Kosovo (), after the

text: Drini i Bardhe

text: (). According to many years of hydro-metrical observation, the Sitnica flows at a rate of approximately  , or 439.11 million m³ of water per year. The Sitnica river gathers smaller rivers such as Llapi, Lumkuqi, Tërrstena, Banja e Gjytezës and some other water flows that comes from the east side of the

text: Čičavica

text: mountain. The Sitnica river is in the fourth category of pollution, a category which includes the most polluted rivers in Kosovo. Besides chemical pollution, Sitnica river is also contaminated by KEDS's

text: phenol

text: , industrial and urban water.

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answers: industrial and urban water

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answers: Sitnica river is in the fourth category of pollution

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answers: It is not possible to tell

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answers: It is the second biggest natural basin river of Kosovo

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answers: natural basin river

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answers: chemical pollution

text: The Environmental Protection Agency had found no violations and had not taken enforcement actions against the Freedom Industries Charleston facility within the last five years. DEP did reveal that the facility had been the subject of a previous "odor complaint" "several years ago," although the complaint was determined by DEP to be unfounded. Following the spill, the DEP issued a violation notice on January 10 to Freedom Industries for releasing MCHM into the air and violating West Virginia's Air Pollution Control Act and the Water Pollution Control Act, and it subsequently ordered that its Charleston facility's 11 other tanks be emptied and the chemicals moved off site. By the night of January 9, the West Virginia National Guard began testing the contaminated water in the Elk River. The National Guard utilized its own lab, in addition to labs from DuPont and the West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources. The National Guard also requested two additional labs to expedite the water testing process. West Virginia American Water coordinated with DuPont and the United States Army Corps of Engineers to determine the contamination level within its system. A total of four labs were set up to continue testing the amount of the chemical remaining in the water.

text: The

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: had found no violations and had not taken enforcement actions against the Freedom Industries Charleston facility within the last five years. DEP did reveal that the facility had been the subject of a previous "odor complaint" "several years ago," although the complaint was determined by DEP to be unfounded. Following the spill, the DEP issued a violation notice on January 10 to Freedom Industries for releasing MCHM into the air and violating West Virginia's Air Pollution Control Act and the Water Pollution Control Act, and it subsequently ordered that its Charleston facility's 11 other tanks be emptied and the chemicals moved off site. By the night of January 9, the West Virginia National Guard began testing the contaminated water in the Elk River. The National Guard utilized its own lab, in addition to labs from

text: DuPont

text: and the West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources. The National Guard also requested two additional labs to expedite the water testing process. West Virginia American Water coordinated with DuPont and the

text: United States Army Corps of Engineers

text: to determine the contamination level within its system. A total of four labs were set up to continue testing the amount of the chemical remaining in the water.

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answers: Elk River

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answers: Freedom Industries Charleston facility

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answers: West Virginia's Air Pollution Control Act and the Water Pollution Control Act

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answers: no

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answers: MCHM

text: The Rivers Trust and Catchment Sensitive Farming created Pinpoint to reduce water pollution created from farming. Pinpoint supplies training, and support to keep farmers up to date and informed on the methods for sustainability. They have a number of courses on the process of how to diffuse water pollution from our environment and agriculture, and courses on educating farmers on sediment-related problems. The Rivers Trust focuses heavily on why it is important to reduce diffuse water pollution from agriculture. Diffuse water pollution is created from many sources making it difficult to track. Run off has many sources like transportation, urban living, remnants of contaminated land; nutrients; pesticides, and sediment created by farmers. To best reduce diffuse water pollution from agriculture, farmers must be educated. Small steps can lead to a huge impact like moving their gate entrance to prevent field erosion, or separating clean and dirty water.

text: The Rivers Trust and Catchment Sensitive Farming created Pinpoint to reduce water pollution created from farming. Pinpoint supplies training, and support to keep farmers up to date and informed on the methods for sustainability. They have a number of courses on the process of how to diffuse water pollution from our environment and agriculture, and courses on educating farmers on sediment-related problems. The Rivers Trust focuses heavily on why it is important to reduce diffuse water pollution from agriculture. Diffuse water pollution is created from many sources making it difficult to track. Run off has many sources like transportation, urban living, remnants of contaminated land; nutrients; pesticides, and sediment created by farmers. To best reduce diffuse water pollution from agriculture, farmers must be educated. Small steps can lead to a huge impact like moving their gate entrance to prevent field erosion, or separating clean and dirty water.

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text: Sedimentation and discharge of industrial effluents are prominent sources of water pollution, and the burning of wood for fuel is a significant source of indoor air pollution and respiratory problems. Vehicular and industrial emissions increasingly have contributed to air pollution in urban areas.

text: Sedimentation and discharge of industrial effluents are prominent sources of

text: water pollution

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text: and respiratory problems. Vehicular and industrial emissions increasingly have contributed to air pollution in urban areas.

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answers: industrial effluents

text: Water pollution from industrial effluents is a considerable challenge and the risk of continued contamination is very likely. The Government of Argentina (GoA) has a particular focus on the Matanza-Riachuelo River Basin in Buenos Aires where at least 50 industries are discharging ~95% of the total load of contaminants into the Parana river. Pollution and overuse of the aquifer in Mendoza have become a problem where agriculture and industrial runoff and mismanagement of irrigation water has deteriorated the first levels of the aquifer. This has led to over pumping and exploitation of deeper wells that reach the second and third layers of water. Older wells have been abandoned without being properly sealed posing a risk of vertical filtration (e.g. contaminated water from higher levels filters down to lower levels) into deeper water tables where farmers are pumping from. Abandoned wells also result in fields becoming stagnant and barren creating an economic loss for the region.

text: Water pollution from industrial effluents is a considerable challenge and the risk of continued contamination is very likely. The Government of Argentina (GoA) has a particular focus on the Matanza-Riachuelo River Basin in Buenos Aires where at least 50 industries are discharging ~95% of the total load of contaminants into the Parana river. Pollution and overuse of the aquifer in

text: Mendoza

text: have become a problem where agriculture and industrial runoff and mismanagement of irrigation water has deteriorated the first levels of the aquifer. This has led to over pumping and exploitation of deeper wells that reach the second and third layers of water. Older wells have been abandoned without being properly sealed posing a risk of vertical filtration (e.g. contaminated water from higher levels filters down to lower levels) into deeper water tables where farmers are pumping from. Abandoned wells also result in fields becoming stagnant and barren creating an economic loss for the region.

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answers: irrigation water

text: The study groups of the action committee consist of experts who will document the reasons of pollution by clicking pictures, preparing short films and by collecting water samples. The study is expected to be completed by March next year. The report and the demands would then be submitted to the state government as also to government bodies, like the Maharashtra Pollution Control Board and the Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation.

text: The study groups of the action committee consist of experts who will document the reasons of pollution by clicking pictures, preparing short films and by collecting water samples. The study is expected to be completed by March next year. The report and the demands would then be submitted to the state government as also to government bodies, like the Maharashtra Pollution Control Board and the

text: Pimpri-Chinchwad

text: Municipal Corporation.

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answers: the state government

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answers: pollution

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answers: The study is expected to be completed by March next year

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answers: It is not possible to tell

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answers: no

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answers: clicking pictures

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answers: water samples

text: The term is used extensively in U.S. water pollution law (i.e. the Clean Water Act), regulations and programs. Many POTWs were established and/or expanded with grants or low-interest loans from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

text: The term is used extensively in U.S. water pollution law (i.e. the

text: Clean Water Act

text: regulation

text: s and programs. Many POTWs were established and/or expanded with

text: grants

text: or low-interest

text: loan

text: s from the U.S.

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA).

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answers: No

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text: These aquifers are close to the surface, and have a high hydraulic conductivity, so they are at a high risk for pollution. Known pollutants in this area are arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc due to mining activities coupled with elevated levels of phosphorus and nitrogen due to agriculture activities.Water withdrawals from the aquifer region are derived 80% from surface water, 20% groundwater; however 60% of domestic, commercial and municipal water supply comes from groundwater. Wells range from 50 to 1,125 feet deep. This region of the United States is not heavily populated, but more than half the population relies on these aquifers for drinking water, and the aquifers are highly susceptible for pollution.

text: These aquifers are close to the surface, and have a high hydraulic conductivity, so they are at a high risk for pollution. Known pollutants in this area are arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc due to mining activities coupled with elevated levels of phosphorus and nitrogen due to agriculture activities.Water withdrawals from the aquifer region are derived 80% from surface water, 20% groundwater; however 60% of domestic, commercial and municipal water supply comes from groundwater. Wells range from 50 to 1,125 feet deep. This region of the United States is not heavily populated, but more than half the population relies on these aquifers for drinking water, and the aquifers are highly susceptible for pollution.

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answers: 60% of domestic, commercial and municipal water supply comes from groundwater

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answers: It's impossible to say

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answers: no

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answers: phosphorus

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answers: phosphorus and nitrogen

text: The direct approach measures the exposures to pollutants by monitoring the pollutant concentrations reaching the respondents.  The pollutant concentrations are directly monitored on or within the person through point of contact, biological monitoring, or biomarkers.  The point of contact approach indicates the total concentration reaching the host, while biological monitoring and the use of biomarkers infer the dosage of the pollutant through the determination of the body burden.  The respondents often record their daily activities and locations during the measurement of the pollutants to identify the potential sources, microenvironments, or human activities contributing the pollutant exposure.  An advantage of the direct approach is that the exposures through multiple media (air, soil, water, food, etc.) are accounted for through one study technique.  The disadvantages include the invasive nature of the data collection and associated costs.

text: The direct approach measures the exposures to pollutants by monitoring the pollutant concentrations reaching the respondents.  The pollutant concentrations are directly monitored on or within the person through point of contact, biological monitoring, or

text: biomarker

text: s.  The point of contact approach indicates the total concentration reaching the host, while biological monitoring and the use of biomarkers infer the dosage of the pollutant through the determination of the body burden.  The respondents often record their daily activities and locations during the measurement of the pollutants to identify the potential sources, microenvironments, or human activities contributing the pollutant exposure.  An advantage of the direct approach is that the exposures through multiple media (air, soil, water, food, etc.) are accounted for through one study technique.  The disadvantages include the invasive nature of the data collection and associated costs.

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answers: The disadvantages include the invasive nature of the data collection and associated costs

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answers: Water pollution is not a problem in developed nations

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answers: no

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answers: food

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answers: soil

text: Industrial bleaching agents can also be sources of concern. For example, the use of elemental chlorine in the bleaching of wood pulp produces organochlorines and persistent organic pollutants, including dioxins. According to an industry group, the use of chlorine dioxide in these processes has reduced the dioxin generation to under detectable levels. However, respiratory risk from chlorine and highly toxic chlorinated byproducts still exists.

text: Industrial bleaching agents can also be sources of concern. For example, the use of elemental chlorine in the

text: bleaching of wood pulp

text: produces

text: organochlorine

text: s and

text: persistent organic pollutant

text: s, including

text: dioxin

text: s. According to an industry group, the use of

text: chlorine dioxide

text: in these processes has reduced the dioxin generation to under detectable levels. However, respiratory risk from chlorine and highly toxic chlorinated byproducts still exists.

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answers: industrial bleaching agents can also be sources of concern

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answers: It does not say

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answers: no

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answers: chlorine dioxide

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answers: wood pulp

text: In Coase's model of social costs, either choice (grandfathering or auctioning) leads to efficiency. In reality, grandfathering subsidizes polluters, meaning that polluting industries may be kept in business longer than would otherwise occur. Grandfathering may also reduce the rate of technological improvement towards less polluting technologies (Fisher et al.., 1996, p. 417).

text: In Coase's model of social costs, either choice (grandfathering or auctioning) leads to efficiency. In reality, grandfathering subsidizes polluters, meaning that polluting industries may be kept in business longer than would otherwise occur. Grandfathering may also reduce the rate of technological improvement towards less polluting technologies (Fisher et al.., 1996, p. 417).

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answers: It does not say.

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answers: Grandfathering

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answers: polluters

text: Soil erosion (especially from agricultural activity) is considered to be the leading global cause of diffuse water pollution, due to the effects of the excess sediments flowing into the world's waterways. The sediments themselves act as pollutants, as well as being carriers for other pollutants, such as attached pesticide molecules or heavy metals.

text: Soil erosion (especially from agricultural activity) is considered to be the leading global cause of diffuse

text: water pollution

text: , due to the effects of the excess sediments flowing into the world's waterways. The sediments themselves act as pollutants, as well as being carriers for other pollutants, such as attached pesticide molecules or heavy metals.

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answers: Soil erosion

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answers: no

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answers: Soil

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answers: Soil erosion

text: As a product of the Industrial Revolution, many cities in Europe and North America grew in the 19th century, frequently leading to crowding and increasing concerns about public health. As part of a trend of municipal sanitation programs in the late 19th and 20th centuries, many cities constructed extensive sewer systems to help control outbreaks of disease such as typhoid and cholera. Initially these systems discharged sewage directly to surface waters without treatment. As pollution of water bodies became a concern, cities added sewage treatment plants to their systems. Most cities in the Western world added more expensive systems for sewage treatment in the early 20th century.

text: As a product of the

text: Industrial Revolution

text: , many cities in Europe and North America grew in the 19th century, frequently leading to crowding and increasing concerns about

text: public health

text: . As part of a trend of municipal

text: sanitation

text: programs in the late 19th and 20th centuries, many cities constructed extensive sewer systems to help control outbreaks of

text: disease

text: such as

text: typhoid

text: and

text: cholera

text: . Initially these systems discharged sewage directly to

text: surface water

text: s without treatment. As

text: pollution of water bodies

text: became a concern, cities added

text: sewage treatment

text: plants to their systems. Most cities in the Western world added more expensive systems for sewage treatment in the early 20th century.

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answers: It's impossible to say

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answers: no

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answers: municipal sanitation programs

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text: A conventional pollutant is a term used in the USA to describe a water pollutant that is amenable to treatment by a municipal sewage treatment plant.  A basic list of conventional pollutants is defined in the U.S. Clean Water Act. The list has been amended in regulations issued by the Environmental Protection Agency:

text: A conventional pollutant is a term used in the USA to describe a

text: water pollutant

text: that is amenable to treatment by a municipal

text: sewage treatment

text: plant.  A basic list of conventional pollutants is defined in the U.S.

text: Clean Water Act

text: . The list has been amended in regulations issued by the

text: Environmental Protection Agency

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text: Startups, shutdowns, and malfunctions (SSM) are periods of non-continuous operation in refineries, chemical plants or similar industrial facilities.  During such temporary periods, these plants might emit larger amounts of pollution, and therefore the pollution abatement equipment may be unable to effectively control it.

text: Startups, shutdowns, and malfunctions (SSM) are periods of non-continuous operation in refineries, chemical plants or similar industrial facilities.  During such temporary periods, these plants might emit larger amounts of

text: pollution

text: , and therefore the

text: pollution abatement

text: equipment may be unable to effectively control it.

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text: A 2007 article in China Daily stated that large scale use of pesticides and fertilizers from agriculture also contribute to water pollution.

text: A 2007 article in China Daily stated that large scale use of

text: pesticides

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text: fertilizers

text: from agriculture also contribute to water pollution.

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text: As a result of the Soviet planning of the industrial boom era, the city became heavily polluted. Soon after Azerbaijan's independence, the industrial sectors went into decline.  The Absheron Peninsula (which consists of Sumqayit, Baku and the Absheron Rayon) was considered by scientists to be the most ecologically devastated part of Azerbaijan.  The city was known for its children's cemetery, known as the "Baby Cemetery" which contains many graves of infants born with deformities and mental retardation that were further complicated by the lack of adequate medical care for the poor. Sumgayit was named as most polluted place on earth by the US based environmental group the Blacksmith Institute in 2006 and placed on their list of The World's Most Polluted Places by Time magazine in 2007. The report noted the former Soviet industrial base was polluting the local environment with industrial chemicals like chlorine and heavy metals. The report also mentioned cancer rates in Sumgayit were as much as 51% higher than the national average and that genetic mutations and birth defects were commonplace.The city administration prepared an environmental protection plan for 2003–2010 which has been steadily decreasing the levels of pollution to minimal. The program oversees 118 activities aimed at minimizing pollution at all possible levels of economic production. The program was prepared with participation of all industrial enterprises in the city and its enforcement is being regulated by the executive power of the city. For instance, the amount of waste water from industrial production went down from 600 thousand m during the 1990s to 76.3 thousand m in 2005. Solid waste went down from 300 thousand to 3,868 tons a year. The World Bank has issued a loan to the Azerbaijani government for construction of a burial range for mercury waste.

text: As a result of the Soviet planning of the industrial boom era, the city became heavily polluted. Soon after Azerbaijan's independence, the industrial sectors went into decline.  The Absheron Peninsula (which consists of Sumqayit,

text: Baku

text: and the

text: Absheron Rayon

text: ) was considered by scientists to be the most ecologically devastated part of Azerbaijan.  The city was known for its children's cemetery, known as the "Baby Cemetery" which contains many graves of infants born with deformities and mental retardation that were further complicated by the lack of adequate medical care for the poor. Sumgayit was named as most polluted place on earth by the US based environmental group the

text: Blacksmith Institute

text: in 2006 and placed on their list of The World's Most Polluted Places by

text: Time

text: magazine in 2007. The report noted the former Soviet industrial base was polluting the local environment with industrial chemicals like chlorine and

text: heavy metals

text: . The report also mentioned

text: cancer

text: rates in Sumgayit were as much as 51% higher than the national average and that

text: genetic mutations

text: and

text: birth defects

text: were commonplace.The city administration prepared an environmental protection plan for 2003–2010 which has been steadily decreasing the levels of pollution to minimal. The program oversees 118 activities aimed at minimizing pollution at all possible levels of economic production. The program was prepared with participation of all industrial enterprises in the city and its enforcement is being regulated by the executive power of the city. For instance, the amount of waste water from industrial production went down from 600 thousand m during the 1990s to 76.3 thousand m in 2005. Solid waste went down from 300 thousand to 3,868 tons a year. The

text: World Bank

text: has issued a loan to the Azerbaijani government for construction of a burial range for

text: mercury

text: waste.

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answers: Azerbaijan

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answers: former Soviet industrial base

answers: NDQ_006384

answers: As a result of the Soviet planning of the industrial boom era

answers: NDQ_006385

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_006388

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006389

answers: Solid waste

answers: NDQ_006390

answers: Solid waste

text: Intake fraction is the total mass of a pollutant ingested or inhaled by all exposed individuals over a given time, per total mass of the pollutant emitted. The intake fraction can be divided into components that identify the specific pollutant source, route, media, and subpopulation of exposed individuals.  For example, policy makers may be interested in the total mass of mercury emitted by one specific coal-burning electric generator that is ingested in water by the residents living below the poverty level in one specific town.

text: Intake fraction is the total mass of a pollutant ingested or inhaled by all exposed individuals over a given time, per total mass of the pollutant emitted. The intake fraction can be divided into components that identify the specific pollutant source, route, media, and subpopulation of exposed individuals.  For example, policy makers may be interested in the total mass of mercury emitted by one specific coal-burning

text: electric generator

text: that is ingested in water by the residents living below the

text: poverty level

text: in one specific town.

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answers: poverty level

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answers: electric generator

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answers: Raw sewage is dumped into the same water where people drink and bathe.

answers: NDQ_006385

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_006388

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006389

answers: residents living below the poverty

answers: NDQ_006390

answers: mercury

text: The Federal Water Pollution Control Act, or Clean Water Act (CWA), is the principal U.S. law concerned with limiting polluting activity in the nation’s streams, lakes, estuaries, and coastal waters. Under the act, pollutant discharges from point sources — a term that includes vessels — are prohibited unless a permit has been obtained. Sewage from cruise ships and other vessels is exempt from the requirement to obtain an NPDES permit.

text: The Federal Water Pollution Control Act, or

text: Clean Water Act

text: (CWA), is the principal U.S. law concerned with limiting polluting activity in the nation’s

text: stream

text: s,

text: lake

text: s,

text: estuaries

text: , and

text: coastal waters

text: . Under the act, pollutant discharges from

text: point source

text: s — a term that includes vessels — are prohibited unless a permit has been obtained. Sewage from cruise ships and other vessels is exempt from the requirement to obtain an

text: NPDES permit

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answers: coastal waters

answers: NDQ_006383

answers: vessels

answers: NDQ_006384

answers: The Federal Water Pollution Control Act

answers: NDQ_006385

answers: It does not say

answers: NDQ_006388

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006389

answers: cruise ships and other vessels

answers: NDQ_006390

answers: Sewage

text: Water pollution is a serious concern in Sarnia.  A June 2003 Ryerson University study concluded that the main source of water pollution in the St. Clair River occurs at the Sarnia Water Pollution Control Center due to chemical spills and ship emissions. (WPCC).  The study goes on to say that "A significant reduction of the pollution to the St. Clair River will only be achieved by improving the quality of the Sarnia WPCC effluent." In 2008, the city resolved to replace the aging sewer pumps that controlled the effluent.  Minutes of a meeting between Mayor Mike Bradley and Sarnia City Council state "The cost of repairing the raw sewage pumps is a significant portion of purchasing a new unit. However based on the performance of the existing units over the past 8 years, City staff prefers to look at other manufacturers for replacing the existing Fairbanks-Morse pumps as they require their second rebuilding."  In 2010, though, the Water Distribution Report indicated that "It should be noted that no filter effluent turbidity exceeded the prescribed test result for adverse reporting..."  Further, the Water Distribution Report concluded that "Note- No inorganic or organic parameters exceeded half the standard prescribed in Schedule 2 of the Ontario Drinking Water Quality Standards."

text: Water pollution is a serious concern in Sarnia.  A June 2003 Ryerson University study concluded that the main source of water pollution in the

text: St. Clair River

text: occurs at the Sarnia Water Pollution Control Center due to chemical spills and ship emissions. (WPCC).  The study goes on to say that "A significant reduction of the pollution to the St. Clair River will only be achieved by improving the quality of the Sarnia WPCC effluent." In 2008, the city resolved to replace the aging sewer pumps that controlled the effluent.  Minutes of a meeting between Mayor

text: Mike Bradley

text: and Sarnia City Council state "The cost of repairing the raw sewage pumps is a significant portion of purchasing a new unit. However based on the performance of the existing units over the past 8 years, City staff prefers to look at other manufacturers for replacing the existing

text: Fairbanks-Morse

text: pumps as they require their second rebuilding."  In 2010, though, the Water Distribution Report indicated that "It should be noted that no filter effluent turbidity exceeded the prescribed test result for adverse reporting..."  Further, the Water Distribution Report concluded that "Note- No inorganic or organic parameters exceeded half the standard prescribed in Schedule 2 of the Ontario Drinking Water Quality Standards."

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answers: St. Clair River

answers: NDQ_006383

answers: ship emissions

answers: NDQ_006384

answers: Ontario Drinking Water Quality Standards

answers: NDQ_006385

answers: No

answers: NDQ_006388

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006389

answers: turbidity

answers: NDQ_006390

answers: chemical spills

text: Agricultural runoff from farms and ranches in the Snake River Plain and many other areas has severely hurt the ecology of the river throughout the 20th century. After the first irrigation dams on the river begun operation in the first decade of the 20th century, much of the arable land in a strip a few miles wide along the Snake River was cultivated or turned to pasture, and agricultural return flows began to pollute the Snake. Runoff from several feedlots was dumped into the river until laws made the practice illegal. Fertilizer, manure and other chemicals and pollutants washed into the river greatly increase the nutrient load, especially of phosphorus, fecal coliforms and nitrogen. During low water, algae blooms occur throughout the calm stretches of the river, depleting its oxygen supply.

text: Agricultural runoff from farms and

text: ranch

text: es in the Snake River Plain and many other areas has severely hurt the ecology of the river throughout the 20th century. After the first irrigation dams on the river begun operation in the first decade of the 20th century, much of the

text: arable land

text: in a strip a few miles wide along the Snake River was

text: cultivated

text: or turned to

text: pasture

text: , and agricultural return flows began to pollute the Snake. Runoff from several

text: feedlot

text: s was dumped into the river until laws made the practice illegal.

text: Fertilizer

text: manure

text: and other chemicals and pollutants washed into the river greatly increase the nutrient load, especially of

text: phosphorus

text: fecal coliform

text: s and

text: nitrogen

text: . During low water,

text: algae bloom

text: s occur throughout the calm stretches of the river, depleting its oxygen supply.

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text: For some time the municipal government of Kanjiža (to which the mouth of the river belongs) protests about the extreme pollution of the Kereš's water, as it represents the single largest polluter of the Tisa river. Local politicians point at the city government of Subotica, which dumps its waste into the river, as the major culprit for such a bad condition of the river.

text: For some time the municipal government of

text: Kanjiža

text: (to which the mouth of the river belongs) protests about the extreme pollution of the Kereš's water, as it represents the single largest polluter of the Tisa river. Local politicians point at the city government of Subotica, which dumps its waste into the river, as the major culprit for such a bad condition of the river.

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answers: dumps its waste

text: Environment – current issues:air pollution from manufacturing and power plants contributing to acid rain; water pollution from industrial wastes, agricultural chemicals; habitat loss threatens wildlife populations

text: Environment – current issues:air pollution from manufacturing and power plants contributing to

text: acid rain

text: ; water pollution from industrial wastes, agricultural chemicals; habitat loss threatens wildlife populations

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text: Agricultural runoff (except for concentrated animal feeding operations, or "CAFO") is classified as nonpoint source pollution under the CWA. It is not included in the CWA definition of "point source" and therefore not subject to NPDES permit requirements. The 1987 CWA amendments established a non-regulatory program at EPA for nonpoint source pollution management consisting of research and demonstration projects. Related programs are conducted by the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) in the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

text: Agricultural runoff (except for concentrated animal feeding operations, or "

text: CAFO

text: ") is classified as

text: nonpoint source pollution

text: under the CWA. It is not included in the CWA definition of "point source" and therefore not subject to NPDES permit requirements. The 1987 CWA amendments established a non-regulatory program at EPA for nonpoint source pollution management consisting of research and demonstration projects. Related programs are conducted by the

text: Natural Resources Conservation Service

text: (NRCS) in the U.S.

text: Department of Agriculture

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answers: CAFO

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answers: Agricultural runoff

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answers: not subject to NPDES permit requirements

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answers: Agricultural runoff

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answers: Agricultural runoff

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answers: CAFO

text: At the time of the most recent survey in 2005, Monson Lake was found to have good water clarity and low to moderate nutrient pollution.  What pollution there was came largely from agricultural runoff.  Aquatic and emergent plants exhibited good density and biodiversity.  Monson Lake does experience cyanobacteria blooms in summer, but is free of Eurasian water milfoil and other invasive aquatic plants.  The water quality in West Sunburg Lake is considered very high.

text: At the time of the most recent survey in 2005, Monson Lake was found to have good water clarity and low to moderate

text: nutrient pollution

text: .  What pollution there was came largely from agricultural runoff.

text: Aquatic

text: and emergent plants exhibited good density and

text: biodiversity

text: .  Monson Lake does experience

text: cyanobacteria

text: blooms

text: in summer, but is free of

text: Eurasian water milfoil

text: and other invasive aquatic plants.  The water quality in West Sunburg Lake is considered very high.

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answers: Monson Lake

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answers: agricultural runoff

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answers: What pollution there was came largely from agricultural runoff

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answers: It is not possible to tell

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answers: no

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answers: Aquatic and emergent plants

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answers: runoff

text: Water board finances and wastewater treatment levy. Water boards have the authority to levy taxes and finance their activities mostly with revenues from these taxes. The three main taxes levied by the water boards are a charge for flood protection, a water resources management charge, and a water pollution levy for wastewater treatment. The pollution levy is based on the principle that a polluter must pay for the pollution that he causes. Every household in the Netherlands pays the pollution levy. Companies and organizations pay a rate linked to the quantity and composition of their waste water. The revenues from these taxes provide a budget of €1.9 billion in 2004. The total costs in the same year are estimated at around €2.3 billion, including a share for wastewater treatment. On average around 95% of all annual investment costs and management and maintenance costs by the Water Boards are covered by their revenues.

text: Water board finances and wastewater treatment levy. Water boards have the authority to levy taxes and finance their activities mostly with revenues from these taxes. The three main taxes levied by the water boards are a charge for flood protection, a water resources management charge, and a water pollution levy for wastewater treatment. The pollution levy is based on the principle that a polluter must pay for the pollution that he causes. Every household in the Netherlands pays the pollution levy. Companies and organizations pay a rate linked to the quantity and composition of their waste water. The revenues from these taxes provide a budget of €1.9 billion in 2004. The total costs in the same year are estimated at around €2.3 billion, including a share for wastewater treatment. On average around 95% of all annual investment costs and management and maintenance costs by the Water Boards are covered by their revenues.

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answers: Every household

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answers: polluter

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answers: Every household in the Netherlands pays the pollution levy

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answers: No

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answers: wastewater treatment

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answers: wastewater treatment

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answers: a water pollution levy

text: Plants like Utricularia, Chara, Wolffia grow in polluted waters. Bacteria like E. coli also indicate water pollution. Presence of diatoms in water indicates pollution by sewage.

text: Plants like Utricularia, Chara, Wolffia grow in polluted waters. Bacteria like E. coli also indicate water pollution. Presence of diatoms in water indicates pollution by sewage.

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answers: Plants

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answers: sewage

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answers: Presence of diatoms

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answers: developed nations

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answers: no

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answers: Utricularia

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answers: sewage

text: Drinking water has become a rare commodity on Majorca because of the increasing number of hotels and golf courses, that are irrigated daily. The groundwater level has sunken with effects on vegetation and climate as well as an intrusion of salt water. During the summer months drinking water has to be shipped in by tankers from continental Spain. Desalination plants are rare due to their expense and high consumption of electricity. Many sites lack sufficient sewage treatment and wastewater pollutes the Mediterranean Sea. Abnormal green algae populations are found, and are indicators of nutrient pollution. The dying bay of Santa Ponsa is an example of this pollution.

text: Drinking water has become a rare commodity on Majorca because of the increasing number of hotels and golf courses, that are irrigated daily. The groundwater level has sunken with effects on vegetation and climate as well as an intrusion of salt water. During the summer months drinking water has to be shipped in by tankers from continental Spain.

text: Desalination

text: plants are rare due to their expense and high consumption of electricity. Many sites lack sufficient

text: sewage treatment

text: and wastewater pollutes the Mediterranean Sea. Abnormal

text: green algae

text: populations are found, and are indicators of

text: nutrient pollution

text: . The dying bay of

text: Santa Ponsa

text: is an example of this pollution.

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answers: Many sites lack sufficient sewage treatment

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answers: Many sites lack sufficient sewage treatment

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text: Before the CWA was enacted, companies indiscriminately discharged their effluents into water bodies. One such water body was the Cuyahoga River located in north-east Ohio. The river was thrust into the national limelight in 1969 when it caught fire, although the river had been plagued by fires since 1936. Pollution of the river had become prevalent in the early 1800s as contaminants from municipal and industrial discharges, bank erosion, commercial/residential development, atmospheric deposition, hazardous waste disposal sites, urban storm water runoff, combined sewer overflows (CSOs) and wastewater treatment plant bypasses were discharged into the river. Time magazine described the Cuyahoga as the river that "oozes rather than flows" and in which a person "does not drown but decays.” The 1969 fire drew significant public attention to the state of the nation’s waterways and is sometimes credited for the creation of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (1972), commonly called the Clean Water Act, the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, and the establishment of federal and state agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

text: Before the CWA was enacted, companies indiscriminately discharged their effluents into water bodies. One such water body was the

text: Cuyahoga River

text: located in north-east

text: Ohio

text: . The river was thrust into the national limelight in 1969 when it caught fire, although the river had been plagued by fires since 1936. Pollution of the river had become prevalent in the early 1800s as contaminants from municipal and industrial discharges, bank

text: erosion

text: , commercial/residential

text: development

text: , atmospheric deposition,

text: hazardous waste

text: disposal sites,

text: urban storm water runoff

text: combined sewer overflow

text: s (CSOs) and wastewater treatment plant bypasses were discharged into the river. Time magazine described the Cuyahoga as the river that "oozes rather than flows" and in which a person "does not drown but decays.” The 1969 fire drew significant public attention to the state of the nation’s waterways and is sometimes credited for the creation of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (1972), commonly called the Clean Water Act, the

text: Oil Pollution Act of 1990

text: , and the establishment of federal and state agencies such as the

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA).

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text: Water quality laws must identify the substances and energies which qualify as "water pollution" for purposes of further control. From a regulatory perspective, this requires defining the class(es) of materials that qualify as pollutants, and the activities that transform a material into a pollutant.

text: Water quality laws must identify the substances and energies which qualify as "

text: water pollution

text: " for purposes of further control. From a regulatory perspective, this requires defining the class(es) of materials that qualify as pollutants, and the activities that transform a material into a pollutant.

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text: The Ilek River (, ) is a steppe river at the southern end of the Ural Mountains. It is a tributary of the Ural River and lies in the Orenburg Oblast in Russia and Republic of Kazakhstan. It rises just south of Orsk, flows south a short distance and then flows westward south of and parallel to the Ural River, with many meanders and oxbow lakes, and joins the Ural about  west of Orenburg. Two main cities lie on the banks of the Ilek River: Sol-Iletsk and Aqtöbe (alternate spelling: Aktöbe, Aktyubinsk). The Ilek River remains the most polluted water body in the Ural-Caspian basin. The content of boron and chromium in the river is caused by the tailing ponds of former chemical plants via ground water. The quality class of water in the Ilek River changes from 4 – “polluted water” to 6 – “very polluted water” ("Water resources of Kazakhstan in the new millennium," Water Resources Committee of RK, 2002).A further tributary of the Ilek River is the Bol'saja Chobda. It is also of archeological significance since it has been discovered as the site of certain Kurgan (Indo-European) burials. .

text: The Ilek River (, ) is a steppe river at the southern end of the Ural Mountains. It is a tributary of the

text: Ural River

text: and lies in the

text: Orenburg Oblast

text: in

text: Russia

text: and Republic of

text: Kazakhstan

text: . It rises just south of

text: Orsk

text: , flows south a short distance and then flows westward south of and parallel to the Ural River, with many meanders and oxbow lakes, and joins the Ural about  west of

text: Orenburg

text: . Two main cities lie on the banks of the Ilek River:

text: Sol-Iletsk

text: and

text: Aqtöbe

text: (alternate spelling: Aktöbe,

text: Aktyubinsk

text: ). The Ilek River remains the most polluted water body in the Ural-Caspian basin. The content of boron and chromium in the river is caused by the tailing ponds of former chemical plants via ground water. The quality class of water in the Ilek River changes from 4 – “polluted water” to 6 – “very polluted water” ("Water resources of Kazakhstan in the new millennium," Water Resources Committee of RK, 2002).A further tributary of the Ilek River is the

text: Bol'saja Chobda

text: . It is also of archeological significance since it has been discovered as the site of certain

text: Kurgan

text: (Indo-European) burials. .

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answers: The content of boron and chromium

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answers: chemical plants

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answers: The Ilek River remains the most polluted water body in the Ural-Caspian basin

answers: NDQ_006385

answers: The Ilek River remains the most polluted

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answers: It is not possible to tell

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answers: Kurgan

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answers: chemical plants

text: Water pollution is caused by industrial and municipal wastewater, as well as by agriculture. Concerning municipal wastewater, the bulk of collected sewage is discharged untreated and constitutes a major source of pollution to groundwater and a risk to public health. In a number of cities without sanitary sewerage, households discharge their sewage through open rainwater drains.

text: Water pollution is caused by industrial and municipal wastewater, as well as by agriculture. Concerning municipal wastewater, the bulk of collected sewage is discharged untreated and constitutes a major source of pollution to groundwater and a risk to public health. In a number of cities without sanitary sewerage, households discharge their sewage through open rainwater drains.

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answers: groundwater and a risk to public health

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answers: It is caused by industrial and municipal wastewater

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text: Water quality in Chile has steadily increased after the 'right to live in a pollution-free environment' mentioned above was written into the 1980 Constitution, however, water pollution is still a concern. This is mostly due to point-source discharges of untreated domestic and industrial wastewaters.In the early 1990s, domestic and industrial wastewater discharge totaled approximately 43 cubic meters per second (1,520 ft/s) with domestic contamination representing 56% of this total and industrial effluent at 44%.The problem was compounded by a lack of chlorination systems among water service providers. Therefore, 20% of water service providers in 1991 did not comply with bacteriological norms. From its inception in 1990, the Superintendencia de Servicios Sanitarios (SISS) put greater attention and effort towards increasing the number of adequate chlorination systems. By 2006, improvements were made regarding chlorination systems and only 1% of water service providers were non-compliant. Furthermore, compliance with disinfection norms increased from 89% to more than 99% in 2006 through similar effort.

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answers: It does not say

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text: Almost no species in the Persian Gulf is spared from the real estate development of UAE and Oman, including the hawksbill turtle, the flamingo, and the booted warblers, mainly due to destruction of the mangrove habitats to make way for towers, hotels, and luxury resorts. Even dolphins that frequent the gulf in northern waters, around Iran are at serious risk. Recent statistics and observations show that dolphins are at danger of entrapment in purse seine fishing nets and exposure to chemical pollutants; perhaps the most alarming sign is the "mass suicides" committed by dolphins off Iran's Hormozgan province, which are not well understood, but are suspected to be linked with a deteriorating marine environment from water pollution from oil, sewage, and industrial run offs.

text: Almost no species in the Persian Gulf is spared from the real estate development of UAE and Oman, including the

text: hawksbill turtle

text: , the

text: flamingo

text: , and the booted

text: warblers

text: , mainly due to destruction of the mangrove habitats to make way for towers, hotels, and luxury resorts. Even dolphins that frequent the gulf in northern waters, around Iran are at serious risk. Recent statistics and observations show that dolphins are at danger of entrapment in purse

text: seine fishing

text: nets and exposure to chemical pollutants; perhaps the most alarming sign is the "mass suicides" committed by dolphins off Iran's

text: Hormozgan

text: province, which are not well understood, but are suspected to be linked with a deteriorating marine environment from water pollution from oil, sewage, and industrial run offs.

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text: Simultaneously, the waters of Lake Chapala are polluted by municipal, industrial and agricultural wastes, coming primarily from the Lerma River. The increased presence of nutrients from the pollution combined with the warmer water has been a boon to an invasive species of water hyacinth. The water hyacinth further exacerbates the problem of a shrinking lake depth through its own consumption of the water.

text: Simultaneously, the waters of Lake Chapala are polluted by municipal, industrial and agricultural wastes, coming primarily from the

text: Lerma River

text: . The increased presence of nutrients from the pollution combined with the warmer water has been a boon to an invasive species of

text: water hyacinth

text: . The water hyacinth further exacerbates the problem of a shrinking lake depth through its own consumption of the water.

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answers: Lake Chapala

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answers: Lerma River

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answers: Lake Chapala are polluted by municipal, industrial and agricultural wastes

answers: NDQ_006385

answers: It's impossible to say

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answers: no

answers: NDQ_006389

answers: agricultural wastes

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answers: municipal, industrial

text: In areas where agriculture is more intense and developed, there are serious problems of soil erosion, siltation and sedimentation of streams and rivers, and pollution with pesticides. In parts of the savannas, where irrigated soybean production expanded in the 1980s, the water table has been affected. Expansion of pastures for cattle raising has reduced natural biodiversity in the savannas. Swine effluents constitute a serious environmental problem in Santa Catarina in the South.

text: In areas where agriculture is more intense and developed, there are serious problems of

text: soil erosion

text: silt

text: ation and

text: sedimentation

text: of streams and rivers, and pollution with

text: pesticide

text: s. In parts of the

text: savanna

text: s, where irrigated

text: soybean

text: production expanded in the 1980s, the

text: water table

text: has been affected. Expansion of pastures for cattle raising has reduced natural

text: biodiversity

text: in the savannas. Swine effluents constitute a serious environmental problem in Santa Catarina in the South.

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answers: the water table

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answers: Swine effluents

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answers: Swine effluents constitute a serious environmental problem

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answers: no

answers: NDQ_006389

answers: Swine

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answers: pesticides

text: One of the greatest barriers to entry for poor individuals to join in the environmental justice movement is legal fees. In order to try and prevent the kinds of pollution like that of Warren County, NC, there are a great number of legal fees involved which are often costly. To that end, many of the companies that produce pollution will encourage acceptance of this pollution by communities in order to avoid clean up costs and costs associated with making certain industries more environmentally sustainable. That is, the cost of paying communities to accept pollution is often less than the (initial) cost/s of avoiding pollution all together. Therefore, it can be ascertained that poorer communities are likely to accept compensation for a certain level of pollution, and wealthier communities are willing to accept a smaller amount of pollution and demand a greater level of environmental quality. The difference is that one group is able to pay for environmental quality, and the other group is not.

text: One of the greatest barriers to entry for poor individuals to join in the environmental justice movement is legal fees. In order to try and prevent the kinds of pollution like that of Warren County, NC, there are a great number of legal fees involved which are often costly. To that end, many of the companies that produce pollution will encourage acceptance of this pollution by communities in order to avoid clean up costs and costs associated with making certain industries more environmentally sustainable. That is, the cost of paying communities to accept pollution is often less than the (initial) cost/s of avoiding pollution all together. Therefore, it can be ascertained that poorer communities are likely to accept compensation for a certain level of pollution, and wealthier communities are willing to accept a smaller amount of pollution and demand a greater level of environmental quality. The difference is that one group is able to pay for environmental quality, and the other group is not.

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answers: Warren County

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answers: industries

answers: NDQ_006384

answers: Raw sewage is dumped into the same water where people drink and bathe

answers: NDQ_006385

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_006388

answers: No

answers: NDQ_006389

answers: wealthier communities

answers: NDQ_006390

answers: fertilizer

text: According to the organisation Schéma d’Aménagement et de Gestion des Eaux (SAGE) de l'Yser, the water quality of the Peene Becque is poor, with domestic pollution having a greater impact than agricultural pollution, especially in summer when the water level is low.

text: According to the organisation Schéma d’Aménagement et de Gestion des Eaux (SAGE) de l'Yser, the water quality of the Peene Becque is poor, with domestic pollution having a greater impact than agricultural pollution, especially in summer when the water level is low.

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answers: domestic pollution

answers: NDQ_006383

answers: domestic

answers: NDQ_006384

answers: domestic pollution

answers: NDQ_006385

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006388

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006389

answers: domestic pollution

answers: NDQ_006390

answers: domestic pollution

text: Two common types of land-use conflicts in urban areas are residential industrial or residential-transport land-use conflicts. These can cause noise, air and water pollution. Apart from the noise and gases released by factories, pollution is also caused by the vehicles which carry materials to and from factories, which can cause incessant noises and smoke. Heavy road traffic also causes traffic congestion, affecting many nearby residents. In addition to factories, the presence of main roads also affects residents, causing the same problems as above.

text: Two common types of land-use conflicts in urban areas are residential industrial or residential-transport land-use conflicts. These can cause

text: noise

text: air

text: and

text: water pollution

text: . Apart from the noise and gases released by factories, pollution is also caused by the vehicles which carry materials to and from factories, which can cause incessant noises and smoke. Heavy road traffic also causes traffic congestion, affecting many nearby residents. In addition to factories, the presence of main roads also affects residents, causing the same problems as above.

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text: Used as a waste repository during the first half of the 20th century and cut off from the Columbia River by levees, the slough became one of Oregon's most polluted waterways. Early attempts to mitigate the pollution, which included raw sewage and industrial waste, were unsuccessful. However, in 1952 Portland began sewage treatment, and over the next six decades the federal Clean Water Act and similar legislation mandated further cleanup. State and local governments, often assisted by community volunteers, undertook projects related to public health, natural resources, and recreation in a region with many homes, industries, businesses, and roads. The businesses and industries in the watershed employ about 57,000 people, which is also frequented by more than 150 bird species and 26 fish species and animals including otters, beaver, and coyotes. One of the nation's largest freshwater urban wetlands, Smith and Bybee Wetlands Natural Area, shares the lower slough watershed with a sewage treatment plant, marine terminals, a golf course, and a car racetrack. Watercraft able to portage over culverts and levees can travel the entire length of the slough. The 40 Mile Loop and other hiking and biking trails follow the waterways and connect the parks.

text: Used as a waste repository during the first half of the 20th century and cut off from the Columbia River by levees, the slough became one of Oregon's most

text: polluted

text: waterways. Early attempts to mitigate the pollution, which included raw sewage and

text: industrial waste

text: , were unsuccessful. However, in 1952 Portland began sewage treatment, and over the next six decades the federal

text: Clean Water Act

text: and similar legislation mandated further cleanup. State and local governments, often assisted by community volunteers, undertook projects related to public health, natural resources, and recreation in a region with many homes, industries, businesses, and roads. The businesses and industries in the watershed employ about 57,000 people, which is also frequented by more than 150 bird species and 26 fish species and animals including

text: otters

text: beaver

text: , and

text: coyote

text: s. One of the nation's largest freshwater urban wetlands,

text: Smith and Bybee Wetlands Natural Area

text: , shares the lower slough watershed with a sewage treatment plant, marine terminals, a golf course, and a car racetrack. Watercraft able to portage over

text: culvert

text: s and levees can travel the entire length of the slough. The

text: 40 Mile Loop

text: and other hiking and biking trails follow the waterways and connect the parks.

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text: Environment - current issues:soil erosion; air pollution caused by industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution, especially in coastal areas

text: Environment - current issues:

text: soil erosion

text: air pollution

text: caused by industrial and vehicle emissions;

text: water pollution

text: , especially in coastal areas

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text: As a result of mining, industry, large scale unsustainable agriculture, and somewhat lax and unenforced pollution laws, many rivers and lakes in Zimbabwe are polluted. This has made drinking and bathing in these rivers and lakes unsafe. In particular the water of several rivers that go through the Marange diamond fields in eastern Zimbabwe has been so polluted that it has killed livestock that drank it and given rashes to bathers. Another area of Zimbabwe with especially high levels of water pollution is Harare and its nearby suburbs. This is due to the large population of Harare, decrepit and broken sewage systems, and mismanagement by government agencies designated to enforce environmental and water quality regulations. Fortunately, there are programs in place that inspect the quality of the water of many of the major rivers as well as gauging stations that measure the water supply levels of Zimbabwe's dams.

text: As a result of mining, industry, large scale unsustainable agriculture, and somewhat lax and unenforced pollution laws, many rivers and lakes in Zimbabwe are polluted. This has made drinking and bathing in these rivers and lakes unsafe. In particular the water of several rivers that go through the

text: Marange diamond fields

text: in eastern Zimbabwe has been so polluted that it has killed livestock that drank it and given rashes to bathers. Another area of Zimbabwe with especially high levels of water pollution is

text: Harare

text: and its nearby suburbs. This is due to the large population of Harare, decrepit and broken sewage systems, and mismanagement by government agencies designated to enforce environmental and water quality regulations. Fortunately, there are programs in place that inspect the quality of the water of many of the major rivers as well as gauging stations that measure the water supply levels of Zimbabwe's dams.

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answers: no

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text: Paving of highways in the area and the connections between Ponte Alta, Porto Nacional and Palmas have attracted squatters who plant one or two crops, then make pasture for cattle. The arrival of soybean farmers has caused new environmental problems since the soil is very fragile. There are no sewage treatment plants in the municipalities, so sewage is polluting the water table.Garbage dumps created by the inhabitants and litter from visitors are also a problem.

text: Paving of highways in the area and the connections between Ponte Alta, Porto Nacional and Palmas have attracted squatters who plant one or two crops, then make pasture for cattle. The arrival of soybean farmers has caused new environmental problems since the soil is very fragile. There are no sewage treatment plants in the municipalities, so sewage is polluting the water table.Garbage dumps created by the inhabitants and litter from visitors are also a problem.

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text: Water pollution manifestations of an area source include:

text: Water pollution

text: manifestations of an area source include:

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text: The State Water Board’s Division of Financial Assistance (DFA) has a number of programs designed to help local agencies and individuals prevent or clean up water pollution.  The DFA provides loans and grants for constructing municipal sewage and water recycling facilities, remediation for underground storage tank releases, watershed protection projects, and for nonpoint source pollution control projects. (Nonpoint source pollution usually involves contaminants flowing into a body of water from diffuse sources such as runoff from storm water, which may contain road dirt or fertilizers and pesticides from lawns, as well as water that collects debris from construction sites and fecal matter from barnyards and flows into nearby rivers, streams and lakes.)

text: The State Water Board’s Division of Financial Assistance (DFA) has a number of programs designed to help local agencies and individuals prevent or clean up water pollution.  The DFA provides loans and grants for constructing municipal sewage and water recycling facilities, remediation for underground storage tank releases, watershed protection projects, and for

text: nonpoint source pollution

text: control projects. (Nonpoint source pollution usually involves contaminants flowing into a body of water from diffuse sources such as runoff from storm water, which may contain road dirt or fertilizers and pesticides from lawns, as well as water that collects debris from construction sites and fecal matter from barnyards and flows into nearby rivers, streams and lakes.)

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answers: Nonpoint source pollution

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answers: It does not say

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answers: no

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text: As in other regions of the country and the region, water pollution is a major problem affecting the inhabitants of the area. In Naolinco there are numerous cases of people suffering from congenital (birth) diseases as well as health alterations linked to cancer. Similarly, a large name of inhabitants burn waste and trash affecting air quality and generating even more pollution problems with health consequences. The lack of drinking water and environmental education is a situation that causes serious problems for the municipality.Based on data from Mexican Social Security Institute, there is evidence and recorded cases of people affected by Skin Cancer, Down syndrome and Autism.Also, Xalapa Naolinco next town, has high levels of environmental pollution

text: As in other regions of the country and the region, water pollution is a major problem affecting the inhabitants of the area. In Naolinco there are numerous cases of people suffering from congenital (birth) diseases as well as health alterations linked to cancer. Similarly, a large name of inhabitants burn waste and trash affecting air quality and generating even more pollution problems with health consequences. The lack of drinking water and environmental education is a situation that causes serious problems for the municipality.Based on data from

text: Mexican Social Security Institute

text: , there is evidence and recorded cases of people affected by

text: Skin Cancer

text: Down syndrome

text: and

text: Autism

text: .Also, Xalapa Naolinco next town, has high levels of environmental pollution

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answers: water pollution is a major problem affecting the inhabitants

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text: While Typha latifolia grows all over, including in rural areas, it is not advisable to eat specimens deriving from polluted water as it absorbs pollutants and in fact is used as a bioremediator.  Specimens with a very bitter or spicy taste should not be eaten.

text: While Typha latifolia grows all over, including in rural areas, it is not advisable to eat specimens deriving from

text: polluted water

text: as it absorbs pollutants and in fact is used as a

text: bioremediator

text: .  Specimens with a very bitter or spicy taste should not be eaten.

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answers: It does not say

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answers: no

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text: It is the leading cause of water pollution in the United States today, with polluted runoff from agriculture the primary cause.

text: It is the leading cause of water pollution in the United States today, with polluted runoff from agriculture the primary cause.

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answers: runoff

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answers: It is the leading cause of water pollution

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answers: No

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answers: no

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answers: agriculture

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answers: polluted runoff

text: The primary concern of air pollution is how widespread the pollution can become in a short period of time. Acid rain is one of the largest forms of pollution today. The issue with acid rain is that it affects literally every living organism it comes in contact with, whether that be trees in a forest, water in an ocean or lake, or the skin of humans and animals. Typically, acid rain is a combination of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides that are emitted from factories. If it is not controlled in a timely manner, it could lead to loss of life due to the dangerous nature of the composition of the rain.

text: The primary concern of air pollution is how widespread the pollution can become in a short period of time.

text: Acid rain

text: is one of the largest forms of pollution today. The issue with acid rain is that it affects literally every living organism it comes in contact with, whether that be trees in a forest, water in an ocean or lake, or the skin of humans and animals. Typically, acid rain is a combination of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides that are emitted from factories. If it is not controlled in a timely manner, it could lead to loss of life due to the dangerous nature of the composition of the rain.

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answers: every living organism

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answers: Acid rain is one of the largest forms of pollution today

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answers: Acid rain

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answers: no

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answers: nitrogen oxides

text: Microbeads can cause plastic particle water pollution and pose an environmental hazard for aquatic animals in freshwater and ocean water. In the US, the Microbead-Free Waters Act of 2015 phases out microbeads in rinse off cosmetics by July 2017.

text: Microbeads can cause

text: plastic particle water pollution

text: and pose an environmental hazard for aquatic animals in freshwater and ocean water. In the US, the Microbead-Free Waters Act of 2015 phases out microbeads in rinse off cosmetics by July 2017.

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answers: Microbeads can cause plastic particle water pollution

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answers: no

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answers: rinse off cosmetics

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answers: plastic

text: The section of Ciliwung in Jakarta is heavily polluted. Informal settlements or slums flourished on the banks of Ciliwung, increasing the amount of waste and reducing the surface area of the river. Some canals was completely blocked by slums and people created informal gardens inside by drying the canal. Water maintenance and ecological awareness is minimal. Other sources of pollution originate from agricultural runoff of upstream river users and industrial pollution. Flooding is a problem of Ciliwung. With many of the original forest converted into settlements around Puncak area, the flooding has worsened each year.

text: The section of Ciliwung in Jakarta is heavily polluted. Informal settlements or slums flourished on the banks of Ciliwung, increasing the amount of waste and reducing the surface area of the river. Some canals was completely blocked by slums and people created informal gardens inside by drying the canal. Water maintenance and ecological awareness is minimal. Other sources of pollution originate from agricultural runoff of upstream river users and industrial pollution. Flooding is a problem of Ciliwung. With many of the original forest converted into settlements around Puncak area, the flooding has worsened each year.

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answers: It's impossible to say

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answers: no

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answers: agricultural runoff

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answers: runoff

text: The Clean Water Act is the primary federal law in the United States governing water pollution.

text: The

text: Clean Water Act

text: is the primary federal law in the United States governing water pollution.

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answers: water pollution

text: Deforestation (major forest damage occurred as a result of severe December 1999 windstorm); air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution from urban wastes, deserttification, agricultural runoff

text: Deforestation

text: (major forest damage occurred as a result of severe December 1999 windstorm); air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution from urban wastes, deserttification, agricultural runoff

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answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracy.

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answers: developed nations

answers: NDQ_006388

answers: urban wastes

answers: NDQ_006389

answers: Deforestation

answers: NDQ_006390

answers: agricultural runoff

text: The greenish background is the main attraction. Lack of large-scale industries enables a pollution-free atmosphere. There is no shortage of drinking water exempt some high areas where water is being supplied by concerned authorities through pipe lines. The whole paddy fields of this area converted into coconut farms, banana cultivation or other vegetable farms due to the non-profitability agriculture and the non-availability enough laborers to work in fields.

text: The greenish background is the main attraction. Lack of large-scale industries enables a pollution-free atmosphere. There is no shortage of drinking water exempt some high areas where water is being supplied by concerned authorities through pipe lines. The whole paddy fields of this area converted into coconut farms, banana cultivation or other vegetable farms due to the non-profitability agriculture and the non-availability enough laborers to work in fields.

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answers: Lack of large-scale industries

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answers: no shortage of drinking water

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answers: coconut farms

text: The principal agricultural activity in the wet tropics is sugar cane farming, while cattle grazing is the primary industry in the dry tropics regions. Both are considered significant threats to high water quality. Copper, a common industrial pollutant in the waters of the Great Barrier Reef, has been shown to interfere with the development of coral polyps.

text: The principal agricultural activity in the wet tropics is

text: sugar cane

text: farming, while cattle grazing is the primary industry in the dry tropics regions. Both are considered significant threats to high water quality.

text: Copper

text: , a common industrial pollutant in the waters of the Great Barrier Reef, has been shown to interfere with the development of coral polyps.

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answers: It's impossible to say

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answers: no

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text: Less common are line source applications in the field of water pollutant dispersal.  This phenomenon generally arises when surface runoff scours soil contaminants from upper soil layers and transports these pollutants to a linear receiving water, such as a river.  The underlying land management practices which lead to such sources of water pollution are logging, pesticide application, construction grading, slash-and-burn activity and urban stormwater runoff.

text: Less common are line source applications in the field of water pollutant dispersal.  This phenomenon generally arises when

text: surface runoff

text: scours

text: soil contaminants

text: from upper soil layers and transports these pollutants to a linear receiving water, such as a river.  The underlying land management practices which lead to such sources of water pollution are

text: logging

text: pesticide

text: application,

text: construction

text: grading,

text: slash-and-burn

text: activity and urban

text: stormwater

text: runoff.

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answers: a river

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answers: construction grading

answers: NDQ_006384

answers: urban stormwater runoff

answers: NDQ_006385

answers: urban stormwater runoff

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answers: Less common

answers: NDQ_006389

answers: urban stormwater runoff

answers: NDQ_006390

answers: logging, pesticide application

text: The Lower Saxon water quality report  of 2004 assessed the chemical water pollution level of the Aller overall as moderately polluted (quality level II). Some individual indicators were rated as quality level I (unpolluted to very lightly polluted), some however showed heavy levels of pollution (quality levels III-IV). Heavy pollution is predominantly caused by nitrates. Pollution by ammonium in places is ascribed to the unsatisfactory operation of certain sewage works. Raised phosphate values were put down to intensive arable farming near the source of the river. Its salt content today is above the critical level for aquatic plants. Since 1990, the salt content has reduced considerably, which may be connected with lower discharges from the former East German area following the Wende in 1989. Biological water quality, based on the research into its saprobian systems, is generally rated as unpolluted to very lightly polluted. The only area that is critically contaminated is the region of Wolfsburg, where deposits of digested sludge in the river are responsible.

text: The Lower Saxon water quality report  of 2004 assessed the chemical

text: water pollution

text: level of the Aller overall as moderately polluted (quality level II). Some individual indicators were rated as quality level I (unpolluted to very lightly polluted), some however showed heavy levels of pollution (quality levels III-IV). Heavy pollution is predominantly caused by

text: nitrate

text: s. Pollution by

text: ammonium

text: in places is ascribed to the unsatisfactory operation of certain sewage works. Raised

text: phosphate

text: values were put down to intensive arable farming near the source of the river. Its

text: salt

text: content today is above the critical level for

text: aquatic plant

text: s. Since 1990, the salt content has reduced considerably, which may be connected with lower discharges from the former

text: East German

text: area following the

text: Wende

text: in 1989. Biological

entity_name: Freshwater environmental quality parameters

text: water quality

text: , based on the research into its

text: saprobian systems

text: , is generally rated as unpolluted to very lightly polluted. The only area that is critically contaminated is the region of Wolfsburg, where deposits of digested

text: sludge

text: in the river are responsible.

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answers: Heavy pollution is predominantly caused by nitrates

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text: Around 90% of wastewater produced globally remains untreated, causing widespread water pollution, especially in low-income countries. Increasingly, agriculture uses untreated wastewater as a source of irrigation water. Cities provide lucrative markets for fresh produce, so are attractive to farmers. However, because agriculture has to compete for increasingly scarce water resources with industry and municipal users (see Water scarcity below), there is often no alternative for farmers but to use water polluted with urban waste, including sewage, directly to water their crops. Significant health hazards can result from using water loaded with pathogens in this way, especially if people eat raw vegetables that have been irrigated with the polluted water. The International Water Management Institute has worked in India, Pakistan, Vietnam, Ghana, Ethiopia, Mexico and other countries on various projects aimed at assessing and reducing risks of wastewater irrigation. They advocate a 'multiple-barrier' approach to wastewater use, where farmers are encouraged to adopt various risk-reducing behaviours. These include ceasing irrigation a few days before harvesting to allow pathogens to die off in the sunlight, applying water carefully so it does not contaminate leaves likely to be eaten raw, cleaning vegetables with disinfectant or allowing fecal sludge used in farming to dry before being used as a human manure. The World Health Organization has developed guidelines for safe water use.

text: Around 90% of wastewater produced globally remains untreated, causing widespread water

text: pollution

text: , especially in low-income countries. Increasingly, agriculture uses untreated wastewater as a source of irrigation water. Cities provide lucrative markets for fresh produce, so are attractive to farmers. However, because agriculture has to compete for increasingly scarce water resources with industry and municipal users (see Water scarcity below), there is often no alternative for farmers but to use water polluted with urban waste, including sewage, directly to water their crops. Significant health hazards can result from using water loaded with pathogens in this way, especially if people eat raw vegetables that have been irrigated with the polluted water. The

entity_name: International Water Management Institute

text: International Water Management Institute

text: has worked in India, Pakistan, Vietnam, Ghana, Ethiopia, Mexico and other countries on various projects aimed at assessing and reducing risks of wastewater irrigation. They advocate a 'multiple-barrier' approach to wastewater use, where farmers are encouraged to adopt various risk-reducing behaviours. These include ceasing irrigation a few days before harvesting to allow pathogens to die off in the sunlight, applying water carefully so it does not contaminate leaves likely to be eaten raw, cleaning vegetables with disinfectant or allowing fecal sludge used in farming to dry before being used as a human manure. The

text: World Health Organization

text: has developed guidelines for safe water use.

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text: The high concentration of paper mills and other industry along the Lower Fox has historically been the source of much pollution of the river. Public debate about this contamination began as early as 1923, but little was done to improve the river until the federal Clean Water Act was passed in 1972. Much effort has since been put into cleaning the Fox, but problems still exist. According to some measures of pollution (e.g. dissolved oxygen, pollution-tolerant worm counts), the Lower Fox River is much cleaner than it was before 1972. However, according to other measures of pollution (e.g., phosphorus, estrogenic compounds, discarded pharmaceuticals), the river waters are slightly more contaminated than before 1972. As a result, debate over the river's contamination continues between environmentalists, the paper industry, Indian tribes, and elected officials at the federal, state, and local levels.

text: The high concentration of paper mills and other industry along the Lower Fox has historically been the source of much

text: pollution

text: of the river. Public debate about this contamination began as early as 1923, but little was done to improve the river until the federal

text: Clean Water Act

text: was passed in 1972. Much effort has since been put into cleaning the Fox, but problems still exist. According to some measures of pollution (e.g.

text: dissolved oxygen

text: , pollution-tolerant worm counts), the Lower Fox River is much cleaner than it was before 1972. However, according to other measures of pollution (e.g.,

text: phosphorus

text: , estrogenic compounds, discarded

text: pharmaceutical

text: s), the river waters are slightly more contaminated than before 1972. As a result, debate over the river's contamination continues between environmentalists, the paper industry, Indian tribes, and elected officials at the federal, state, and local levels.

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text: Water pollution is the contamination of natural water bodies by chemical, physical, radioactive or pathogenic microbial substances. Point sources of water pollution are described by the CWA as "any discernible, confined, and discrete conveyance from which pollutants are or may be discharged." These include pipes or man-made ditches from stationary locations such as sewage treatment plants, factories, industrial wastewater treatment facilities, septic systems, ships, and other sources that are clearly discharging pollutants into water sources.

text: Water pollution

text: is the contamination of natural water bodies by chemical, physical, radioactive or pathogenic microbial substances. Point sources of water pollution are described by the CWA as "any discernible, confined, and discrete conveyance from which pollutants are or may be discharged." These include pipes or man-made ditches from stationary locations such as

text: sewage treatment

text: plants, factories,

text: industrial wastewater treatment

text: facilities,

text: septic systems

text: ships

text: , and other sources that are clearly discharging pollutants into water sources.

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answers: no

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answers: industrial wastewater treatment facilities

text: With rapid increase in population, urbanization, and industrialization, the quality of Philippine waters is reduced especially in densely populated areas and regions of industrial and agricultural activities. According to data from the DENR and PEM, domestic wastewater discharges, agricultural wastewater, and industrial wastewater are the three main sources of water pollution. These are also known as "point sources" that emanate toxic substances into "non-point sources" or certain bodies of water. Domestic wastewater consists of sewage containing organic waste, solids, and coliforms produced by domestic activities such as laundry, bathing, cooking, and other kitchen activities. Agricultural wastewater, the major source of pollution in rural areas, contain pollutants resulting from agricultural and livestock activities like the maintenance of piggeries which usually do not have proper wastewater treatment facilities. Different industries also contribute largely to the water pollution. Industrial activities such as manufacturing of food, textile, paper, and slaughterhouses emit large amounts of organic waste.

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answers: With rapid increase in population

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answers: Agricultural wastewater

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answers: piggeries

text: The District operates a "municipal separate storm sewer system" (MS4), which is a conveyance or a system of conveyances that collects and transports stormwater runoff into waters of the U.S. The District's MS4 transports stormwater through rivers and channels flowing to the Pacific Ocean. Because stormwater is often heavily polluted from various non-point sources, the Clean Water Act and its implementing regulations require certain MS4s to obtain a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit before discharging stormwater into navigable waters. Between 2002 and 2008, monitoring stations in the Los Angeles River, San Gabriel River, Santa Clara River, and Malibu Creek continually detected water pollution levels that exceeded its MS4 permit in its stormwater channel system.  Some of the pollution levels exceeded included high levels of aluminum, copper, cyanide, fecal coliform bacteria, and zinc.

text: The District operates a "municipal separate storm sewer system" (MS4), which is a conveyance or a system of conveyances that collects and transports stormwater runoff into waters of the U.S. The District's MS4 transports stormwater through rivers and channels flowing to the Pacific Ocean. Because stormwater is often heavily polluted from various non-point sources, the

text: Clean Water Act

text: and its implementing regulations require certain MS4s to obtain a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit before discharging stormwater into navigable waters. Between 2002 and 2008, monitoring stations in the Los Angeles River, San Gabriel River,

text: Santa Clara River

text: , and Malibu Creek continually detected water pollution levels that exceeded its MS4 permit in its stormwater channel system.  Some of the pollution levels exceeded included high levels of aluminum, copper, cyanide, fecal coliform bacteria, and zinc.

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answers: The District operates a "municial separate storm sewer system"

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answers: no

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answers: zinc

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answers: fecal

text: In the earlier days, agriculture was the primary activity with hygienic and sweet water available from the multitude of tanks also called " Kuttai" and " "Kulam". There were green pastures and one could see herds of goats, sheep and buffaloes grazing. This aided development of agro based industries like butter making and Uthukuli was known for its famed Butter. There were also many Rice and Paddy Hulling mills facilitating agro based trade. However  the rapid expansion of textile industries in Tiruppur led to installation of many dyeing units and soon, polluted effluents from the Textile city of Tiruppur converted the once fertile Noyyal river into a virtual drain. The polluted river and vanishing tanks had dealt a big, still unrecoverable blow to agriculture, dairy farming and Rice mills / Paddy Hulling  in these areas. Consequently the young and old  of this land are now forced to seek employment opportunities outside this once scenic spot. Apart from water pollution, scarcity of water and steep rise in labor costs in an unorganized labor sector has resulted in agriculture taking a back seat and the traditional hereditary farms called "Thottams" are fast vanishing.

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answers: the young and old of this land are now forced to seek employment opportunities outside

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answers: no

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answers: dyeing units

text: Agricultural pollution takes several forms: direct pollution (discharge of manure directly in the rivers) and diffused pollution (infiltration of fertilizer products in the groundwater). Diffused pollution is difficult to control because it has a multitude of sources throughout the whole region. Yet without a solution to this problem the water quality of the river will never have the desired quality.

text: Agricultural pollution takes several forms: direct pollution (discharge of

text: manure

text: directly in the rivers) and diffused pollution (infiltration of

text: fertilizer

text: products in the

text: groundwater

text: ). Diffused pollution is difficult to control because it has a multitude of sources throughout the whole region. Yet without a solution to this problem the water quality of the river will never have the desired quality.

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answers: manure

text: Nonpoint source pollution is pollution that occurs when runoff from streets, lawns, and other areas nearby a waterway carries toxins, chemicals, and silt into lakes, rivers, and oceans causing pollution and buildup of sediment. Nonpoint source pollution is said to be the most problematic and hardest to reverse of the types of pollution because it is so hard to regulate and pinpoint where it originates. Many experts agree that nonpoint source pollution is the biggest concern facing the Great Lakes. With the increase of urbanization, a toll has been taken on the lakes in these areas. Lakes that once had stable ecosystems with the appropriate amount of plant life are now full of massive amounts of plants and algae that have been fed by local lawns with their fertilizers, killing off many species of fish and other water life.

text: Nonpoint source pollution

text: is pollution that occurs when runoff from streets, lawns, and other areas nearby a waterway carries toxins, chemicals, and silt into lakes, rivers, and oceans causing pollution and buildup of sediment. Nonpoint source pollution is said to be the most problematic and hardest to reverse of the types of pollution because it is so hard to regulate and pinpoint where it originates. Many experts agree that nonpoint source pollution is the biggest concern facing the Great Lakes. With the increase of urbanization, a toll has been taken on the lakes in these areas. Lakes that once had stable ecosystems with the appropriate amount of plant life are now full of massive amounts of plants and algae that have been fed by local lawns with their fertilizers, killing off many species of fish and other water life.

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answers: With the increase of urbanization

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answers: No

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answers: Nonpoint source

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answers: fertilizers

text: Agricultural runoff is one of the main contributors to water pollution in Bolivia, together with domestic municipal wastewater and dumping by industries and mines. The greatest percentage of the pollution load is due to diffuse dumping from agricultural and fishing activities and runoffs of urban areas. There are no regulations or controls over major dumping from non-specific sources, despite its volume and toxicity.

text: Agricultural runoff is one of the main contributors to

text: water pollution

text: in Bolivia, together with domestic municipal

text: wastewater

text: and dumping by industries and mines. The greatest percentage of the pollution load is due to diffuse dumping from agricultural and fishing activities and runoffs of urban areas. There are no regulations or controls over major dumping from non-specific sources, despite its volume and toxicity.

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answers: Agricultural runoff

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answers: It is not possible to tell

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answers: domestic municipal wastewater

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answers: Agricultural runoff

answers: NDQ_006390

answers: runoff

text: The main objectives of ecological sanitation are to reduce the health risks related to sanitation, contaminated water and waste; to prevent groundwater pollution and surface water pollution; and to reuse nutrients or energy contained within wastes.

text: The main objectives of ecological sanitation are to reduce the health risks related to sanitation,

text: contaminated water

text: and waste; to prevent

text: groundwater pollution

text: and

text: surface water

text: pollution; and to reuse nutrients or energy contained within wastes.

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answers: surface water

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answers: groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_006385

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006388

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006389

answers: reuse nutrients or energy

answers: NDQ_006390

answers: contaminated water

text: Water pollution is another type of widespread contaminant which has ethical implications in mitigating the source and balancing conflicting priorities. The two types of water contaminants are anthropogenic compounds (generally referred to as pollutants, such as disinfection products, metals, municipal and agricultural waste, and petroleum and coal hydrocarbons) and natural contaminants (such as microorganisms or chemicals like arsenic and nitrogen, which are naturally present in the soil). the common misconception is that chemicals leaking into the soil will be diluted over time and rendered harmless. This theory does not take into account Persistent Organic Pollutants, which do not break down easily, and sometimes break down into more harmful constituents. Most industrialized nations have legislation in place to protect the public from impure drinking water. The Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 established maximum levels of pollutants in public drinking water, however its power to regulate private sources of bottled water or wells is severely limited. An additional issue regarding water pollution is the relative scarcity of clean fresh water on the earth, an issue which acutely presents itself in areas prone to drought. Agriculture uses a great deal of water, so much so that shortages in drought-prone areas can significantly affect crop yield. The main ethical issues with water pollution is whether growth should be restricted in order to preserve public health. An additional issue is the regulation of private corporations, whose activities may put populations of citizens at risk for groundwater contamination.

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answers: crop yield

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answers: anthropogenic

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answers: Most industrialized nations have legislation in place to protect the public from impure drinking water

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answers: No

answers: NDQ_006388

answers: The Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974

answers: NDQ_006389

answers: natural contaminants

answers: NDQ_006390

answers: municipal waste

text: Most modern technological processes produce unwanted by products in addition to the desired products, which is known as industrial waste and pollution.  While most material waste is re-used in the industrial process, many forms are released into the environment, with negative environmental side effects, such as pollution and lack of sustainability.  Different social and political systems establish different balances between the value they place on additional goods versus the disvalues of waste products and pollution. Some technologies are designed specifically with the environment in mind, but most are designed first for economic or ergonomic effects. Historically, the value of a clean environment and more efficient productive processes has been the result of an increase in the wealth of society, because once people are able to provide for their basic needs, they are able to focus on less-tangible goods such as clean air and water.

text: Most modern technological processes produce unwanted by products in addition to the desired products, which is known as industrial waste and pollution.  While most material waste is re-used in the industrial process, many forms are released into the environment, with negative environmental side effects, such as pollution and lack of sustainability.  Different social and political systems establish different balances between the value they place on additional goods versus the disvalues of waste products and pollution. Some technologies are designed specifically with the environment in mind, but most are designed first for economic or ergonomic effects. Historically, the value of a clean environment and more efficient productive processes has been the result of an increase in the wealth of society, because once people are able to provide for their basic needs, they are able to focus on less-tangible goods such as clean air and water.

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answers: the environment

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answers: modern technological processes

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answers: Most modern technological processes produce unwanted by products in addition to the desired products

answers: NDQ_006385

answers: The value of a clean environment

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answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006389

answers: clean air and water

answers: NDQ_006390

answers: industrial waste

text: Ludhiana has one of the worst air pollution problems in India, with particulate matter being over six times the World Health Organization recommended standard, making it the 13th most polluted city in the world. Industrial water pollution is also of significant concern in portions of Ludhiana, notably along the Budha Dariya.

text: Ludhiana has one of the worst air pollution problems in India, with particulate matter being over six times the

text: World Health Organization

text: recommended standard, making it the 13th most polluted city in the world. Industrial water pollution is also of significant concern in portions of Ludhiana, notably along the

text: Budha Dariya

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answers: Ludhiana

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answers: Industrial water pollution

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answers: water

answers: NDQ_006390

answers: Industrial

text: Many states and municipalities have mandated that all gasoline fuel be blended with 10 percent alcohol (usually ethanol) during some or all of the year. This is to reduce pollution and allows these areas to comply with federal pollution limits.  Because alcohol is partially oxygenated, it produces less overall pollution, including ozone. In some areas (California in particular) the regulations may also require other formulations or added chemicals that reduce pollution, but add complexity to the fuel distribution and increase the cost of the fuel.

text: Many states and municipalities have mandated that all gasoline fuel be blended with 10 percent alcohol (usually ethanol) during some or all of the year. This is to reduce pollution and allows these areas to comply with federal pollution limits.  Because alcohol is partially oxygenated, it produces less overall pollution, including

text: ozone

text: . In some areas (California in particular) the regulations may also require other formulations or added chemicals that reduce pollution, but add complexity to the fuel distribution and increase the cost of the fuel.

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answers: Ozone

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answers: This to reduce pollution

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answers: It produces less overall pollution, including ozone

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answers: no

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text: Water pollution is one of the main concerns of the world today. The governments of numerous countries have striven to find solutions to reduce this problem. Many pollutants threaten water supplies, but the most widespread, especially in developing countries, is the discharge of raw sewage into natural waters;  this method of sewage disposal is the most common method in underdeveloped countries, but also is prevalent in quasi-developed countries such as China, India, Nepal and Iran.Sewage, sludge, garbage, and even toxic pollutants are all dumped into the water.  Even if sewage is treated, problems still arise. Treated sewage forms sludge, which may be placed in landfills, spread out on land, incinerated or dumped at sea. In addition to sewage, nonpoint source pollution such as agricultural runoff is a significant source of pollution in some parts of the world, along with urban stormwater runoff and chemical wastes dumped by industries and governments.

text: Water pollution

text: is one of the main concerns of the world today. The governments of numerous countries have striven to find solutions to reduce this problem. Many pollutants threaten water supplies, but the most widespread, especially in developing countries, is the discharge of raw

text: sewage

text: into natural waters;  this method of sewage disposal is the most common method in underdeveloped countries, but also is prevalent in quasi-developed countries such as China, India, Nepal and

text: Iran

text: .Sewage, sludge, garbage, and even toxic pollutants are all dumped into the water.  Even if sewage is treated, problems still arise. Treated sewage forms sludge, which may be placed in landfills, spread out on land, incinerated or dumped at sea. In addition to sewage,

text: nonpoint source pollution

text: such as

text: agricultural

text: runoff is a significant source of pollution in some parts of the world, along with urban

text: stormwater

text: runoff and

text: chemical waste

text: s dumped by industries and governments.

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answers: It is not

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answers: No

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answers: agricultural runoff

text: Some environmental groups expressed concern that the U.S. Supreme Court decision inappropriately relied on the Court's past decision on the South Florida Water Management District v. Miccosukee Tribe of Indians case. While the Court was asked to determine whether the transfer of water that arguably contained pollutants from one part of a water body into another part of that same water body needed a permit to discharge pollutants in the Miccosukee case, there is no doubt that municipal storm sewers need permits to discharge into rivers in the Los Angeles Flood Control District v. NRDC case. Outside parties asserted that the two situations have nothing in common.

text: Some environmental groups expressed concern that the U.S. Supreme Court decision inappropriately relied on the Court's past decision on the South Florida Water Management District v. Miccosukee Tribe of Indians case. While the Court was asked to determine whether the transfer of water that arguably contained pollutants from one part of a water body into another part of that same water body needed a permit to discharge pollutants in the Miccosukee case, there is no doubt that municipal storm sewers need permits to discharge into rivers in the Los Angeles Flood Control District v. NRDC case. Outside parties asserted that the two situations have nothing in common.

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answers: rivers

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answers: municipal storm sewers

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answers: Miccosukee

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answers: It's impossible to say

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answers: no

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answers: polluting

text: In discussing pollution, density maps can be very useful in indicating sources and areas of greatest contamination. Contour maps are especially useful for diffuse forms or scales of pollution. Acid precipitation is indicated on maps with isoplats.  Some of the most widespread applications of environmental science contour maps involve mapping of environmental noise (where lines of equal sound pressure level are denoted isobels), air pollution, soil contamination, thermal pollution and groundwater contamination.  By contour planting and contour ploughing, the rate of water runoff and thus soil erosion can be substantially reduced; this is especially important in riparian zones.

text: In discussing pollution, density maps can be very useful in indicating sources and areas of greatest contamination. Contour maps are especially useful for diffuse forms or scales of pollution. Acid precipitation is indicated on maps with isoplats.  Some of the most widespread applications of environmental science contour maps involve mapping of

text: environmental noise

text: (where lines of equal sound pressure level are denoted isobels),

text: air pollution

text: soil contamination

text: thermal pollution

text: and

text: groundwater

text: contamination.  By

text: contour planting

text: and

text: contour ploughing

text: , the rate of

text: water runoff

text: and thus

text: soil erosion

text: can be substantially reduced; this is especially important in

text: riparian

text: zones.

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answers: soil

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answers: Contour planting and contour ploughing

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answers: It is not possible to tell

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answers: Contour plants and contour ploughing

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answers: contour planting

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answers: soil contamination

text: Not all industries pollute the same amount; chemical and paper manufacturing industries, for example, tend to pollute more than others. It is difficult to accurately measure the pollution level of each industry in order to categorize and to set up a fair set of policies. In particular, improved water quality might highly favor the higher income groups due to the fact that most improvements are done in the urban areas.

text: Not all industries pollute the same amount; chemical and paper manufacturing industries, for example, tend to pollute more than others. It is difficult to accurately measure the pollution level of each industry in order to categorize and to set up a fair set of policies. In particular, improved water quality might highly favor the higher income groups due to the fact that most improvements are done in the urban areas.

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answers: It is difficult to accurately measure the pollution level

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answers: Most improvements are done in the urban areas

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answers: no

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answers: improved water quality

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answers: chemical

text: The qualitative and quantitative aspects of drinking water requirements of domesticated animals are studied and described within the context of animal husbandry. However, relatively few studies have been focused on the drinking behavior of wild animals. A recent study has shown that feral pigeons do not discriminate drinking water according to its content of metabolic wastes, such as uric acid or urea (mimicking faeces-pollution by birds or urine-pollution by mammals respectively).

text: The qualitative and quantitative aspects of drinking water requirements of

text: domesticated animals

text: are studied and described within the context of

text: animal husbandry

text: . However, relatively few studies have been focused on the drinking behavior of wild animals. A recent study has shown that

text: feral pigeon

text: s do not discriminate drinking water according to its content of metabolic wastes, such as

text: uric acid

text: or

text: urea

text: (mimicking faeces-pollution by birds or urine-pollution by mammals respectively).

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answers: no

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answers: feral pigeons

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answers: uric acid or urea

text: Indiana uses a common approach to address NPS pollution known as the watershed approach. A watershed includes "the total geographic area that drains storm water (and pollutants) to a particular stream, lake, aquifer, or other water body."  The watershed approach to addressing NPS water pollution attempts to address all the relevant water bodies holistically in the context of their watershed while also considering all the potential sources of pollution within a watershed.

text: Indiana uses a common approach to address NPS pollution known as the

text: watershed

text: approach. A watershed includes "the total geographic area that drains storm water (and pollutants) to a particular stream, lake, aquifer, or other water body."  The watershed approach to addressing NPS water pollution attempts to address all the relevant water bodies holistically in the context of their watershed while also considering all the potential sources of pollution within a watershed.

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answers: stream, lake, aquifer, or other water body

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answers: NPS

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answers: The watershed approach to addressing NPS water pollution

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answers: It does not say

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answers: No

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answers: storm water

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answers: storm water

text: Flooding during monsoons worsens India's water pollution problem, as it washes and moves  solid waste and contaminated soils into its rivers and wetlands. The annual average precipitation in India is about 4000 billion cubic metres. From this, with the state of Indian infrastructure in 2005, the available water resource through the rivers is about 1869 billion cubic meters. Accounting to uneven distribution of rain over the country each year, water resources available for utilization, including ground water, is claimed to be about 1122 billion cubic meters. Much of this water is unsafe, because pollution degrades water quality. Water pollution severely limits the amount of water available to Indian consumer, its industry and its agriculture.

text: Flooding during monsoons worsens India's water pollution problem, as it washes and moves  solid waste and contaminated soils into its rivers and wetlands. The annual average precipitation in India is about 4000 billion cubic metres. From this, with the state of Indian infrastructure in 2005, the available water resource through the rivers is about 1869 billion cubic meters. Accounting to uneven distribution of rain over the country each year, water resources available for utilization, including ground water, is claimed to be about 1122 billion cubic meters. Much of this water is unsafe, because pollution degrades water quality. Water pollution severely limits the amount of water available to Indian consumer, its industry and its agriculture.

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text: 1940s - The Commission's first (1943) report on the condition of Potomac basin waters precipitates adoption of a pollution abatement program (1945), an intensive survey of industrial pollution (1946), and definition of a set of "Minimum Water Quality Criteria" (1946) by which Potomac streams and waterways may be judged suitable or unsuitable for several principal water uses. Concurrent to Congress enacting the first Federal Water Pollution Control Act (1948), ICPRB initiates a continuous water-quality sampling program in the basin. By 1949, ICPRB is given credit for coordination with local authorities to "radically" improve conditions on the Potomac's Shenandoah River tributary, recently referred to as a "biological desert" due to pollution from industrial waste.

text: 1940s - The Commission's first (1943) report on the condition of Potomac basin waters precipitates adoption of a pollution abatement program (1945), an intensive survey of

text: industrial pollution

text: (1946), and definition of a set of "Minimum Water Quality Criteria" (1946) by which Potomac streams and waterways may be judged suitable or unsuitable for several principal water uses. Concurrent to Congress enacting the first

text: Federal Water Pollution Control Act

text: (1948), ICPRB initiates a continuous water-quality sampling program in the basin. By 1949, ICPRB is given credit for coordination with local authorities to "radically" improve conditions on the Potomac's

text: Shenandoah River

text: tributary, recently referred to as a "biological desert" due to

text: pollution

text: from

text: industrial waste

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answers: "biological desert"

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answers: no

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answers: suitable for several principal water uses

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answers: industrial

text: The environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) is a conceptual model that suggests that a country's pollution concentrations rise with development and industrialization up to a turning point, after which they fall again as the country uses its increased affluence to reduce pollution concentrations, suggesting that the cleaner environment in developed countries comes at the expense of a dirtier environment in developing countries. In this sense, the EKC is potentially a reflection of the Pollution Haven Hypothesis, because one of the factors that may drive the increase in environmental degradation seen in pre-industrial economies is an influx of waste from post-industrial economies.  This same transfer of polluting firms through trade and foreign investment could lead to the decrease in environmental degradation seen in downward-sloping section of the EKC, which models post-industrial (service) economies.

text: The environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) is a conceptual model that suggests that a country's pollution concentrations rise with development and industrialization up to a turning point, after which they fall again as the country uses its increased affluence to reduce pollution concentrations, suggesting that the cleaner environment in developed countries comes at the expense of a dirtier environment in developing countries. In this sense, the EKC is potentially a reflection of the Pollution Haven Hypothesis, because one of the factors that may drive the increase in environmental degradation seen in

text: pre-industrial economies

text: is an influx of waste from

text: post-industrial economies

text: .  This same transfer of polluting firms through trade and foreign investment could lead to the decrease in environmental degradation seen in downward-sloping section of the EKC, which models post-industrial (service) economies.

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answers: It does not say

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answers: service) economies

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answers: post-industrial

text: Pollution of water bodies and acid rain also affect an individual's survival. In general, the diversity of amphibians decreases as the pollution level in a water body increases. Only some hardier pollution-tolerant species, such as Günther's Frog and Asian Common Toad, can thrive in polluted habitats.

text: Pollution of water bodies and

text: acid rain

text: also affect an individual's survival. In general, the diversity of amphibians decreases as the pollution level in a water body increases. Only some hardier pollution-tolerant species, such as

text: Günther's Frog

text: and

text: Asian Common Toad

text: , can thrive in polluted habitats.

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answers: Pollution

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answers: It is not possible to tell

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answers: no

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text: Urban agriculture as a method to mediate chemical pollution can be effective in preventing the spread of these chemicals into the surrounding environment. Other methods of remediation often disturb the soil and force the chemicals contained within it into the air or water. Plants can be used as a method to remove chemicals and also to hold the soil and prevent erosion of contaminated soil decreasing the spread of pollutants and the hazard presented by these lots.

text: Urban agriculture as a method to mediate

text: chemical pollution

text: can be effective in preventing the spread of these chemicals into the surrounding environment. Other methods of remediation often disturb the soil and force the chemicals contained within it into the air or water. Plants can be used as a method to remove chemicals and also to hold the soil and prevent erosion of contaminated soil decreasing the spread of pollutants and the hazard presented by these lots.

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answers: Urban agriculture as a method to mediate chemical pollution

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answers: It is not possible to tell

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answers: No

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answers: Urban agriculture

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answers: chemicals

text: Water pollution poses a significant health risk, especially in heavily industrialized, heavily populated areas like China. In response to a worsening situation in which entire cities lacked safe drinking water, China passed a revised Water Pollution Prevention and Control Law. The possibility of polluted water making it way across international boundaries, as well as unrecognized water pollution within a poorer country brings up questions of human rights, allowing for international input on water pollution. There is no single framework for dealing with pollution disputes local to a nation.

text: Water pollution

text: poses a significant health risk, especially in heavily industrialized, heavily populated areas like China. In response to a worsening situation in which entire cities lacked safe drinking water, China passed a revised Water Pollution Prevention and Control Law. The possibility of polluted water making it way across international boundaries, as well as unrecognized water pollution within a poorer country brings up questions of human rights, allowing for international input on water pollution. There is no single framework for dealing with pollution disputes local to a nation.

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answers: It does not say

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answers: no

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answers: industrialized, heavily populated areas

text: There is also a pollution threat to the town as many industries are being set up in the locality. There is also a thermal power (MPS) being built in the locality. These are a lot of water-consuming industries and will consume water from the river Barakar itself. This is going to create pollution as well as water crisis in the area. The underground water level has already decreased over the years which further strains the water resources.

text: There is also a pollution threat to the town as many industries are being set up in the locality. There is also a thermal power (MPS) being built in the locality. These are a lot of water-consuming industries and will consume water from the river Barakar itself. This is going to create pollution as well as water crisis in the area. The underground water level has already decreased over the years which further strains the water resources.

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answers: water crisis in the area

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answers: It is not possible to tell

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answers: no

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answers: thermal power

answers: NDQ_006390

answers: thermal power

text: Combined sewage overflow (CSO) has been occurring in the Puget Sound. CSO occur during rain events when runoff with the combination of raw sewage overflows the pipes and it carries pollutants, harmful pathogens, and excess nutrients directly into Puget Sound. This is a threat to the biodiversity of marine wildlife as it degrades/damages the marine habitat. Due to high amounts of excess nutrients and water disturbance, there are fewer number of benthic invertebrate species found near CSO outfalls. One of the nutrients found in excess amounts is Nitrogen, which can cause low oxygen level. Excess nitrogen can causes algae blooms which leads to low oxygen level which is dangerous for marine organism that need oxygen. Furthermore, at the outfall the output disturbs the soils, which makes the water more turbid. Turbid water can increase the number of pathogens in the water.  Many fishes and shellfish can be affected by some pathogens that are naturally found in the Puget Sound. High turbidity can decrease light penetration which can decrease food sources for fishes.   If the turbidity is high enough it can kill fishes and/or affect reproduction and growth. Other pollutants carried by the runoff can have direct harm on many marine organisms and pollute the soils. For example, heavy metal buildup can cause physiological and reproductive harm.  For example, lead in river otters and spotted sandpiper affect their reproduction. Furthermore, build-up in pollutants has been found to affect fish growth.To reach standards stated in the Clean Water Act, Washington State must have a long-term CSO Control Plan so that 1 or fewer overflow events occur on average in a year.

text: Combined sewage overflow (CSO) has been occurring in the

text: Puget Sound

text: CSO

text: occur during rain events when runoff with the combination of raw sewage overflows the pipes and it carries pollutants, harmful

text: pathogen

text: s, and excess nutrients directly into Puget Sound. This is a threat to the biodiversity of marine wildlife as it degrades/damages the marine habitat. Due to high amounts of excess nutrients and water disturbance, there are fewer number of benthic invertebrate species found near CSO outfalls. One of the nutrients found in excess amounts is

text: Nitrogen

text: , which can cause low oxygen level. Excess nitrogen can causes

text: algae bloom

text: s which leads to low oxygen level which is dangerous for marine organism that need oxygen. Furthermore, at the outfall the output disturbs the soils, which makes the water more

text: turbid

text: . Turbid water can increase the number of pathogens in the water.  Many fishes and shellfish can be affected by some pathogens that are naturally found in the Puget Sound. High turbidity can decrease light penetration which can decrease food sources for fishes.   If the turbidity is high enough it can kill fishes and/or affect reproduction and growth. Other pollutants carried by the runoff can have direct harm on many marine organisms and

text: pollute the soils

text: . For example, heavy metal buildup can cause physiological and reproductive harm.  For example, lead in

text: river otters

text: and

text: spotted sandpiper

text: affect their

text: reproduction

text: . Furthermore, build-up in pollutants has been found to affect fish growth.To reach standards stated in the

text: Clean Water Act

text: , Washington State must have a long-term CSO Control Plan so that 1 or fewer overflow events occur on average in a year.

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answers: It does not say

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answers: No

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answers: Nitrogen

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text: Now the Nervión river has lost economic importance, the navigable part of the river is being abandoned in favour of the external port, to allow urban development to take place in the banks of the river after the dismantlement of the industry.The quality of the water has improved through refuse water cleaning and the disappearance of the most polluting industries.

text: Now the Nervión river has lost economic importance, the navigable part of the river is being abandoned in favour of the external port, to allow urban development to take place in the banks of the river after the dismantlement of the industry.The quality of the water has improved through refuse water cleaning and the disappearance of the most polluting industries.

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answers: The quality of the water has improved

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text: In 2005, the library was investigated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency under the Clean Water Act for failing to apply for a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit.

text: In 2005, the library was investigated by the

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: under the

text: Clean Water Act

text: for failing to apply for a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (

text: NPDES

text: ) permit.

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text: Under the 1970 Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act, the Canadian government established a document to prevent pollution of Canadian Arctic waters. However, in recent years Arctic waters have become increasingly polluted. It was recently found that due to pollution some waters have levels of lead that are higher than the Canadian guidelines.

text: Under the 1970

text: Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act

text: , the Canadian government established a document to prevent pollution of Canadian Arctic waters. However, in recent years Arctic waters have become increasingly polluted. It was recently found that due to pollution some waters have levels of lead that are higher than the Canadian guidelines.

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text: When they live in polluted waters, bivalve molluscs have a tendency to accumulate substances such as heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants in their tissues. This is because they ingest the chemicals as they feed but their enzyme systems are not capable of metabolising them and as a result, the levels build up. This may be a health hazard for the molluscs themselves, and is one for humans who eat them. It also has certain advantages in that bivalves can be used in monitoring the presence and quantity of pollutants in their environment.

text: When they live in polluted waters, bivalve molluscs have a tendency to accumulate substances such as

text: heavy metals

text: and

text: persistent organic pollutants

text: in their tissues. This is because they ingest the chemicals as they feed but their enzyme systems are not capable of metabolising them and as a result, the levels build up. This may be a health hazard for the molluscs themselves, and is one for humans who eat them. It also has certain advantages in that bivalves can be used in

text: monitoring

text: the presence and quantity of pollutants in their environment.

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answers: This may be a health hazard for the molluscs themselves

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answers: It also has certain advantages in that bivalves can be used in monitoring the presence and quantity of pollutants

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answers: no

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answers: organic pollutants

text: Agricultural runoff containing pesticide residues has also been concentrated in the lower river in greater amounts. Toxins derived from pesticides have led to fish kills; six of these events were recorded between 1964 and 1968 alone. The pesticide issue is even greater in streams and water bodies near agricultural lands irrigated by the Imperial Irrigation District with Colorado River water. In the Imperial Valley, Colorado River water used for irrigation overflows into the New and Alamo rivers and into the Salton Sea. Both rivers and the sea are among the most polluted bodies of water in the United States, posing dangers not only to aquatic life but to contact by humans and migrating birds. Pollution from agricultural runoff is not limited to the lower river; the issue is also significant in upstream reaches such as Colorado's Grand Valley, also a major center of irrigated agriculture.

text: Agricultural runoff containing pesticide residues has also been concentrated in the lower river in greater amounts. Toxins derived from pesticides have led to fish kills; six of these events were recorded between 1964 and 1968 alone. The pesticide issue is even greater in streams and water bodies near agricultural lands irrigated by the

text: Imperial Irrigation District

text: with Colorado River water. In the Imperial Valley, Colorado River water used for irrigation overflows into the

text: New

text: and Alamo rivers and into the Salton Sea. Both rivers and the sea are among the most polluted bodies of water in the United States, posing dangers not only to aquatic life but to contact by humans and migrating birds. Pollution from agricultural runoff is not limited to the lower river; the issue is also significant in upstream reaches such as Colorado's Grand Valley, also a major center of irrigated agriculture.

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answers: No

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answers: pesticide residues

text: As an example, the United States employs water quality standards as part of its regulation of surface water quality under the Clean Water Act. The Clean Water Act Water Quality Standards (WQS) Program begins with U.S. states designating intended uses (e.g., recreation, drinking water, natural habitat) for surface water, after which they develop science-based water quality criteria - including numeric pollutant concentration limits, narrative goals (e.g., free from algae blooms), and narrative biological criteria (i.e., the aquatic life that should be able to live in the waterbody). If the water body fails the existing WQS criteria, the state must develop a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for pollutants of concern. Human activity impacting water quality will then be controlled via other regulatory means in order to achieve the TMDL targets.

text: As an example, the United States employs water quality standards as part of its regulation of surface water quality under the

text: Clean Water Act

text: . The

text: Clean Water Act Water Quality Standards (WQS) Program

text: begins with U.S. states designating intended uses (e.g., recreation, drinking water, natural habitat) for surface water, after which they develop science-based water quality criteria - including numeric pollutant concentration limits, narrative goals (e.g., free from algae blooms), and narrative biological criteria (i.e., the aquatic life that should be able to live in the waterbody). If the water body fails the existing WQS criteria, the state must develop a

text: Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL)

text: for pollutants of concern. Human activity impacting water quality will then be controlled via other regulatory means in order to achieve the TMDL targets.

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answers: No

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answers: TMDL

text: Pollutants entering surface waters during precipitation events is termed polluted runoff.  Daily human activities result in deposition of pollutants on roads, lawns, roofs, farm fields, etc.  When it rains or there is irrigation, water runs off and ultimately makes its way to a river, lake, or the ocean.  While there is some attenuation of these pollutants before entering the receiving waters, the quantity of human activity results in large enough quantities of pollutants to impair these receiving waters.

text: Pollutants entering surface waters during precipitation events is termed polluted runoff.  Daily human activities result in deposition of pollutants on

text: road

text: s,

text: lawn

text: s,

text: roof

text: s,

text: farm

text: fields, etc.  When it

text: rains

text: or there is

text: irrigation

text: water

text: runs off and ultimately makes its way to a

text: river

text: lake

text: , or the

text: ocean

text: .  While there is some

text: attenuation

text: of these pollutants before entering the receiving waters, the quantity of

text: human

text: activity results in large enough quantities of pollutants to impair these receiving waters.

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answers: There is some attenuation

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text: Around 28 km south of the district headquarters in the city of Valsad, it is surrounded by the Union Territories of Daman to the west and Dadra and Nagar Haveli to the east. Economic and industrial growth in recent decades has blurred the physical boundaries, and a small stretch of roughly 21 km of Daman-Vapi-Silvassa has almost become a single urban area. The town originally belonged to the community of Koli Patel (Local Farmers),Desai (Anavil Bramhins), Jains and other tribal castes later migrated to the city. Known as the City of Chemicals, it is the largest industrial area in Asia in terms of small-scale industries, dominated by the chemical industry. It has been ranked 2 in the year 2008 among the most polluted places in the world, mainly due to its poor air and water quality caused by nearby industrial sites. People who have been living in the town have a lot of complaints about their health due to the pollution emissions happening almost every night from chemical factories

text: Around 28 km south of the district headquarters in the city of

text: Valsad

text: , it is surrounded by the

text: Union Territories

text: of

text: Daman

text: to the west and

text: Dadra and Nagar Haveli

text: to the east. Economic and industrial growth in recent decades has blurred the physical boundaries, and a small stretch of roughly 21 km of Daman-Vapi-

text: Silvassa

text: has almost become a single urban area. The town originally belonged to the community of Koli Patel (Local Farmers),Desai (Anavil Bramhins), Jains and other tribal castes later migrated to the city. Known as the City of Chemicals, it is the largest industrial area in

text: Asia

text: in terms of small-scale industries, dominated by the

text: chemical industry

text: . It has been ranked 2 in the year 2008 among the most polluted places in the world, mainly due to its poor air and water quality caused by nearby industrial sites. People who have been living in the town have a lot of complaints about their health due to the pollution emissions happening almost every night from chemical factories

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answers: It has been ranked 2 in the year 2008 among the most polluted places

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answers: It has been ranked 2

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answers: In the United States, sewage that enters water bodies is always decontaminated

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answers: Local Farmers

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answers: chemical factories

text: In 1995, due to scientific research showing that mining had caused the pollution of groundwater, Utah passed laws to make Kennecott companies pay $37 million to control water pollution.

text: In 1995, due to scientific research showing that mining had caused the pollution of

text: groundwater

text: , Utah passed laws to make Kennecott companies pay $37 million to control

text: water pollution

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text: Soil washed off fields is the largest source of agricultural pollution in the United States. Excess sediment causes high levels of turbidity in water bodies, which can inhibit growth of aquatic plants, clog fish gills and smother animal larvae.

text: Soil

text: washed off fields is the largest source of agricultural pollution in the United States. Excess sediment causes high levels of

text: turbidity

text: in water bodies, which can inhibit growth of

text: aquatic plant

text: s, clog

text: fish

text: gill

text: s and smother animal

text: larva

text: e.

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text: The main industrial pollution source is Norilsk Nickel in Monchegorsk—the large smelters responsible for over 80% of the sulfur dioxide emissions and for nearly all nickel and copper emissions. Other polluters of note include the thermal power stations in Apatity and Murmansk.

text: The main industrial pollution source is

text: Norilsk Nickel

text: in

text: Monchegorsk

text: —the large

text: smelters

text: responsible for over 80% of the

text: sulfur dioxide

text: emissions and for nearly all

text: nickel

text: and

text: copper

text: emissions. Other polluters of note include the

text: thermal power station

text: s in

text: Apatity

text: and

text: Murmansk

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text: A point source of pollution is a single identifiable source of air, water, thermal, noise or light pollution. A point source has negligible extent, distinguishing it from other pollution source geometries. The sources are called point sources because in mathematical modeling, they can be approximated as a mathematical point to simplify analysis. Pollution point sources are identical to other physics, engineering, optics, and chemistry point sources and include:

text: A point source of pollution is a single identifiable source of

text: air

text: water

text: thermal

text: noise

text: or

text: light

text: pollution

text: . A

text: point source

text: has negligible extent, distinguishing it from other pollution source geometries. The sources are called point sources because in mathematical modeling, they can be approximated as a mathematical

text: point

text: to simplify analysis. Pollution point sources are identical to other

text: physics

text: engineering

text: optics

text: , and

text: chemistry

text: point sources and include:

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text: As recently as 2002, Yangzonghai had been noted for having water clean enough for drinking and swimming. But as of September 2008, it was officially considered unfit for drinking, swimming in or fishing in, when the provincial government announced high levels of arsenic in its waters. The arsenic contamination  was discovered (in June 2008) when an inspection was made of enterprises operating in the Yangzonghai basin. Eight companies were found to have been engaged in illegal polluting practices. Yunnan Chengjiang Jinye Industrial and Trade Co Ltd (云南澄江锦业工贸有限公司) was named as the main polluter. The company allegedly failed to build the legally required treatment facility for its wastewater, with years of accumulated arsenic seeping into the local water table. It had been fined multiple times in the past, but the relatively small fines were viewed by the company as an extra cost of doing business.

text: As recently as 2002, Yangzonghai had been noted for having water clean enough for drinking and swimming. But as of September 2008, it was officially considered unfit for drinking, swimming in or fishing in, when the provincial government announced high levels of

text: arsenic

text: in its waters. The arsenic contamination  was discovered (in June 2008) when an inspection was made of enterprises operating in the Yangzonghai basin. Eight companies were found to have been engaged in illegal polluting practices. Yunnan Chengjiang Jinye Industrial and Trade Co Ltd (云南澄江锦业工贸有限公司) was named as the main polluter. The company allegedly failed to build the legally required treatment facility for its wastewater, with years of accumulated arsenic seeping into the local water table. It had been fined multiple times in the past, but the relatively small fines were viewed by the company as an extra cost of doing business.

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text: A number of policies have been developed that are intended to inform regulators and private citizens as to how NPS effluent can be better controlled. One example is with the CZMA mentioned earlier, the EPA is required to provide states with a listing of best management practices (BMPs) for controlling NPS coastal pollution. BMPs are state-of-the-art methods to treat NPS pollution. There is no shortage of BMPs to reduce NPS pollution. For agriculture, examples of BMPs include: conservation easements, cover crops, drainage management, grid sampling, manure injection, manure staging, reduced tillage practices, rotational grazing, and two stage ditches.  Additional examples are offered in the nonpoint source pollution page. The obvious problem with educational and informational tools, however, is there is no guarantee they will be implemented.

text: A number of policies have been developed that are intended to inform regulators and private citizens as to how NPS effluent can be better controlled. One example is with the CZMA mentioned earlier, the EPA is required to provide states with a listing of best management practices (BMPs) for controlling NPS coastal pollution. BMPs are state-of-the-art methods to treat NPS pollution. There is no shortage of BMPs to reduce NPS pollution. For agriculture, examples of BMPs include:

text: conservation easement

text: s,

text: cover crop

text: s, drainage management, grid sampling, manure injection, manure staging, reduced tillage practices, rotational grazing, and two stage ditches.  Additional examples are offered in the

text: nonpoint source pollution

text: page. The obvious problem with educational and informational tools, however, is there is no guarantee they will be implemented.

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answers: NDQ_006385

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_006388

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006389

answers: manure

answers: NDQ_006390

answers: manure

text: Sediment (loose soil) washed off fields is the largest source of agricultural pollution in the United States. Farmers may utilize erosion controls to reduce runoff flows and retain soil on their fields. Common techniques include contour plowing, crop mulching, crop rotation, planting perennial crops and installing riparian buffers.

text: Sediment

text: (loose

text: soil

text: ) washed off fields is the largest source of

text: agricultural pollution

text: in the United States. Farmers may utilize

text: erosion control

text: s to reduce runoff flows and retain soil on their fields. Common techniques include

text: contour plowing

text: , crop

text: mulch

text: ing,

text: crop rotation

text: , planting

text: perennial

text: crops and installing

text: riparian buffer

text: s.

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answers: soil

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answers: agricultural

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answers: Sediment

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answers: Sediment

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answers: no

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answers: contour plowing

answers: NDQ_006390

answers: Sediment

text: Due to high levels of pollution, including 125 MLD of untreated sewerage water being discharged into the river by the Pune Municipal Corporation, the Maharashtra Pollution Control Board has classified the water quality to be of Class-IV.

text: Due to high levels of pollution, including 125 MLD of untreated sewerage water being discharged into the river by the

text: Pune Municipal Corporation

text: , the

text: Maharashtra Pollution Control Board

text: has classified the water quality to be of Class-IV.

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answers: the river

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answers: sewerage water

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answers: Class-IV

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answers: no

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answers: untreated

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answers: sewerage water

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answers: sewerage water

text: Water resources management in El Salvador is characterized by difficulties in addressing severe water pollution throughout much of the country's surface waters due to untreated discharges of agricultural, domestic and industrial run off. The river that drains the capital city of San Salvador is considered to be polluted beyond the capability of most treatment procedures.

text: Water resources management in

text: El Salvador

text: is characterized by difficulties in addressing severe water pollution throughout much of the country's surface waters due to untreated discharges of agricultural, domestic and industrial run off. The river that drains the capital city of

text: San Salvador

text: is considered to be polluted beyond the capability of most treatment procedures.

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answers: surface waters

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answers: El Salvador

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text: Effluent Guidelines (also referred to as Effluent Limitation Guidelines (ELGs)) are U.S. national standards for wastewater discharges to surface waters and publicly owned treatment works (POTW) (also called municipal sewage treatment plants). The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issues Effluent Guideline regulations for categories of industrial sources of water pollution under Title III of the Clean Water Act (CWA). The standards are technology-based, i.e. they are based on the performance of treatment and control technologies(e.g., Best Available Technology). Effluent Guidelines are not based on risk or impacts of pollutants upon receiving waters.

text: Effluent Guidelines (also referred to as Effluent Limitation Guidelines (ELGs)) are U.S. national standards for wastewater discharges to surface waters and

text: publicly owned treatment works

text: (POTW) (also called municipal

text: sewage treatment

text: plants). The

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA) issues Effluent Guideline regulations for categories of industrial sources of

text: water pollution

text: under Title III of the

text: Clean Water Act

text: (CWA). The standards are technology-based, i.e. they are based on the performance of treatment and control technologies(e.g.,

text: Best Available Technology

text: ). Effluent Guidelines are not based on risk or impacts of pollutants upon receiving waters.

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answers: Raw sewage is dumped into the same water where people drink and bathe.

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answers: It's impossible to say

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answers: Best Available Technology

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answers: industrial

text: Agriculture is another significant source of the Sava River basin surface water pollution, specifically through livestock manure production. It is estimated that the nutrient pollution levels generated by manure production equal 32,394 tonnes of nitrogen and 3,784 tonnes of phosphorus per year. As a consequence, the Sava River is microbiologically polluted in areas affected by the nutrient pollution. One such part of the river is the lowermost part of its course between Šabac and Belgrade, where acceptable freshwater bacterial counts are exceeded.

text: Agriculture is another significant source of the Sava River basin surface water pollution, specifically through

text: livestock

text: manure

text: production. It is estimated that the nutrient pollution levels generated by manure production equal 32,394 tonnes of nitrogen and 3,784 tonnes of phosphorus per year. As a consequence, the Sava River is microbiologically polluted in areas affected by the nutrient pollution. One such part of the river is the lowermost part of its course between Šabac and Belgrade, where acceptable freshwater bacterial counts are exceeded.

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answers: Agriculture is another significant source

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answers: no

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text: Primary sources for TDS in receiving waters are agricultural and residential runoff, clay rich mountain waters, leaching of soil contamination and point source water pollution discharge from industrial or sewage treatment plants. The most common chemical constituents are calcium, phosphates, nitrates, sodium, potassium and chloride, which are found in nutrient runoff, general stormwater runoff and runoff from snowy climates where road de-icing salts are applied. The chemicals may be cations, anions, molecules or agglomerations on the order of one thousand or fewer molecules, so long as a soluble micro-granule is formed. More exotic and harmful elements of TDS are pesticides arising from surface runoff. Certain naturally occurring total dissolved solids arise from the weathering and dissolution of rocks and soils. The United States has established a secondary water quality standard of 500 mg/l to provide for palatability of drinking water.

text: Primary sources for TDS in receiving waters are

text: agricultural

text: and residential runoff, clay rich mountain waters, leaching of

text: soil contamination

text: and

text: point source

text: water pollution

text: discharge from industrial or

text: sewage treatment

text: plants. The most common chemical constituents are

text: calcium

text: phosphate

text: s,

text: nitrate

text: s,

text: sodium

text: potassium

text: and

text: chloride

text: , which are found in

text: nutrient

text: runoff, general

text: stormwater

text: runoff and runoff from snowy climates where road

text: de-icing

text: salts are applied. The chemicals may be

text: cation

text: s,

text: anion

text: s,

text: molecule

text: s or agglomerations on the order of one thousand or fewer molecules, so long as a soluble micro-

text: granule

text: is formed. More exotic and harmful elements of TDS are

text: pesticide

text: s arising from

text: surface runoff

text: . Certain naturally occurring total dissolved solids arise from the weathering and dissolution of rocks and soils. The United States has established a secondary water quality standard of 500 mg/l to provide for palatability of drinking water.

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text: Although widely employed, the scientific community is still unsure of the physical phenomena underpinning biofilter operation, and information about the microorganisms involved continues to be developed. A biofilter/bio-oxidation system is a fairly simple device to construct and operate and offers a cost-effective solution provided the pollutant is biodegradable within a moderate time frame (increasing residence time = increased size and capital costs), at reasonable concentrations (and lb/hr loading rates) and that the airstream is at an organism-viable temperature.  For large volumes of air, a biofilter may be the only cost-effective solution. There is no secondary pollution (unlike the case of incineration where additional CO and NO are produced from burning fuels) and degradation products form additional biomass, carbon dioxide and water. Media irrigation water, although many systems recycle part of it to reduce operating costs, has a moderately high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and may require treatment before disposal. However, this "blowdown water", necessary for proper maintenance of any bio-oxidation system, is generally accepted by municipal publicly owned treatment works without any pretreatment.

text: Although widely employed, the scientific community is still unsure of the physical phenomena underpinning biofilter operation, and information about the microorganisms involved continues to be developed. A biofilter/bio-oxidation system is a fairly simple device to construct and operate and offers a cost-effective solution provided the pollutant is biodegradable within a moderate time frame (increasing residence time = increased size and capital costs), at reasonable concentrations (and lb/hr loading rates) and that the airstream is at an organism-viable temperature.  For large volumes of air, a biofilter may be the only cost-effective solution. There is no secondary pollution (unlike the case of

text: incineration

text: where additional CO and NO are produced from burning fuels) and degradation products form additional biomass, carbon dioxide and water. Media irrigation water, although many systems recycle part of it to reduce operating costs, has a moderately high

text: biochemical oxygen demand

text: (BOD) and may require treatment before disposal. However, this "blowdown water", necessary for proper maintenance of any bio-oxidation system, is generally accepted by municipal

text: publicly owned treatment works

text: without any pretreatment.

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answers: Media irrigation water

text: The pressures associated with diffuse pollution are important throughout the basin due to the high density of both agricultural lands and livestock farming occurring in certain areas in the basin. Livestock farming includes pig farms and poultry, with the dung spread directly to the land. Another main issue concerning diffuse pollution is the existence of several mines throughout the basin. Although some of them have direct discharges in water courses, the metals contained in the soils extracted can also reach surface waters through runoff. Finally, the disposal of solid wastes and wastes from agricultural activity in the river banks is another pressure that significantly contributes to the organic pollution of the water.

text: The pressures associated with diffuse pollution are important throughout the basin due to the high density of both agricultural lands and livestock farming occurring in certain areas in the basin. Livestock farming includes pig farms and poultry, with the dung spread directly to the land. Another main issue concerning diffuse pollution is the existence of several mines throughout the basin. Although some of them have direct discharges in water courses, the metals contained in the soils extracted can also reach surface waters through runoff. Finally, the disposal of solid wastes and wastes from agricultural activity in the river banks is another pressure that significantly contributes to the organic pollution of the water.

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answers: surface waters

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answers: mines

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answers: metals contained in the soils extracted can also reach surface waters through runoff

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answers: It does not say

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answers: no

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answers: solid wastes

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answers: dung spread directly to the land

text: Water pollution is defined by the Federal Clean Water Act as "dredge spoil, solid waste, incinerator residue, sewage, garbage, sewage sludge, munitions, chemical wastes, biological materials, heat, wrecked or discarded equipment, rock, sand, cellar dirt, and industrial, municipal, and agricultural waste discharged into water."  More generally, pollution  is defined as the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change.

text: Water pollution is defined by the Federal

text: Clean Water Act

text: as "dredge spoil, solid waste, incinerator residue, sewage, garbage, sewage sludge, munitions, chemical wastes, biological materials, heat, wrecked or discarded equipment, rock, sand, cellar dirt, and industrial, municipal, and agricultural waste discharged into water."  More generally, pollution  is defined as the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change.

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answers: the natural environment

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answers: industrial, municipal, and agricultural

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answers: Water pollution

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answers: The Federal Clean Water Act

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answers: no

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answers: sewage

text: Nonpoint source pollution refers to diffuse contamination that does not originate from a single discrete source. NPS pollution is often the cumulative effect of small amounts of contaminants gathered from a large area. A common example is the leaching out of nitrogen compounds from fertilized agricultural lands. Nutrient runoff in storm water from "sheet flow" over an agricultural field or a forest are also cited as examples of NPS pollution.

text: Nonpoint source pollution

text: refers to diffuse contamination that does not originate from a single discrete source. NPS pollution is often the cumulative effect of small amounts of contaminants gathered from a large area. A common example is the leaching out of

text: nitrogen

text: compounds from fertilized agricultural lands. Nutrient

text: runoff

text: in

text: storm water

text: from "sheet flow" over an

text: agricultural field

text: or a forest are also cited as examples of NPS pollution.

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answers: Nutrient runoff

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answers: a large area

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answers: Nutrient runoff

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answers: no

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answers: Nonpoint source pollution

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answers: nitrogen compounds

text: There are many industries dotting the banks of this river which dispose their industrial waste into the river. These waste materials pollute the water of the river to a dangerous level. During the Bishwa Ijtema, Muslims pilgrims coming from all over the world stay at the riverside for days. Unfortunately they lack proper accommodation and an adequate sanitation system. As a result, human waste and garbage generated is disposed into the river. This also pollutes the river heavily. Moreover, the river is heavily polluted by factories lining the bank of the river.

text: There are many industries dotting the banks of this river which dispose their industrial waste into the river. These waste materials pollute the water of the river to a dangerous level. During the

text: Bishwa Ijtema

text: , Muslims pilgrims coming from all over the world stay at the riverside for days. Unfortunately they lack proper accommodation and an adequate sanitation system. As a result, human waste and garbage generated is disposed into the river. This also pollutes the river heavily. Moreover, the river is heavily polluted by factories lining the bank of the river.

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answers: It does not say

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answers: industrial waste

text: Air pollution (sulfur dioxide particulates) from reliance on coal is a major issue, along with water pollution from untreated wastes and use of debated standards of pollutant concentration rather than Total Maximum Daily Load. There are water shortages, particularly in the north. The eastern part of China often experiences smoke and dense fog in the atmosphere as a result of industrial pollution. Heavy deforestation with an estimated loss of one-fifth of agricultural land since 1949 to soil erosion and economic development is occurring with resulting desertification. China is a party to the Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, the Antarctic Treaty, the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Climate Change treaty, the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, the Endangered Species treaty, the Hazardous Wastes treaty, the Law of the Sea, the International Tropical Timber Agreements of 1983 and 1994, the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, and agreements on Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, and Wetlands protection. China has signed, but not ratified the Kyoto Protocol (but is not yet required to reduce its carbon emission under the agreement, as is India), and the Nuclear Test Ban treaty.

text: Air pollution

text: sulfur dioxide

text: particulates) from reliance on

text: coal

text: is a major issue, along with

text: water pollution

text: from untreated wastes and use of debated standards of pollutant concentration rather than

text: Total Maximum Daily Load

text: . There are water shortages, particularly in the north. The eastern part of China often experiences smoke and dense fog in the atmosphere as a result of industrial pollution. Heavy

text: deforestation

text: with an estimated loss of one-fifth of agricultural land since 1949 to

text: soil erosion

text: and economic development is occurring with resulting

text: desertification

text: . China is a party to the

text: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol

text: , the

text: Antarctic Treaty

text: , the

text: Convention on Biological Diversity

text: , the

text: Climate Change

text: treaty, the

entity_name: United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

text: United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

text: , the

text: Endangered Species

text: treaty, the Hazardous Wastes treaty, the

text: Law of the Sea

text: , the International Tropical Timber Agreements of

entity_name: International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983

text: and

entity_name: International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994

text: , the

entity_name: International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling

text: International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling

text: , and agreements on Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection,

text: Ship Pollution

text: , and Wetlands protection. China has signed, but not ratified the

text: Kyoto Protocol

text: (but is not yet required to reduce its carbon emission under the agreement, as is India), and the

text: Nuclear Test Ban

text: treaty.

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answers: The eastern part of China

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text: Most pristine rivers will have a 5-day carbonaceous BOD below 1 mg/L. Moderately polluted rivers may have a BOD value in the range of 2 to 8 mg/L. Rivers may be considered severely polluted when BOD values exceed 8 mg/L. Municipal sewage that is efficiently treated by a three-stage process would have a value of about 20 mg/L or less. Untreated sewage varies, but averages around 600 mg/L in Europe and as low as 200 mg/L in the U.S., or where there is severe groundwater or surface water Infiltration/Inflow. The generally lower values in the U.S. derive from the much greater water use per capita than in other parts of the world.

text: Most pristine rivers will have a 5-day carbonaceous BOD below 1 mg/L. Moderately

text: polluted

text: rivers may have a BOD value in the range of 2 to 8 mg/L. Rivers may be considered severely polluted when BOD values exceed 8 mg/L. Municipal

text: sewage

text: that is efficiently treated by a

text: three-stage process

text: would have a value of about 20 mg/L or less. Untreated sewage varies, but averages around 600 mg/L in

text: Europe

text: and as low as 200 mg/L in the U.S., or where there is severe

text: groundwater

text: or

text: surface water

text: Infiltration/Inflow

text: . The generally lower values in the U.S. derive from the much greater water use per capita than in other parts of the world.

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answers: No

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answers: Municipal sewage

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answers: Municipal sewage

text: 70% of the population is connected to sewers. However, as of 2010 all wastewater treatment plants established during the Soviet period were out of order orprovided only primary treatment. As a result, untreated municipal wastewater is a major polluter of surface waters.

text: 70% of the population is connected to sewers. However, as of 2010 all wastewater treatment plants established during the Soviet period were out of order orprovided only primary treatment. As a result, untreated municipal wastewater is a major polluter of surface waters.

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answers: municipal wastewater

answers: NDQ_006390

answers: municipal wastewater

text: Hyderabad produces around 4,500 tonnes of solid waste daily, which is transported from collection units in Imlibun, Yousufguda and Lower Tank Bund to the dumpsite in Jawaharnagar. Disposal is managed by the Integrated Solid Waste Management project which was started by the GHMC in 2010. Rapid urbanisation and increased economic activity has also led to increased industrial waste, air, noise and water pollution, which is regulated by the Telangana Pollution Control Board (TPCB). The contribution of different sources to air pollution in 2006 was: 20–50% from vehicles, 40–70% from a combination of vehicle discharge and road dust, 10–30% from industrial discharges and 3–10% from the burning of household rubbish. Deaths resulting from atmospheric particulate matter are estimated at 1,700–3,000 each year.<ref name="pollu multi">

text: Hyderabad produces around 4,500

text: tonnes

text: of solid waste daily, which is transported from collection units in

text: Imlibun

text: Yousufguda

text: and Lower Tank Bund to the dumpsite in

text: Jawaharnagar

text: . Disposal is managed by the Integrated Solid Waste Management project which was started by the GHMC in 2010. Rapid urbanisation and increased economic activity has also led to increased

text: industrial waste

text: air

text: noise

text: and

text: water pollution

text: , which is regulated by the

text: Telangana Pollution Control Board

text: (TPCB). The contribution of different sources to air pollution in 2006 was: 20–50% from vehicles, 40–70% from a combination of vehicle discharge and road dust, 10–30% from industrial discharges and 3–10% from the burning of household rubbish. Deaths resulting from

text: atmospheric particulate matter

text: are estimated at 1,700–3,000 each year.<ref name="pollu multi">

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answers: industrial discharges

text: The air in Africa is greatly polluted due to multiple reasons stated below. The primitive method of farming that takes place in most areas in Africa is certainly a causal factor. The United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that 11.3 million hectares of land are being lost annually to agriculture, grazing, uncontrolled burning and fuelwood consumption.Combustion of wood and charcoal are used for cooking and this results to a release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which is a toxic pollutant in the atmosphereAlso, due to the poor supply of power, most homes have to rely on fuel and diesel in generators to keep their electricity running.; 0

text: The air in Africa is greatly

text: polluted

text: due to multiple reasons stated below. The primitive method of farming that takes place in most areas in Africa is certainly a causal factor. The

text: United Nations

text: Food and Agriculture Organization

text: (FAO) estimates that 11.3 million hectares of land are being lost annually to agriculture,

text: grazing

text: , uncontrolled burning and fuelwood consumption.Combustion of wood and

text: charcoal

text: are used for cooking and this results to a release of

text: carbon dioxide

text: into the atmosphere, which is a toxic pollutant in the atmosphereAlso, due to the poor supply of power, most homes have to rely on fuel and

text: diesel

text: in

text: generator

text: s to keep their electricity running.; 0

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answers: uncontrolled burning

text: The process of the EDCs entering the water source all begins with a source. Whether it comes from an industrial plant, pharmaceutical, or human source, it eventually finds its way to a larger water source, usually in the form of a waste product. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has documented the amount of pharmaceuticals released into the environment from manufacturing plants, however, this documentation is not as prevalent on a household level. There are some on-going efforts to attempt to minimize this pollution. For example, 80 percent of pharmacies in Clark County, Washington have contributed to efforts emphasizing the safe disposal of noncontrolled drugs. Attempts to control water pollution are gaining support as pollution gradually becomes more visible. However, these efforts are still in the process of being implemented on a large scale. The polluted water is then sent to a number of places.

text: The process of the EDCs entering the water source all begins with a source. Whether it comes from an

text: industrial plant

text: , pharmaceutical, or human source, it eventually finds its way to a larger water source, usually in the form of a waste product. The

text: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

text: has documented the amount of pharmaceuticals released into the environment from manufacturing plants, however, this documentation is not as prevalent on a household level. There are some on-going efforts to attempt to minimize this pollution. For example, 80 percent of

text: pharmacies

text: in

text: Clark County, Washington

text: have contributed to efforts emphasizing the safe disposal of noncontrolled drugs. Attempts to control water pollution are gaining support as pollution gradually becomes more visible. However, these efforts are still in the process of being implemented on a large scale. The polluted water is then sent to a number of places.

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answers: a number of places

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answers: Whether it comes from an industrial plant, pharmaceutical, or human source

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answers: It eventually finds its way to a larger water source

answers: NDQ_006388

answers: It eventually finds its way to a larger water source

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text: The government also tried to introduce large-scale urban agriculture to the populace, to increase local self-reliance. In Caracas, the government launched Organoponico Bolivar I, a pilot program to bring organopónicos to Venezuela. Urban agriculture was not embraced in Caracas as it has been in Cuba. Unlike Cuba, where organopónicos arose from the bottom-up out of necessity, the Venezuelan organopónicos were clearly a top-down initiative based on Cuba's success. Another problem for urban agriculture in Venezuela was the high amounts of pollution in major Venezuelan urban areas.  At the Organoponico Bolivar I, a technician comes every 15 days to take a reading from the small pollution meter in the middle of the garden.

text: The government also tried to introduce large-scale

text: urban agriculture

text: to the populace, to increase local self-reliance. In

text: Caracas

text: , the government launched Organoponico Bolivar I, a pilot program to bring

text: organopónicos

text: to Venezuela. Urban agriculture was not embraced in Caracas as it has been in Cuba. Unlike Cuba, where organopónicos arose from the bottom-up out of necessity, the Venezuelan organopónicos were clearly a top-down initiative based on Cuba's success. Another problem for urban agriculture in Venezuela was the high amounts of

text: pollution

text: in major Venezuelan urban areas.  At the Organoponico Bolivar I, a technician comes every 15 days to take a reading from the small pollution meter in the middle of the garden.

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text: Industrial melanism is an effect of urban pollution prominent in many species of arthropods. It is the phenomenon of an organism evolving dark pigmentation when exposed to an environment polluted by dark soot deposit and sulfuric buildup from industrial pollution.  In this type of industrial melanism, the darker pigmented individuals develop a higher fitness and are favored by natural selection.  This change in favoritism as a result of modification in selection pressure is one of the best-noted cases of Darwinian evolution. The most common case of this adaptation is found in the arthropod order Lepidoptera. This order of insects encompasses all insects with microscopic scales on their wings, such as moths and butterflies. Some species thought to undergo the selection of industrial melanism are Adalia bipunctata (two-spot ladybird), Hamadryas feronia (variable cracker butterfly), Odontopera bidentata (scalloped hazel moth), Oligia latruncula (tawny marbled minor moth), Oligia strigilis (marbled minor moth), and many other species of moths; but probably the best and most studied example of industrial melanism is in the peppered moth, Biston betularia. Originally, peppered moths lived where light-colored lichens covered the trees where they would rest. To camouflage with the tree, they originated with a light-colored pigment that helped them to avoid predators by not being a visual distraction. Lichens are great bio-indicators of air-pollution. Sulfur dioxide present in the atmosphere reduces the amount of lichen covering the surrounding trees.  Eventually, industrial pollution came to the area, and sulfur dioxide began to kill the light-colored lichens off the trees, exposing the dark bark of the moths' resting places, creating a drastic contrast in color and making the light-colored moths more vulnerable to predation. This slowly altered the balance of the population, as light-colored moths were not surviving to reproduce and pass on their genes to the next generation, and the darker-colored moths began to breed more due to their new-found rise in fitness. This reversal of survivability made the gene contributing to melanic forms of the moth more desirable. The melanic phenotype of the Biston betularia has been calculated to give a fitness advantage as great as 30 per cent. As generations went on, eventually the population of peppered moths transformed from the majority being light-colored moths to the majority being dark-colored moths.

text: Industrial melanism is an effect of urban pollution prominent in many species of arthropods. It is the phenomenon of an organism evolving dark pigmentation when exposed to an environment polluted by dark soot deposit and sulfuric buildup from industrial pollution.  In this type of industrial melanism, the darker pigmented individuals develop a higher fitness and are favored by natural selection.  This change in favoritism as a result of modification in selection pressure is one of the best-noted cases of Darwinian evolution. The most common case of this adaptation is found in the arthropod order

text: Lepidoptera

text: . This order of insects encompasses all insects with microscopic scales on their wings, such as moths and butterflies. Some species thought to undergo the selection of industrial melanism are

text: Adalia bipunctata

text: (two-spot ladybird),

text: Hamadryas feronia

text: (variable cracker butterfly),

text: Odontopera bidentata

text: (scalloped hazel moth),

text: Oligia latruncula

text: (tawny marbled minor moth),

text: Oligia strigilis

text: (marbled minor moth), and many other species of moths; but probably the best and most studied example of industrial melanism is in the peppered moth,

text: Biston betularia

text: . Originally, peppered moths lived where light-colored lichens covered the trees where they would rest. To camouflage with the tree, they originated with a light-colored pigment that helped them to avoid predators by not being a visual distraction. Lichens are great bio-indicators of air-pollution. Sulfur dioxide present in the atmosphere reduces the amount of lichen covering the surrounding trees.  Eventually, industrial pollution came to the area, and

text: sulfur dioxide

text: began to kill the light-colored lichens off the trees, exposing the dark bark of the moths' resting places, creating a drastic contrast in color and making the light-colored moths more vulnerable to predation. This slowly altered the balance of the population, as light-colored moths were not surviving to reproduce and pass on their genes to the next generation, and the darker-colored moths began to breed more due to their new-found rise in fitness. This reversal of survivability made the gene contributing to melanic forms of the moth more desirable. The melanic phenotype of the

text: Biston betularia

text: has been calculated to give a fitness advantage as great as 30 per cent. As generations went on, eventually the population of peppered moths transformed from the majority being light-colored moths to the majority being dark-colored moths.

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text: Schedule 4 includes “Pollution control” under Part A, but “Air Pollution” under Part B, which also includes a further item relevant to pollution: “Municipal Health Services.”

text: Schedule 4 includes “Pollution control” under Part A, but “Air Pollution” under Part B, which also includes a further item relevant to pollution: “Municipal Health Services.”

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text: The plan takes a three tiered approach to implement management measures for NPS pollution. The first tier considers "self-determined implementation of best management practices." This essentially considers voluntary programs, grants, and education. California has a number of educational programs designed to help alert local policymakers to the problems associated with NPS pollution, including the California Water and Land Use Partnership and the Model Urban Runoff Program. Incentive programs under this tier include measure like financial assistance for local watershed stewardship projects through grants from the CWA section 319 and environmental quality incentives programs for implementation cost-sharing. The first tier is less stringent than tiers two or three. The second tier of the plan is called the "regulatory-based encouragement of management practices." The second tier essentially works by allowing polluters to adopt certain managements measures that discourage NPS pollution rather than go through various permitting procedures. Regional water quality control boards may work with landowners and resource managers to waive the adoption of waste discharge requirements (WDRs), a type of effluent limitation, if a polluter adopts certain BMPs. The third tier is called "effluent limitations and enforcement." The effluent limitations may be set at a level where the only realistic manner of compliance is the adoption of BMPs. These limitations are command and control requirements for some activities, including for example WDRs for commercial nurseries, WDRs for selenium for the San Joaquin River, permitted storm water programs, erosion Control for Lake Tahoe, and WDRs for dairies.

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text: Cumming was assigned to a variety of posts during his early career in the Service, especially quarantine stations in the South and on the West Coast of the United States. He also served on immigration duty at Ellis Island, New York. For 3 years, from February 1906 to February 1909, Cumming was detailed to the office of the United States Consul General in Yokohama, Japan, where he was concerned with immigration and quarantinable diseases. From 1913 to 1919, he was assigned to the Hygienic Laboratory (forerunner of the National Institutes of Health) in Washington, DC. There he was placed in charge of an investigation of the pollution of tidal waters of Maryland and Virginia. One of his concerns was the shellfish industry, and the potential threat to human health from consuming oysters grown in waters polluted with sewage.

text: Cumming was assigned to a variety of posts during his early career in the Service, especially

text: quarantine

text: stations in the

text: South

text: and on the

text: West Coast of the United States

text: . He also served on immigration duty at Ellis Island, New York. For 3 years, from February 1906 to February 1909, Cumming was detailed to the office of the

text: United States Consul General

text: in

text: Yokohama

text: Japan

text: , where he was concerned with

text: immigration

text: and quarantinable

text: disease

text: s. From 1913 to 1919, he was assigned to the

text: Hygienic Laboratory

text: (forerunner of the

text: National Institutes of Health

text: ) in

text: Washington, DC

text: . There he was placed in charge of an investigation of the

text: pollution

text: of tidal waters of

text: Maryland

text: and

text: Virginia

text: . One of his concerns was the

text: shellfish

text: industry, and the potential threat to human health from consuming

text: oyster

text: s grown in waters polluted with

text: sewage

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text: Earlier in the Middle East, the Caliph Abu Bakr in the 630s commanded his army to "Bring no harm to the trees, nor burn them with fire," and "Slay not any of the enemy's flock, save for your food." Arabic medical treatises during the 9th to 13th centuries dealing with environmentalism and environmental science, including pollution, were written by Al-Kindi, Qusta ibn Luqa, Al-Razi, Ibn Al-Jazzar, al-Tamimi, al-Masihi, Avicenna, Ali ibn Ridwan, Ibn Jumay, Isaac Israeli ben Solomon, Abd-el-latif, Ibn al-Quff, and Ibn al-Nafis. Their works covered a number of subjects related to pollution, such as air pollution, water pollution, soil contamination, municipal solid waste mishandling, and environmental impact assessments of certain localities.

text: Earlier in the

text: Middle East

text: , the

text: Caliph

text: Abu Bakr

text: in the 630s commanded his army to "Bring no harm to the trees, nor burn them with fire," and "Slay not any of the enemy's flock, save for your food."

text: Arabic medical

text: treatises during the 9th to 13th centuries dealing with environmentalism and

text: environmental science

text: , including pollution, were written by

text: Al-Kindi

text: Qusta ibn Luqa

text: Al-Razi

text: Ibn Al-Jazzar

text: al-Tamimi

text: al-Masihi

text: Avicenna

text: Ali ibn Ridwan

text: Ibn Jumay

text: Isaac Israeli ben Solomon

entity_name: Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi (medieval writer)

text: Abd-el-latif

text: , Ibn al-Quff, and

text: Ibn al-Nafis

text: . Their works covered a number of subjects related to pollution, such as air pollution,

text: water pollution

text: soil contamination

text: municipal solid waste

text: mishandling, and

text: environmental impact assessment

text: s of certain localities.

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text: The pollution often comes from non point sources such as agricultural runoff, wind-blown debris and dust. Nutrient pollution, a form of water pollution, refers to contamination by excessive inputs of nutrients. It is a primary cause of eutrophication of surface waters, in which excess nutrients, usually nitrogen or phosphorus, stimulate algae growth.

text: The pollution often comes from

text: non point source

text: s such as agricultural

text: runoff

text: , wind-blown debris and dust.

text: Nutrient pollution

text: , a form of

text: water pollution

text: , refers to contamination by excessive inputs of nutrients. It is a primary cause of

text: eutrophication

text: of surface waters, in which excess nutrients, usually

text: nitrogen

text: or

text: phosphorus

text: , stimulate algae growth.

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answers: No

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answers: runoff

text: In El Salvador, rivers and streams in the principal agricultural areas are highly polluted by pesticides, particularly by DDT in cotton cultivations in the south-eastern coastal plains. Concentrations of 3.15 mg of DDT per litre of water have been discovered in the Río Grande de San Miguel.

text: In El Salvador, rivers and streams in the principal agricultural areas are highly polluted by pesticides, particularly by

text: DDT

text: in cotton cultivations in the south-eastern coastal plains. Concentrations of 3.15 mg of DDT per litre of water have been discovered in the Río Grande de San Miguel.

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answers: El Salvador

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answers: In El Salvador

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answers: no

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answers: cotton

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answers: pesticides

text: Because groundwater and surface water are closely linked, water pollution from CAFOs can affect both sources if one or the other is contaminated. Surface water may be polluted by CAFO waste through the runoff of nutrients, organics, and pathogens from fields and storage. Waste can be transmitted to groundwater through the leaching of pollutants. Some facility designs, such as lagoons, can reduce the risk of groundwater contamination, but the microbial pathogens from animal waste may still pollute surface and groundwater, causing adverse effects on wildlife and human health.

text: Because

text: groundwater

text: and surface water are closely linked, water pollution from CAFOs can affect both sources if one or the other is contaminated. Surface water may be polluted by CAFO waste through the runoff of nutrients, organics, and pathogens from fields and storage. Waste can be transmitted to groundwater through the

text: leaching

text: of pollutants. Some facility designs, such as lagoons, can reduce the risk of groundwater contamination, but the microbial pathogens from animal waste may still pollute surface and groundwater, causing adverse effects on wildlife and human health.

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answers: no

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answers: lagoons

answers: NDQ_006390

answers: CAFO

text: According to one report, virtually all the large underground fresh-water supplies in Uzbekistan are polluted by industrial and chemical wastes. An official in Uzbekistan's Ministry of Environment estimated that about half of the country's population lives in regions where the water is severely polluted. The government estimated in 1995 that only 230 of the country's 8,000 industrial enterprises were following pollution control standards.

text: According to one report, virtually all the large underground fresh-water supplies in Uzbekistan are polluted by industrial and chemical wastes. An official in Uzbekistan's Ministry of Environment estimated that about half of the country's population lives in regions where the water is severely polluted. The government estimated in 1995 that only 230 of the country's 8,000 industrial enterprises were following pollution control standards.

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answers: no

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answers: chemical wastes

text: The input of pollutants into a water body may impact the water's ability to deliver ecological, recreational, educational, and economic services. While the impacts of water pollution vary considerably based on a variety of site-specific factors, they may be either direct or indirect. Pollutants that are directly toxic pose a threat to organisms that may come into contact with contaminated water. These include persistent organic pollutants used as pesticides and toxic byproducts of industrial activity (such as cyanide). Other pollutants may indirectly impact ecosystem services by causing a change in water conditions that allows for a harmful activity to take place. This includes sediment (loose soil) inputs that decrease the amount of light that can penetrate through the water, reducing plant growth and diminishing oxygen availability for other aquatic organisms.

text: The input of pollutants into a water body may impact the water's ability to deliver ecological, recreational, educational, and economic services. While the impacts of water pollution vary considerably based on a variety of site-specific factors, they may be either direct or indirect. Pollutants that are directly

text: toxic

text: pose a threat to organisms that may come into contact with contaminated water. These include persistent organic pollutants used as

text: pesticide

text: s and toxic byproducts of industrial activity (such as

text: cyanide

text: ). Other pollutants may indirectly impact ecosystem services by causing a change in water conditions that allows for a harmful activity to take place. This includes sediment (loose

text: soil

text: ) inputs that decrease the amount of light that can penetrate through the water, reducing plant growth and diminishing oxygen availability for other aquatic organisms.

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answers: ecosystem services

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answers: industrial activity

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answers: It may impact the water's ability to deliver ecological, recreational, educational, and economic services

answers: NDQ_006385

answers: It does not say

answers: NDQ_006388

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006389

answers: sediment

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answers: cyanide

text: Four industrial elements of the Reșița works are listed as historic monuments: the UCM locomotive factory, and from the CSR, blast furnace #2, the brick factory and the puddling and steam laminating workshop. In addition, two villas belonging to the UCM authorities are listed, as well as a number of those belonging to the UDR leadership. Although blast furnace #1 was demolished, the remaining one, representing the fifth generation of blast furnaces on the same site, was left standing due to its symbolic significance in the city's cultural identity and contribution to the industrial landscape. By the early 1990s, the works had caused serious air, water and soil pollution, making Reșița among the most severely polluted areas of Eastern Europe.

text: Four industrial elements of the Reșița works are listed as

entity_name: National Register of Historic Monuments in Romania

text: historic monuments

text: : the UCM locomotive factory, and from the CSR, blast furnace #2, the brick factory and the

text: puddling

text: and steam laminating workshop. In addition, two villas belonging to the UCM authorities are listed, as well as a number of those belonging to the UDR leadership. Although blast furnace #1 was demolished, the remaining one, representing the fifth generation of blast furnaces on the same site, was left standing due to its symbolic significance in the city's cultural identity and contribution to the industrial landscape. By the early 1990s, the works had caused serious air, water and soil pollution, making Reșița among the most severely polluted areas of Eastern Europe.

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answers: Reșița among the most severely polluted areas of Eastern Europe

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answers: It's impossible to say

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answers: unanswerable

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answers: brick factory

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answers: soil

text: Environment - current issues:widespread deforestation, mining; air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution from raw sewage.

text: Environment - current issues:widespread

text: deforestation

text: mining

text: air pollution

text: from industrial and vehicle emissions;

text: water pollution

text: from raw

text: sewage

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answers: no

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answers: raw sewage

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text: According to the report,"substantial economic injury results from the inability to market shellfish or shellfish products in interstate commerce because of pollution caused by sewage and industrial wastes discharged to the Penobscot River and upper Penobscot Bay area and action of state authorities." The WPCA noted that "accordingly the pollution of these navigable waters is subject to abatement under procedures described in Section 10 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended"

text: According to the report,"substantial economic injury results from the inability to market shellfish or shellfish products in interstate commerce because of pollution caused by sewage and industrial wastes discharged to the Penobscot River and upper Penobscot Bay area and action of state authorities." The WPCA noted that "accordingly the pollution of these navigable waters is subject to abatement under procedures described in Section 10 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended"

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answers: sewage

text: Much of the land surrounding the Detroit River is urbanized and, in some places, heavily industrialized. This has resulted in excessive water pollution from the unregulated dumping of chemicals and industrial waste for many decades. Much of the garbage and sewage from Detroit's rapid industrialization found its way into the river. Much of the Detroit River and its shoreline were heavily polluted and unsafe for recreational use. Large quantities of this pollution collected around the mouth of the Detroit River at Lake Erie. The pollutants were so high after the spring thaw that thousands of migrating birds were killed by oil slicks and contaminated water every year. Oxygen levels in the river were depleted to the point where fish were unable to inhabit its waters. Because much of this pollution drained into and affected Lake Erie, the lake itself was considered "dead" and unable to support aquatic life.

text: Much of the land surrounding the Detroit River is urbanized and, in some places, heavily industrialized. This has resulted in excessive

text: water pollution

text: from the unregulated dumping of chemicals and industrial waste for many decades. Much of the garbage and sewage from Detroit's rapid industrialization found its way into the river. Much of the Detroit River and its shoreline were heavily polluted and unsafe for recreational use. Large quantities of this pollution collected around the mouth of the Detroit River at

text: Lake Erie

text: . The pollutants were so high after the spring thaw that thousands of migrating birds were killed by oil slicks and contaminated water every year. Oxygen levels in the river were depleted to the point where fish were unable to inhabit its waters. Because much of this pollution drained into and affected Lake Erie, the lake itself was considered "dead" and unable to support aquatic life.

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text: The immense growth of the People's Republic of China since the 1980s has resulted in increased soil pollution. The State Environmental Protection Administration believes it to be a threat to the environment, food safety and sustainable agriculture. 38,610 square miles (100,000 km) of China’s cultivated land have been polluted, with contaminated water being used to irrigate a further 31.5 million miles (21,670 km.) and another 2 million miles (1,300 km) have been covered or destroyed by solid waste. In total, the area accounts for one-tenth of China’s cultivatable land, and is not known as the first time mostly in economically developed areas. An estimated 6 million tonnes of grain are contaminated by heavy metals every year, causing direct losses of 29 billion yuan (US$2.57 billion).

text: The immense growth of the People's Republic of China since the 1980s has resulted in increased soil pollution. The State Environmental Protection Administration believes it to be a threat to the environment, food safety and sustainable agriculture. 38,610 square miles (100,000 km) of China’s cultivated land have been polluted, with contaminated water being used to irrigate a further 31.5 million miles (21,670 km.) and another 2 million miles (1,300 km) have been covered or destroyed by solid waste. In total, the area accounts for one-tenth of China’s cultivatable land, and is not known as the first time mostly in economically developed areas. An estimated 6 million tonnes of grain are contaminated by heavy metals every year, causing direct losses of 29 billion yuan (US$2.57 billion).

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text: Water pollution is a serious issue in Vietnam as a result of rapid industrialization and urbanization without adequate environmental management. As of 2008 only 10 percent of municipal wastewater was treated, and only 45% of industrial zones were expected to have wastewater treatment of some kind in 2010. The pollution of rivers and lakes in Hanoi is "alarming" according to municipal authorities, as up to 98 per cent of 200 rivers and lakes fail to meet the required water quality. Sewer systems consist of combined sewers, channeling both rainwater and municipal sewage. Small enterprises engaged in food processing and textile dyeing in so-called "craft villages", of which there are 700 in the Red River Delta alone, discharge untreated wastewater. An analysis by the University of Technologies and the Ministry of Science and Technology showed that 100% of wastewater samples taken from craft villages exceed allowed levels of pollution. Vietnam also has more than 200 registered industrial zones without sustainable wastewater treatment. Industrial zones discharge 1 million cubic meters of untreated sewage per day, about 70 percent of all industrial wastewater. 8 industrial zones will be equipped with wastewater treatment plants with the help of a US$50 million loan from the World Bank approved in 2012. It is also planned to construct 30 wastewater treatment plants in the Mekong Delta until 2020, including 13 plants for domestic wastewater treatment and 17 for industrial wastewater treatment in Can Tho, An Giang, Kien Giang and Ca Mau provinces. In 2012 Hanoi expected to start the operation of the upgraded Yen So waste water treatment plant with a design capacity of 200,000 cubic meters per day; eight more wastewater treatment plants are planned in Hanoi alone.

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text: The Clean Water Act has made great strides in reducing point source water pollution, but this effect is overshadowed by the fact that nonpoint source pollution, which is not subject to regulation under the Act, has correspondingly increased. One of the solutions to address this imbalance is point/nonpoint source trading of pollutants. In January 2003, the EPA Water Quality Trading Policy was issued. At this time, many waters in the United States did not support their designated uses. Specifically, 40 percent of rivers, 45 percent of streams, and 50 percent of lakes that had been surveyed were unfit. Consequently, when The Water Quality Trading Policy was issued it acknowledged that “the progress made toward restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation’s waters under the 1972 Clean Water Act and its National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits has been incomplete.”

text: The Clean Water Act has made great strides in reducing point source water pollution, but this effect is overshadowed by the fact that

text: nonpoint source pollution

text: , which is not subject to regulation under the Act, has correspondingly increased. One of the solutions to address this imbalance is point/nonpoint source trading of pollutants. In January 2003, the EPA Water Quality Trading Policy was issued. At this time, many waters in the United States did not support their designated uses. Specifically, 40 percent of rivers, 45 percent of streams, and 50 percent of lakes that had been surveyed were unfit. Consequently, when The Water Quality Trading Policy was issued it acknowledged that “the progress made toward restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation’s waters under the 1972 Clean Water Act and its National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits has been incomplete.”

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text: There is still no concrete proof that water pollution impinges directly on the health of dolphins. However, very high concentrations of DDT (a pesticide still used in China) and PCBs (used in the electronics industry) from unidentified sources have been found in tissue samples from dolphins. Pollutants are washed into the sea from local discharges and the Pearl River. In Hong Kong alone, some 150,000 cubic meters of raw sewage (unscreened and not treated), is dumped into the western harbour area each day. It is estimated that this would rise to an amount of 700,000 cubic meters a day by 2010. Sewage includes household toxic wastes, such as cleaning fluids and industrial effluent. Bacteria and viruses that emerge from the wastes affect dolphins directly.

text: There is still no concrete proof that

text: water pollution

text: impinges directly on the health of dolphins. However, very high concentrations of

text: DDT

text: (a

text: pesticide

text: still used in China) and

text: PCB

text: s (used in the electronics industry) from unidentified sources have been found in tissue samples from dolphins. Pollutants are washed into the sea from local discharges and the Pearl River. In Hong Kong alone, some 150,000 cubic meters of raw

text: sewage

text: (unscreened and not treated), is dumped into the western harbour area each day. It is estimated that this would rise to an amount of 700,000 cubic meters a day by 2010. Sewage includes household toxic wastes, such as cleaning fluids and industrial

text: effluent

text: . Bacteria and

text: viruses

text: that emerge from the wastes affect dolphins directly.

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text: The immense and sustained growth of the People's Republic of China since the 1970s has exacted a price from the land in increased soil pollution.  The State Environmental Protection Administration believes it to be a threat to the environment, to food safety and to sustainable agriculture. According to a scientific sampling, 150 million mi (100,000 square kilometers) of China’s cultivated land have been polluted, with contaminated water being used to irrigate a further 31.5 million mi (21,670 km.) and another 2 million mi (1,300 square kilometers) covered or destroyed by solid waste. In total, the area accounts for one-tenth of China’s cultivatable land, and is mostly in economically developed areas. An estimated 12 million tonnes of grain are contaminated by heavy metals every year, causing direct losses of 20 billion yuan (US$2.57 billion).

text: The immense and sustained growth of the

text: People's Republic of China

text: since the 1970s has exacted a price from the land in increased soil pollution.  The

entity_name: Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China

text: State Environmental Protection Administration

text: believes it to be a threat to the environment, to food safety and to sustainable agriculture. According to a scientific sampling, 150 million mi (100,000 square kilometers) of China’s cultivated land have been polluted, with

text: contaminated water

text: being used to irrigate a further 31.5 million mi (21,670 km.) and another 2 million mi (1,300 square kilometers) covered or destroyed by solid waste. In total, the area accounts for one-tenth of China’s cultivatable land, and is mostly in economically developed areas. An estimated 12 million tonnes of grain are contaminated by heavy metals every year, causing direct losses of 20 billion yuan (US$2.57 billion).

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text: In 2009, a court victory for Friends of the Everglades was overturned by an appeals court, where the federal appellate court based its opinion on the  "unitary waters" theory, which is an interpretation of the Clean Water Act which treats all bodies of water in the United States as a single body. The implication of this was that transferring polluted water from one body of water to another, even if polluted water was being transferred to pristine water, is considered to be legal. The focus of the ongoing legal debate has been on the definition of the word "addition" in the Clean Water Act. The Clean Water Act mandates that the addition of pollutants to clean water requires a federal permit. If polluted water is being transferred one body of water to another, some courts have interpreted this as meaning no permit is needed, whereas other courts have maintained that the wording of the Clean Water Act was not intended to allow transference of polluted water from, for example, a polluted stream to a pristine lake.

text: In 2009, a court victory for Friends of the Everglades was overturned by an appeals court, where the

text: federal appellate court

text: based its opinion on the  "unitary waters" theory, which is an interpretation of the

text: Clean Water Act

text: which treats all bodies of water in the United States as a single body. The implication of this was that transferring polluted water from one body of water to another, even if polluted water was being transferred to pristine water, is considered to be legal. The focus of the ongoing legal debate has been on the definition of the word "addition" in the Clean Water Act. The Clean Water Act mandates that the addition of pollutants to clean water requires a federal permit. If polluted water is being transferred one body of water to another, some courts have interpreted this as meaning no permit is needed, whereas other courts have maintained that the wording of the Clean Water Act was not intended to allow transference of polluted water from, for example, a polluted stream to a pristine lake.

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text: The water quality of the L'Assomption River is seriously affected by the area's social-economic conditions. Since 1950, the situation has been complicated by the urbanization of the river banks, by diversified agriculture, and by industrialisation along the southern portion of the river. Although the source of pollution has changed since 1950, because of strict environmental laws and the use of water purification equipment, water pollution is still not fully curbed.

text: The water quality of the L'Assomption River is seriously affected by the area's social-economic conditions. Since 1950, the situation has been complicated by the

text: urbanization

text: of the river banks, by diversified

text: agriculture

text: , and by

text: industrialisation

text: along the southern portion of the river. Although the source of

text: pollution

text: has changed since 1950, because of strict environmental laws and the use of water purification equipment, water pollution is still not fully curbed.

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text: Pristina has 9155 hectares of agricultural land, from which 8508 hectares have the system of irrigation on them. Since Pristina has a much polluted air, then it tis thought that this emission of pollution be transferred from air to land. This happens through rainfall that dissolves air pollution and deposits it into the land. One of the most common ways of agricultural land degradation is the transformation of agricultural land into industrial land.  According to the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development, in the period from 1998-2006 1 hectare of land in Pristina was transformed. However, the construction of Pristina started the last five years, with more people building apartments in each neighborhood of Pristina.  The problem of land degradation is that it happens in both ways: through the permition of the municipality of Pristina, but also without the permission of the municipality of Pristina. According to the director of the agricultural association in Kosovo, land degradation is happening each day more and more, and the most dangerous zones to remain without agricultural land are lands between Pristina and Skopje highway.

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answers: This happens through rainfall that dissolves air pollution and deposits it into the land

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answers: It does not say

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answers: It is thought that this emission of pollution be transferred from air to land

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text: The emergence of great factories and consumption of immense quantities of coal gave rise to unprecedented air pollution and the large volume of industrial chemical discharges added to the growing load of untreated human waste. Chicago and Cincinnati were the first two American cities to enact laws ensuring cleaner air in 1881. Pollution became a major issue in the United States in the early twentieth century, as progressive reformers took issue with air pollution caused by coal burning, water pollution caused by bad sanitation, and street pollution caused by the 3 million horses who worked in American cities in 1900, generating large quantities of urine and manure.  As historian Martin Melosi notes, The generation that first saw automobiles replacing the horses saw cars as "miracles of cleanliness.".  By the 1940s, however, automobile-caused smog was a major issue in Los Angeles.

text: The emergence of great factories and consumption of immense quantities of coal gave rise to unprecedented

text: air pollution

text: and the large volume of industrial chemical discharges added to the growing load of untreated human waste. Chicago and Cincinnati were the first two American cities to enact laws ensuring cleaner air in 1881. Pollution became a major issue in the United States in the early twentieth century, as

text: progressive reformers

text: took issue with air pollution caused by coal burning, water pollution caused by bad sanitation, and street pollution caused by the 3 million horses who worked in American cities in 1900, generating large quantities of urine and manure.  As historian Martin Melosi notes, The generation that first saw automobiles replacing the horses saw cars as "miracles of cleanliness.".  By the 1940s, however, automobile-caused smog was a major issue in Los Angeles.

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answers: Water pollution caused by bad sanitation

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answers: no

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text: The Pau Amarelo Dam was built in 1912 to distribute water to Greater Vitória.From this date there was little human interference with the ecosystem to avoid polluting the drinking water.The Duas Bocas Dam was built 1949–54 to accommodate population growth, and still supplies water to some of the residents of  the municipality of Cariacica.The Duas Bocas Forest Reserve was created on 12 January 1965 to protect the area.

text: The Pau Amarelo Dam was built in 1912 to distribute water to

text: Greater Vitória

text: .From this date there was little human interference with the ecosystem to avoid polluting the drinking water.The Duas Bocas Dam was built 1949–54 to accommodate population growth, and still supplies water to some of the residents of  the municipality of Cariacica.The Duas Bocas Forest Reserve was created on 12 January 1965 to protect the area.

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text: The Scottish Environment Protection Agency was established by the Environment Act 1995, and took over the functions in Scotland of the river purification boards, waste regulation authorities and the Industrial Pollution Inspectorate.  Its responsibilities include the water environment, air pollution, waste regulation, industrial pollution, radioactive substances and flood risk management.

text: The

text: Scottish Environment Protection Agency

text: was established by the

text: Environment Act 1995

text: , and took over the functions in Scotland of the river purification boards, waste regulation authorities and the Industrial Pollution Inspectorate.  Its responsibilities include the water environment, air pollution, waste regulation, industrial pollution, radioactive substances and flood risk management.

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answers: no

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text: For example, the manufacturing cost of a car (i.e., the costs of buying inputs, land tax rates for the car plant, overhead costs of running the plant and labor costs) reflects the private cost for the manufacturer (in some ways, normal profit can also be seen as a cost of production; see, e.g., Ison and Wall, 2007, p. 181). The polluted waters or polluted air also created as part of the process of producing the car is an external cost borne by those who are affected by the pollution or who value unpolluted air or water. Because the manufacturer does not pay for this external cost (the cost of emitting undesirable waste into the commons), and does not include this cost in the price of the car (a Kaldor-Hicks compensation), they are said to be external to the market pricing mechanism. The air pollution from driving the car is also an externality produced by the car user in the process of using his good. The driver does not compensate for the environmental damage caused by using the car.

text: For example, the manufacturing cost of a car (i.e., the costs of buying inputs, land tax rates for the car plant, overhead costs of running the plant and labor costs) reflects the private cost for the manufacturer (in some ways, normal profit can also be seen as a cost of production; see, e.g., Ison and Wall, 2007, p. 181). The polluted waters or polluted air also created as part of the process of producing the car is an external cost borne by those who are affected by the pollution or who value unpolluted air or water. Because the manufacturer does not pay for this external cost (the cost of emitting undesirable waste into the commons), and does not include this cost in the price of the car (a Kaldor-Hicks compensation), they are said to be external to the market pricing mechanism. The air pollution from driving the car is also an externality produced by the car user in the process of using his good. The driver does not compensate for the environmental damage caused by using the car.

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answers: raw sewage is dumped into the same water where people drink and bathe

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answers: Because the manufacturer does not pay for this external cost

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answers: It does not

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answers: undesirable waste

text: It is estimated that 90 percent of the surface water bodies are contaminated. Nearly all municipal wastewater (98 percent) and 90 percent of industrial wastewater is discharged to rivers and creeks without any treatment. The highest priority for pollution abatement is estimated to be in the basins of the Río Acelhuate and Río Sucio, an area that supplies a third of the water supply of the Metropolitan area of San Salvador.

text: It is estimated that 90 percent of the surface water bodies are contaminated. Nearly all municipal wastewater (98 percent) and 90 percent of industrial wastewater is discharged to rivers and creeks without any treatment. The highest priority for pollution abatement is estimated to be in the basins of the Río Acelhuate and Río Sucio, an area that supplies a third of the water supply of the Metropolitan area of

text: San Salvador

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answers: surface water bodies

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answers: It is estimated that 90 percent of the surface water bodies are contaminated

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answers: municipal wastewater

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text: Currently, the Tippecanoe darter is listed as vulnerable in Kentucky and imperiled in West Virginia and Pennsylvania.  The species is extremely vulnerable to turbidity and siltation.  In parts of the species native range where it is considered threatened, streamside management is an important tool.  Improper forestry practices, mining, and road construction are all threats to the reproductive health of the species.  The Clean Water Act is the most important piece of legislation for this species.  Another bill regulating nonpoint source pollution is pending a vote in Congress and could also help the Tippecanoe darter.Indiana uses a common approach to address nonpoint source pollution known as the watershed approach, which assesses the total geographic area that drains storm water (and pollutants) into a particular stream, lake, aquifer, or other water body.  This attempts to quantify all potential sources of pollution within a watershed.

text: Currently, the Tippecanoe darter is listed as vulnerable in Kentucky and imperiled in West Virginia and Pennsylvania.  The species is extremely vulnerable to turbidity and siltation.  In parts of the species native range where it is considered threatened, streamside management is an important tool.  Improper forestry practices, mining, and road construction are all threats to the reproductive health of the species.  The Clean Water Act is the most important piece of legislation for this species.  Another bill regulating nonpoint source pollution is pending a vote in Congress and could also help the Tippecanoe darter.Indiana uses a common approach to address nonpoint source pollution known as the watershed approach, which assesses the total geographic area that drains storm water (and pollutants) into a particular stream, lake, aquifer, or other water body.  This attempts to quantify all potential sources of pollution within a watershed.

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text: Much of the land surrounding the Detroit River is urbanized and, in some places, heavily industrialized. This has resulted in excessive water pollution from the unregulated dumping of chemicals and industrial waste for many decades. Much of the garbage and sewage from Detroit's rapid industrialization found its way into the river. Much of the Detroit River and its shoreline were heavily polluted and unsafe for recreational use. Large quantities of this pollution collected around the mouth of the Detroit River at Lake Erie. The pollutants were so high after the spring thaw that thousands of migrating birds were killed by oil slicks and contaminated water every year. Oxygen levels in the river were depleted to the point where fish were unable to inhabit its waters. Because much of this pollution drained into and affected Lake Erie, portions of the lake itself were considered “dead” and unable to support aquatic life. Swimming in the water or consuming any of its remaining fish were considered health risks.

text: Much of the land surrounding the Detroit River is urbanized and, in some places, heavily industrialized. This has resulted in excessive

text: water pollution

text: from the unregulated dumping of chemicals and industrial waste for many decades. Much of the garbage and sewage from Detroit's rapid industrialization found its way into the river. Much of the Detroit River and its shoreline were heavily polluted and unsafe for recreational use. Large quantities of this pollution collected around the mouth of the Detroit River at

text: Lake Erie

text: . The pollutants were so high after the spring thaw that thousands of migrating birds were killed by oil slicks and contaminated water every year. Oxygen levels in the river were depleted to the point where fish were unable to inhabit its waters. Because much of this pollution drained into and affected Lake Erie, portions of the lake itself were considered “dead” and unable to support aquatic life. Swimming in the water or consuming any of its remaining fish were considered health risks.

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answers: Detroit's rapid industrialization found its way into the river

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answers: It does not say

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answers: no

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answers: recreational use

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answers: chemicals

text: Water pollution is a serious problem in Russia, and 75% of surface water and 50% of all water in Russia is now polluted. This has caused health issues in many cities as well as in the countryside, as only 8% of wastewater is fully treated prior to being returned to waterways. Obsolete and inefficient water treatment facilities, as well as a lack of funding, have caused heavy pollution, and has also resulted in waterborne disease spread, such as an outbreak of cholera spread by the Moskva River in 1995. Industrial and chemical waste is often dumped into waterways, including hydrogen sulfide, which has been linked to the large-scale death of fish in the Black and Caspian seas. Lake Baikal was previously a target of environmental pollution from paper plants, but cleanup efforts since then have greatly reduced the ecological strain on the lake. ттт

text: Water pollution

text: is a serious problem in Russia, and 75% of

text: surface water

text: and 50% of all water in Russia is now polluted. This has caused health issues in many cities as well as in the countryside, as only 8% of

text: wastewater

text: is fully treated prior to being returned to waterways. Obsolete and inefficient

text: water treatment facilities

text: , as well as a lack of funding, have caused heavy pollution, and has also resulted in waterborne disease spread, such as an outbreak of

text: cholera

text: spread by the

text: Moskva River

text: in 1995.

text: Industrial

text: and

text: chemical waste

text: is often dumped into waterways, including

text: hydrogen sulfide

text: , which has been linked to the large-scale death of fish in the Black and Caspian seas.

text: Lake Baikal

text: was previously a target of environmental pollution from paper plants, but cleanup efforts since then have greatly reduced the ecological strain on the lake. ттт

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answers: Water pollution is a serious problem in Russia

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answers: no

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answers: Lake Baikal

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answers: hydrogen sulfide

text: Lower down three dams intercept the greatest part of water, creating businesses which pollute it. The first dam is where woodworking enterprise pollute the water. The second dam is cleaner, but on its banks there are various industrial buildings. Behind the second dam Sviyaga becomes a small streamlet and then in Kuzovatovo becomes a small river proceeding for some kilometers on wide floodplains. Here the upper part of Sviyaga is deeper because of an abundance of springs from underground aquifers.

text: Lower down three dams intercept the greatest part of water, creating businesses which pollute it. The first dam is where woodworking enterprise pollute the water. The second dam is cleaner, but on its banks there are various industrial buildings. Behind the second dam Sviyaga becomes a small streamlet and then in Kuzovatovo becomes a small river proceeding for some kilometers on wide floodplains. Here the upper part of Sviyaga is deeper because of an abundance of springs from underground aquifers.

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answers: Lower down three dams intercept the greatest part of water

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answers: no

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answers: The second dam

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answers: woodworking enterprise

text: The river has suffered from decades upon decades of industrial pollution, although cleanups following the Clean Water Act mean that pollution is vastly improved from the 1950s and 1960s.

text: The river has suffered from decades upon decades of

text: industrial pollution

text: , although cleanups following the

text: Clean Water Act

text: mean that pollution is vastly improved from the 1950s and 1960s.

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text: The spring, located in the middle of the settled area, contains high-quality water. Polluting the spring is forbidden, as are economic or industrial activity within the protected zone. Cleaning the bed of the spring is permitted. The streams feed the rivers of the area and provide water for the population.

text: The spring, located in the middle of the settled area, contains high-quality water. Polluting the spring is forbidden, as are economic or industrial activity within the protected zone. Cleaning the bed of the spring is permitted. The streams feed the rivers of the area and provide water for the population.

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answers: Polluting the spring

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answers: no

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answers: Cleaning the bed of the spring

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text: Water pollution typically occurs due to the discharge of effluent into water systems, improper landfill techniques, flooding of urban areas resulting in pollution from urban run-off, and agricultural practices. For example, the cities La Rioja and Catamarca have constraints on expansion of freshwater supplies forcing the residents to use only water they have available even if it is contaminated. The lack of piped water and sewage can exacerbate the water pollution problem through excessive contamination from excrements. For example, communities having 5,000-10,000 residents and urban centers with 200,000-500,000 residents have 90% and 60% of those respective residents that lack connection to sewers.

text: Water pollution typically occurs due to the discharge of effluent into water systems, improper landfill techniques, flooding of urban areas resulting in pollution from urban run-off, and agricultural practices. For example, the cities

text: La Rioja

text: and

text: Catamarca

text: have constraints on expansion of freshwater supplies forcing the residents to use only water they have available even if it is contaminated. The lack of piped water and sewage can exacerbate the water pollution problem through excessive contamination from excrements. For example, communities having 5,000-10,000 residents and urban centers with 200,000-500,000 residents have 90% and 60% of those respective residents that lack connection to sewers.

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answers: effluent

text: Zhao Lianhai was a worker who defended the victims of the 2008 Chinese milk scandal.  On December 29, 2010 Wang Guangya said that because of the One country, two systems Hong Kong should not interfere with the issue.  He then made the controversial statement, "well water (HK) should not pollute the river water (China)" (). Pro-Beijing member Ip Kwok-him then tried to defend the director by saying that HK citizens were only concerned about mainland affairs, and that they do care about One country two systems as well as the mainland justice system. Chief Secretary for Administration Henry Tang was asked to interpret what the water-river statement meant. He only smiled and did not answer.  The phrase was first used by former CPC General Secretary Jiang Zemin in December 1989 when he met the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.  He previously said "Well water should not pollute river water, river water should not pollute well water."

text: Zhao Lianhai

text: was a worker who defended the victims of the

text: 2008 Chinese milk scandal

text: .  On December 29, 2010 Wang Guangya said that because of the

text: One country, two systems

text: Hong Kong should not interfere with the issue.  He then made the controversial statement, "well water (HK) should not pollute the river water (China)" (). Pro-Beijing member

text: Ip Kwok-him

text: then tried to defend the director by saying that HK citizens were only concerned about mainland affairs, and that they do care about One country two systems as well as the mainland justice system.

text: Chief Secretary for Administration

text: Henry Tang

text: was asked to interpret what the water-river statement meant. He only smiled and did not answer.  The phrase was first used by former

entity_name: General Secretary of the Communist Party of China

text: CPC General Secretary

text: Jiang Zemin

text: in December 1989 when he met the

text: Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

text: .  He previously said "Well water should not pollute river water, river water should not pollute well water."

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text: The major water issue in Switzerland is water pollution from the increased use of agricultural fertilizers as well as hydrocarbon pollution from transport and industry. While improvements have been made, there are still issues with eutrophication (an increase in nitrogen and phosphates) in many lakes in the Swiss Plateau.

text: The major water issue in Switzerland is

text: water pollution

text: from the increased use of agricultural fertilizers as well as

text: hydrocarbon

text: pollution from transport and industry. While improvements have been made, there are still issues with

text: eutrophication

text: (an increase in nitrogen and phosphates) in many lakes in the Swiss Plateau.

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text: Air pollution from industry and transportation and water pollution are especially acute in urban centers. In 1996, Chile's industrial carbon dioxide emissions totaled 48.7 million metric tons. Untreated sewage poses the major threat to the nation's water quality. As of 2001, Chile had 928 cu km of renewable water resources. While 99% of its urban dwellers have pure drinking water, only 58% of its rural dwellers have the same access.

text: Air pollution from industry and transportation and water pollution are especially acute in urban centers. In 1996, Chile's industrial carbon dioxide emissions totaled 48.7 million metric tons. Untreated sewage poses the major threat to the nation's water quality. As of 2001, Chile had 928 cu km of renewable water resources. While 99% of its urban dwellers have pure drinking water, only 58% of its rural dwellers have the same access.

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text: Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants. Pollution is often classed as point source or nonpoint source pollution.

text: Pollution is the introduction of

text: contaminant

text: s into the natural environment that cause adverse change. Pollution can take the form of

text: chemical substance

text: s or

text: energy

text: , such as noise, heat or light.

text: Pollutant

text: s, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants. Pollution is often classed as

text: point source

text: or

text: nonpoint source pollution

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answers: Pollution

answers: NDQ_006388

answers: Pollution

answers: NDQ_006389

answers: naturally occurring contaminants

answers: NDQ_006390

answers: nonpoint source

text: Point source water pollution is a source of concern along the US-Mexico border as pollutants from both countries are entering shared waterways due to agricultural runoff, industrial discharge, and untreated sewage. Various policy issues arise in attempting to deal with this and include:

text: Point source water pollution is a source of concern along the US-Mexico border as pollutants from both countries are entering shared waterways due to agricultural runoff, industrial discharge, and untreated sewage. Various policy issues arise in attempting to deal with this and include:

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answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracy.

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answers: agricultural runoff

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answers: untreated sewage

text: Section 208 was Congress' first attempt to regulate NPS water pollution, and it directed states and local governments to create management plans that identified future waste treatment needs and identify and control NPS water pollution. The section notes that any areawide management plan must discuss how to identify “agriculturally and silviculturally related nonpoint sources of pollution,” and “runoff from manure disposal areas, and from land used for livestock and crop production.” Section 208 is in essence a federal funding mechanism for state programs that attempt to control NPS pollution, but its meager funding was completely used up by 1980. Section 208 was widely considered a failure because it did little to actually reduce NPS pollution. It created a voluntary provision that directs states to study whether regulatory controls are needed. The section placed full control over regulation of NPS water pollution with the states and did not provide any mechanisms to actually control NPS water pollution.

text: Section 208 was Congress' first attempt to regulate NPS water pollution, and it directed states and local governments to create management plans that identified future waste treatment needs and identify and control NPS water pollution. The section notes that any areawide management plan must discuss how to identify “agriculturally and silviculturally related nonpoint sources of pollution,” and “runoff from manure disposal areas, and from land used for livestock and crop production.” Section 208 is in essence a federal funding mechanism for state programs that attempt to control NPS pollution, but its meager funding was completely used up by 1980. Section 208 was widely considered a failure because it did little to actually reduce NPS pollution. It created a voluntary provision that directs states to study whether regulatory controls are needed. The section placed full control over regulation of NPS water pollution with the states and did not provide any mechanisms to actually control NPS water pollution.

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answers: NPS

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answers: manure disposal areas

answers: NDQ_006384

answers: Section 208 is in essence a federal funding mechanism for state programs

answers: NDQ_006385

answers: It placed full control over regulation of NPS water pollution with the states

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answers: It created a voluntary provision that directs states to study whether regulatory controls are needed

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answers: runoff from manure disposal areas

answers: NDQ_006390

answers: manure disposal areas

text: A serious environmental problem on mountain Dajt is how to deal with garbage. This is partially caused by restaurants and hotels that leave rubbish everywhere since there are few garbage bins in the region. Another major problem on the mountain is deforestation. For this responsible are the Ministry of the Environment, the Municipality of the region, the foresters (rangers) and the people who live in the area. Water pollution of the lake and  air pollution caused by cars crossing the mountain roads are also problematic.

text: A serious environmental problem on mountain Dajt is how to deal with garbage. This is partially caused by restaurants and hotels that leave rubbish everywhere since there are few garbage bins in the region. Another major problem on the mountain is

text: deforestation

text: . For this responsible are the Ministry of the Environment, the Municipality of the region, the foresters (rangers) and the people who live in the area.

text: Water pollution

text: of the lake and

text: air pollution

text: caused by cars crossing the mountain roads are also problematic.

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text: In 1962 Stoddart moved to a small community, Groton in Massachusetts from Nevada with their three children.  Her home in Groton was only three quarters of a mile from the Nashua River, which by then was already known to be highly polluted, and even dangerous. Organizing the Nashua River Clean Up committee she enlisted the help of thousands of ordinary citizens. She met with Massachusetts Governor John Volpe, Fitchburg Mayor William Flynn, plus executives of the paper mills which were polluting the river. Through her tireless efforts Stoddart was able to get the first anti-water pollution bill enacted by any state in the US: the 1965 Massachusetts Clean Water Act.

text: In 1962 Stoddart moved to a small community,

text: Groton

text: in Massachusetts from Nevada with their three children.  Her home in Groton was only three quarters of a mile from the Nashua River, which by then was already known to be highly polluted, and even dangerous. Organizing the Nashua River Clean Up committee she enlisted the help of thousands of ordinary citizens. She met with Massachusetts Governor John Volpe, Fitchburg Mayor William Flynn, plus executives of the paper mills which were polluting the river. Through her tireless efforts Stoddart was able to get the first anti-water pollution bill enacted by any state in the US: the 1965 Massachusetts Clean Water Act.

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text: The major environmental issues in Tajikistan are concentrations of agricultural chemicals and salts in the soil and groundwater, pockets of high air pollution caused by industry and motor vehicles, water pollution from agricultural runoff and disposal of untreated industrial waste and sewage, poor management of water resources, and soil erosion.

text: The major environmental issues in Tajikistan are concentrations of agricultural chemicals and salts in the soil and groundwater, pockets of high

text: air pollution

text: caused by industry and motor vehicles,

text: water pollution

text: from agricultural

text: runoff

text: and disposal of untreated

text: industrial waste

text: and sewage, poor management of water resources, and

text: soil erosion

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text: Those supporting federal regulation think it will provide a more consistent, uniform standard as needed for national environment and public health standards, like those related to water and air pollution (e.g., public disclosure of chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing, protection of drinking water sources, and control of air pollutants). A compromise called, "cooperative federalism" has been proposed like an approach used for coal since 1977. Here, the federal government sets baseline standards rather than detailed specifications, and allows states to be more flexibile in meeting the standards. It would require the federal government to remove some regulatory exemptions for hydraulic fracturing (e.g., the Energy Policy Act of 2005, which exempted oil and gas producers from certain requirements of the Safe Drinking Water Act), and develop a comprehensive set of regulations for the industry.

text: Those supporting federal regulation think it will provide a more consistent, uniform standard as needed for national environment and public health standards, like those related to water and air pollution (e.g., public disclosure of chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing, protection of drinking water sources, and control of air pollutants). A compromise called, "cooperative federalism" has been proposed like an approach used for coal since 1977. Here, the federal government sets baseline standards rather than detailed specifications, and allows states to be more flexibile in meeting the standards. It would require the federal government to remove some regulatory exemptions for hydraulic fracturing (e.g., the

text: Energy Policy Act of 2005

text: , which exempted oil and gas producers from certain requirements of the Safe Drinking Water Act), and develop a comprehensive set of regulations for the industry.

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answers: The federal government sets baseline standards rather than detailed specifications

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answers: The federal government sets baseline standards rather than detailed specifications

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answers: No

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text: In the case of organic pollutants, such as pesticides, explosives, solvents, industrial chemicals, and other xenobiotic substances, certain plants, such as Cannas, render these substances non-toxic by their metabolism.  In other cases, microorganisms living in association with plant roots may metabolize these substances in soil or water. These complex and recalcitrant compounds cannot be broken down to basic molecules (water, carbon-dioxide, etc.) by plant molecules, and, hence, the term phytotransformation represents a change in chemical structure without complete breakdown of the compound.The term "Green Liver" is used to describe phytotransformation, as plants behave analogously to the human liver when dealing with these xenobiotic compounds (foreign compound/pollutant). After uptake of the xenobiotics, plant enzymes increase the polarity of the xenobiotics by adding functional groups such as hydroxyl groups (-OH).

text: In the case of

text: organic

text: pollutants, such as

text: pesticides

text: explosives

text: solvents

text: , industrial chemicals, and other

text: xenobiotic

text: substances, certain plants, such as

text: Cannas

text: , render these substances non-toxic by their

text: metabolism

text: .  In other cases,

text: microorganism

text: s living in association with plant roots may metabolize these substances in soil or water. These complex and recalcitrant compounds cannot be broken down to basic molecules (water, carbon-dioxide, etc.) by plant molecules, and, hence, the term phytotransformation represents a change in chemical structure without complete breakdown of the compound.The term "Green Liver" is used to describe phytotransformation, as plants behave analogously to the human

text: liver

text: when dealing with these

text: xenobiotic

text: compounds (foreign compound/pollutant). After uptake of the xenobiotics, plant enzymes increase the polarity of the xenobiotics by adding functional groups such as hydroxyl groups (-OH).

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answers: Cannas, render these substances non-toxic by their metabolism

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text: It was the industrial revolution that gave birth to environmental pollution as we know it today. London also recorded one of the earlier extreme cases of water quality problems with the Great Stink on the Thames of 1858, which led to construction of the London sewerage system soon afterward. Pollution issues escalated as population growth far exceeded view ability of neighborhoods to handle their waste problem. Reformers began to demand sewer systems, and clean water.

text: It was the

text: industrial revolution

text: that gave birth to environmental pollution as we know it today. London also recorded one of the earlier extreme cases of water quality problems with the

text: Great Stink

text: on the

text: Thames

text: of 1858, which led to construction of the

text: London sewerage system

text: soon afterward. Pollution issues escalated as population growth far exceeded view ability of neighborhoods to handle their waste problem. Reformers began to demand sewer systems, and clean water.

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text: Nail polish remover is a solvent that removes nail polish, acrylic nails, and gel nail polish which comes in many forms, such as bottles or pre-soaked pads. The bottles of liquid nail polish remover is often poured onto a cotton ball or pad and applied to the nail polish. If nail polish remover is being used to remove acrylic or gel nails, then it is often placed in a bowl for the nails to be soaked in. Its main ingredient is acetone. Acetone is sometimes the only ingredient in nail polish removers. Acetone is a colorless, flammable solvent with a strong odor and is highly miscible and volatile in water. According to the Federal Clean Air Act Amendment of 1990, nail polish remover's main ingredient, acetone, is not considered a hazardous air pollutant. Acetone is commonly used as an alternative to hazardous air pollutants in industries as well. Furthermore, under the Clean Water Act, acetone is not considered a significantly dangerous pollutant. Nail services is a growing industry. In 2015, the United States' population spent $8.51 billion on nail services and there are about 129,682 nail salons in the United States. On average, nail salon businesses spend about $251 per month on nail salon supplies, which includes nail polish remover. Therefore, the use of nail polish remover is significant which means its waste is also significant.

text: Nail polish remover is a solvent that removes nail polish, acrylic nails, and gel nail polish which comes in many forms, such as bottles or pre-soaked pads. The bottles of liquid nail polish remover is often poured onto a cotton ball or pad and applied to the nail polish. If nail polish remover is being used to remove acrylic or gel nails, then it is often placed in a bowl for the nails to be soaked in. Its main ingredient is

text: acetone

text: . Acetone is sometimes the only ingredient in nail polish removers. Acetone is a colorless, flammable solvent with a strong odor and is highly miscible and volatile in water. According to the Federal Clean Air Act Amendment of 1990, nail polish remover's main ingredient, acetone, is not considered a hazardous air pollutant. Acetone is commonly used as an alternative to hazardous air pollutants in industries as well. Furthermore, under the Clean Water Act, acetone is not considered a significantly dangerous pollutant. Nail services is a growing industry. In 2015, the United States' population spent $8.51 billion on nail services and there are about 129,682 nail salons in the United States. On average, nail salon businesses spend about $251 per month on nail salon supplies, which includes nail polish remover. Therefore, the use of nail polish remover is significant which means its waste is also significant.

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answers: Its main ingredient is acetone

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text: In 2007, The City of Meycauayan and the neighboring town of Marilao in Bulacan province share a slot in the list of the world’s 30 most polluted places in the developing world drawn up by a private New York-based institute. In its report, “The World’s Worst Polluted Places” for 2007, the Blacksmith Institute said: “Industrial waste is haphazardly dumped into the Meycauayan, Marilao and Obando River system, a source of drinking and agricultural water supplies for the 250,000 people living in and around” the Meycauayan-Marilao area. Meycauayan also shares border with Caloocan City.

text: In 2007, The City of Meycauayan and the neighboring town of Marilao in Bulacan province share a slot in the list of the world’s 30 most polluted places in the developing world drawn up by a private New York-based institute. In its report, “The World’s Worst Polluted Places” for 2007, the Blacksmith Institute said: “Industrial waste is haphazardly dumped into the Meycauayan, Marilao and Obando River system, a source of drinking and agricultural water supplies for the 250,000 people living in and around” the Meycauayan-Marilao area. Meycauayan also shares border with Caloocan City.

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answers: people living in and around” the Meycauayan-Marilao area

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text: The use of passive sampling devices, such as the Chemcatcher®, and the polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS), have a number of advantages over the use of spot or bottle sampling for monitoring pollutants in the aquatic environment. The latter technique gives only an instantaneous concentration of the pollutant as the specific time of sampling. Passive samplers, depending on their mode of use can give either the TWA or equilibrium concentration of the pollutant over the deployment period. The measurement of TWA concentrations give a better indication of the long-term environmental conditions and enables improved risk assessment. Such devices have potential roles in monitoring programmes such as those underpinning the European Union’s Water Framework Directive and Marine Strategy Framework Directive. An ISO standard concerning the use of passive samplers for the determination of priority pollutants in surface waters is available for end users of this technology.

text: The use of passive sampling devices, such as the Chemcatcher®, and the

entity_name: Polar organic chemical integrative sampler

text: polar organic chemical integrative sampler

text: (POCIS), have a number of advantages over the use of spot or bottle sampling for

text: monitoring pollutants in the aquatic environment

text: . The latter technique gives only an instantaneous concentration of the pollutant as the specific time of sampling. Passive samplers, depending on their mode of use can give either the TWA or equilibrium concentration of the pollutant over the deployment period. The measurement of TWA concentrations give a better indication of the long-term environmental conditions and enables improved risk assessment. Such devices have potential roles in monitoring programmes such as those underpinning the European Union’s

text: Water Framework Directive

text: and Marine Strategy Framework Directive. An

entity_name: International Organization for Standardization

text: ISO standard

text: concerning the use of passive samplers for the determination of priority pollutants in surface waters is available for end users of this technology.

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answers: The measurement of TWA concentrations give a better indication of the long-term environmental conditions and enables improved risk assessment

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text: Air pollution is a significant problem in the municipality as it is in the rest of Mexico City. Most comes from vehicular traffic and industry; it includes ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide as well as suspended particles. Noise pollution is caused by industry and truck traffic. Although the municipality has no surface water, water pollution in its drainage is a problem from residential areas and industry. Industry contamination is mostly in the form of poor water use and the dumping of prime materials often from cleaning and includes organic matter, grease, soaps and detergents, dyes, solvents and more. Solid waste production is a problem from industrial and residential sources. The amount of waste produced in the municipality has grown almost seven-fold since the 1980s at a current rate of 571 tons per day.

text: Air pollution is a significant problem in the municipality as it is in the rest of Mexico City. Most comes from vehicular traffic and industry; it includes

text: ozone

text: carbon monoxide

text: nitrogen oxide

text: and

text: sulfur dioxide

text: as well as suspended particles. Noise pollution is caused by industry and truck traffic. Although the municipality has no surface water, water pollution in its drainage is a problem from residential areas and industry. Industry contamination is mostly in the form of poor water use and the dumping of prime materials often from cleaning and includes organic matter, grease, soaps and detergents, dyes, solvents and more. Solid waste production is a problem from industrial and residential sources. The amount of waste produced in the municipality has grown almost seven-fold since the 1980s at a current rate of 571 tons per day.

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answers: Solid waste production is a problem from industrial and residential sources

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text: Atmospheric inputs of pollution into the air can come from multiple sources. Typically, industrial facilities, like factories, emit air pollution via a smokestack. Although this is a point source, due to the distributional nature, long-range transport, and multiple sources of the pollution, it is considered a nonpoint source. Additionally, atmospheric pollution can become water pollution, by being washed out of the atmosphere in the form of rain or snow.

text: Atmospheric inputs of pollution into the air can come from multiple sources. Typically, industrial facilities, like

text: factories

text: , emit air pollution via a

text: smokestack

text: . Although this is a point source, due to the distributional nature, long-range transport, and multiple sources of the pollution, it is considered a nonpoint source. Additionally, atmospheric pollution can become water pollution, by being washed out of the atmosphere in the form of rain or snow.

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text: River conservation is threatened by pollution inflows from point and non-point sources. In the past rivers had been used for pollution discharges from factories and municipal sewerage plants.  With increasing environmental awareness and the passing of the Resource Management Act 1991, these sources of pollution are now less problematic. Water abstraction, especially for irrigation, is now a major threat to the character of rivers. An upsurge in conversion of land to dairy farming is stretching water resources. Also, since dairy farming is becoming more intensified in New Zealand and requires large amounts of water, the problem is therefore being exacerbated.

text: River conservation is threatened by pollution inflows from

text: point

text: and

text: non-point source

text: s. In the past rivers had been used for pollution discharges from factories and municipal sewerage plants.  With increasing environmental awareness and the passing of the

text: Resource Management Act 1991

text: , these sources of pollution are now less problematic. Water abstraction, especially for irrigation, is now a major threat to the character of rivers. An upsurge in conversion of land to

text: dairy farming

text: is stretching water resources. Also, since dairy farming is becoming more intensified in New Zealand and requires large amounts of water, the problem is therefore being exacerbated.

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answers: character of rivers

answers: NDQ_006383

answers: factories

answers: NDQ_006384

answers: rivers had been used for pollution discharges from factories and municipal sewerage plants

answers: NDQ_006385

answers: With increasing environmental awareness

answers: NDQ_006388

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006389

answers: non-point sources

answers: NDQ_006390

answers: dairy farming

text: The industrial park is located above the drainage basin of the Nahal Prat Nature Reserve and is therefore subject to rigorous standards on soil and water pollution. A water purification facility processes the park's waste water and the establishment of polluting heavy industry is prohibited.

text: The industrial park is located above the drainage basin of the

text: Nahal Prat

text: Nature Reserve and is therefore subject to rigorous standards on soil and water pollution. A water purification facility processes the park's waste water and the establishment of polluting heavy industry is prohibited.

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answers: A water purification facility processes the park's waste water

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answers: soil

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answers: subject to rigorous standards

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answers: no

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answers: water purification facility

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answers: heavy industry

text: In addition to the section 404 program, questions arise about impacts of the SWANCC ruling on other parts of the CWA, especially its principal permit program, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under section 402. It requires permits for pollutant discharges from point sources (industrial facilities and municipal sewage plants) into the nation's waters. Another provision, section 311, concerns liability for oil discharges into the nation's waters. Neither of these was at issue in this case but might be challenged through extension of the ruling. The January 19 joint Corps-EPA memorandum states that federal implementation of any other CWA provision that involves "waters of the United States" will be governed by the same interpretation that applies to section 404. As a result, federal jurisdiction to require NPDES permits or assess oil spill liability in some isolated waters could be limited. These impacts will become clearer in time.

text: In addition to the section 404 program, questions arise about impacts of the SWANCC ruling on other parts of the CWA, especially its principal permit program, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under section 402. It requires permits for pollutant discharges from point sources (industrial facilities and municipal sewage plants) into the nation's waters. Another provision, section 311, concerns liability for oil discharges into the nation's waters. Neither of these was at issue in this case but might be challenged through extension of the ruling. The January 19 joint Corps-EPA memorandum states that federal implementation of any other CWA provision that involves "waters of the United States" will be governed by the same interpretation that applies to section 404. As a result, federal jurisdiction to require NPDES permits or assess oil spill liability in some isolated waters could be limited. These impacts will become clearer in time.

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answers: industrial facilities and municipal sewage plants

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answers: NPDES program under section 402

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answers: no

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answers: no

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answers: municipal sewage plants

answers: NDQ_006390

answers: municipal sewage plants

text: The Industrial Emissions Directive (Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control)) is a European Union directive which commits European Union member states to control and reduce the impact of industrial emissions on the environment.

text: The Industrial Emissions Directive (Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control)) is a

text: European Union directive

text: which commits

text: European Union

text: member states to control and reduce the impact of industrial emissions on the environment.

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answers: The Industrial Emissions Directive

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text: In the areas surrounding urban centres, agriculture must compete with industry and municipal users for safe water supplies, while traditional water sources are becoming polluted with urban runoff. As cities offer the best opportunities for selling produce, farmers often have no alternative to using polluted water to irrigate their crops. Depending on how developed a city’s wastewater treatment is, there can be significant health hazards related to the use of this water. Wastewater from cities can contain a mixture of pollutants. There is usually wastewater from kitchens and toilets along with rainwater runoff. This means that the water usually contains excessive levels of nutrients and salts, as well as a wide range of pathogens. Heavy metals may also be present, along with traces of antibiotics and endocrine disruptors, such as oestrogens.

text: In the areas surrounding urban centres,

text: agriculture

text: must compete with industry and municipal users for safe

text: water supplies

text: , while traditional water sources are becoming

text: polluted

text: with

text: urban runoff

text: . As cities offer the best opportunities for selling produce, farmers often have no alternative to using polluted water to

text: irrigate

text: their crops. Depending on how developed a city’s

text: wastewater treatment

text: is, there can be significant health hazards related to the use of this water. Wastewater from cities can contain a mixture of pollutants. There is usually wastewater from kitchens and toilets along with

text: rainwater runoff

text: . This means that the water usually contains excessive levels of nutrients and salts, as well as a wide range of

text: pathogen

text: s.

text: Heavy metal

text: s may also be present, along with traces of

text: antibiotics

text: and

text: endocrine disruptor

text: s, such as oestrogens.

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answers: urban runoff

text: In the 1950s or earlier hydrology transport models appeared to calculate surface runoff, primarily for flood forecasting. Beginning in the early 1970s computer models were developed to analyze the transport of runoff carrying water pollutants, which considered dissolution rates of various chemicals, infiltration into soils and ultimate pollutant load delivered to receiving waters. One of the earliest models addressing chemical dissolution in runoff and resulting transport was developed in the early 1970s by the United States Environmental Protection Agency.  This computer model formed the basis of much of the regulatory framework that led to strategies for water pollution control via land use and chemical handling techniques.People produce so much trash that half of it goes in water sources.

text: In the 1950s or earlier

text: hydrology transport model

text: s appeared to calculate

text: surface runoff

text: , primarily for flood forecasting. Beginning in the early 1970s computer models were developed to analyze the transport of runoff carrying

text: water pollutant

text: s, which considered

text: dissolution

text: rates of various chemicals,

text: infiltration

text: into soils and ultimate pollutant load delivered to

text: receiving waters

text: . One of the earliest models addressing chemical dissolution in runoff and resulting transport was developed in the early 1970s by the

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: .  This

text: computer model

text: formed the basis of much of the regulatory framework that led to strategies for water pollution control via

text: land use

text: and chemical handling techniques.People produce so much trash that half of it goes in water sources.

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answers: receiving waters

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answers: land use

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answers: People produce so much trash

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answers: It does not

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answers: land use

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answers: chemical handling techniques

text: Agricultural pollution refers to biotic and abiotic byproducts of farming practices that result in contamination or degradation of the environment and surrounding ecosystems, and/or cause injury to humans and their economic interests. The pollution may come from a variety of sources, ranging from point source pollution (from a single discharge point) to more diffuse, landscape-level causes, also known as non-point source pollution. Management practices play a crucial role in the amount and impact of these pollutants. Management techniques range from animal management and housing to the spread of pesticides and fertilizers in global agricultural practices.

text: Agricultural pollution refers to

text: biotic

text: and

text: abiotic

text: byproducts of

text: farming

text: practices that result in

text: contamination or degradation

text: of the environment and surrounding ecosystems, and/or cause injury to humans and their economic interests. The pollution may come from a variety of sources, ranging from

text: point source pollution

text: (from a single discharge point) to more diffuse, landscape-level causes, also known as

text: non-point source pollution

text: . Management practices play a crucial role in the amount and impact of these pollutants. Management techniques range from animal management and housing to the spread of

text: pesticide

text: s and

text: fertilizer

text: s in global agricultural practices.

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answers: ecosystems

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answers: point source pollution

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answers: Agricultural pollution

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answers: It does not say

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answers: no

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answers: animal management and housing

answers: NDQ_006390

answers: fertilizers

text: Pollution has been a major concern in Tiruchirappalli. The Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board has set up five stations in the city to check the quality of air. As of 2012, about  of solid waste are produced in the city every day. Solid waste management in the city is handled by the corporation; places such as the Gandhi Market, Central Bus terminus and the Chathram bus terminus are being monitored by other agencies. The principal landfill is at Ariyamangalam. Waste water management in the Trichy-Srirangam underground drainage (UGD) areas is handled by the Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board (TWAD) and in other areas by the Tiruchirappalli Municipal Corporation. As of 2013, there were a total of 40,580 UGD connections maintained by the municipal corporation. The high toxicity of the waste water released by the Trichy Distilleries and Chemicals Limited (TDCL) is a major cause of concern for the corporation. The corporation's annual expenditure for the year 2010–11 was estimated to be . In 2013, researchers from Bharathidasan University assessed water quality in the Tiruchirappalli area and concluded that although the quality of the groundwater was suitable for human consumption, the quality of the pond water in the city was "not fit for human usage, agricultural or industrial purposes".

text: Pollution has been a major concern in Tiruchirappalli. The

text: Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board

text: has set up five stations in the city to check the quality of air. As of 2012, about  of solid waste are produced in the city every day. Solid waste management in the city is handled by the corporation; places such as the Gandhi Market, Central Bus terminus and the Chathram bus terminus are being monitored by other agencies. The principal landfill is at Ariyamangalam. Waste water management in the Trichy-Srirangam underground drainage (UGD) areas is handled by the

entity_name: Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board

text: Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board

text: (TWAD) and in other areas by the Tiruchirappalli Municipal Corporation. As of 2013, there were a total of 40,580 UGD connections maintained by the municipal corporation. The high toxicity of the waste water released by the Trichy Distilleries and Chemicals Limited (TDCL) is a major cause of concern for the corporation. The corporation's annual expenditure for the year 2010–11 was estimated to be . In 2013, researchers from Bharathidasan University assessed water quality in the Tiruchirappalli area and concluded that although the quality of the groundwater was suitable for human consumption, the quality of the pond water in the city was "not fit for human usage, agricultural or industrial purposes".

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answers: NDQ_006390

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answers: agricultural or industrial purposes

answers: NDQ_006383

answers: industrial purposes

answers: NDQ_006384

answers: As of 2012, about of solid waste are produced in the city every day

answers: NDQ_006385

answers: It does not say

answers: NDQ_006388

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006389

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_006390

answers: industrial purposes

text: Water quality is quite good in Chile and is recognized for outstanding water supply and sanitation systems. The National Commission of the Environment (CONAMA) set a goal to treat 95% of wastewater by 2010. Point source pollution from mining effluent and nonpoint source agricultural runoff is a problem as untreated water discharges into lakes, rivers, and aquifers. Chile has improved in this area since the 1980 declaration to 'live in a pollution-free environment'.

text: Water quality is quite good in Chile and is recognized for outstanding water supply and sanitation systems. The National Commission of the Environment (CONAMA) set a goal to treat 95% of wastewater by 2010.

text: Point source

text: pollution from mining effluent and

text: nonpoint source

text: agricultural runoff is a problem as untreated water discharges into lakes, rivers, and aquifers. Chile has improved in this area since the 1980 declaration to 'live in a pollution-free environment'.

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answers: aquifers

answers: NDQ_006383

answers: mining

answers: NDQ_006384

answers: mining effluent and nonpoint source agricultural runoff

answers: NDQ_006385

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006388

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006389

answers: agricultural runoff

answers: NDQ_006390

answers: nonpoint source

text: Water quality trading (WQT) is a market-based approach, implemented on a watershed-scale, used to improve or maintain water quality. It involves the voluntary exchange of pollution reduction credits from sources with low costs of pollution control to those with high costs of pollution control. WQT programs are still subject to the requirements of the Clean Water Act, but they can be used to reduce the overall cost of compliance. Usually, permitted point sources of water pollution, such as wastewater treatment plants, have high discharge treatment costs, whereas nonpoint sources of water pollution, such as agriculture, have low costs of pollution reduction. Therefore, it is generally assumed that most trades would take place between point sources and nonpoint sources. However, point source-point source trades could also occur as well as pretreatment trades and intra-plant trades.

text: Water quality trading (WQT) is a market-based approach, implemented on a watershed-scale, used to improve or maintain

text: water quality

text: . It involves the voluntary exchange of pollution reduction credits from sources with low costs of pollution control to those with high costs of pollution control. WQT programs are still subject to the requirements of the Clean Water Act, but they can be used to reduce the overall cost of compliance. Usually, permitted point sources of water pollution, such as wastewater treatment plants, have high discharge treatment costs, whereas nonpoint sources of water pollution, such as agriculture, have low costs of pollution reduction. Therefore, it is generally assumed that most trades would take place between point sources and nonpoint sources. However, point source-point source trades could also occur as well as pretreatment trades and intra-plant trades.

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answers: wastewater treatment plants

answers: NDQ_006383

answers: wastewater treatment plants

answers: NDQ_006384

answers: Usually, permitted point sources of water pollution, such as wastewater treatment plants, have high discharge treatment costs

answers: NDQ_006385

answers: It involves the voluntary exchange of pollution reduction credits from sources with low costs of pollution control

answers: NDQ_006388

answers: It involves the voluntary exchange of pollution reduction credits

answers: NDQ_006389

answers: agriculture

answers: NDQ_006390

answers: nonpoint sources

text: The earliest known treatises dealing with environmentalism and environmental science, especially pollution, were Arabic medical treatises written by al-Kindi, Qusta ibn Luqa, al-Razi, Ibn Al-Jazzar, al-Tamimi, al-Masihi, Avicenna, Ali ibn Ridwan, Ibn Jumay‘, Isaac Israeli ben Solomon, Ibn al-Quff, and Ibn al-Nafis. Their works covered a number of subjects related to pollution such as air pollution, water pollution, soil contamination, municipal solid waste mishandling, and environmental impact assessments of certain localities. Cordoba, al-Andalus also had the first waste containers and waste disposal facilities for litter collection.<ref>S. P. Scott (1904), History of the Moorish Empire in Europe, 3 vols, J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia and London. <br> F. B. Artz (1980), The Mind of the Middle Ages, Third edition revised, University of Chicago Press, pp 148-50.

text: The earliest known treatises dealing with

text: environmentalism

text: and

text: environmental science

text: , especially

text: pollution

text: , were

text: Arabic medical treatises

text: written by

text: al-Kindi

text: Qusta ibn Luqa

text: al-Razi

text: Ibn Al-Jazzar

text: al-Tamimi

text: al-Masihi

text: Avicenna

text: Ali ibn Ridwan

text: Ibn Jumay‘

text: Isaac Israeli ben Solomon

text: , Ibn al-Quff, and

text: Ibn al-Nafis

text: . Their works covered a number of subjects related to pollution such as

text: air pollution

text: water pollution

text: soil contamination

text: municipal solid waste

text: mishandling, and

text: environmental impact assessment

text: s of certain localities.

text: Cordoba

text: al-Andalus

text: also had the first

text: waste container

text: s and

text: waste disposal

text: facilities for

text: litter

text: collection.<ref>S. P. Scott (1904), History of the Moorish Empire in Europe, 3 vols, J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia and London. <br> F. B. Artz (1980), The Mind of the Middle Ages, Third edition revised,

text: University of Chicago Press

text: , pp 148-50.

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answers: NDQ_006385

answers: It does not say

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answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006389

answers: municipal solid waste

answers: NDQ_006390

answers: soil contamination

text: Air pollution costs the world economy $5 trillion per year as a result of productivity losses and degraded quality of life, according to a joint study by the World Bank and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) at the University of Washington These productivity losses are caused by deaths due to diseases caused by air pollution. One out of ten deaths in 2013 was caused by diseases associated with air pollution and the problem is getting worse. The problem is even more acute in the developing world. "Children under age 5 in lower-income countries are more than 60 times as likely to die from exposure to air pollution as children in high-income countries." The report states that additional economic losses caused by air pollution, including health costs and the adverse effect on agricultural and other productivity were not calculated in the report, and thus the actual costs to the world economy are far higher than $5 trillion.

text: Air pollution costs the world economy $5 trillion per year as a result of productivity losses and degraded quality of life, according to a joint study by the

text: World Bank

text: and the

entity_name: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation

text: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation

text: (IHME) at the

text: University of Washington

text: These productivity losses are caused by deaths due to diseases caused by air pollution. One out of ten deaths in 2013 was caused by diseases associated with air pollution and the problem is getting worse. The problem is even more acute in the

text: developing world

text: . "Children under age 5 in lower-income countries are more than 60 times as likely to die from exposure to air pollution as children in high-income countries." The report states that additional economic losses caused by air pollution, including health costs and the adverse effect on agricultural and other productivity were not calculated in the report, and thus the actual costs to the world economy are far higher than $5 trillion.

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text: Since a few years, Firozabad has been suffering with a severe water pollution problem. The water has been polluted by the indiscriminate discharge of wastes by the industries, causing a literal water "crisis". The water has been tendered practically unusable. Citizens have no option but to install water purifiers at home and use packaged drinking water for consumption.

text: Since a few years, Firozabad has been suffering with a severe water pollution problem. The water has been polluted by the indiscriminate discharge of wastes by the industries, causing a literal water "crisis". The water has been tendered practically unusable. Citizens have no option but to install water purifiers at home and use packaged drinking water for consumption.

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text: Environment - current issues:air pollution, especially in urban areas, from vehicle emissions, refinery operations, and industrial effluents; deforestation; desertification; oil pollution in the Persian Gulf; wetland losses from drought; soil degradation (salination); inadequate supplies of potable water in some areas; water pollution from raw sewage and industrial waste; urbanization.

text: Environment - current issues:

text: air pollution

text: , especially in urban areas, from vehicle emissions, refinery operations, and industrial effluents;

text: deforestation

text: desertification

text: oil pollution

text: in the

text: Persian Gulf

text: ; wetland losses from drought;

text: soil degradation

text: salination

text: ); inadequate supplies of

text: potable water

text: in some areas;

text: water pollution

text: from raw

text: sewage

text: and industrial waste;

text: urbanization

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text: Modern smog, as found for example in Los Angeles is a type of air pollution derived from vehicular emission from internal combustion engines and industrial fumes that react in the atmosphere with sunlight to form secondary pollutants that also combine with the primary emissions to form photochemical smog. In certain other cities, such as Delhi, smog severity is often aggravated by stubble burning in neighboring agricultural areas. The atmospheric pollution levels of Los Angeles, Beijing, Delhi, Mexico City, Tehran and other cities are increased by inversion that traps pollution close to the ground. It is usually highly toxic to humans and can cause severe sickness, shortened life or death.

text: Modern smog, as found for example in Los Angeles is a type of

text: air pollution

text: derived from

text: vehicular emission

text: from

text: internal combustion engine

text: s and industrial fumes that react in the atmosphere with sunlight to form secondary pollutants that also combine with the primary emissions to form

text: photochemical smog

text: . In certain other cities, such as

text: Delhi

text: , smog severity is often aggravated by

text: stubble burning

text: in neighboring agricultural areas. The atmospheric pollution levels of Los Angeles, Beijing, Delhi, Mexico City, Tehran and other cities are increased by

text: inversion

text: that traps pollution close to the ground. It is usually highly

text: toxic

text: to humans and can cause severe sickness, shortened life or death.

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answers: Los Angeles

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answers: industrial

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answers: Raw sewage is dumped into the same water where people drink and bathe

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answers: air pollution

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answers: no

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answers: stubble burning

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answers: stubble burning

text: Point source water pollution comes from discrete conveyances and alters the chemical, biological, and physical characteristics of water. In the United States, it is largely regulated by the Clean Water Act (CWA). Among other things, the Act requires dischargers to obtain a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit to legally discharge pollutants into a water body. However, point source pollution remains an issue in some water bodies, due to some limitations of the Act. Consequently, other regulatory approaches have emerged, such as water quality trading and voluntary community-level efforts.

text: Point source

text: water pollution comes from discrete conveyances and alters the chemical, biological, and physical characteristics of water. In the United States, it is largely regulated by the

text: Clean Water Act

text: (CWA). Among other things, the Act requires dischargers to obtain a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit to legally discharge pollutants into a water body. However, point source pollution remains an issue in some water bodies, due to some limitations of the Act. Consequently, other regulatory approaches have emerged, such as water quality trading and voluntary community-level efforts.

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answers: Point source water pollution

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answers: no

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answers: no

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answers: water quality trading

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answers: Point source water pollution

text: Overall, compact development generates less pollutants to the natural world. Research has shown that low-density development can exacerbate non-point source pollutant loadings by consuming absorbent open space and increasing impervious surface area relative to compact development. While increasing densities regionally can better protect water resources at a regional level, higher-density development can create more impervious cover, which increases water quality problems in nearby or adjacent water bodies.

text: Overall, compact development generates less pollutants to the natural world. Research has shown that low-density development can exacerbate

text: non-point source pollutant

text: loadings by consuming absorbent open space and increasing

text: impervious surface

text: area relative to compact development. While increasing densities regionally can better protect water resources at a regional level, higher-density development can create more impervious cover, which increases water quality problems in nearby or adjacent water bodies.

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answers: the natural world

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answers: It does not say

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answers: no

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answers: compact development

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text: Water pollution causes the greatest damage in the Mekong Delta. The delta is considered as Vietnam´s rice bowl. Water pollution caused by the rapid growing industry results in high rates of diarrhea since most people in this region depend on surface water of the river.

text: Water pollution causes the greatest damage in the

text: Mekong Delta

text: . The delta is considered as Vietnam´s rice bowl. Water pollution caused by the rapid growing industry results in high rates of diarrhea since most people in this region depend on surface water of the river.

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answers: most people in this region depend on surface water

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answers: It does not

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answers: rice

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text: According to the Water Quality Index, 96% of Mexico's surface water bodies have different levels of pollution. OECD estimates the economic cost of water pollution in Mexico at US$6 billion per year. The problem is most serious in the Valle de Mexico region where 100% of the water bodies have different levels of contamination, 18% of which are highly polluted. Low water quality is due to untreated discharge of industrial effluents and municipal wastewater into rivers and lakes, solid waste deposits along river banks, uncontrolled seepage from unsanitary landfills, and non-point pollution mainly from agricultural production.

text: According to the Water Quality Index, 96% of Mexico's surface water bodies have different levels of

text: pollution

text: . OECD estimates the economic cost of water pollution in Mexico at US$6 billion per year. The problem is most serious in the

text: Valle de Mexico

text: region where 100% of the water bodies have different levels of contamination, 18% of which are highly polluted. Low water quality is due to untreated discharge of industrial effluents and municipal wastewater into rivers and lakes, solid waste deposits along river banks, uncontrolled seepage from unsanitary landfills, and non-point pollution mainly from agricultural production.

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answers: surface water bodies

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answers: agricultural production

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answers: Untreated discharge of industrial effluents and municipal wastewater

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answers: It's impossible to say

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answers: untreated

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answers: non-point pollution

text: A line source, as opposed to a point source, area source, or  volume source,  is a source of air, noise, water contamination or electromagnetic radiation that emanates from a linear (one-dimensional) geometry.  The most prominent linear sources are roadway air pollution, aircraft air emissions, roadway noise, certain types of water pollution sources that emanate over a range of river extent rather than from a discrete point, elongated light tubes, certain dose models in medical physics and electromagnetic antennas. While point sources of pollution were studied since the late nineteenth century, linear sources did not receive much attention from scientists until the late 1960s, when environmental regulations for highways and airports began to emerge. At the same time, computers with the processing power to accommodate the data processing needs of the computer models required to tackle these one-dimensional sources became more available.

text: A line source, as opposed to a

text: point source

text: area source

text: , or

text: volume source

text: ,  is a source of air, noise, water contamination or electromagnetic radiation that emanates from a linear (one-dimensional) geometry.  The most prominent linear sources are

text: roadway air pollution

text: aircraft

text: air

text: emissions

text: roadway noise

text: , certain types of water pollution sources that emanate over a range of river extent rather than from a discrete point, elongated light tubes, certain dose models in

text: medical physics

text: and electromagnetic

text: antennas

text: . While

text: point sources

text: of

text: pollution

text: were studied since the late nineteenth century, linear sources did not receive much attention from scientists until the late 1960s, when environmental regulations for

text: highway

text: s and

text: airport

text: s began to emerge. At the same time, computers with the processing power to accommodate the data processing needs of the

text: computer model

text: s required to tackle these one-dimensional sources became more available.

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answers: river extent

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answers: highways and airports

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answers: water contamination or electromagnetic radiation that emanates from a linear (one-dimensional) geometry

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answers: It is not possible to tell

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answers: no

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answers: dose models in medical physics

answers: NDQ_006390

answers: area source

text: There are hidden wells in Pristina, which most of them are covered with waste and are in the most polluted areas of Pristina. These sources are used when surface water is lacking. Recently, water has been found in "Pajtimi" field, which currently is one of the waste polluted areas.   However, in an attempt to clean Pristina environment, and also find water, the opening phase of these wells has started and they are estimated to be completed by mid-2014. In this place, 9 wells are found, and the flow is estimated at 60 liters/sec. There are two other wells in Llukar village. Those wells are estimated to have a flow of 50 liters/sec. The problem with those two wells is their usage, mainly for auto washing. Those wells ceased being used in 1989, and they are expected to become active again by mid-2014. A plan to plant trees in Pristina and lower air pollution, has prompted that 17 artificial wells to be opened in Pristina. The Pristina municipal government has provided funding for these wells, which would supply the water the irrigation of the newly planted trees.

text: There are hidden wells in Pristina, which most of them are covered with waste and are in the most polluted areas of Pristina. These sources are used when surface water is lacking. Recently, water has been found in "Pajtimi" field, which currently is one of the waste polluted areas.   However, in an attempt to clean Pristina environment, and also find water, the opening phase of these wells has started and they are estimated to be completed by mid-2014. In this place, 9 wells are found, and the flow is estimated at 60 liters/sec. There are two other wells in Llukar village. Those wells are estimated to have a flow of 50 liters/sec. The problem with those two wells is their usage, mainly for auto washing. Those wells ceased being used in 1989, and they are expected to become active again by mid-2014. A plan to plant trees in Pristina and lower air pollution, has prompted that 17 artificial wells to be opened in Pristina. The Pristina municipal government has provided funding for these wells, which would supply the water the irrigation of the newly planted trees.

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answers: Pristina

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answers: air pollution

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answers: hidden wells in Pristina

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answers: It does not say

answers: NDQ_006388

answers: no

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answers: Llukar village

answers: NDQ_006390

answers: Pajtimi

text: Consider an environment in which pollution of a particular type is maximum. Let us consider the effluents of a starch industry  which has mixed up with a local water body like a lake or pond.  We find huge deposits of starch which are not so easily taken up for degradation by micro-organisms except for a few exemptions.  we isolate a few micro-organisms from the polluted site and scan for any significant changes in their genome like mutations or evolutions.  The modified genes are then identified.  This is done because, the isolate would have adapted itself to degrade/utilize the starch better than other microbes of the same genus.  Thus, the resultant genes are cloned onto industrially significant micro-organisms and are used for more economically significant processes like in pharmaceutical industry, fermentations...etc.

text: Consider an environment in which pollution of a particular type is maximum. Let us consider the effluents of a starch industry  which has mixed up with a local water body like a lake or pond.  We find huge deposits of starch which are not so easily taken up for degradation by micro-organisms except for a few exemptions.  we isolate a few micro-organisms from the polluted site and scan for any significant changes in their genome like mutations or evolutions.  The modified genes are then identified.  This is done because, the isolate would have adapted itself to degrade/utilize the starch better than other microbes of the same genus.  Thus, the resultant genes are cloned onto industrially significant micro-organisms and are used for more economically significant processes like in pharmaceutical industry, fermentations...etc.

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text: Most water flows from the east, through Tappuvirta, Oravikoski and Haponlahti locks. A smaller inflow is from the north, through Pirtinvirta in Varkaus. Of the lakes in the Saimaa lake system, Haukivesi receives the most nutrients. The water quality varies with location, because of the differences between the water qualities of the inflows. In Haukivesi, more nutrient-rich water flowing from the north mixes with purer waters from the east. The largest individual pollution sources are the city of Varkaus and its pulp mills, although smaller settlements and diffuse pollution from agriculture and forestry contribute. The lake was heavily polluted by the pulp mills up to the 70s, but stricter regulation forced the mills to treat their wastewaters, and thus the lake recovered.

text: Most water flows from the east, through Tappuvirta, Oravikoski and Haponlahti locks. A smaller inflow is from the north, through Pirtinvirta in Varkaus. Of the lakes in the Saimaa lake system, Haukivesi receives the most nutrients. The water quality varies with location, because of the differences between the water qualities of the inflows. In Haukivesi, more nutrient-rich water flowing from the north mixes with purer waters from the east. The largest individual pollution sources are the city of

text: Varkaus

text: and its pulp mills, although smaller settlements and diffuse pollution from agriculture and forestry contribute. The lake was heavily polluted by the pulp mills up to the 70s, but stricter regulation forced the mills to treat their wastewaters, and thus the lake recovered.

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answers: the city of Varkaus

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answers: Haukivesi receives the most nutrients

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answers: It is not possible to tell

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answers: The water quality varies with location

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answers: agriculture and forestry

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answers: pulp mills

text: Polluting water may be the biggest single misuse of water; to the extent that a pollutant limits other uses of the water, it becomes a waste of the resource, regardless of benefits to the polluter. Like other types of pollution, this does not enter standard accounting of market costs, being conceived as externalities for which the market cannot account. Thus other people pay the price of water pollution, while the private firms' profits are not redistributed to the local population, victims of this pollution. Pharmaceuticals consumed by humans often end up in the waterways and can have detrimental effects on aquatic life if they bioaccumulate and if they are not biodegradable.

text: Polluting water

text: may be the biggest single misuse of water; to the extent that a pollutant limits other uses of the water, it becomes a waste of the resource, regardless of benefits to the polluter. Like other types of pollution, this does not enter standard accounting of market costs, being conceived as

text: externalities

text: for which the market cannot account. Thus other people pay the price of water pollution, while the private firms' profits are not redistributed to the local population, victims of this pollution.

text: Pharmaceuticals

text: consumed by humans often end up in the waterways and can have detrimental effects on

text: aquatic

text: life if they

text: bioaccumulate

text: and if they are not

text: biodegradable

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answers: no

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answers: Biodegradable

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answers: Pharmaceuticals

text: In the industrial revolution many rivers in industrial areas became too polluted by effluents to be usable for water supply. The Dee however remained clean with relatively few polluting effluents in the Dee catchment upstream of Chester. Consequently, the City of Chester has been able to directly abstract Dee water since the first Chester Waterworks Company was formed in 1826.

text: In the industrial revolution many rivers in industrial areas became too polluted by effluents to be usable for water supply. The Dee however remained clean with relatively few polluting effluents in the Dee catchment upstream of Chester. Consequently, the City of

text: Chester

text: has been able to directly abstract Dee water since the first Chester Waterworks Company was formed in 1826.

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answers: effluents

text: Early industries discharged a variety of pollutants into the river including dyes from textile mills and heavy metals and solvents from metal and woodworking industries. Much of this early pollution lies trapped in sediments behind historic dams on the river and continues to affect the ecosystem today. Much recent pollution can be traced to the Upper Blackstone Water Pollution Abatement District (UBWPAD), the wastewater treatment plant for Worcester, Massachusetts and surrounding communities, which discharges into the Blackstone. A 2005 report written by the Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management said, ". . . [the] UBWPAD, North Attleboro, and Attleboro WWTFs play a significant role in the ability to improve water quality in the Providence and Seekonk River system [into which the Blackstone discharges], and efforts to reduce their nitrogen inputs should be initiated as soon as possible." In September 2010, the Conservation Law Foundation, citing this report, filed a lawsuit claiming that the discharge permit issued to the UBWPAD by the Environmental Protection Agency is not "sufficient to meet state water quality standards."

text: Early industries discharged a variety of pollutants into the river including dyes from textile mills and heavy metals and solvents from metal and woodworking industries. Much of this early pollution lies trapped in sediments behind historic dams on the river and continues to affect the ecosystem today. Much recent pollution can be traced to the Upper Blackstone Water Pollution Abatement District (UBWPAD), the wastewater treatment plant for

text: Worcester, Massachusetts

text: and surrounding communities, which discharges into the Blackstone. A 2005 report written by the Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management said, ". . . [the] UBWPAD, North Attleboro, and Attleboro WWTFs play a significant role in the ability to improve water quality in the Providence and Seekonk River system [into which the Blackstone discharges], and efforts to reduce their nitrogen inputs should be initiated as soon as possible." In September 2010, the

text: Conservation Law Foundation

text: , citing this report, filed a lawsuit claiming that the discharge permit issued to the UBWPAD by the Environmental Protection Agency is not "sufficient to meet state water quality standards."

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text: Environment - current issues: soil erosion and degradation; water pollution; air pollution in south from industrial effluents; contamination of Danube delta wetlands

text: Environment - current issues: soil erosion and degradation; water pollution; air pollution in south from industrial effluents; contamination of Danube delta wetlands

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text: Haphazard industrial planning, increased urbanisation, poverty and lack of competence of the municipal government are seen as the major reasons for high levels of waste pollution in major Nigerian cities. Some of the 'solutions' have been disastrous to the environment, resulting in untreated waste being dumped in places where it can pollute waterways and groundwater.

text: Haphazard industrial planning, increased urbanisation, poverty and lack of competence of the municipal government are seen as the major reasons for high levels of waste pollution in major Nigerian cities. Some of the 'solutions' have been disastrous to the environment, resulting in untreated waste being dumped in places where it can pollute waterways and groundwater.

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answers: untreated

text: Phytoremediation was used at Greenwich Peninsula Ecology Park to extract and degrade pollutants. Many willows (genus Salix) of various species and life stages are grown in the park. These deciduous plants are tolerant of toxins and pollutants and are hyperaccumulators, making them well-suited to phytoremediation. Willows can phytoremediate silver, chromium, mercury, lead, selenium, zinc and several other heavy metals and organic contaminants. Toxins and pollutants which exist in high concentrations in the soil pose a threat of leaking into water sources and causing health problems if not remedied. Willows were planted in Greenwich Peninsula Ecology Park with the goal of having their roots reach the water table to bioaccumulate (via osmosis) these hydrocarbons and other contaminants. Small contaminant molecules such as 1,4-dioxane are evaporated to the atmosphere where ultraviolet light breaks down the compound into harmless chemical. With good management, phytoremediation is an economical, effective and environmental friendly way to quickly remove contaminants in soil and water.

text: Phytoremediation

text: was used at Greenwich Peninsula Ecology Park to extract and degrade pollutants. Many willows (

text: genus

text: Salix) of various

text: species

text: and

text: life stages

text: are grown in the park. These

text: deciduous

text: plants are tolerant of

text: toxin

text: s and pollutants and are

text: hyperaccumulators

text: , making them well-suited to phytoremediation. Willows can phytoremediate

text: silver

text: chromium

text: mercury

text: lead

text: selenium

text: zinc

text: and several other

text: heavy metals

text: and

text: organic

text: contaminants. Toxins and pollutants which

text: exist in high concentrations in the soil

text: pose a threat of leaking into water sources and causing health problems if not remedied. Willows were planted in Greenwich Peninsula Ecology Park with the goal of having their

text: root

text: s reach the

text: water table

text: to

text: bioaccumulate

text: (via

text: osmosis

text: ) these

text: hydrocarbon

text: s and other contaminants. Small contaminant

text: molecule

text: s such as

text: are evaporated to the

text: atmosphere

text: where

text: ultraviolet

text: light

text: breaks down the compound into harmless chemical. With good management, phytoremediation is an economical, effective and

text: environmental friendly

text: way to quickly remove contaminants in soil and water.

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answers: Toxins and pollutants which exist in high concentrations in the soil

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answers: no

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answers: willows

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text: The regulatory mechanism in the United States, a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL), prescribes the maximum amount of a pollutant (including nutrients) that a body of water can receive while still meeting U.S. Clean Water Act water quality standards. Specifically, Section 303 of the Clean Water Act requires each state to generate a TMDL report for each body of water impaired by pollutants. TMDL reports identify pollutant levels and strategies to accomplish pollutant reduction goals. EPA has described TMDLs as establishing a pollutant budget then allocating portions of the overall budget to the pollutant's sources. For many coastal water bodies, the main pollutant issue is excess nutrients, also termed nutrient over-enrichment.A TMDL can prescribe the minimum level of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) available in a body of water, which is directly related to nutrient levels. (See Aquatic Hypoxia.) In 2010, 18 percent of TMDLs nationwide were related to nutrient levels  including organic enrichment/oxygen depletion, noxious plants, algal growth, and ammonia. In Long Island Sound the TMDL development process enabled the Connecticut Department of Environmental  Protection (CTDEP) and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) to incorporate a 58.5 percent nitrogen reduction target into a regulatory and legal framework.

text: The regulatory mechanism in the United States, a

text: Total Maximum Daily Load

text: (TMDL), prescribes the maximum amount of a pollutant (including nutrients) that a body of water can receive while still meeting U.S.

text: Clean Water Act

text: water quality standards. Specifically, Section 303 of the Clean Water Act requires each state to generate a TMDL report for each body of water impaired by pollutants. TMDL reports identify pollutant levels and strategies to accomplish pollutant reduction goals. EPA has described TMDLs as establishing a pollutant budget then allocating portions of the overall budget to the pollutant's sources. For many coastal water bodies, the main pollutant issue is excess nutrients, also termed nutrient over-enrichment.A TMDL can prescribe the minimum level of

text: Dissolved Oxygen

text: (DO) available in a body of water, which is directly related to nutrient levels. (See

text: Aquatic Hypoxia

text: .) In 2010, 18 percent of TMDLs nationwide were related to nutrient levels  including organic enrichment/oxygen depletion, noxious plants, algal growth, and ammonia. In

text: Long Island Sound

text: the TMDL development process enabled the Connecticut Department of Environmental  Protection (CTDEP) and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) to incorporate a 58.5 percent nitrogen reduction target into a regulatory and legal framework.

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text: The external costs of automobiles, as similarly other economic externalities, are the measurable costs for other parties except the car proprietor, such costs not being taken into account when the proprietor opts to drive their car. According to the Harvard University, the main externalities of driving are local and global pollution, oil dependence, traffic congestionand traffic accidents; while according to a meta-study conducted by the Delft University these externalities are congestion and scarcity costs, accident costs, air pollution costs, noise costs, climate change costs, costs for nature and landscape, costs for water pollution, costs for soil pollution and costs of energy dependency.The existence of the car allows on-demand travel, given, that the necessary infrastructure is in place. This infrastructure represents a monetary cost, but also cost in terms of common assets that are difficult to represent monetarily, such as land use and air pollution.

text: The external costs of automobiles, as similarly other economic

text: externalities

text: , are the measurable costs for other parties except the car proprietor, such costs not being taken into account when the proprietor opts to drive their car. According to the

text: Harvard University

text: , the main externalities of driving are local and global

text: pollution

text: oil dependence

text: traffic congestion

text: and

text: traffic accidents

text: ; while according to a meta-study conducted by the

text: Delft University

text: these externalities are

text: congestion

text: and

text: scarcity

text: costs,

text: accident

text: costs,

text: air pollution

text: costs,

text: noise

text: costs,

text: climate change

text: costs, costs for nature and landscape, costs for

text: water pollution

text: , costs for

text: soil pollution

text: and costs of energy dependency.The existence of the car allows on-demand travel, given, that the necessary infrastructure is in place. This infrastructure represents a monetary cost, but also cost in terms of common assets that are difficult to represent monetarily, such as land use and air pollution.

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text: In Northern regions of Chile, point source pollution from mining effluent is a problem. Because there is not much water in rivers, dilution of contaminants is greatly reduced. In Central Chile industrial pollution is an issue. Very often these discharges go untreated directly into river basins, lakes, and irrigation channels. Nonpoint source pollution from agricultural runoff including nitrates from fertilizers and untreated sewage is contaminating underground waters. The severity of the problem has yet to be thoroughly quantified.

text: In Northern regions of Chile,

text: point source

text: pollution from mining effluent is a problem. Because there is not much water in rivers, dilution of contaminants is greatly reduced. In Central Chile industrial pollution is an issue. Very often these discharges go untreated directly into river basins, lakes, and irrigation channels.

text: Nonpoint source

text: pollution from agricultural runoff including nitrates from fertilizers and untreated sewage is contaminating underground waters. The severity of the problem has yet to be thoroughly quantified.

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text: After a brief history of the pollution imperative from before the Industrial Revolution to the present, the film follows a nuclear family polluting its way through an average day. The narrator explains that pollution is a critical part of our culture and keeps our economy strong. The film connects our wasteful, selfish habits with consumerism and its ally, big business. The resulting out-of-control pollution of the air, water and land is displayed in scenes of dismal destruction overlaid with happy music and cheerful calls by the narrator to pollute more for a better tomorrow.

text: After a brief history of the pollution imperative from before the

text: Industrial Revolution

text: to the present, the film follows a

text: nuclear family

text: polluting its way through an average day. The narrator explains that pollution is a critical part of our culture and keeps our economy strong. The film connects our wasteful, selfish habits with consumerism and its ally, big business. The resulting out-of-control pollution of the

text: air

text: water

text: and

text: land

text: is displayed in scenes of dismal destruction overlaid with happy music and cheerful calls by the narrator to pollute more for a better tomorrow.

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text: In 2006, a Ludhiana-based human rights organisation, filed a case regarding the state of the nullah in the Punjab State Human Rights Commission (PSHRC) and even invited environmentalist, Balbir Singh Seechewal, who had earlier cleaned the 164-km-long highly polluted Kali Bein rivulet with the help of his followers and without the government aid, to take the cause of cleaning up the nullah. A study conducted by Punjab Agricultural University in 2008, revealed presence of toxins and heavy metals in the food chain due to use of its water, to cultivate vegetables and other crops. This was followed by another study by the School of Public Health, Department of Community Medicine, PGIMER, Chandigarh, and the Punjab Pollution Control Board (PPCB), which also showed heptachlor, beta-endosulphan and chlorpyrifos pesticides in concentrations exceeding the maximum residue limit in samples of ground and canal water used for drinking, the pesticides were also detected in fodder, vegetables, blood, bovine and human milk samples, indicating that these have entered the food chain due to the use of agricultural run-off and irrigation of field with drain water. With increasing poisoning of the soil, the region once hailed as the home to the Green Revolution, now due to excessive use of chemical fertilizer, is being termed the "Other Bhopal", and "even credit-takers of the Revolution have begun to admit they had been wrong, now that they see wastelands and lives lost to farmer suicides in this "granary of India".

text: In 2006, a Ludhiana-based human rights organisation, filed a case regarding the state of the nullah in the Punjab State Human Rights Commission (PSHRC) and even invited environmentalist,

text: Balbir Singh Seechewal

text: , who had earlier cleaned the 164-km-long highly polluted Kali Bein rivulet with the help of his followers and without the government aid, to take the cause of cleaning up the nullah. A study conducted by

text: Punjab Agricultural University

text: in 2008, revealed presence of toxins and heavy metals in the food chain due to use of its water, to cultivate vegetables and other crops. This was followed by another study by the School of Public Health, Department of Community Medicine,

entity_name: Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research

text: PGIMER

text: , Chandigarh, and the Punjab Pollution Control Board (PPCB), which also showed

text: heptachlor

text: , beta-

text: endosulphan

text: and

text: chlorpyrifos

text: pesticides in concentrations exceeding the maximum residue limit in samples of ground and canal water used for drinking, the

text: pesticide

text: s were also detected in fodder, vegetables, blood, bovine and human milk samples, indicating that these have entered the food chain due to the use of agricultural run-off and irrigation of field with drain water. With increasing poisoning of the soil, the region once hailed as the home to the

text: Green Revolution

text: , now due to excessive use of chemical fertilizer, is being termed the "Other

text: Bhopal

text: ", and "even credit-takers of the Revolution have begun to admit they had been wrong, now that they see wastelands and lives lost to farmer suicides in this "granary of India".

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text: govern the release of pollutants into water resources, including surface water, ground water, and stored drinking water. Some water quality laws, such as drinking water regulations, may be designed solely with reference to human health. Many others, including restrictions on the alteration of the chemical, physical, radiological, and biological characteristics of water resources, may also reflect efforts to protect aquatic ecosystems more broadly. Regulatory efforts may include identifying and categorizing water pollutants, dictating acceptable pollutant concentrations in water resources, and limiting pollutant discharges from effluent sources. Regulatory areas include sewage treatment and disposal, industrial and agricultural waste water management, and control of surface runoff from construction sites and urban environments.

text: govern the

text: release of pollutants into water resources

text: , including

text: surface water

text: ground water

text: , and stored

text: drinking water

text: . Some water quality laws, such as drinking water regulations, may be designed solely with reference to human health. Many others, including restrictions on the alteration of the

text: chemical, physical, radiological, and biological characteristics of water resources

text: , may also reflect efforts to protect

text: aquatic ecosystem

text: s more broadly. Regulatory efforts may include identifying and categorizing water pollutants, dictating acceptable pollutant concentrations in water resources, and limiting pollutant discharges from effluent sources. Regulatory areas include

text: sewage treatment and disposal

text: industrial

text: and

text: agricultural

text: waste water management, and control of

text: surface runoff

text: from construction sites and urban environments.

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text: The Olympic Games can affect water quality in the surrounding region in several ways, including water runoff and the transfer of polluting substances from the air to water sources through rainfall. Harmful particulates come from both natural substances (such as plant matter crushed by higher volumes of pedestrian and vehicle traffic) and man-made substances (such as exhaust from vehicles or industry). Contaminants from these two categories lead to elevated amounts of toxins in street dust. Street dust then reaches water sources through runoff, facilitating the transfer of toxins to environments and communities that rely on these water sources. For example, one method of measuring the runoff contamination of water sources involves magnetism. Magnetism measurement systems allow specialists to measure the differences in mineral magnetic parameters in samples of water, air, and vegetation. Unlike traditional methods of measuring pollutants, magnetism is relatively inexpensive, and can identify smaller particle sizes.Another method used to assess the amount and effects of water pollutants is to measure the amount of PM2.5 in rainfall. Measuring PM2.5 (the amount of aerodynamic diameter of particle≤2.5 μm in a given amount of air) is a common metric for assessing air quality. Comparing PM2.5 levels between air and rainfall samples allows scientists to determine the amount of air pollution being transferred to water sources. Pollutants in rainfall quickly and directly affect pollution in groundwater sources. In 2013, researchers in Beijing found a significant relationship between the amount of PM2.5 concentrations in the air and in rainfall. Studies showed that rainfall had a significant “washing” effect on PM2.5 in the air, transferring a large portion of these pollutants from the air to water sources. In this way, Beijing’s notorious air pollution has a direct and significant impact on rainfall, and therefore, on water resources throughout the region.

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answers: plant matter crushed by higher volumes

text: Water in Singapore is polluted by unwanted materials contributed by industrial facilities, coupled by oil from both incoming and outgoing trading vessels. Corrective measures are taken, and affected water is taken for treatment at specialised centres. Plants such as NEWater treat unwanted water into drinkable water. One major water body in Singapore which used to be polluted is the Singapore River.

text: Water in Singapore is polluted by unwanted materials contributed by industrial facilities, coupled by oil from both incoming and outgoing trading vessels. Corrective measures are taken, and affected water is taken for treatment at specialised centres. Plants such as

text: NEWater

text: treat unwanted water into drinkable water. One major water body in Singapore which used to be polluted is the

text: Singapore River

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text: Ships are polluting both in the marine environment and in the atmosphere, and although it is difficult to estimate the magnitude of the problem, there is no uncertainty that increased usage of such ships will increase pollution. As the underwater logging industry becomes more popular and profitable, this increased usage will occur. The process of underwater logging itself will also have a negative impact on the environment, as the logs themselves add weight to the ships, forcing said ships to work harder and use more time and energy to transport their cargo. In terms of transportation, cargo ships transport the logs across the water. They use an immense amount of ballast water, which can have negative effects on the environment. When the ships reach the mills they empty the water, “Ballast water discharge typically contains a variety of biological materials, including plants, animals, viruses, and bacteria”. Dumping the ballast can change the aquatic ecosystems and even make the water undrinkable.

text: Ships are polluting both in the marine environment and in the atmosphere, and although it is difficult to estimate the magnitude of the problem, there is no uncertainty that increased usage of such ships will increase pollution. As the underwater logging industry becomes more popular and profitable, this increased usage will occur. The process of underwater logging itself will also have a negative impact on the environment, as the logs themselves add weight to the ships, forcing said ships to work harder and use more time and energy to transport their cargo. In terms of transportation, cargo ships transport the logs across the water. They use an immense amount of ballast water, which can have negative effects on the environment. When the ships reach the mills they empty the water, “Ballast water discharge typically contains a variety of biological materials, including plants, animals, viruses, and bacteria”. Dumping the ballast can change the aquatic ecosystems and even make the water undrinkable.

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answers: aquatic ecosystems

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answers: Dumping the ballast can change the aquatic ecosystems and even make the water undrinkable

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answers: It is difficult to estimate

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answers: no

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text: Mongolia's mining industry is linked with water pollution issues. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in the 1990s, the Mongolian Government initiated policies that allowed the mining industry to operate with relatively few regulations, for the purpose of economic growth. The new Mineral Law of 1997, enacted after the right-of-center Democratic Union came to power in 1996, served to liberalize the mining industry by weakening the restrictions for gaining mining license and allowing for foreign ownership of mining enterprises.  Subsequently, mining, and especially gold mining which makes up 60% of the industry, has experienced significant growth. From 1991-2001 production of gold increased 17 fold. However, this growth has caused environmental concerns, one of the main being water pollution. Mining deposits of cyanide, sulfuric acid, and other toxins are often found in river basins and headwaters. Inefficient use of large quantities of water for the purposes of extracting gold have caused further pollution and the drying up of streams. Mining has been identified as the cause of pollution in 28 rivers and streams. Additionally, the state has a weak site monitoring system.

text: Mongolia's mining industry is linked with water pollution issues. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in the 1990s, the Mongolian Government initiated policies that allowed the mining industry to operate with relatively few regulations, for the purpose of economic growth. The new Mineral Law of 1997, enacted after the right-of-center Democratic Union came to power in 1996, served to liberalize the mining industry by weakening the restrictions for gaining mining license and allowing for foreign ownership of mining enterprises.  Subsequently, mining, and especially gold mining which makes up 60% of the industry, has experienced significant growth. From 1991-2001 production of gold increased 17 fold. However, this growth has caused environmental concerns, one of the main being

text: water pollution

text: . Mining deposits of cyanide, sulfuric acid, and other toxins are often found in river basins and headwaters. Inefficient use of large quantities of water for the purposes of extracting gold have caused further pollution and the drying up of streams. Mining has been identified as the cause of pollution in 28 rivers and streams. Additionally, the state has a weak site monitoring system.

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answers: mining industry is linked with water pollution issues

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answers: It's impossible to say

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answers: no

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answers: cyanide

text: Industrial, municipal and agricultural pollution of the river results in poor water quality and negative impacts on the health of people, plants and animals dependent on the river water.

text: Industrial, municipal and agricultural pollution of the river results in poor water quality and negative impacts on the health of people, plants and animals dependent on the river water.

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answers: Municipal

text: Pollution: Severe eutrophication caused by polluted runoff has made red tides in the Bohai Bay common. Combined with overfishing, this has put pressure on once-abundant fish stocks. Biological pollution is also a problem, with illegal ballast water discharges creating a strong danger of invasive exotic species. Habitat destruction caused by reclamation has damaged coastal wetlands, intertidal flats and shallow water hatcheries essential for many fish and bird species.

text: Pollution: Severe

text: eutrophication

text: caused by

text: polluted runoff

text: has made

text: red tides

text: in the Bohai Bay common. Combined with overfishing, this has put pressure on once-abundant fish stocks.

text: Biological pollution

text: is also a problem, with illegal

text: ballast

text: water discharges creating a strong danger of invasive exotic species. Habitat destruction caused by reclamation has damaged coastal wetlands, intertidal flats and shallow water hatcheries essential for many fish and bird species.

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answers: fish stocks

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answers: Biological pollution

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answers: polluted runoff

text: A 2003 report released by the Federation of Consumer Associations (FCA) found that much of the drinking water in Kolkata was polluted with human waste. According to this report, 87% of reservoirs supplying water to residential buildings were contaminated with human excrement. There were significant traces of faecal matter in 63% of faucets, and 20% of the water samples collected from various city hospitals were also found to be contaminated. The study reported that approximately one-fifth of the deep water wells and hand pumps operated by the Kolkata Municipal Corporation were polluted with human waste. The former director of the All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health blamed the ongoing water pollution on a leaky sewer system and water pressure inconsistencies.

text: A 2003 report released by the Federation of Consumer Associations (FCA) found that much of the

text: drinking water

text: in Kolkata was polluted with

text: human waste

text: . According to this report, 87% of reservoirs supplying water to residential buildings were contaminated with human excrement. There were significant traces of faecal matter in 63% of faucets, and 20% of the water samples collected from various city hospitals were also found to be contaminated. The study reported that approximately one-fifth of the

text: deep water wells

text: and

text: hand pump

text: s operated by the

text: Kolkata Municipal Corporation

text: were polluted with human waste. The former director of the

entity_name: All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health

text: All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health

text: blamed the ongoing water pollution on a leaky sewer system and water pressure inconsistencies.

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answers: residential buildings

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answers: human waste

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answers: much of the drinking water in Kolkata

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answers: It does not say

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answers: no

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answers: human excrement

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answers: human excrement

text: Meenachil river is the major river in Kottayam district and lakhs of people and many major towns and cities like Erattupetta, Palai, Ettumannur and Kottayam depend on this river for drinking water and water for commercial activities. In earlier days when road transport was not developed much, kettuvalloms used to transport goods through Meenachil up to 2 km above Erattupetta and take agricultural products like copra to Alleppy port. Thousands of farmers use water from the river for agriculture. It is the natural channel for the discharge of rain water into the sea from eastern hills of Kottayam dist. In its banks have come up major cities and commercial centres which also are cradles of the culture of this area of Travancore.  Meenachil river water enters the Vembanad lake before reaching the sea and has a major share in shaping the water bodies in and around Kottayam towards western coast and the backwaters.  During monsoon the river can be full or flooding the nearby low lying areas on many occasions. People who live near the river and its tributaries indeed are deeply concerned about the decline of the river's water retention capacity due to loss of tree cover, top soil loss and excessive legal and illegal sand mining and also the serious water pollution issues due to garbage disposal to the river all though the banks of the river. There is now acute shortage of water in summer. The mighty rain-fed river turns almost completely dry in summer. Unless some serious, immediate effort is not taken, Meenachil River will soon become highly polluted affecting lakhs of people who depend on the river.

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text: Pollution is another crucial influencer on the threatening of animal life, and human life, across the world. Every form of pollution has an effect on wildlife, whether it be through the air, water, or ground. While sometimes the origin and form of pollution is visible and easy to determine, other times it can be a mystery as to what exactly is causing the death of animals. Through constant and consistent observation of habitat analysis, humans can help prevent the loss of animal life by recognizing the early signs of pollution before the problem becomes too large.

text: Pollution

text: is another crucial influencer on the threatening of animal life, and human life, across the world. Every form of pollution has an effect on wildlife, whether it be through the air, water, or ground. While sometimes the origin and form of pollution is visible and easy to determine, other times it can be a mystery as to what exactly is causing the death of animals. Through constant and consistent observation of habitat analysis, humans can help prevent the loss of animal life by recognizing the early signs of pollution before the problem becomes too large.

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answers: water

text: Pollution of the lake has been ongoing for decades despite efforts to reduce pollution that were not sustained and thus proved ineffective. In the 1980s and 1990s the number of industries in the lake region has tripled, while the population also increased significantly. One billion tons of wastewater, 450,000 tons of garbage and 880,000 tons of animal waste were dumped in the shallow lake in 1993 alone. The central government intervened and initiated a campaign to clean up the lake, setting a deadline to comply with pollution standards. When the deadline was not met, 128 factories were closed on New Year's Eve in 1999. Compliance improved somewhat afterwards, but the pollution problem remained severe. In May 2007, the lake was overtaken by a major algae bloom and by major pollution with cyanobacteria. The Chinese government called the lake a major natural disaster despite the anthropogenic origin of this environmental catastrophe. With the average price of bottled water rising to six times the normal rate, the government banned all regional water providers from implementing price hikes. The lake provides water to 30 million residents, including about one million in Wuxi.  By October 2007 it was reported that the Chinese government had shut down or given notice to over 1,300 factories around the lake. However, Wu Lihong, one of the leading environmentalists who had been publicizing the pollution of the lake, was sentenced to three years in prison for alleged extortion of one of the polluters, but, undeterred, alleged in 2010 that not a single factory was closed. Jiangsu province planned to clean up the lake, and chaired by Wen Jiabao the State Council set a target to clean Lake Tai by 2012. However, in 2010 The Economist reported that a fresh pollution outbreak had occurred, and that Wu, released from prison in April, was claiming that the government was trying to suppress news of it, all the while switching to other supplies in place of lake water.

text: Pollution of the lake has been ongoing for decades despite efforts to reduce pollution that were not sustained and thus proved ineffective. In the 1980s and 1990s the number of industries in the lake region has tripled, while the population also increased significantly. One billion tons of wastewater, 450,000 tons of garbage and 880,000 tons of animal waste were dumped in the shallow lake in 1993 alone. The central government intervened and initiated a campaign to clean up the lake, setting a deadline to comply with pollution standards. When the deadline was not met, 128 factories were closed on New Year's Eve in 1999. Compliance improved somewhat afterwards, but the pollution problem remained severe. In May 2007, the lake was overtaken by a major

text: algae bloom

text: and by major pollution with

text: cyanobacteria

text: . The Chinese government called the lake a major

text: natural disaster

text: despite the anthropogenic origin of this environmental catastrophe. With the average price of bottled water rising to six times the normal rate, the government banned all regional water providers from implementing price hikes. The lake provides water to 30 million residents, including about one million in Wuxi.  By October 2007 it was reported that the Chinese government had shut down or given notice to over 1,300 factories around the lake. However,

text: Wu Lihong

text: , one of the leading environmentalists who had been publicizing the pollution of the lake, was sentenced to three years in prison for alleged extortion of one of the polluters, but, undeterred, alleged in 2010 that not a single factory was closed. Jiangsu province planned to clean up the lake, and chaired by

text: Wen Jiabao

text: the State Council set a target to clean Lake Tai by 2012. However, in 2010

text: The Economist

text: reported that a fresh pollution outbreak had occurred, and that Wu, released from prison in April, was claiming that the government was trying to suppress news of it, all the while switching to other supplies in place of lake water.

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answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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text: During excessive heat plants shut their leaf pores (stomata), a protective mechanism to conserve water but also curtails plants' absorption capabilities. Thus, leaving more pollution and ozone in the air, which leads to a higher mortality in the population. It has been estimated that extra pollution during the hot summer 2006 in the UK, cost 460 lives. The European heat waves from summer 2003 are estimated to have caused 30,000 excess deaths, due to heat stress and air pollution.

text: During excessive heat plants shut their leaf pores (

text: stomata

text: ), a protective mechanism to conserve water but also curtails plants' absorption capabilities. Thus, leaving more pollution and ozone in the air, which leads to a higher mortality in the population. It has been estimated that extra pollution during the hot summer 2006 in the UK, cost 460 lives. The European heat waves from summer 2003 are estimated to have caused 30,000 excess deaths, due to heat stress and air pollution.

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answers: air pollution

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answers: Raw sewage is dumped into the same water where people drink and bathe

answers: NDQ_006385

answers: The European heat waves

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answers: no

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answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_006390

answers: ozone

text: In 1948 in the USA, a Water Pollution Control Act (WPA) was passed by the federal government. This act gave rights to the surgeon general of the public health service to make programs to decrease the amount of pollution in the world's waters. The main concern was to save water, protect fish, and have clean water for agricultural usage. The WPA also helped to start the process of building water treatment plants. This is to guard against sewage from polluting drinking water. In 1972 the WPA was amended to include more requirements in order to insure that the water is chemically sound. This amendment also furthered regulations to insure the quality of the water was up to par. In 1987 the WPA was amended again to put an even more strict control on water supply pollution. With this new amendment water sources had to fit a specific set of criteria to fight against pollution.

text: In 1948 in the USA, a

text: Water Pollution Control Act

text: (WPA) was passed by the federal government. This act gave rights to the surgeon general of the public health service to make programs to decrease the amount of pollution in the world's waters. The main concern was to save water, protect fish, and have clean water for agricultural usage. The WPA also helped to start the process of building water treatment plants. This is to guard against sewage from polluting drinking water. In 1972 the WPA was amended to include more requirements in order to insure that the water is chemically sound. This amendment also furthered regulations to insure the quality of the water was up to par. In 1987 the WPA was amended again to put an even more strict control on water supply pollution. With this new amendment water sources had to fit a specific set of criteria to fight against pollution.

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answers: This to guard against sewage from polluting drinking water

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answers: The WPA

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answers: sewage

text: In addition, Law on Amendments in Law on Environment no.5491 (Article 11); Law on Metropolitan Municipalities no.5216 (Article 7); and Municipal Law no.5393 (Article 14 and 15) explain the duties of municipal authorities, whereas Law on Municipal Revenues no. 2464 (Article 97) establishes the polluter-pays principle. Finally, Articles 181 and 182 of the Turkish Penal Code no.5237 (under the section "Crimes Against the Environment") state that intentional pollution of the environment is punishable by law up to five years in prison. The degree of the punishment is decided upon the severity of the pollution and impact on the environment.

text: In addition, Law on Amendments in Law on Environment no.5491 (Article 11); Law on Metropolitan Municipalities no.5216 (Article 7); and Municipal Law no.5393 (Article 14 and 15) explain the duties of municipal authorities, whereas Law on Municipal Revenues no. 2464 (Article 97) establishes the

text: polluter-pays principle

text: . Finally, Articles 181 and 182 of the Turkish Penal Code no.5237 (under the section "Crimes Against the Environment") state that intentional pollution of the environment is punishable by law up to five years in prison. The degree of the punishment is decided upon the severity of the pollution and impact on the environment.

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answers: The degree of the punishment is decided upon the severity of the pollution and impact on the environment

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answers: It is not possible to tell

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answers: Municipal Revenues no. 2464

answers: NDQ_006390

answers: intentional

text: Whereas in most debates about accountability for water use, privatization is seen as the enemy of the people dependent on the water, many NGOs in this (former Soviet) region claim instead that the source of the water-related problems lies in the irresponsible use of water, mainly by the agricultural sector (which is still predominantly owned by the state). Many claim that this can only be changed by changing the soviet paradigm, namely by putting a price tag on water: the more water one uses and/or pollutes, the more one should pay.

text: Whereas in most debates about accountability for water use,

text: privatization

text: is seen as the enemy of the people dependent on the water, many

text: NGO

text: s in this (former

text: Soviet

text: ) region claim instead that the source of the water-related problems lies in the irresponsible use of water, mainly by the agricultural sector (which is still predominantly owned by the state). Many claim that this can only be changed by changing the soviet

text: paradigm

text: , namely by putting a price tag on water: the more water one uses and/or pollutes, the more one should pay.

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answers: irresponsible use

text: The externalities of automobiles, as similarly other economic externalities, are the measurable costs for other parties except the car proprietor, such costs not being taken into account when the proprietor opts to drive their car. According to the Harvard University, the main externalities of driving are local and global pollution, oil dependence, traffic congestionand traffic accidents; while according to a meta-study conducted by the Delft University these externalities are congestion and scarcity costs, accident costs, air pollution costs, noise costs, climate change costs, costs for nature and landscape, costs for water pollution, costs for soil pollution and costs of energy dependency.

text: The externalities of automobiles, as similarly other economic

text: externalities

text: , are the measurable costs for other parties except the car proprietor, such costs not being taken into account when the proprietor opts to drive their car. According to the

text: Harvard University

text: , the main externalities of driving are local and global

text: pollution

text: oil dependence

text: traffic congestion

text: and

text: traffic accidents

text: ; while according to a meta-study conducted by the

text: Delft University

text: these externalities are

text: congestion

text: and

text: scarcity

text: costs,

text: accident

text: costs,

text: air pollution

text: costs,

text: noise

text: costs,

text: climate change

text: costs, costs for nature and landscape, costs for

text: water pollution

text: , costs for

text: soil pollution

text: and costs of

text: energy dependency

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text: Non-point source (NPS) pollution includes both water and air pollution from diffuse sources. Non-point source water pollution affects a water body from sources such as polluted runoff from agricultural areas draining into a river, or wind-borne debris blowing out to sea. Non-point source air pollution affects air quality from sources such as smokestacks or car tailpipes. Although these pollutants have originated from a point source, the long-range transport ability and multiple sources of the pollutant make it a non-point source of pollution. Non-point source pollution can be contrasted with point source pollution, where discharges occur to a body of water or into the atmosphere at a single location.

text: Non-point source (NPS) pollution includes both

text: water

text: and

text: air pollution

text: from diffuse sources. Non-point source water pollution affects a water body from sources such as polluted

text: runoff

text: from

text: agricultural

text: areas draining into a river, or wind-borne

text: debris

text: blowing out to sea. Non-point source air pollution affects air quality from sources such as

text: smokestack

text: s or car

text: tailpipe

text: s. Although these pollutants have originated from a point source, the long-range transport ability and multiple sources of the pollutant make it a non-point source of pollution. Non-point source pollution can be contrasted with

text: point source pollution

text: , where discharges occur to a body of water or into the atmosphere at a single location.

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answers: No

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answers: polluted runoff

text: Other computer models have been developed (such as the DSSAM Model) that allow surface runoff to be tracked through a river course as reactive water pollutants. In this case the surface runoff may be considered to be a line source of water pollution to the receiving waters.

text: Other computer models have been developed (such as the

text: DSSAM Model

text: ) that allow surface runoff to be tracked through a river course as reactive water pollutants. In this case the surface runoff may be considered to be a

text: line source

text: of

text: water pollution

text: to the receiving waters.

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answers: It does not say

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answers: no

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answers: surface runoff

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answers: surface runoff

text: The U.S. Congress created the Clean Water Act (CWA) in 1972 when it reworked the Federal Water Pollution Control Amendments. It specifically defines CAFOs as point source polluters and required operations managers and/or owners to obtain permits from the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) in order to legally discharge wastewater from its facilities.

text: The U.S. Congress created the

text: Clean Water Act

text: (CWA) in 1972 when it reworked the Federal Water Pollution Control Amendments. It specifically defines CAFOs as point source polluters and required operations managers and/or owners to obtain permits from the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) in order to legally discharge wastewater from its facilities.

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answers: no

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answers: legally discharge wastewater

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answers: CAFOs

text: The Neuse has been plagued in recent years with environmental and public health problems related to municipal and agricultural waste water discharge, storm runoff, and other sources of pollution. Pollution was particularly bad in the aftermath of hurricanes Fran and Floyd in the late 1990s.

text: The Neuse has been plagued in recent years with environmental and public health problems related to municipal and agricultural

text: waste water

text: discharge, storm

text: runoff

text: , and other sources of pollution. Pollution was particularly bad in the aftermath of hurricanes

text: Fran

text: and

text: Floyd

text: in the late 1990s.

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text: By the mid-twentieth century, conservation efforts continued to gain ground with the creation and implementation of federal legislation aimed at protecting wilderness, natural resources, and wildlife. This trend on the part of the federal government towards a more protection minded approach to the environment began with the passage of the Federal Water Pollution Act in 1948 and the Air Pollution Control Act in 1955. While neither of these regulations themselves served to impose tight restrictions on either water or air pollution, they lay the groundwork for what would later become the Clean Water Act and the Clean Air Act, as well as serving to demonstrate the recognition on the part of the federal government of the need to codify regulations geared towards environmental protection.

text: By the mid-twentieth century, conservation efforts continued to gain ground with the creation and implementation of federal legislation aimed at protecting wilderness, natural resources, and wildlife. This trend on the part of the federal government towards a more protection minded approach to the environment began with the passage of the Federal Water Pollution Act in 1948 and the

text: Air Pollution Control Act

text: in 1955. While neither of these regulations themselves served to impose tight restrictions on either water or air pollution, they lay the groundwork for what would later become the

text: Clean Water Act

text: and the

text: Clean Air Act

text: , as well as serving to demonstrate the recognition on the part of the federal government of the need to codify regulations geared towards environmental protection.

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text: The river is notorious for being heavily polluted. Reported to be crystal clear in 1875, the industrialization of Silesia caused the river to become so polluted that all the fish died out by 1893. The continued growth of industry and cities throughout the 20th century, combined with little effort towards preserving the environment, continued to degrade the quality of the water in the river. In 1992, the river, leaving Katowice, was claimed to contain only 14% water, and a popular joke among the local citizens was to warn each other 'not to throw a lit match into the river'. Currently the upper part of the river is officially classified as sewage and the plan is to direct the entire river flow through a treatment plant. In the 1990s plans to improve water quality and restore the ecology of the river were begun. So far new sewage treatment plants have been completed, and the plan is supposed to significantly improve the river's quality by 2010.

text: The river is notorious for being heavily polluted. Reported to be crystal clear in 1875, the

text: industrialization

text: of

text: Silesia

text: caused the river to become so polluted that all the fish died out by 1893. The continued growth of industry and cities throughout the 20th century, combined with little effort towards preserving the environment, continued to degrade the quality of the water in the river. In 1992, the river, leaving Katowice, was claimed to contain only 14% water, and a popular joke among the local citizens was to warn each other 'not to throw a lit match into the river'. Currently the upper part of the river is officially classified as sewage and the plan is to direct the entire river flow through a treatment plant. In the 1990s plans to improve water quality and restore the ecology of the river were begun. So far new sewage treatment plants have been completed, and the plan is supposed to significantly improve the river's quality by 2010.

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answers: The river is notorious for being heavily polluted

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text: Chalk Point plant is by far the leading polluter in Prince George's County, Maryland, according to pollution research site Scorecard.org. It produced  of air pollution (not counting CO) and  of water pollution in 2002. (The second largest polluter, the USDA's Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, produced  of mostly land pollution in 2002.)

text: Chalk Point plant is by far the leading polluter in

text: Prince George's County, Maryland

text: , according to pollution research site Scorecard.org. It produced  of

text: air pollution

text: (not counting CO) and  of

text: water pollution

text: in 2002. (The second largest polluter, the

text: USDA

text: 's

entity_name: Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center

text: Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center

text: , produced  of mostly

text: land pollution

text: in 2002.)

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text: The gradual decrease in Peru's water quality is due to the release of untreated effluents from mining, industries, municipalities and polluted runoff from agriculture. Of the 53 rivers in the coastal aea, 16 are polluted by lead, manganese and iron threatening irrigation and potable water supplies. In particular, the Ministry of Agriculture considers "alarming" the quality of seven rivers: the Mantaro and Tambo rivers in the Central Andes that drain towards the Amazonas; the small Moche River near the northern coastal city Trujillo and the Santa near the northern coastal city Chimbote; the Chillon and Rimac rivers near Lima; and the Chili River near Arequipa which is well known for its rafting. In the Mantaro basin alone 18 mining facilities discharge polluted water into the river.

text: The gradual decrease in Peru's water quality is due to the release of untreated effluents from mining, industries, municipalities and polluted runoff from agriculture. Of the 53 rivers in the coastal aea, 16 are polluted by

text: lead

text: manganese

text: and

text: iron

text: threatening irrigation and potable water supplies. In particular, the Ministry of Agriculture considers "alarming" the quality of seven rivers: the

text: Mantaro

text: and

text: Tambo

text: rivers in the Central Andes that drain towards the Amazonas; the small Moche River near the northern coastal city Trujillo and the

text: Santa

text: near the northern coastal city

text: Chimbote

text: ; the

text: Chillon

text: and

text: Rimac

text: rivers near Lima; and the Chili River near Arequipa which is well known for its rafting. In the Mantaro basin alone 18 mining facilities discharge polluted water into the river.

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text: The objective is to prevent water pollution by managing and monitoring the quality of discharged water, while inducing each business to make efforts for production process improvement by analyzing and managing water pollution levels. A reasonable and objective effluent charge is determined in order to improve policy credibility by identifying the exact pollution level for each period of time. Technical support and consultation for the establishment of control methods for the pollutants discharged by a business are provided, through the continuous assessment and analysis of the pollution level by the remote control of water quality.

text: The objective is to prevent water pollution by managing and monitoring the quality of discharged water, while inducing each business to make efforts for production process improvement by analyzing and managing water pollution levels. A reasonable and objective effluent charge is determined in order to improve policy credibility by identifying the exact pollution level for each period of time. Technical support and consultation for the establishment of control methods for the pollutants discharged by a business are provided, through the continuous assessment and analysis of the pollution level by the remote control of water quality.

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answers: effluent

text: The mining industry makes up 1% of the GDP. Mined commodities include oil shale, peat, and industrial minerals, such as clays, limestone, sand and gravel. Soviets created badly polluting industry in the early 1950s, concentrated in the north-east of the country. Socialist economy and military areas left the country highly polluted, and mainly because of oil shale industry in East-Virumaa, sulphur dioxide emissions per person is almost as high as in Czech Republic. The coastal seawater is polluted in certain locations, mainly the east. The government is looking for ways to reduce pollution further. In 2000, the emissions were 80% smaller than in 1980, and the amount of unpurified wastewater discharged to water bodies was 95% smaller than in 1980.

text: The

text: mining industry

text: makes up 1% of the GDP. Mined commodities include oil shale,

text: peat

text: , and industrial minerals, such as

text: clay

text: s,

text: limestone

text: sand

text: and

text: gravel

text: . Soviets created badly polluting industry in the early 1950s, concentrated in the north-east of the country. Socialist economy and military areas left the country highly polluted, and mainly because of

text: oil shale industry

text: in East-Virumaa,

text: sulphur dioxide

text: emissions per person is almost as high as in Czech Republic. The coastal seawater is polluted in certain locations, mainly the east. The government is looking for ways to reduce pollution further. In 2000, the emissions were 80% smaller than in 1980, and the amount of unpurified wastewater discharged to water bodies was 95% smaller than in 1980.

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text: New applications for textiles in environmental protection applications - floor sealing, erosion protection, air cleaning, prevention of water pollution, water cleaning, waste treatment/recycling, depositing area construction, product extraction, domestic water sewerage plants.

text: New applications for textiles in environmental protection applications - floor sealing, erosion protection, air cleaning, prevention of water pollution, water cleaning, waste treatment/recycling, depositing area construction, product extraction, domestic water sewerage plants.

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text: Light pollution is a side effect of industrial civilization. Its sources include building exterior and interior lighting, advertising, commercial properties, offices, factories, streetlights, and illuminated sporting venues. It is most severe in highly industrialized, densely populated areas of North America, Europe, and Japan and in major cities in the Middle East and North Africa like Tehran and Cairo, but even relatively small amounts of light can be noticed and create problems. Since the early 1980s, a global dark-sky movement has emerged, with concerned people campaigning to reduce the amount of light pollution. The International Dark-Sky Association (IDA) is one non-profit advocacy group involved in this movement.

text: Light pollution is a side effect of industrial civilization. Its sources include building exterior and interior lighting, advertising, commercial properties, offices, factories, streetlights, and illuminated sporting venues. It is most severe in highly industrialized, densely populated areas of

text: North America

text: Europe

text: , and

text: Japan

text: and in major cities in the

text: Middle East

text: and

text: North Africa

text: like

text: Tehran

text: and

text: Cairo

text: , but even relatively small amounts of light can be noticed and create problems. Since the early 1980s, a global

text: dark-sky movement

text: has emerged, with concerned people campaigning to reduce the amount of light pollution. The

text: International Dark-Sky Association

text: (IDA) is one non-profit advocacy group involved in this movement.

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answers: It is most severe in highly industrialized

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answers: no

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text: TASK C is the detailed survey of selected watersheds to determine the sources of pollutants, their relative significance and the assessment of the degree of transmission of pollutants to boundary waters. See details of this Task below.  (See Task "C" Reports)

text: TASK C is the detailed survey of selected watersheds to determine the sources of pollutants, their relative significance and the assessment of the degree of transmission of pollutants to boundary waters. See details of this Task below.  (See Task "C" Reports)

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answers: raw sewage

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answers: It is not possible to tell

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answers: no

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answers: TASK C

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answers: pollutant

text: In 2012, Lythrum salicaria, Typha angustifolia and Iris wilsonii were studied to see which plants were ideal in removing nitrogen and phosphorus in lightly polluted urban landscape water. All three plants grew well in the polluted water could help to remove some of the pollutants in polluted rivers.

text: In 2012, Lythrum salicaria,

text: Typha angustifolia

text: and Iris wilsonii were studied to see which plants were ideal in removing nitrogen and phosphorus in lightly polluted urban landscape water. All three plants grew well in the polluted water could help to remove some of the pollutants in polluted rivers.

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text: Water is also used in many industrial processes and machines, such as the steam turbine and heat exchanger, in addition to its use as a chemical solvent. Discharge of untreated water from industrial uses is pollution. Pollution includes discharged solutes (chemical pollution) and discharged coolant water (thermal pollution). Industry requires pure water for many applications and utilizes a variety of purification techniques both in water supply and discharge.

text: Water is also used in many industrial processes and machines, such as the

text: steam turbine

text: and

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text: , in addition to its use as a chemical

text: solvent

text: . Discharge of untreated water from industrial uses is

text: pollution

text: . Pollution includes discharged solutes (chemical pollution) and discharged coolant water (

text: thermal pollution

text: ). Industry requires pure water for many applications and utilizes a variety of purification techniques both in water supply and discharge.

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text: Sewage treatment is conceptually similar to water purification. Sewage treatments are very important as they purify water per levels of its pollution. The most polluted water is not used for anything, and the least polluted water is supplied to places where water is used affluently. It may lead to various other concepts of environmental protection, sustainability etc.

text: Sewage treatment

text: is conceptually similar to water purification. Sewage treatments are very important as they purify water per levels of its pollution. The most polluted water is not used for anything, and the least polluted water is supplied to places where water is used affluently. It may lead to various other concepts of environmental protection, sustainability etc.

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text: Water pollution is a major global problem which requires ongoing evaluation and revision of water resource policy at all levels (international down to individual aquifers and wells). It has been suggested that water pollution is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases, and that it accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily. An estimated 580 people in India die of water pollution related illness every day. About 90 percent of the water in the cities of China is polluted. As of 2007, half a billion Chinese had no access to safe drinking water. In addition to the acute problems of water pollution in developing countries, developed countries also continue to struggle with pollution problems. For example, in the most recent national report on water quality in the United States, 44 percent of assessed stream miles, 64 percent of assessed lake acres, and 30 percent of assessed bays and estuarine square miles were classified as polluted. The head of China's national development agency said in 2007 that one quarter the length of China's seven main rivers were so poisoned the water harmed the skin.

text: Water pollution is a major global problem which requires ongoing evaluation and revision of

text: water resource policy

text: at all levels (international down to individual aquifers and wells). It has been suggested that water pollution is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases, and that it accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily. An estimated 580 people in India die of water pollution related illness every day. About 90 percent of the

text: water in the cities of China

text: is polluted. As of 2007, half a billion Chinese had no access to safe drinking water. In addition to the acute problems of water pollution in

text: developing countries

text: developed countries

text: also continue to struggle with pollution problems. For example, in the most recent national report on

text: water quality

text: in the United States, 44 percent of assessed stream miles, 64 percent of assessed lake acres, and 30 percent of assessed

text: bays

text: and

text: estuarine

text: square miles were classified as polluted. The head of China's national development agency said in 2007 that one quarter the length of China's seven main rivers were so poisoned the water harmed the skin.

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text: Point source water pollution is largely regulated through the Clean Water Act, which gives the EPA the authority to set limits on the acceptable amount of pollutants that can be discharged into waters of the United States. The Act broadly defines a pollutant as any type of industrial, municipal, and agricultural waste discharged into water, such as: dredged soil, solid waste, incinerator residue, sewage, garbage, sewage sludge, munitions, chemical wastes, biological materials, radioactive materials, heat, wrecked or discarded equipment, rock, sand, cellar dirt and industrial, municipal, and agricultural waste. Point source water pollution is discharged into waters through both direct and indirect methods.

text: Point source water pollution is largely regulated through the

text: Clean Water Act

text: , which gives the EPA the authority to set limits on the acceptable amount of pollutants that can be discharged into waters of the United States. The Act broadly defines a pollutant as any type of industrial, municipal, and agricultural waste discharged into water, such as: dredged soil, solid waste, incinerator residue, sewage, garbage, sewage sludge, munitions, chemical wastes, biological materials, radioactive materials, heat, wrecked or discarded equipment, rock, sand, cellar dirt and industrial, municipal, and agricultural waste.

entity_name: United States regulation of point source water pollution

text: Point source water pollution

text: is discharged into waters through both direct and indirect methods.

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text: Until the early 1980s, industry was a major source of water pollution. Although many plants and factories can be found along the Rhine up into Switzerland, it is along the Lower Rhine that the bulk of them are concentrated, as the river passes the major cities of Cologne, Düsseldorf and Duisburg. Duisburg is the home of Europe's largest inland port and functions as a hub to the sea ports of Rotterdam, Antwerp and Amsterdam. The Ruhr, which joins the Rhine in Duisburg, is nowadays a clean river, thanks to a combination of stricter environmental controls, a transition from heavy industry to light industry and cleanup measures, such as the reforestation of Slag and brownfields. The Ruhr currently provides the region with drinking water. It contributes  to the Rhine. Other rivers in the Ruhr Area, above all, the Emscher, still carry a considerable degree of pollution.

text: Until the early 1980s, industry was a major source of water pollution. Although many plants and factories can be found along the Rhine up into

text: Switzerland

text: , it is along the

text: Lower Rhine

text: that the bulk of them are concentrated, as the river passes the major cities of

text: Cologne

text: Düsseldorf

text: and

text: Duisburg

text: . Duisburg is the home of Europe's largest inland port and functions as a hub to the sea ports of

text: Rotterdam

text: , Antwerp and

text: Amsterdam

text: . The

text: Ruhr

text: , which joins the Rhine in Duisburg, is nowadays a clean river, thanks to a combination of stricter environmental controls, a transition from heavy industry to light industry and cleanup measures, such as the

text: reforestation

text: of

text: Slag

text: and

text: brownfields

text: . The Ruhr currently provides the region with drinking water. It contributes  to the Rhine. Other rivers in the

text: Ruhr Area

text: , above all, the

text: Emscher

text: , still carry a considerable degree of pollution.

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text: While in the Senate, DeVeber chaired the Standing Committee on Public Health and Inspection of Foods.  One issue examined by this committee was water pollution: beginning in March 1909 and for nearly a year afterwards, it studied the question in view of the increasing mortality from typhoid fever, and concluded, in the words of the University of Michigan's Jennifer Read, "that the country required some form of legislation to manage the problem.  However, it was at a loss about the form it should take and from what body it should emanate."  As chair of the committee, DeVeber attended an October 1910 federal-provincial conference in Ottawa called to attempt to coordinate all Canadian jurisdictions' responses to water pollution.  Besides recommending that provincial governments use their constitutional authority over health and municipal government to prevent undue water pollution from municipal sewage systems, it advised the federal government to use its authority over navigable waterways to prohibit the dumping of most waste into them; DeVeber supplied a draft bill for Parliament's consideration.

text: While in the Senate, DeVeber chaired the Standing Committee on Public Health and Inspection of Foods.  One issue examined by this committee was

text: water pollution

text: : beginning in March 1909 and for nearly a year afterwards, it studied the question in view of the increasing mortality from

text: typhoid fever

text: , and concluded, in the words of the

text: University of Michigan

text: 's Jennifer Read, "that the country required some form of legislation to manage the problem.  However, it was at a loss about the form it should take and from what body it should emanate."  As chair of the committee, DeVeber attended an October 1910 federal-provincial conference in

text: Ottawa

text: called to attempt to coordinate all Canadian jurisdictions' responses to water pollution.  Besides recommending that provincial governments use their constitutional authority over health and municipal government to prevent undue water pollution from municipal sewage systems, it advised the federal government to use its authority over navigable waterways to prohibit the dumping of most waste into them; DeVeber supplied a draft bill for Parliament's consideration.

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text: Marx thus linked the crisis of pollution in cities with the crisis of soil depletion. The rift was a result of the antagonistic separation of town and country, and the social-ecological relations of production created by capitalism were ultimately unsustainable. From Capital, volume 1, on "Large-scale Industry and Agriculture":

text: Marx thus linked the crisis of pollution in cities with the crisis of soil depletion. The rift was a result of the antagonistic separation of town and country, and the social-ecological relations of production created by capitalism were ultimately unsustainable. From Capital, volume 1, on "Large-scale Industry and Agriculture":

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text: Energy development – the effort to provide sufficient primary energy sources and secondary energy forms for supply, cost, impact on air pollution and water pollution, mitigation of climate change with renewable energy.

text: Energy development

text: – the effort to provide sufficient primary energy sources and secondary energy forms for supply, cost, impact on air pollution and water pollution, mitigation of climate change with renewable energy.

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text: Sewage may be treated to control water pollution before discharge to surface waters. Sanitary sewers serving industrial areas also carry industrial wastewater.

text: Sewage may be treated to control

text: water pollution

text: before discharge to

text: surface water

text: s. Sanitary sewers serving industrial areas also carry

text: industrial wastewater

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text: The Everglades Agricultural Area is a major center for agriculture. The environmental impact of agriculture, especially water pollution, is a major issue in Florida today.

text: The Everglades Agricultural Area is a major center for agriculture. The environmental impact of agriculture, especially

text: water pollution

text: , is a major issue in Florida today.

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text: The Coastal Aquifer is the only source of water in the Gaza strip. It runs beneath the coast of Israel, with Gaza downstream at the end of the basin. With the water flows underground mainly east-west, however, Palestinian extractions from the aquifer have no effect on the Israeli side. Israel, on the contrary, has installed a cordon of  numerous deep wells along the Gaza border and in this way extracts much of the groundwater before it can reach Gaza. Israel sells a limited part of the water to the Palestinians in Gaza. While Israel transports water from the north of its territory to the south, the Palestinians are not allowed to move water from the West Bank to Gaza. This is a reason why this aquifer is heavily over-exploited, resulting in seawater intrusion. The aquifer is polluted by salt as well as nitrate from wastewater infiltration and fertilizers. Only 5-10% of the aquifer yields drinking water quality. By 2000, the water from the Coastal Aquifer in the Gaza region was considered no longer drinkable due to high salinity from the sea water intrusion and high nitrate pollution from agricultural activity.

text: The Coastal Aquifer is the only source of water in the Gaza strip. It runs beneath the coast of Israel, with Gaza downstream at the end of the basin. With the water flows underground mainly east-west, however, Palestinian extractions from the aquifer have no effect on the Israeli side. Israel, on the contrary, has installed a cordon of  numerous deep wells along the Gaza border and in this way extracts much of the groundwater before it can reach Gaza. Israel sells a limited part of the water to the Palestinians in Gaza. While Israel transports water from the north of its territory to the south, the Palestinians are not allowed to move water from the West Bank to Gaza. This is a reason why this aquifer is heavily over-exploited, resulting in seawater intrusion. The aquifer is polluted by salt as well as

text: nitrate

text: from wastewater infiltration and fertilizers. Only 5-10% of the aquifer yields drinking water quality. By 2000, the water from the Coastal Aquifer in the Gaza region was considered no longer drinkable due to high salinity from the sea water intrusion and high nitrate pollution from agricultural activity.

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answers: Only 5-10% of the aquifer yields drinking water quality

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answers: no

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text: Environment –  current issues: Natural fresh water resources scarce and polluted in north, inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme southeast; raw sewage and industrial effluents polluting rivers in urban areas; deforestation; widespread erosion; desertification; serious air pollution in the national capital and urban centers along the US-Mexico border; land subsudence in Valley of Mexico caused by groundwater delpletion.

text: Environment –  current issues: Natural fresh water resources scarce and polluted in north, inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme southeast; raw sewage and industrial effluents polluting rivers in urban areas;

text: deforestation

text: ; widespread

text: erosion

text: desertification

text: ; serious air pollution in the

text: national capital

text: and urban centers along the

text: US-Mexico border

text: ; land subsudence in Valley of Mexico caused by groundwater delpletion.

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text: In 2007 the Waimakariri was ranked as one of the ten most polluted of the larger rivers in New Zealand. Some of the pollution was caused by liquid wastes from industries such as a meat processing plant and wool scourers in the vicinity of the river. The wastes were discharged directly into it but as of 2012 it was piped to the municipal sewage treatment plant. There had been some non-compliance issues with the resource consents for water discharge.

text: In 2007 the Waimakariri was ranked as one of the ten most polluted of the larger rivers in New Zealand. Some of the pollution was caused by liquid wastes from industries such as a meat processing plant and wool scourers in the vicinity of the river. The wastes were discharged directly into it but as of 2012 it was piped to the municipal

text: sewage treatment plant

text: . There had been some non-compliance issues with the

text: resource consent

text: s for water discharge.

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text: In 1997, the World Bank issued a report targeting China's policy towards industrial pollution. The report stated that "hundreds of thousands of premature deaths and incidents of serious respiratory illness [have been] caused by exposure to industrial air pollution. Seriously contaminated by industrial discharges, many of China's waterways are largely unfit for direct human use". However, the report did acknowledge that environmental regulations and industrial reforms had had some effect. It was determined that continued environmental reforms were likely to have a large effect on reducing industrial pollution.

text: In 1997, the

text: World Bank

text: issued a report targeting China's policy towards industrial pollution. The report stated that "hundreds of thousands of premature deaths and incidents of serious respiratory illness [have been] caused by exposure to industrial air pollution. Seriously contaminated by industrial discharges, many of China's waterways are largely unfit for direct human use". However, the report did acknowledge that environmental regulations and industrial reforms had had some effect. It was determined that continued environmental reforms were likely to have a large effect on reducing industrial pollution.

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text: Many events are held at Aix-les-Bains. The convention centre, the  or even the Victoria Cinema contribute to the special conferences, such as for broadcasts of documentaries, films and ecology. Between 27–29 September 2005 the first national water meeting was organized. The municipality wanted to, through organised days, increase the exchange of information and experiences for greater synergy in the field of preservation and protection of water. It also created and published the Charter of Environmental Quality and Accessibility at construction sites. This charter aims to reduce and limit pollution caused by urban sites such as noise pollution, waste products and water and soil pollution.

text: Many events are held at Aix-les-Bains. The convention centre, the  or even the Victoria Cinema contribute to the special conferences, such as for broadcasts of documentaries, films and ecology. Between 27–29 September 2005 the first national

text: water

text: meeting was organized. The municipality wanted to, through organised days, increase the exchange of information and experiences for greater synergy in the field of preservation and protection of water. It also created and published the Charter of Environmental Quality and Accessibility at construction sites. This charter aims to reduce and limit pollution caused by urban sites such as noise pollution, waste products and water and soil pollution.

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answers: It also created and published the Charter of Environmental Quality

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text: Today, a large portion of the river's flow originates as municipal and industrial effluent, cooling and process water and storm water overflows. Although discharges have been reduced, a number of contaminants continue to impair the area.  The river is among the country's most severely polluted, and as of 2015 was in the late stages of a major dredging project to remove thousands of tons of contaminated sediment and rehabilitate the river ecosystem.

text: Today, a large portion of the river's flow originates as municipal and industrial

text: effluent

text: , cooling and process water and storm water overflows. Although discharges have been reduced, a number of contaminants continue to impair the area.  The river is among the country's most severely polluted, and as of 2015 was in the late stages of a major dredging project to remove thousands of tons of contaminated sediment and rehabilitate the river ecosystem.

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text: Heavy industries make up a high percentage of pollutants causing ground ozone.  Without drastically altering or eliminating industrial production in an area altogether, air quality improvements are very slight, though noticeable.  Non-industrial pollutants, while not thought of to be a major pollutant group, can be more controlled with more positive change occurring.

text: Heavy industries make up a high percentage of pollutants causing ground ozone.  Without drastically altering or eliminating industrial production in an area altogether, air quality improvements are very slight, though noticeable.  Non-industrial pollutants, while not thought of to be a major pollutant group, can be more controlled with more positive change occurring.

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text: The Najafgarh drain or Najafgarh nallah (nallah in Hindi means rivulet or storm water drain) is another name for the River Sahibi, which continues its flow through Delhi, where it is channelized, and then flows into the Yamuna. Within Delhi, due to its channelization for flood control purposes, it is now erroneously called "Najafgarh drain" or "Najafgarh nallah." It gets this name from the once famous and huge Najafgarh Jheel (lake) near the town of Najafgarh in southwest Delhi and within urbanized Delhi. It is the Indian capital’s most polluted water body due to direct inflow of untreated sewage from surrounding populated areas. A January 2005 report by the Central Pollution Control Board classifies this drain, with 13 other highly polluted wetlands, under category ‘‘D’’ for assessing the water quality of wetlands in wildlife habitats.

text: The Najafgarh drain or Najafgarh nallah (nallah in Hindi means rivulet or storm water drain) is another name for the

text: River Sahibi

text: , which continues its flow through

text: Delhi

text: , where it is channelized, and then flows into the

text: Yamuna

text: . Within Delhi, due to its channelization for flood control purposes, it is now erroneously called "Najafgarh drain" or "Najafgarh nallah." It gets this name from the once famous and huge

text: Najafgarh Jheel (lake)

text: near the town of

text: Najafgarh

text: in southwest Delhi and within urbanized Delhi. It is the Indian capital’s most polluted water body due to direct inflow of untreated sewage from surrounding populated areas. A January 2005 report by the Central Pollution Control Board classifies this drain, with 13 other highly polluted wetlands, under category ‘‘D’’ for assessing the water quality of wetlands in wildlife habitats.

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answers: The Indian capital’s most polluted water body

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answers: No

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text: For example, the United States Clean Water Act defines "pollution" (i.e., water pollution) very broadly to include any and all "man-made or man-induced alteration of the chemical, physical, biological, and radiological integrity of water." However, the Act defines "pollutants" subject to its control more specifically, as "dredged spoil, solid waste, incinerator residue, filter backwash, sewage, garbage, sewage sludge, munitions, chemical wastes, biological materials, radioactive materials [with certain exceptions], heat, wrecked or discarded equipment, rock, sand, cellar dirt and industrial, municipal, and agricultural waste discharged into water. "  This definition begins to define both the classes or types of materials (e.g., solid waste) and energies (e.g., heat) that may constitute water pollution, and indicates the moment at which otherwise useful materials may be transformed into pollution for regulatory purposes: when they are "discharged into water," defined elsewhere as "addition" of the material to regulated waters.

text: For example, the United States

text: Clean Water Act

text: defines "pollution" (i.e., water pollution) very broadly to include any and all "man-made or man-induced alteration of the chemical, physical, biological, and radiological integrity of water." However, the Act defines "pollutants" subject to its control more specifically, as "dredged spoil, solid waste, incinerator residue, filter backwash, sewage, garbage, sewage sludge, munitions, chemical wastes, biological materials, radioactive materials [with certain exceptions], heat, wrecked or discarded equipment, rock, sand, cellar dirt and industrial, municipal, and agricultural waste discharged into water. "  This definition begins to define both the classes or types of materials (e.g., solid waste) and energies (e.g., heat) that may constitute water pollution, and indicates the moment at which otherwise useful materials may be transformed into pollution for regulatory purposes: when they are "discharged into water," defined elsewhere as "addition" of the material to regulated waters.

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text: The government is also trying to raise people's awareness about the hazards of the pollution. One method that is currently being employed is the installation of Pollution Indicator Boards all around the city to monitor the current level of particulate matter (PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO), ozone (O), sulfur dioxide (SO), and carbon monoxide (CO). The board also displays the Pollutant Standards Index (PSI), which is a general indication of air quality based on the measurements of the above-mentioned five pollutants. The Pollution Indicator Boards classify the level of each pollutant as either safe, hazardous or dangerous.

text: The government is also trying to raise people's awareness about the hazards of the pollution. One method that is currently being employed is the installation of Pollution Indicator Boards all around the city to monitor the current level of

text: particulate matter

text: nitrogen dioxide

text: (NO), ozone (O),

text: sulfur dioxide

text: (SO), and

text: carbon monoxide

text: (CO). The board also displays the

text: Pollutant Standards Index

text: (PSI), which is a general indication of air quality based on the measurements of the above-mentioned five pollutants. The Pollution Indicator Boards classify the level of each pollutant as either safe, hazardous or dangerous.

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text: The Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA) of 1948 was amended in 1972 to what is more commonly known as the Clean Water Act (CWA). The subsequent amendments provided a basis for the federal government to begin regulating pollutants, implement wastewater standards, and increase funding for water treatment facilities among other things. Two years later, in 1974, the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) was passed by congress. The SDWA aimed to monitor and protect the United States drinking water, and the water sources it is drawn from.

text: The

text: Federal Water Pollution Control Act

text: (FWPCA) of 1948 was amended in 1972 to what is more commonly known as the

text: Clean Water Act

text: (CWA). The subsequent amendments provided a basis for the federal government to begin regulating pollutants, implement wastewater standards, and increase funding for water treatment facilities among other things. Two years later, in 1974, the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) was passed by congress. The SDWA aimed to monitor and protect the United States drinking water, and the water sources it is drawn from.

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text: Trade restrictions have not been used when a country's production and processing methods result in excessive discharges of pollutants (carbon, sulfur, nitrogen oxides, chlorofluorocarbons) across national boundaries. The difficulty comes in when determining the effects of trans-boundary pollutants on industry costs.

text: Trade restrictions have not been used when a country's production and processing methods result in excessive discharges of pollutants (

text: carbon

text: sulfur

text: nitrogen oxide

text: s,

text: chlorofluorocarbons

text: ) across national boundaries. The difficulty comes in when determining the effects of trans-boundary pollutants on industry costs.

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text: The separate, waterless collection and treatment of urine and feces in UDDTs prevents hormones, pharmaceutical residues and other micro-pollutants which are contained in human excreta from entering surface water or groundwater via treated sewage. This is because in conventional sewage treatment plants, these micro-pollutants are only partially removed and the remainder is discharged into surface water, possibly reaching the groundwater. Detected concentrations of pharmaceutical residues in groundwater were in the order of 50 ng/L in several locations in Germany.

text: The separate, waterless collection and treatment of urine and feces in UDDTs prevents

text: hormones

text: pharmaceutical

text: residues and other micro-pollutants which are contained in human excreta from entering surface water or groundwater via treated sewage. This is because in conventional sewage treatment plants, these micro-pollutants are only partially removed and the remainder is discharged into surface water, possibly reaching the groundwater. Detected concentrations of pharmaceutical residues in groundwater were in the order of 50 ng/L in several locations in Germany.

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text: Thermal pollution is the rise or fall in the temperature of a natural body of water caused by human influence. Thermal pollution, unlike chemical pollution, results in a change in the physical properties of water. A common cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as a coolant by power plants and industrial manufacturers. Elevated water temperatures decrease oxygen levels, which can kill fish and alter food chain composition, reduce species biodiversity, and foster invasion by new thermophilic species. Urban runoff may also elevate temperature in surface waters.

text: Thermal pollution is the rise or fall in the temperature of a natural body of water caused by human influence. Thermal pollution, unlike chemical pollution, results in a change in the physical properties of water. A common cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as a

text: coolant

text: by

text: power plants

text: and industrial manufacturers. Elevated water temperatures decrease oxygen levels, which can kill fish and alter

text: food chain

text: composition, reduce species

text: biodiversity

text: , and foster invasion by new

text: thermophilic

text: species. Urban runoff may also elevate temperature in surface waters.

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text: In 2014, HighChem became a full member of NORMAN, a network of reference laboratories, research centers and related organizations for monitoring emerging environmental substances (air pollution, soil pollution, water pollution).

text: In 2014, HighChem became a full member of NORMAN, a network of reference laboratories, research centers and related organizations for monitoring emerging environmental substances (

text: air pollution

text: soil pollution

text: water pollution

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answers: soil

answers: NDQ_006390

answers: soil pollution

text: NPS water pollution is regulated at the federal, state, and local level. Yet, the pollution persists and remains a significant problem. There are a number of reasons why current regulations have failed to stem the flow of pollution. NPS water pollution comes from numerous and diverse sources, and control measures are expensive to implement. Also, local governments are generally responsible for implementing NPS regulations. Coordination among localities can be difficult, and, furthermore, localities often lack the incentive to rigorously enforce NPS regulations because their NPS pollution is exported downriver, where other towns and cities must deal with the consequences. This section will introduce the laws currently in place at the federal, state, and local level that regulate NPS water pollution. It will also discuss some of the successes and failures of those regulations.

text: NPS water pollution is regulated at the federal, state, and local level. Yet, the pollution persists and remains a significant problem. There are a number of reasons why current regulations have failed to stem the flow of pollution. NPS water pollution comes from numerous and diverse sources, and control measures are expensive to implement. Also, local governments are generally responsible for implementing NPS regulations. Coordination among localities can be difficult, and, furthermore, localities often lack the incentive to rigorously enforce NPS regulations because their NPS pollution is exported downriver, where other towns and cities must deal with the consequences. This section will introduce the laws currently in place at the federal, state, and local level that regulate NPS water pollution. It will also discuss some of the successes and failures of those regulations.

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text: Pollution control is a term used in environmental management. It means the control of emissions and effluents into air, water or soil. Without pollution control, the waste products from overconsumption, heating, agriculture, mining, manufacturing, transportation and other human activities, whether they accumulate or disperse, will degrade the environment. In the hierarchy of controls, pollution prevention and waste minimization are more desirable than pollution control. In the field of land development, low impact development is a similar technique for the prevention of urban runoff.

text: Pollution control is a term used in

text: environmental management

text: . It means the control of

text: emissions

text: and

text: effluents

text: into air, water or soil. Without pollution control, the

text: waste

text: products from

text: overconsumption

text: , heating, agriculture, mining, manufacturing, transportation and other human activities, whether they accumulate or disperse, will degrade the

text: environment

text: . In the hierarchy of controls,

text: pollution prevention

text: and

text: waste minimization

text: are more desirable than pollution control. In the field of

text: land development

entity_name: Low-impact development (U.S. and Canada)

text: low impact development

text: is a similar technique for the prevention of

text: urban runoff

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answers: the environment

answers: NDQ_006383

answers: human activities

answers: NDQ_006384

answers: It means the control of emissions and effluents

answers: NDQ_006385

answers: Water pollution is not a problem in developed nations

answers: NDQ_006388

answers: Pollution control

answers: NDQ_006389

answers: low impact development

answers: NDQ_006390

answers: effluents

text: The Telangana Pollution Control Board (TSPCB) is a regulatory and screening authority of pollution in Hyderabad. The rapid rate of urbanisation with increased economic activities had encouraged migration and industries in Hyderabad, these changes led to an increase of air pollution, industrial waste, sound pollution and water pollution. The city is among the 16 most polluted cities of India, transportation vehicles are the main source of air pollution in the city. Every year there are around 1 million vehicles registrations in the city that increase air and sound pollution. The estimated deaths from particulate matter are about 1700–3000 persons every year in Hyderabad.<ref>

text: The

text: Telangana Pollution Control Board

text: (TSPCB) is a regulatory and screening authority of pollution in Hyderabad. The rapid rate of urbanisation with increased economic activities had encouraged migration and industries in Hyderabad, these changes led to an increase of air pollution,

text: industrial waste

text: sound pollution

text: and

text: water pollution

text: . The city is among the 16 most polluted cities of India, transportation vehicles are the main source of air pollution in the city. Every year there are around 1 million vehicles registrations in the city that increase air and sound pollution. The estimated deaths from

text: particulate matter

text: are about 1700–3000 persons every year in Hyderabad.<ref>

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answers: It is not possible to tell

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answers: water

answers: NDQ_006390

answers: industrial waste

text: Industrial pollution has damaged the Tungabhadra River. Industry and mining on its banks in the Chikkamagaluru, Shimoga, Davangere, Haveri, Bellary, Koppal and Raichcur districts of Karnataka and Kurnool in Andhra Pradesh and Mahaboobnagar in Telangana (almost all the districts along the course of the river) generate enormous amounts of effluents. According to M. Shankar, "It is disturbing to note that nearly three crores of litres of effluents were being released to the Tunga from [Shimoga] every year." This is the contribution of one city which, like Bhadrvathi and HospeAt, cannot boast of being an industrial city. As such, it is one of the most polluted rivers in the country.

text: Industrial pollution has damaged the Tungabhadra River. Industry and mining on its banks in the Chikkamagaluru, Shimoga, Davangere, Haveri, Bellary, Koppal and Raichcur districts of Karnataka and Kurnool in Andhra Pradesh and Mahaboobnagar in Telangana (almost all the districts along the course of the river) generate enormous amounts of effluents. According to M. Shankar, "It is disturbing to note that nearly three

text: crore

text: s of litres of effluents were being released to the Tunga from [Shimoga] every year." This is the contribution of one city which, like Bhadrvathi and HospeAt, cannot boast of being an industrial city. As such, it is one of the most polluted rivers in the country.

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text: In Malaysia, the citizens have been experiencing harms from water pollutants in the river that have been accumulating over decades due to fast growing urbanization and industrialization. The planners of Malaysia have been trying to coming up with models that indicate the amount of pollutants has grown over time as cities became more industrialized and how these chemicals are distributed in various regions with the usage of econometrics and various scientific tools. Such an attempt is encourages in-depth researches because sources should be able to analyzed numerically and give economic evaluations while also evaluating the environment. With abundance of evidences provided by models which reveal the inadequacy of current policies, the Malaysian decisions-makers now recognize that appropriate treatments are necessary in regions that are industrialized to protect the residents from water pollutants. As a result, the government seeks to increase public awareness and provide affordable water services to residents by year 2020.

text: In Malaysia, the citizens have been experiencing harms from water pollutants in the river that have been accumulating over decades due to fast growing urbanization and industrialization. The planners of Malaysia have been trying to coming up with models that indicate the amount of pollutants has grown over time as cities became more industrialized and how these chemicals are distributed in various regions with the usage of econometrics and various scientific tools. Such an attempt is encourages in-depth researches because sources should be able to analyzed numerically and give economic evaluations while also evaluating the environment. With abundance of evidences provided by models which reveal the inadequacy of current policies, the Malaysian decisions-makers now recognize that appropriate treatments are necessary in regions that are industrialized to protect the residents from water pollutants. As a result, the government seeks to increase public awareness and provide affordable water services to residents by year 2020.

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text: A systematic classification done by Uttarakhand Environment Protection and Pollution Control Board’s (UEPPCB) on river waters into the categories A: safe for drinking, B: safe for bathing, C: safe for agriculture, and D: excessive pollution, put the Ganga in D. Coliform bacteria levels in the Ganga have also been tested to be at 5,500, a level too high to be safe for agricultural use let alone drinking and bathing.

text: A systematic classification done by

text: Uttarakhand

text: Environment Protection and Pollution Control Board’s (UEPPCB) on river waters into the categories A: safe for drinking, B: safe for bathing, C: safe for agriculture, and D: excessive pollution, put the Ganga in D.

text: Coliform bacteria

text: levels in the Ganga have also been tested to be at 5,500, a level too high to be safe for agricultural use let alone drinking and bathing.

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answers: A

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answers: D

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answers: A

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answers: D

text: Pollution is often classed as point source or nonpoint source pollution. Point source pollution occurs when there is a single, identifiable, and localized source of the pollution. An example is directly discharging sewage and industrial waste into the ocean.  Pollution such as this occurs particularly in developing nations. Nonpoint source pollution occurs when the pollution comes from ill-defined and diffuse sources. These can be difficult to regulate. Agricultural runoff and wind blown debris are prime examples.

text: Pollution is often classed as

text: point source

text: or

text: nonpoint source pollution

text: . Point source pollution occurs when there is a single, identifiable, and localized source of the pollution. An example is directly discharging sewage and industrial waste into the ocean.  Pollution such as this occurs particularly in developing nations. Nonpoint source pollution occurs when the pollution comes from ill-defined and diffuse sources. These can be difficult to regulate. Agricultural

text: runoff

text: and wind blown

text: debris

text: are prime examples.

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answers: ocean

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answers: industrial waste

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answers: Point source pollution

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answers: Point source pollution

answers: NDQ_006388

answers: No

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answers: Agricultural runoff

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answers: Nonpoint source pollution

text: Most such pollution comes simply from the drugs having been cleared and excreted in the urine. The portion that comes from expired or unneeded drugs that are flushed unused down the toilet is smaller, but it is also important, especially in hospitals (where its magnitude is greater than in residential contexts). Other sources include agricultural runoff (because of antibiotic use in livestock) and pharmaceutical manufacturing. Drug pollution is implicated in the sex effects of water pollution. It is suspected as a contributor (besides industrial pollution) in fish kills, amphibian dieoffs, and amphibian pathomorphology.

text: Most such pollution comes simply from the drugs having been

text: cleared

text: and

text: excreted

text: in the

text: urine

text: . The portion that comes from

text: expired

text: or unneeded drugs that are flushed unused down the toilet is smaller, but it is also important, especially in hospitals (where its magnitude is greater than in residential contexts). Other sources include agricultural runoff (because of

text: antibiotic use in livestock

text: ) and

text: pharmaceutical manufacturing

text: . Drug pollution is implicated in the

text: sex effects of water pollution

text: . It is suspected as a contributor (besides industrial pollution) in

text: fish kill

text: s,

text: amphibian

text: dieoffs, and amphibian pathomorphology.

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answers: No

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answers: expired or unneeded drugs

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answers: antibiotic use in livestock

text: Municipalities, especially in urban or residential areas, have been concerned at the pollution by concrete batching plants.   The absence of suitable dust collection and filter systems in cement silos or at the truck loading point is the major source of particulate matter emission in the air.  The loading point is a large emission point for dust pollution, so many concrete producers utilize central dust collectors to contain this dust.  Notably, many transit mix (dry loading) plants create significantly more dust pollution than central mix plants due to the nature of the batching  process.  A final source of concern for many municipalities is the presence of extensive water runoff and reuse for water spilled on a producer's sites.

text: Municipalities, especially in urban or residential areas, have been concerned at the pollution by concrete batching plants.   The absence of suitable dust collection and filter systems in cement silos or at the truck loading point is the major source of particulate matter emission in the air.  The loading point is a large emission point for dust pollution, so many concrete producers utilize central dust collectors to contain this dust.  Notably, many transit mix (dry loading) plants create significantly more dust pollution than central mix plants due to the nature of the batching  process.  A final source of concern for many municipalities is the presence of extensive water runoff and reuse for water spilled on a producer's sites.

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answers: Municipalities

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answers: batching plants

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answers: Raw sewage is dumped into the same water where people drink and bathe

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answers: It is not possible to tell

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answers: no

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answers: water

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answers: extensive water runoff

text: Carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand or CBOD is a method defined test measured by the depletion of dissolved oxygen by biological organisms in a body of water in which the contribution from nitrogenous bacteria has been suppressed. CBOD is a method defined parameter is widely used as an indication of the pollutant removal from wastewater. It is listed as a conventional pollutant in the U.S. Clean Water Act.

text: Carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand or CBOD is a method defined test measured by the depletion of dissolved oxygen by biological organisms in a body of water in which the contribution from nitrogenous bacteria has been suppressed. CBOD is a method defined parameter is widely used as an indication of the pollutant removal from

text: wastewater

text: . It is listed as a conventional pollutant in the U.S.

text: Clean Water Act

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answers: It is listed as a conventional pollutant

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answers: CBOD

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answers: Carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand

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answers: nitrogenous bacteria

text: Besides the urban and industrial pollution, agricultural pollution also contributes greatly to the environment's contamination.

text: Besides the urban and industrial pollution, agricultural pollution also contributes greatly to the environment's contamination.

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answers: fertilizer

text: Municipalities throughout the United States, from the largest cities to the smallest towns, sometimes fail to meet EPA standards. The EPA may fine the jurisdiction responsible for the violation, but this does not always motivate the municipality to take corrective action. In such cases, non-compliance with EPA may continue for many months or years after the initial violation. This could result from the fact that the city simply doesn't have the financial resources necessary to replace aging water pipes or upgrade their purification equipment. In rare cases, the source water used by the municipality could be so polluted that water purification processes can't do an adequate job. This can occur when a town is downstream from a large sewage treatment plant or large-scale agricultural operations. Citizens who live in such places—especially young children, the elderly, or people of any age with autoimmune deficiencies—may suffer serious health complications as a long-term result of drinking water from their own taps.

text: Municipalities throughout the United States, from the largest cities to the smallest towns, sometimes fail to meet EPA standards. The EPA may fine the jurisdiction responsible for the violation, but this does not always motivate the municipality to take corrective action. In such cases, non-compliance with EPA may continue for many months or years after the initial violation. This could result from the fact that the city simply doesn't have the financial resources necessary to replace aging water pipes or upgrade their purification equipment. In rare cases, the source water used by the municipality could be so polluted that

text: water purification

text: processes can't do an adequate job. This can occur when a town is downstream from a large

text: sewage treatment

text: plant or large-scale agricultural operations. Citizens who live in such places—especially young children, the elderly, or people of any age with

text: autoimmune

text: deficiencies—may suffer serious health complications as a long-term result of drinking water from their own taps.

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answers: This can occur when a town is downstream from a large sewage treatment plant

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answers: No

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answers: In rare cases

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answers: source water

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answers: sewage treatment plant

text: Drug pollution or pharmaceutical pollution is pollution of the environment with pharmaceutical drugs and their metabolites, which reach the marine environment (groundwater, rivers, lakes, and oceans) through wastewater. Drug pollution is therefore mainly a form of water pollution.

text: Drug pollution or pharmaceutical pollution is

text: pollution

text: of the

text: environment

text: with

text: pharmaceutical drug

text: s and their

text: metabolite

text: s, which reach the marine environment (

text: groundwater

text: river

text: s,

text: lake

text: s, and

text: ocean

text: s) through

text: wastewater

text: . Drug pollution is therefore mainly a form of

text: water pollution

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answers: It does not say

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answers: wastewater

text: Increasingly, agriculture is using untreated wastewater for irrigation. Cities provide lucrative markets for fresh produce, so are attractive to farmers. However, because agriculture has to compete for increasingly scarce water resources with industry and municipal users, there is often no alternative for farmers but to use water polluted with urban waste, including sewage, directly to water their crops. There can be significant health hazards related to using water loaded with pathogens in this way, especially if people eat raw vegetables that have been irrigated with the polluted water.

text: Increasingly,

text: agriculture

text: is using untreated wastewater for irrigation. Cities provide lucrative markets for fresh produce, so are attractive to farmers. However, because agriculture has to compete for increasingly scarce water resources with industry and municipal users, there is often no alternative for farmers but to use water polluted with urban waste, including sewage, directly to water their crops. There can be significant health hazards related to using water loaded with pathogens in this way, especially if people eat raw vegetables that have been irrigated with the polluted water.

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answers: It's impossible to say

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answers: untreated

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answers: agriculture

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answers: sewage

text: The Dasmariñas Bagong Bayan – NHA Industrial Estate is all of 8.6 hectares in Dasmariñas. The Local Waterworks Utilities Administration manages the water system. Its 18 pumps and its 18 elevated storage tanks, having an average capacity of 60,000 gallons each, can very well serve the needs of the occupants. Labor-intensive, export-oriented, non- hazardous, and non-pollutive industries are best situated in the area. GMA-NHA Industrial Estate The General Mariano Galvez – NHA Industrial Estate compromises 10 hectares of land in the municipality of Gen. Mariano Alvarez. Types of industries preferred for this estate are those, which are non-pollutive, labor-intensive, export-oriented, and non-hazardous such as the 6 companies that have located therein.

text: The Dasmariñas Bagong Bayan – NHA Industrial Estate is all of 8.6 hectares in Dasmariñas. The Local Waterworks Utilities Administration manages the water system. Its 18 pumps and its 18 elevated storage tanks, having an average capacity of 60,000 gallons each, can very well serve the needs of the occupants. Labor-intensive, export-oriented, non- hazardous, and non-pollutive industries are best situated in the area. GMA-NHA Industrial Estate The General Mariano Galvez – NHA Industrial Estate compromises 10 hectares of land in the municipality of Gen. Mariano Alvarez. Types of industries preferred for this estate are those, which are non-pollutive, labor-intensive, export-oriented, and non-hazardous such as the 6 companies that have located therein.

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text: The graph shows the effects of a negative externality. For example, the steel industry is assumed to be selling in a competitive market – before pollution-control laws were imposed and enforced (e.g. under laissez-faire). The marginal private cost is less than the marginal social or public cost by the amount of the external cost, i.e., the cost of air pollution and water pollution. This is represented by the vertical distance between the two supply curves. It is assumed that there are no external benefits, so that social benefit equals individual benefit.

text: The graph shows the effects of a negative externality. For example, the

text: steel industry

text: is assumed to be selling in a competitive market – before pollution-control laws were imposed and enforced (e.g. under

text: laissez-faire

text: ). The marginal private cost is less than the marginal social or public cost by the amount of the external cost, i.e., the cost of

text: air pollution

text: and

text: water pollution

text: . This is represented by the vertical distance between the two supply curves. It is assumed that there are no external benefits, so that social benefit equals individual benefit.

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answers: It is assumed that there are no external benefits

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text: Before the mid-1990s, there existed no truly environmental NGOs in China. There was obviously no presence of a strong civil society to articulate environmental interests and ideas of civil society amongst political and decision-makers or to press for environmental policy implementation in China. Civil society and victims of industrial pollution could only resort to three channels to safeguard their interests or express their displeasure regarding any environmental conflicts. First, citizens could complain about damages caused by industrial pollution at EPBs at various levels. Second, deputies to the people’s congresses and representatives of people’s political consultative conferences at the national, provincial, municipal, and country levels could put forward motions and proposals to suspend industrial pollution or compensate victims. Third, individual victims could plea for mediation by environmental authorities in cases of environmental conflicts with industrial polluters, which, in rare instances, resulted in compensation.

text: Before the mid-1990s, there existed no truly environmental

text: NGOs

text: in China. There was obviously no presence of a strong civil society to articulate environmental interests and ideas of civil society amongst political and decision-makers or to press for

text: environmental policy

text: implementation in China. Civil society and victims of

text: industrial pollution

text: could only resort to three channels to safeguard their interests or express their displeasure regarding any environmental conflicts. First, citizens could complain about damages caused by industrial pollution at EPBs at various levels. Second, deputies to the people’s congresses and representatives of people’s political consultative conferences at the national, provincial, municipal, and country levels could put forward motions and proposals to suspend industrial pollution or compensate victims. Third, individual victims could plea for

text: mediation

text: by environmental authorities in cases of environmental conflicts with industrial polluters, which, in rare instances, resulted in

text: compensation

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text: There are many environmental issues in India. Air pollution, water pollution, garbage, and pollution of the natural environment are all challenges for India. The situation was worse between 1947 through 1995. According to data collection and environment assessment studies of World Bank experts, between 1995 through 2010, India has made one of the fastest progress in the world, in addressing its environmental issues and improving its environmental quality. Still, India has a long way to go to reach environmental quality similar to those enjoyed in developed economies. Pollution remains a major challenge and opportunity for India.

text: There are many environmental issues in India.

text: Air pollution

text: water pollution

text: , garbage, and pollution of the natural environment are all challenges for India. The situation was worse between 1947 through 1995. According to data collection and environment assessment studies of

text: World Bank

text: experts, between 1995 through 2010, India has made one of the fastest progress in the world, in addressing its environmental issues and improving its environmental quality. Still, India has a long way to go to reach environmental quality similar to those enjoyed in developed economies. Pollution remains a major challenge and opportunity for India.

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answers: The situation was worse between 1947 through 1995

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text: Environment - current issues: air and water pollution, soil pollution of farmland

text: Environment - current issues: air and water pollution, soil pollution of farmland

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text: CPCB has its head office in New Delhi, with seven zonal offices and 5 laboratories. The board conducts environmental assessments and research. It is responsible for maintaining national standards under a variety of environmental laws, in consultation with zonal offices, tribal, and local governments. It has responsibilities to conduct monitoring of water and air quality, and maintains monitoring data. The agency also works with industries and all levels of government in a wide variety of voluntary pollution prevention programs and energy conservation efforts. It advises the central government to prevent and control water and air pollution. It also advises the Governments of Union Territories on industrial and other sources of water and air pollution. CPCB along with its counterparts the State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) are responsible for implementation of legislation relating to prevention and control of environmental pollution.

text: CPCB has its head office in

text: New Delhi

text: , with seven zonal offices and 5 laboratories. The board conducts environmental assessments and research. It is responsible for maintaining national standards under a variety of environmental laws, in consultation with

text: zonal offices

text: , tribal, and

text: local governments

text: . It has responsibilities to conduct monitoring of water and air quality, and maintains monitoring data. The agency also works with industries and all levels of government in a wide variety of voluntary pollution prevention programs and energy conservation efforts. It advises the central government to prevent and control water and air pollution. It also advises the Governments of Union Territories on industrial and other sources of

text: water

text: and

text: air

text: pollution. CPCB along with its counterparts the State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) are responsible for implementation of legislation relating to prevention and control of environmental pollution.

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answers: It has responsibilities to conduct monitoring of water and air quality, and maintains monitoring data

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answers: It also advises the Governments of Union Territories on industrial and other sources of water and air pollution

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text: Chembur has pollution problems and was ranked 46th in a list of the most polluted industrial clusters in India. Studies in Chembur has also found high levels of copper, chromium, calcium, aArsenic and mercury in ground water. Effluents from oil refineries, fertilizer plants and reactors located in Chembur are also said to have polluted sea water in Thane Creek and affected marine life.

text: Chembur has pollution problems and was ranked 46th in a list of the most polluted industrial clusters in India. Studies in Chembur has also found high levels of copper, chromium, calcium, aArsenic and mercury in ground water. Effluents from oil refineries, fertilizer plants and reactors located in Chembur are also said to have polluted sea water in Thane Creek and affected marine life.

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text: His main position in high school was shooting guard but he learned to be a point guard in college. Reynolds attended Roanoke Catholic High School from 1999 to 2002. There he played on the basketball team, and played on three state-championship teams during those four years.

text: His main position in high school was shooting guard but he learned to be a point guard in college. Reynolds attended

text: Roanoke Catholic High School

text: from 1999 to 2002. There he played on the basketball team, and played on three state-championship teams during those four years.

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answers: no

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text: • 2013–14 Fife and Lothians Junior cup.

text: • 2013–14 Fife and Lothians Junior cup.

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text: Despite being one of the main sources of Bandung's water supply, the river is classified as heavily polluted. Domestic waste, including human waste and detergents, is the main source of pollution as more people are living along the river banks. Other sources of pollutants are industry agriculture and farming.

text: Despite being one of the main sources of Bandung's water supply, the river is classified as heavily polluted. Domestic waste, including human waste and detergents, is the main source of pollution as more people are living along the river banks. Other sources of pollutants are industry agriculture and farming.

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text: In addition, the local river, the Hengshui River, known locally as "The Dead River", is Shangba's only water supply, has become so polluted that it is endangering the  of those living nearby. One of the major pollutants in the river and well water is lead, which a provincial research institute reported as being present in the well water at some fifteen times what the national government set as a maximum acceptable rate for drinking water.

text: In addition, the local river, the

text: Hengshui River

text: , known locally as "The Dead River", is Shangba's only water supply, has become so polluted that it is endangering the  of those living nearby. One of the major pollutants in the river and well water is

text: lead

text: , which a provincial research institute reported as being present in the well water at some fifteen times what the national government set as a maximum acceptable rate for drinking water.

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text: Environmental issues are water pollution from agricultural chemicals, industrial wastes, and raw sewage; oil pollution of beaches; deforestation; soil erosion.

text: Environmental issues are

text: water pollution

text: from agricultural chemicals, industrial wastes, and raw

text: sewage

text: ; oil pollution of beaches;

text: deforestation

text: soil erosion

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text: Agricultural production includes cotton, linseed oil, maize, melons (such as the honeydew melon, known locally as the Bailan melon or "Wallace" due to its introduction by US vice president Henry A. Wallace), millet, and wheat.  Gansu is known as a source for wild medicinal herbs which are used in Chinese medicine. However, pollution by heavy metals, such as cadmium in irrigation water, has resulted in poisoning of many acres of agricultural land. The extent and nature of the heavy metal pollution is considered a state secret.

text: Agricultural production includes

text: cotton

text: linseed oil

text: maize

text: melons

text: (such as the

text: honeydew melon

text: , known locally as the

text: Bailan melon

text: or "Wallace" due to its introduction by US

text: vice president

text: Henry A. Wallace

text: millet

text: , and

text: wheat

text: .  Gansu is known as a source for wild medicinal herbs which are used in

text: Chinese medicine

text: . However, pollution by heavy metals, such as

text: cadmium

text: in irrigation water, has resulted in poisoning of many acres of agricultural land. The extent and nature of the heavy metal pollution is considered a state secret.

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text: The Canary Islands have low levels of air pollution thanks to the lack of factories and industry and the tradewinds which naturally move away contaminated air from the islands. According to official data offered by the Health and Industry Ministry in Spain, Tenerife is one of cleanest places in the country with an air pollution index that is below the national average. Despite this, there are still agents which affect pollution levels in the island, the main polluting agents being the refinery at Santa Cruz, the thermal power plants at Las Caletillas and Granadilla, and road traffic, increased by the high level of tourism in the island. In addition at the island of Tenerife like at La Palma light pollution must be also controlled, to help the astrophysical observatories located in the island's summits.Water is generally of a very high quality, and all the beaches of the island of Tenerife have been catalogued by the Ministry of Health and Consumption as waters suitable for bathing.

text: The Canary Islands have low levels of air pollution thanks to the lack of factories and industry and the tradewinds which naturally move away contaminated air from the islands. According to official data offered by the Health and Industry Ministry in Spain, Tenerife is one of cleanest places in the country with an air pollution index that is below the national average. Despite this, there are still agents which affect pollution levels in the island, the main

text: polluting agents

text: being the

text: refinery at Santa Cruz

text: , the

text: thermal power

text: plants at

text: Las Caletillas

text: and

text: Granadilla

text: , and road traffic, increased by the high level of tourism in the island. In addition at the island of Tenerife like at La Palma light pollution must be also controlled, to help the

text: astrophysical observatories

text: located in the island's summits.Water is generally of a very high quality, and all the beaches of the island of Tenerife have been catalogued by the Ministry of Health and Consumption as waters suitable for bathing.

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text: In mathematics, a Whittaker function is a special solution of Whittaker's equation, a modified form of the confluent hypergeometric equation introduced by  to make the formulas involving the solutions more symmetric. More generally,  introduced Whittaker functions of reductive groups over local fields, where the functions studied by Whittaker are essentially the case where the local field is the real numbers and the group is SL(R).

text: In mathematics, a Whittaker function is a special solution of Whittaker's equation, a modified form of the

text: confluent hypergeometric equation

text: introduced by  to make the formulas involving the solutions more symmetric. More generally,  introduced Whittaker functions of

text: reductive group

text: s over

text: local field

text: s, where the functions studied by Whittaker are essentially the case where the local field is the real numbers and the group is SL(R).

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text: The line was to be 10¼ miles in length from Yelverton Siding (on the Plymouth to Tavistock line, at the south end of the tunnel) to Princetown. Adopting part of the route of the 1814 Plymouth and Dartmoor Railway and joining with the GWR, it made working arrangements with those companies and received subscription support from them towards its authorised capital of £60,000, with borrowing powers of £20,000.

text: The line was to be 10¼ miles in length from Yelverton Siding (on the Plymouth to Tavistock line, at the south end of the tunnel) to Princetown. Adopting part of the route of the 1814

text: Plymouth and Dartmoor Railway

text: and joining with the GWR, it made working arrangements with those companies and received subscription support from them towards its authorised capital of £60,000, with borrowing powers of £20,000.

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text: The Zarqa River is severely polluted by industry, municipal wastewater and non-point sources. The King Talal Dam, Jordan's largest surface water reservoir, faces low water levels and pollution. However, water quality in the King Talal reservoir has improved as a result of the construction of the new As-Samra wastewater treatment plant. The National Water Strategy estimates total renewable freshwater resources at 575 million cubic metres/year plus 90 million cubic metres/year of treated wastewater, totaling 665 million cubic metres/year.

text: The Zarqa River is severely polluted by industry, municipal wastewater and

text: non-point sources

text: . The

text: King Talal Dam

text: , Jordan's largest surface water reservoir, faces low water levels and pollution. However, water quality in the King Talal reservoir has improved as a result of the construction of the new As-Samra wastewater treatment plant. The National Water Strategy estimates total renewable freshwater resources at 575 million cubic metres/year plus 90 million cubic metres/year of treated wastewater, totaling 665 million cubic metres/year.

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text: The Katharinenviertel makes up the eastern part of the district; with its buildings from the Gründerzeit (late 19th century period of industrialisation), green areas, traffic-free zones and cycle lanes, it is a surprisingly quiet, green zone situated between the major roads of Lotter Straße to the north and Martinistraße to the south. The convenient location of the district between the main sites of the city’s university and applied sciences college have long made the Weststadt home to many student flats. The EMMA-Theater – a neo-Romanesque showcase building housing a stage owned by the Theater Osnabrück – is located in the west side of the district. This was formerly the location of the Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Gymnasium school (from 1867 to 1980) and subsequently the Hans-Calmeyer-Orientierungsstufe (orientation school, on this site from 1980 to 2003). The Möser-Realschule am Westerberg (Möser Westerberg Secondary School) has used parts of this building since 2004. The west side of the district is also home to the Illoshöhe municipal sports centre; the Osnabrücker Turnerbund (Osnabrück Gymnastics Association) is based here and also uses parts of the buildings. There are two churches based in the Weststadt district – the evangelical Bonnuskirche and the Catholic St. Elisabeth Kirche (St. Elizabeth’s Church). Services for members of the Old Catholic community are also available at the Bonnuskirche.

text: The Katharinenviertel makes up the eastern part of the district; with its buildings from the Gründerzeit (late 19th century period of industrialisation), green areas, traffic-free zones and cycle lanes, it is a surprisingly quiet, green zone situated between the major roads of Lotter Straße to the north and Martinistraße to the south. The convenient location of the district between the main sites of the city’s

text: university

text: and

entity_name: Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences

text: applied sciences college

text: have long made the Weststadt home to many student flats. The EMMA-Theater – a neo-Romanesque showcase building housing a stage owned by the Theater Osnabrück – is located in the west side of the district. This was formerly the location of the Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Gymnasium school (from 1867 to 1980) and subsequently the Hans-Calmeyer-Orientierungsstufe (orientation school, on this site from 1980 to 2003). The Möser-Realschule am Westerberg (Möser Westerberg Secondary School) has used parts of this building since 2004. The west side of the district is also home to the Illoshöhe municipal sports centre; the Osnabrücker Turnerbund (Osnabrück Gymnastics Association) is based here and also uses parts of the buildings. There are two churches based in the Weststadt district – the evangelical Bonnuskirche and the Catholic St. Elisabeth Kirche (St. Elizabeth’s Church). Services for members of the Old Catholic community are also available at the Bonnuskirche.

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text: Industrial ecology was popularized in 1989 in a Scientific American article by Robert Frosch and Nicholas E. Gallopoulos.  Frosch and Gallopoulos' vision was "why would not our industrial system behave like an ecosystem, where the wastes of a species may be resource to another species? Why would not the outputs of an industry be the inputs of another, thus reducing use of raw materials, pollution, and saving on waste treatment?"  A notable example resides in a Danish industrial park in the city of Kalundborg.  Here several linkages of byproducts and waste heat can be found between numerous entities such as a large power plant, an oil refinery, a pharmaceutical plant, a plasterboard factory, an enzyme manufacturer, a waste company and the city itself.

text: Industrial ecology was popularized in 1989 in a

text: Scientific American

text: article by

text: Robert Frosch

text: and Nicholas E. Gallopoulos.  Frosch and Gallopoulos' vision was "why would not our industrial system behave like an

text: ecosystem

text: , where the wastes of a species may be

text: resource

text: to another species? Why would not the outputs of an industry be the inputs of another, thus reducing use of

text: raw material

text: s,

text: pollution

text: , and saving on

text: waste

text: treatment?"  A notable example resides in a Danish industrial park in the city of

text: Kalundborg

text: .  Here several linkages of

text: byproduct

text: s and

text: waste heat

text: can be found between numerous entities such as a large power plant, an oil refinery, a pharmaceutical plant, a plasterboard factory, an enzyme manufacturer, a waste company and the city itself.

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