text: The second type of frictional force acting on a skier is drag.  This is typically referred to as "air resistance".   The drag force is proportional to the cross-sectional area of a body (e.g. the skier) and the square of its velocity and density relative to the fluid in which the body is traveling though (e.g. air).  To go faster, a skier can try to reduce the cross-sectional area of their body.  Downhill skiers can adopt more aerodynamic positions such as tucking.  Alpine ski racers wear skin tight race suits.  The general area of physics which addresses these forces is known as fluid dynamics.

text: The second type of frictional force acting on a skier is

entity_name: Drag (physics)

text: drag

text: .  This is typically referred to as "

text: air resistance

text: ".   The drag force is proportional to the cross-sectional area of a body (e.g. the skier) and the square of its velocity and density relative to the fluid in which the body is traveling though (e.g. air).  To go faster, a skier can try to reduce the cross-sectional area of their body.  Downhill skiers can adopt more aerodynamic positions such as tucking.  Alpine ski racers wear skin tight race suits.  The general area of physics which addresses these forces is known as

entity_name: Fluid dynamics

text: fluid dynamics

method: UNH-ecn

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text: Hydrostatic transmissions use a variable displacement pump and a hydraulic motor. All power is transmitted by hydraulic fluid. These types can generally transmit more torque, but can be sensitive to contamination. Some designs are also very expensive. However, they have the advantage that the hydraulic motor can be mounted directly to the wheel hub, allowing a more flexible suspension system and eliminating efficiency losses from friction in the drive shaft and differential components. This type of transmission is relatively easy to use because all forward and reverse speeds can be accessed using a single lever.

text: Hydrostatic transmissions use a

entity_name: Variable displacement pump

text: variable displacement pump

text: and a

entity_name: Hydraulic motor

text: hydraulic motor

text: . All power is transmitted by

entity_name: Hydraulic fluid

text: hydraulic fluid

text: . These types can generally transmit more torque, but can be sensitive to contamination. Some designs are also very expensive. However, they have the advantage that the hydraulic motor can be mounted directly to the wheel hub, allowing a more flexible suspension system and eliminating efficiency losses from friction in the drive shaft and

text: differential

text: components. This type of transmission is relatively easy to use because all forward and reverse speeds can be accessed using a single lever.

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text: When a compressible fluid is compressed or expanded evenly, without shear, it may still exhibit a form of internal friction that resists its flow. These forces are related to the rate of compression or expansion by a factor called the volume viscosity, bulk viscosity or second viscosity.

text: When a

entity_name: Compressible flow

text: compressible fluid

text: is compressed or expanded evenly, without shear, it may still exhibit a form of internal friction that resists its flow. These forces are related to the rate of compression or expansion by a factor called the

entity_name: Volume viscosity

text: volume viscosity

text: , bulk viscosity or second viscosity.

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text: There are two types of Ekman layers. The first type occurs at the surface of the ocean and is forced by surface winds, which act as a drag on the surface of the ocean. The second type occurs at the bottom of the atmosphere and ocean, where frictional forces are associated with flow over rough surfaces.

text: There are two types of Ekman layers. The first type occurs at the surface of the ocean and is forced by surface winds, which act as a drag on the surface of the ocean. The second type occurs at the bottom of the atmosphere and ocean, where frictional forces are associated with flow over rough surfaces.

method: UvABottomUpChangeOrder

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text: In sliding friction, increased compressive stress is proportionally equal to a rise in potential energy and temperature within the contact zone. The reasons for accumulation of energy during sliding can be a reduction of energy loss away from the contact zone, due to a small surface area on the surface boundary thus low heat conductivity. Another reason is the energy that is continuously forced into the metals, which is a product of acceleration and pressure. In cooperation, these mechanisms allow a constant accumulation of energy causing increased energy density and temperature in the contact zone during sliding.

text: In sliding friction, increased

entity_name: Compressive stress

text: compressive stress

text: is proportionally equal to a rise in

entity_name: Potential energy

text: potential energy

text: and temperature within the contact zone. The reasons for accumulation of energy during sliding can be a reduction of energy loss away from the contact zone, due to a small surface area on the surface boundary thus low heat conductivity. Another reason is the energy that is continuously forced into the metals, which is a product of acceleration and pressure. In cooperation, these mechanisms allow a constant accumulation of energy causing increased energy density and temperature in the contact zone during sliding.

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text: In the reference frame of the interface between two surfaces, static friction does no work, because there is never displacement between the surfaces. In the same reference frame, kinetic friction is always in the direction opposite the motion, and does negative work. However, friction can do positive work in certain frames of reference. One can see this by placing a heavy box on a rug, then pulling on the rug quickly. In this case, the box slides backwards relative to the rug, but moves forward relative to the frame of reference in which the floor is stationary. Thus, the kinetic friction between the box and rug accelerates the box in the same direction that the box moves, doing positive work.

text: In the reference frame of the interface between two surfaces, static friction does no

entity_name: Work (physics)

text: work

text: , because there is never displacement between the surfaces. In the same reference frame, kinetic friction is always in the direction opposite the motion, and does negative work. However, friction can do positive work in certain

entity_name: Frame of reference

text: frames of reference

text: . One can see this by placing a heavy box on a rug, then pulling on the rug quickly. In this case, the box slides backwards relative to the rug, but moves forward relative to the frame of reference in which the floor is stationary. Thus, the kinetic friction between the box and rug accelerates the box in the same direction that the box moves, doing positive work.

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text: A composite bearing is used to maintain separation and control friction between two moving parts. The distinguishing characteristic of a composite bearing is that the bearing is made from a combination of materials such as a resin reinforced with fibre and this may also include friction reducing lubricants and ingredients. A composite bearing is not simply a PTFE bearing in a carrier of another material, this is a PTFE bearing in a carrier. The plain composite bearing can be lighter than a rolling element bearing but this is not always a feature as some composites are extremely dense which results in lower porosity. Another distinctive feature of the composite bearing is its lightweight design - it can be one-tenth the weight of the traditional rolling element bearing. No heavy metals are used in its manufacture.

text: A composite bearing is used to maintain separation and control friction between two moving parts. The distinguishing characteristic of a composite bearing is that the bearing is made from a combination of materials such as a resin reinforced with fibre and this may also include friction reducing lubricants and ingredients. A composite bearing is not simply a PTFE bearing in a carrier of another material, this is a PTFE bearing in a carrier. The plain composite bearing can be lighter than a rolling element bearing but this is not always a feature as some composites are extremely dense which results in lower porosity. Another distinctive feature of the composite bearing is its lightweight design - it can be one-tenth the weight of the traditional rolling element bearing. No heavy metals are used in its manufacture.

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text: On the oldest types of piercing gun, one starter stud is manually loaded into a receiving tube, and its matching friction back is loaded into a holder closer to the main part of the instrument. The earlobe is inserted between these two parts of the instrument.  When the trigger is squeezed, the spring is released, causing the instrument to close with considerable pressure.  The stud is forced through the earlobe, engaging it into the friction back. This model cannot be sterilized.

text: On the oldest types of piercing gun, one starter stud is manually loaded into a receiving tube, and its matching friction back is loaded into a holder closer to the main part of the instrument. The earlobe is inserted between these two parts of the instrument.  When the trigger is squeezed, the spring is released, causing the instrument to close with considerable pressure.  The stud is forced through the earlobe, engaging it into the friction back. This model cannot be sterilized.

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text: Brake blocks are also of two types. ICF brake head uses the "L" type brake block and the "K" type brake block is used on the IGP type brake head. "L" & "K" types are so called since the shape of the brake blocks resembles the corresponding English alphabet letter. The third end of the brake beam has a bracket for connecting the "Z" & the floating lever. These levers are connected to the main frame of the bogie with the help of steel brackets. These brackets are welded to the bogie frame. L Type are low friction Composite Brake Block and K Type are high friction Composite Brake Block.

entity_name: Brake shoe

text: Brake block

text: s are also of two types. ICF brake head uses the "L" type brake block and the "K" type brake block is used on the IGP type brake head. "L" & "K" types are so called since the shape of the brake blocks resembles the corresponding English alphabet letter. The third end of the brake beam has a bracket for connecting the "Z" & the floating lever. These levers are connected to the main frame of the bogie with the help of steel brackets. These brackets are welded to the bogie frame. L Type are low friction Composite Brake Block and K Type are high friction Composite Brake Block.

method: Bert-DRMMTKS

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text: Charnley's first aim at Wrightington was to build a biomechanical laboratory that could be used to test his instruments and inventions. He organised a fund raising campaign for this purpose and the laboratory opened on 23 June 1961.His first studies concerned lubrication of joints. At that time, some surgeons were supporting the hydrodynamic theory, which assumed that the two faces of a joint are not congruous and that a film of synovial fluid is responsible for the low friction of the surfaces. Charnley disagreed with that theory and through his experiments he was able to demonstrate that the low friction does not depend on the fluid presence. The studies led to the development of the Low Friction Arthroplasty Concept which assumes that the low friction depends mostly on the friction coefficient of the facing materials and only marginally on the fluid presence.

text: Charnley's first aim at Wrightington was to build a biomechanical laboratory that could be used to test his instruments and inventions. He organised a fund raising campaign for this purpose and the laboratory opened on 23 June 1961.His first studies concerned lubrication of joints. At that time, some surgeons were supporting the hydrodynamic theory, which assumed that the two faces of a joint are not congruous and that a film of

entity_name: Synovial fluid

text: synovial fluid

text: is responsible for the low friction of the surfaces. Charnley disagreed with that theory and through his experiments he was able to demonstrate that the low friction does not depend on the fluid presence. The studies led to the development of the

text: Low Friction Arthroplasty Concept

text: which assumes that the low friction depends mostly on the

entity_name: Friction

entity_section: Coefficient of friction

text: friction coefficient

text: of the facing materials and only marginally on the fluid presence.

method: UNH-tfidf-stem

method: UNH-tfidf-ptsim

method: UNH-tfidf-lem

method: UNH-qee

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text: Originally intended to hold a stock of replacement rolls, the vertical pole has become the only paper holder in some households.  It is particularly useful in homes where the family has mixed handedness. Its drawbacks include that there is a lot more friction than in other types of toilet roll holders, and thus not as easy to use.

text: Originally intended to hold a stock of replacement rolls, the vertical pole has become the only paper holder in some households.  It is particularly useful in homes where the family has mixed handedness. Its drawbacks include that there is a lot more friction than in other types of toilet roll holders, and thus not as easy to use.

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text: In analogy with sliding friction, rolling resistance is often expressed as a coefficient times the normal force. This coefficient of rolling resistance is generally much smaller than the coefficient of sliding friction.

text: In analogy with

entity_section: Kinetic friction

text: sliding friction

text: , rolling resistance is often expressed as a coefficient times the normal force. This coefficient of rolling resistance is generally much smaller than the coefficient of sliding friction.

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text: When considering the effects of friction on the system, once again we need to note which way the friction force is pointing. When calculating a maximum velocity for our automobile, friction will point down the incline and towards the center of the circle. Therefore we must add the horizontal component of friction to that of the normal force. The sum of these two forces is our new net force in the direction of the center of the turn (the centripetal force):

text: When considering the effects of friction on the system, once again we need to note which way the friction force is pointing. When calculating a maximum velocity for our automobile, friction will point down the incline and towards the center of the circle. Therefore we must add the horizontal component of friction to that of the normal force. The sum of these two forces is our new net force in the direction of the center of the turn (the centripetal force):

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text: Some icebreakers have a hull that is wider in the bow than in the stern. These so-called "reamers" increase the width of the ice channel and thus reduce frictional resistance in the aftship as well as improve the ship's maneuverability in ice. In addition to low friction paint, some icebreakers utilize an explosion-welded abrasion-resistant stainless steel ice belt that further reduces friction and protects the ship's hull from corrosion. Auxiliary systems such as powerful water deluges and air bubbling systems are used to reduce friction by forming a lubricating layer between the hull and the ice. Pumping water between tanks on both sides of the vessel results in continuous rolling that reduces friction and makes progress through the ice easier. Experimental bow designs such as the flat Thyssen-Waas bow and a cylindrical bow have been tried over the years to further reduce the ice resistance and create an ice-free channel.

text: Some icebreakers have a hull that is wider in the bow than in the stern. These so-called "reamers" increase the width of the ice channel and thus reduce frictional resistance in the aftship as well as improve the ship's maneuverability in ice. In addition to low friction paint, some icebreakers utilize an

entity_name: Explosion welding

text: explosion-welded

text: abrasion-resistant stainless steel ice belt that further reduces friction and protects the ship's hull from corrosion. Auxiliary systems such as powerful water deluges and air bubbling systems are used to reduce friction by forming a lubricating layer between the hull and the ice. Pumping water between tanks on both sides of the vessel results in continuous rolling that reduces friction and makes progress through the ice easier. Experimental bow designs such as the flat Thyssen-Waas bow and a cylindrical bow have been tried over the years to further reduce the ice resistance and create an ice-free channel.

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text: Most experimental setups fail to detect any turning of the reverse sprinkler because the transient torque is not large enough to overcome the friction of the sprinkler's bearing. The increased friction prevents the sprinkler from actually turning "backwards", although it is being (weakly) pushed in that direction. On the other hand, experiments with very low-friction bearings do find a small torque on the reverse sprinkler even in its steady state.  This is now understood to be a consequence of the viscosity of the fluid being sucked into the sprinkler, which leads to the dissipation of some of the energy of the incoming fluid and diffuses some of its angular momentum to the surrounding tank.  This torque, induced by the viscosity, causes the reverse sprinkler to turn weakly towards the incoming fluid (i.e., in the direction contrary to the motion of a regular sprinkler expelling water).

text: Most experimental setups fail to detect any turning of the reverse sprinkler because the transient torque is not large enough to overcome the friction of the sprinkler's bearing. The increased friction prevents the sprinkler from actually turning "backwards", although it is being (weakly) pushed in that direction. On the other hand, experiments with very low-friction bearings do find a small torque on the reverse sprinkler even in its steady state.  This is now understood to be a consequence of the

entity_name: Viscosity

text: viscosity

text: of the fluid being sucked into the sprinkler, which leads to the dissipation of some of the energy of the incoming fluid and diffuses some of its angular momentum to the surrounding tank.  This torque, induced by the viscosity, causes the reverse sprinkler to turn weakly towards the incoming fluid (i.e., in the direction contrary to the motion of a regular sprinkler expelling water).

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text: The album's title comes from a television interview with Keith Richards of the Rolling Stones.  When asked how he and Mick Jagger stayed together for so long, Keith took a long drag from his cigarette and said "friction, baby."  This may also be a reference to the fact that the band had replaced its original drummer, Cary Bonnecaze, between the recording of their previous album and this one.

text: The album's title comes from a television interview with

entity_name: Keith Richards

text: Keith Richards

text: of the

entity_name: The Rolling Stones

text: Rolling Stones

text: .  When asked how he and

entity_name: Mick Jagger

text: Mick Jagger

text: stayed together for so long, Keith took a long drag from his cigarette and said "friction, baby."  This may also be a reference to the fact that the band had replaced its original drummer, Cary Bonnecaze, between the recording of their previous album and this one.

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text: Typically, a sliding ski melts a thin and transitory film of lubricating layer of water, caused by the heat of friction between the ski and the snow in its passing. Colbeck suggests that the optimum water film thickness is in the range between 4  and 12 μm. However, the heat generated by friction can be lost by conduction to a cold ski, thereby diminishing the production of the melt layer. At the other extreme, when the snow is wet and warm, heat generation creates a thicker film that can create increased capillary drag on the ski bottom. Kuzmin and Fuss suggest that the most favorable combination of ski base material properties to minimize ski sliding friction on snow include: increased hardness and lowered thermal conductivity of the base material to promote meltwater generation for lubrication, wear resistance in cold snow, and hydrophobicity to minimize capillary suction. These attributes are readily achievable with a PFTE base, which diminishes the value added by glide waxes. Lintzén reports that factors other than wax are much more important in reducing friction on cross-country skate skis—the curvature of the ski and snow conditions.

text: Typically, a sliding ski melts a thin and transitory film of lubricating layer of water, caused by the heat of friction between the ski and the snow in its passing. Colbeck suggests that the optimum water film thickness is in the range between 4  and 12

entity_name: Micrometre

text: μm

text: . However, the heat generated by friction can be lost by conduction to a cold ski, thereby diminishing the production of the melt layer. At the other extreme, when the snow is wet and warm, heat generation creates a thicker film that can create increased capillary drag on the ski bottom. Kuzmin and Fuss suggest that the most favorable combination of ski base material properties to minimize ski sliding friction on snow include: increased hardness and lowered thermal conductivity of the base material to promote meltwater generation for lubrication, wear resistance in cold snow, and

entity_name: Hydrophobe

text: hydrophobicity

text: to minimize capillary suction. These attributes are readily achievable with a

entity_name: Polytetrafluoroethylene

text: PFTE

text: base, which diminishes the value added by glide waxes. Lintzén reports that factors other than wax are much more important in reducing friction on cross-country skate skis—the curvature of the ski and snow conditions.

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text: Jewel bearings were invented and introduced in watches by Nicolas Fatio (or Facio) de Duillier and Pierre and Jacob Debaufre around 1702 to reduce friction. They did not become widely used until the mid 19th century. Until the 20th century they were ground from tiny pieces of natural gems. Watches often had garnet, quartz, or even glass jewels; only top quality watches used sapphire, ruby, or diamond. In 1902, a process to grow artificial sapphire crystals was invented, making jewels much cheaper. Jewels in modern watches are all synthetic sapphire or (usually) ruby, made of corundum (AlO), one of the hardest substances known. The only difference between sapphire and ruby is that different impurities have been added to change the color; there is no difference in their properties as a bearing.  The advantage of using jewels is that their ultrahard slick surface has a lower coefficient of friction with metal. The static coefficient of friction of steel-on-steel is 0.58, while that of sapphire-on-steel is 0.10-0.15.

entity_name: Jewel bearing

text: Jewel bearing

text: s were invented and introduced in watches by

entity_name: Nicolas Fatio de Duillier

text: Nicolas Fatio (or Facio) de Duillier

text: and Pierre and Jacob Debaufre around 1702 to reduce friction. They did not become widely used until the mid 19th century. Until the 20th century they were ground from tiny pieces of natural gems. Watches often had

entity_name: Garnet

text: garnet

entity_name: Quartz

text: quartz

text: , or even glass jewels; only top quality watches used

entity_name: Sapphire

text: sapphire

entity_name: Ruby

text: ruby

text: , or

entity_name: Diamond

text: diamond

text: . In 1902, a process to grow artificial sapphire crystals was invented, making jewels much cheaper. Jewels in modern watches are all synthetic sapphire or (usually) ruby, made of

entity_name: Corundum

text: corundum

text: (AlO), one of the hardest substances known. The only difference between sapphire and ruby is that different impurities have been added to change the color; there is no difference in their properties as a bearing.  The advantage of using jewels is that their ultrahard slick surface has a lower

text: coefficient of friction

text: with metal. The

entity_name: Stiction

text: static coefficient of friction

text: of steel-on-steel is 0.58, while that of sapphire-on-steel is 0.10-0.15.

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answers: different impurities

answers: NDQ_018738

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text: There are four optional prefix characters, here defined as A321-XXXXXXX (where the X's are the main designation), which are separated from the main designation with a dash. The first character, A, is the bearing class, which is defined, in ascending order: C, B, A. The class defines extra requirements for vibration, deviations in shape, the rolling surface tolerances, and other parameters that are not defined by a designation character. The second character is the frictional moment (friction), which is defined, in ascending order, by a number 1–9. The third character is the radial clearance, which is normally defined by a number between 0 and 9 (inclusive), in ascending order, however for radial-thrust bearings it is defined by a number between 1 and 3, inclusive. The fourth character is the accuracy ratings, which normally are, in ascending order: 0 (normal), 6X, 6, 5, 4, T, and 2. Ratings 0 and 6 are the most common; ratings 5 and 4 are used in high-speed applications; and rating 2 is used in gyroscopes. For tapered bearings, the values are, in ascending order: 0, N, and X, where 0 is 0, N is "normal", and X is 6X.

text: There are four optional prefix characters, here defined as A321-XXXXXXX (where the X's are the main designation), which are separated from the main designation with a dash. The first character, A, is the bearing class, which is defined, in ascending order: C, B, A. The class defines extra requirements for vibration, deviations in shape, the rolling surface tolerances, and other parameters that are not defined by a designation character. The second character is the

text: frictional moment

text: (friction), which is defined, in ascending order, by a number 1–9. The third character is the radial clearance, which is normally defined by a number between 0 and 9 (inclusive), in ascending order, however for radial-thrust bearings it is defined by a number between 1 and 3, inclusive. The fourth character is the accuracy ratings, which normally are, in ascending order: 0 (normal), 6X, 6, 5, 4, T, and 2. Ratings 0 and 6 are the most common; ratings 5 and 4 are used in high-speed applications; and rating 2 is used in

text: gyroscope

text: s. For tapered bearings, the values are, in ascending order: 0, N, and X, where 0 is 0, N is "normal", and X is 6X.

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text: Belt friction is a term describing the friction forces between a belt and a surface, such as a belt wrapped around a bollard. When one end of the belt is being pulled only part of this force is transmitted to the other end wrapped about a surface. The friction force increases with the amount of wrap about a surface and makes it so the tension in the belt can be different at both ends of the belt. Belt friction can be modeled by the Belt friction equation.

text: Belt friction is a term describing the friction forces between a

text: belt

text: and a surface, such as a belt wrapped around a

text: bollard

text: . When one end of the belt is being pulled only part of this force is transmitted to the other end wrapped about a surface. The friction force increases with the amount of wrap about a surface and makes it so the

text: tension

text: in the belt can be different at both ends of the belt. Belt friction can be modeled by the

text: Belt friction equation

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answers: The friction force increases with the amount of wrap about a surface

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text: Engineers can use the Brinell hardness of materials in their calculations to avoid this mode of failure. A rolling element bearing's static load rating is defined to avoid this failure type. Increasing the number of elements can provide better distribution of the load, so bearings intended for a large load may have many balls, or use needles instead. This decreases the chances of brinelling, but increases friction and other factors. However, although roller and ball bearings work well for radial and thrust loading, they are often prone to brinelling when very high impact loading, lateral loading, or vibration are experienced. Babbitt bearings or bronze bushings are often used instead of roller bearings in applications where such loads exist, such as in automotive crankshafts or pulley sheaves, to decrease the possibility of brinelling by distributing the force over a very large surface area.

text: Engineers can use the

text: Brinell hardness

text: of materials in their calculations to avoid this mode of failure. A rolling element bearing's static load rating is defined to avoid this failure type. Increasing the number of elements can provide better distribution of the load, so bearings intended for a large load may have many balls, or use needles instead. This decreases the chances of brinelling, but increases friction and other factors. However, although roller and ball bearings work well for radial and thrust loading, they are often prone to brinelling when very high impact loading, lateral loading, or vibration are experienced.

text: Babbitt bearing

text: s or

text: bronze

text: bushing

text: s are often used instead of roller bearings in applications where such loads exist, such as in automotive

text: crankshaft

text: s or pulley

text: sheave

text: s, to decrease the possibility of brinelling by distributing the force over a very large surface area.

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answers: Increasing the number of elements

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answers: This increases friction and other factors

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answers: lateral loading

text: As the angle of bank θ approaches 90°, the tangent function approaches infinity, allowing larger values for |v|/r. In words, this equation states that for faster speeds (bigger |v|) the road must be banked more steeply (a larger value for θ), and for sharper turns (smaller r) the road also must be banked more steeply, which accords with intuition. When the angle θ does not satisfy the above condition, the horizontal component of force exerted by the road does not provide the correct centripetal force, and an additional frictional force tangential to the road surface is called upon to provide the difference. If friction cannot do this (that is, the coefficient of friction is exceeded), the ball slides to a different radius where the balance can be realized.

text: As the angle of bank θ approaches 90°, the

text: tangent function

text: approaches infinity, allowing larger values for |v|/r. In words, this equation states that for faster speeds (bigger |v|) the road must be banked more steeply (a larger value for θ), and for sharper turns (smaller r) the road also must be banked more steeply, which accords with intuition. When the angle θ does not satisfy the above condition, the horizontal component of force exerted by the road does not provide the correct centripetal force, and an additional frictional force tangential to the road surface is called upon to provide the difference. If

text: friction

text: cannot do this (that is, the

text: coefficient of friction

text: is exceeded), the ball slides to a different radius where the balance can be realized.

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answers: An additional frictional force tangential to the road surface

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answers: sliding friction is stronger than static friction

answers: NDQ_018737

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answers: NDQ_018738

answers: additional frictional force

text: overcomes the force of static friction and causes sliding to occur. The instant sliding occurs, static friction is no longer applicable—the friction between the two surfaces is then called kinetic friction.

text: overcomes the force of static friction and causes sliding to occur. The instant sliding occurs, static friction is no longer applicable—the friction between the two surfaces is then called kinetic friction.

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text: The two forces in Newton's third law are of the same type (e.g., if the road exerts a forward frictional force on an accelerating car's tires, then it is also a frictional force that Newton's third law predicts for the tires pushing backward on the road).

text: The two forces in Newton's third law are of the same type (e.g., if the road exerts a forward frictional force on an accelerating car's tires, then it is also a frictional force that Newton's third law predicts for the tires pushing backward on the road).

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text: In many applications, rolling-element bearings, such as ball or roller bearings, have replaced Babbitt bearings. Though such bearings can offer a lower coefficient of friction than plain bearings, their key advantage is that they can operate reliably without a continuous pressurized supply of lubricant. Ball and roller bearings can also be used in configurations that are required to carry both radial and axial thrusts. However, rolling-element bearings lack the beneficial damping and shock-load capability provided by fluid-film bearings, such as the Babbitt.

text: In many applications,

text: rolling-element bearing

text: s, such as

text: ball

text: or

text: roller bearing

text: s, have replaced Babbitt bearings. Though such bearings can offer a lower

text: coefficient of friction

text: than plain bearings, their key advantage is that they can operate reliably without a continuous pressurized supply of lubricant. Ball and roller bearings can also be used in configurations that are required to carry both

text: radial

text: and

text: axial

text: thrusts

text: . However, rolling-element bearings lack the beneficial damping and shock-load capability provided by fluid-film bearings, such as the Babbitt.

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answers: coefficient of friction

text: Sliding recoil has the car body sitting on a set of wooden crossbeams or "sleepers" placed underneath it which have been jacked down on to a special set of girders incorporated into the track so that about half the weight of the mount has been transferred to them from the trucks. The gun, car body and trucks all recoil together with the friction generated by the crossbeams sliding on the girders absorbing the recoil force after moving only about  to the rear. The sleepers must be jacked up again to allow the gun to roll forward to its firing position. This was often done by handwheels driving gear trains attached to the wheels, or even by electric motors on more modern mounts. Almost all of these type of mounts were of the non-traversing type and had to be fired from a curved section of track or turntable. The American post-World War I assessment of railway artillery praised its ruggedness, ease of manufacture and convenience in service, but acknowledged its unsuitability for smaller guns, due to excessive time of operation and lack of traverse, and that it was not suitable for the largest howitzers firing at high angles because of the enormous trunnion forces.

text: Sliding recoil has the car body sitting on a set of wooden crossbeams or "sleepers" placed underneath it which have been jacked down on to a special set of girders incorporated into the track so that about half the weight of the mount has been transferred to them from the

text: trucks

text: . The gun, car body and trucks all recoil together with the friction generated by the crossbeams sliding on the girders absorbing the recoil force after moving only about  to the rear. The sleepers must be jacked up again to allow the gun to roll forward to its firing position. This was often done by handwheels driving gear trains attached to the wheels, or even by electric motors on more modern mounts. Almost all of these type of mounts were of the non-traversing type and had to be fired from a curved section of track or turntable. The American post-World War I assessment of railway artillery praised its ruggedness, ease of manufacture and convenience in service, but acknowledged its unsuitability for smaller guns, due to excessive time of operation and lack of traverse, and that it was not suitable for the largest howitzers firing at high angles because of the enormous trunnion forces.

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answers: NDQ_018738

answers: Sliding recoil

text: Cavitation can be used as an advantage in design of very high performance propellers, in form of the supercavitating propeller. In this case, the blade section is designed such that the pressure side stays wetted while the suction side is completely covered by cavitation vapor. Because the suction side is covered with vapor instead of water it encounters very low viscous friction, making the supercavitating (SC) propeller comparably efficient at high speed. The shaping of SC blade sections however, make it inefficient at low speeds, when the suction side of the blade is wetted. (See also fluid dynamics).

text: Cavitation can be used as an advantage in design of very high performance propellers, in form of the

text: supercavitating propeller

text: . In this case, the blade section is designed such that the pressure side stays wetted while the suction side is completely covered by cavitation vapor. Because the suction side is covered with vapor instead of water it encounters very low viscous friction, making the supercavitating (SC) propeller comparably efficient at high speed. The shaping of SC blade sections however, make it inefficient at low speeds, when the suction side of the blade is wetted. (See also

text: fluid dynamics

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answers: supercavitating propeller

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answers: viscous

text: The efficiency of converting a unit of fuel to rotation of the driving wheels includes many points of friction loss and heat loss through the exhaust or cooling system. Friction inside the engine happens along the cylinder walls, crankshaft rod bearings and main bearings, camshaft bearings, drive chains or gears, plus other miscellaneous and minor bearing surfaces. An electric motor has internal friction only at the main axle bearings. Friction outside the motor/engine includes loads from the generator / alternator, power steering pump, A/C compressor, transmission, transfer case (if four-wheel-drive), differential(s) and universal joints, plus rolling resistance of the pneumatic tires.

text: The

text: efficiency

text: of converting a unit of fuel to rotation of the driving wheels includes many points of

text: friction

text: loss and heat loss through the exhaust or cooling system. Friction inside the engine happens along the cylinder walls, crankshaft rod bearings and main bearings, camshaft bearings, drive chains or gears, plus other miscellaneous and minor bearing surfaces. An electric motor has internal friction only at the main axle bearings. Friction outside the motor/engine includes loads from the generator / alternator, power steering pump, A/C compressor, transmission, transfer case (if four-wheel-drive), differential(s) and universal joints, plus rolling resistance of the pneumatic tires.

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answers: loads from the generator / alternator, power steering pump, A/C compressor, transmission, transfer case (if four-wheel-drive), differential(s) and universal joints

answers: NDQ_018732

answers: Friction outside the motor/engine

answers: NDQ_018733

answers: rolling resistance

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: rolling resistance

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: rolling resistance

text: In the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, ATF contained whale oil as a friction modifier. But since whale oil would break down at higher temperatures, cars produced in the 1970s and later would not be able to use whale oil because of the higher engine coolant temperatures employed to reduce emissions and save fuel. A moratorium on whale oil at that time prevented the continued production of older ATF such as the original DEXRON formulation (Type B), and the Type A which preceded it. Vintage Chrysler products (Dodge, Plymouth, etc.) used Type A fluid, which is generally difficult to obtain now.  It turns out that Type A was basically a nearly 50/50 mix of Type F (Ford) and Dexron (GM),  so if you have a pre-1990 Chrysler vehicle, you can mix Type F and Dexron to get a near-match for type A.  General Motors began marketing Dexron II Type C and later Dexron II Type D to replace the fluids which were made from whale oil.

text: In the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, ATF contained

text: whale oil

text: as a

text: friction modifier

text: . But since whale oil would break down at higher temperatures, cars produced in the 1970s and later would not be able to use whale oil because of the higher

text: engine coolant

text: temperatures employed to reduce emissions and save fuel. A moratorium on whale oil at that time prevented the continued production of older ATF such as the original DEXRON formulation (Type B), and the Type A which preceded it. Vintage Chrysler products (Dodge, Plymouth, etc.) used Type A fluid, which is generally difficult to obtain now.  It turns out that Type A was basically a nearly 50/50 mix of Type F (Ford) and Dexron (GM),  so if you have a pre-1990 Chrysler vehicle, you can mix Type F and Dexron to get a near-match for type A.  General Motors began marketing Dexron II Type C and later Dexron II Type D to replace the fluids which were made from whale oil.

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answers: NDQ_018730

answers: higher engine coolant temperatures

answers: NDQ_018732

answers: ATF contained whale oil

answers: NDQ_018733

answers: sliding friction

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: friction modifier

text: A "cup and cone" hub contains loose balls that contact an adjustable 'cone' that is screwed onto the axle and a 'race' that is pressed permanently into the hub shell. Both surfaces are smooth to allow the bearings to roll with little friction. This type of hub can be easily disassembled for lubrication, but it must be adjusted correctly; incorrect adjustment can lead to premature wear or failure.

text: A "cup and cone" hub contains loose balls that contact an adjustable 'cone' that is screwed onto the axle and a 'race' that is pressed permanently into the hub shell. Both surfaces are smooth to allow the bearings to roll with little friction. This type of hub can be easily disassembled for lubrication, but it must be adjusted correctly; incorrect adjustment can lead to premature wear or failure.

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answers: friction

text: The advantages of jewel bearings include high accuracy, very small size and weight, low and predictable friction, good temperature stability, and the ability to operate without lubrication and in corrosive environments.  They are known for their low kinetic friction and highly consistent static friction. The static coefficient of friction of brass-on-steel is 0.35, while that of sapphire-on-steel is 0.10–0.15.  Sapphire surfaces are very hard and durable, with Mohs hardness of 9 and Knoop hardness of 1800, and can maintain smoothness over decades of use, thus reducing friction variability. Disadvantages include brittleness and fragility, limited availability/applicability in medium and large bearing sizes and capacities, and friction variations if the load is not axial.

text: The advantages of jewel bearings include high accuracy, very small size and weight, low and predictable friction, good temperature stability, and the ability to operate without lubrication and in corrosive environments.  They are known for their low

text: kinetic friction

text: and highly consistent

text: static friction

text: . The

text: static coefficient of friction

text: of brass-on-steel is 0.35, while that of sapphire-on-steel is 0.10–0.15.  Sapphire surfaces are very hard and durable, with

text: Mohs hardness

text: of 9 and

text: Knoop hardness

text: of 1800, and can maintain smoothness over decades of use, thus reducing friction variability. Disadvantages include brittleness and fragility, limited availability/applicability in medium and large bearing sizes and capacities, and friction variations if the load is not axial.

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answers: static

text: , is less than the coefficient of static friction for both ice and snow. The force required for sliding on snow is the product of the coefficient of kinetic friction and the normal force:

text: , is less than the coefficient of static friction for both ice and snow. The force required for sliding on snow is the product of the coefficient of kinetic friction and the normal force:

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answers: ice and snow

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answers: static

text: Kinetic friction occurs when the two objects are undergoing relative motion and they are sliding against each other. The friction force F exerted between the moving surfaces is equal to a value that is proportional to the product of the normal force N and the coefficient of kinetic friction μ

text: Kinetic friction

text: occurs when the two objects are undergoing relative motion and they are sliding against each other. The friction force F exerted between the moving surfaces is equal to a value that is proportional to the product of the normal force N and the coefficient of kinetic friction μ

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answers: Kinetic friction

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answers: Kinetic friction

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answers: the moving surfaces

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: Kinetic

text: Flat rolling is the most basic form of rolling with the starting and ending material having a rectangular cross-section. The material is fed in between two rollers, called working rolls, that rotate in opposite directions. The gap between the two rolls is less than the thickness of the starting material, which causes it to deform. The decrease in material thickness causes the material to elongate. The friction at the interface between the material and the rolls causes the material to be pushed through. The amount of deformation possible in a single pass is limited by the friction between the rolls; if the change in thickness is too great the rolls just slip over the material and do not draw it in. The final product is either sheet or plate, with the former being less than  thick and the latter greater than; however, heavy plates tend to be formed using a press, which is termed forming, rather than rolling.

text: Flat rolling is the most basic form of rolling with the starting and ending material having a rectangular cross-section. The material is fed in between two rollers, called working rolls, that rotate in opposite directions. The gap between the two rolls is less than the thickness of the starting material, which causes it to

text: deform

text: . The decrease in material thickness causes the material to elongate. The

text: friction

text: at the interface between the material and the rolls causes the material to be pushed through. The amount of deformation possible in a single pass is limited by the friction between the rolls; if the change in thickness is too great the rolls just slip over the material and do not draw it in. The final product is either sheet or plate, with the former being less than  thick and the latter greater than; however, heavy plates tend to be formed using a

text: press

text: , which is termed forming, rather than rolling.

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answers: The friction at the interface between the material and the rolls

answers: NDQ_018732

answers: The material is fed in between two rollers, called working rolls, that rotate in opposite directions

answers: NDQ_018733

answers: The gap between the two rolls is less than the thickness of the starting material

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: The gap between the two rolls

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: at the interface between the material and the rolls

text: Stiction is the static friction that needs to be overcome to enable relative motion of stationary objects in contact. The term is a portmanteau of the term "static friction", perhaps also influenced by the verb "stick".

text: Stiction is the static friction that needs to be overcome to enable relative motion of stationary objects in contact. The term is a

text: portmanteau

text: of the term "static

text: friction

text: ", perhaps also influenced by the verb "

text: stick

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answers: static

answers: NDQ_018732

answers: Stiction

answers: NDQ_018733

answers: Stiction

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: relative motion

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: static

text: An external collet is a sleeve with a (normally) cylindrical inner surface and a conical outer surface. The collet can be squeezed against a matching taper such that its inner surface contracts to a slightly smaller diameter, squeezing the tool or workpiece whose secure holding is desired. Most often this is achieved with a spring collet, made of spring steel, with one or more kerf cuts along its length to allow it to expand and contract. An alternative collet design is one that has several tapered steel blocks (essentially tapered gauge blocks) held in circular position (like the points of a star, or indeed the jaws of a jawed chuck) by a flexible binding medium (typically synthetic or natural rubber). The Jacobs Rubber-Flex brand is a name that most machinists would recognize for this type of collet chuck system. Regardless of the collet design, the operating principle is the same: squeeze the collet against the tool or workpiece to be held, resulting in high static friction. Under correct conditions, it holds quite securely.

text: An external collet is a sleeve with a (normally)

text: cylindrical

text: inner surface and a

text: conical

text: outer surface. The collet can be squeezed against a matching taper such that its inner surface contracts to a slightly smaller diameter, squeezing the tool or workpiece whose secure holding is desired. Most often this is achieved with a spring collet, made of

text: spring steel

text: , with one or more

text: kerf

text: cuts along its length to allow it to expand and contract. An alternative collet design is one that has several tapered steel blocks (essentially tapered

text: gauge block

text: s) held in circular position (like the points of a

text: star

text: , or indeed the jaws of a jawed chuck) by a flexible binding medium (typically

text: synthetic

text: or

text: natural

text: rubber). The Jacobs Rubber-Flex brand is a name that most machinists would recognize for this type of collet chuck system. Regardless of the collet design, the operating principle is the same: squeeze the collet against the tool or workpiece to be held, resulting in high

text: static friction

text: . Under correct conditions, it holds quite securely.

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answers: NDQ_018732

answers: high static friction

answers: NDQ_018733

answers: sliding friction

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: static friction

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: static

text: The uneven surface of the Ecopode improves interlocking by friction, thereby increasing hydraulic stability.

text: The uneven surface of the Ecopode improves interlocking by friction, thereby increasing hydraulic stability.

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text: Miniature figure games have their origin in a German chess variant called 'The King's Game', created in 1780 by Helwig, Master of Pages to the Duke of Brunswick. It had a board with 1,666 squares of varying types of terrain, with pieces representing modern military units. In the early 19th century, the Prussian army developed war games or 'kriegspieler', with staff officers moving pieces around on a game table, using dice rolls to indicate chance or "friction" and with an umpire scoring the results. After the stunning Prussian victories against Austria and France in the 19th century, the Austrians, French, British, Italians, Japanese and Russians all began to make use of wargaming as a training tool. By 1889 wargaming was firmly embedded in the culture of the U.S. Navy.

text: Miniature figure

text: games have their origin in a German chess variant called 'The King's Game', created in 1780 by Helwig, Master of Pages to the Duke of Brunswick. It had a board with 1,666 squares of varying types of terrain, with pieces representing modern military units. In the early 19th century, the

text: Prussian

text: army developed war games or 'kriegspieler', with staff officers moving pieces around on a game table, using dice rolls to indicate chance or "friction" and with an umpire scoring the results. After the stunning Prussian

text: victories against Austria

text: and France

text: in the 19th century, the

text: Austria

text: ns,

text: French

text: British

text: Italians

text: Japanese

text: and

text: Russia

text: ns all began to make use of wargaming as a training tool. By 1889 wargaming was firmly embedded in the culture of the U.S. Navy.

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text: Pressure differences occur outside the boundary layer of swimming organisms due to disrupted flow around the body.  The difference on the up- and down-stream surfaces of the body is pressure drag, which creates a downstream force on the object.  Frictional drag, on the other hand, is a result of fluid viscosity in the boundary layer.  Higher turbulence causes greater frictional drag.

text: Pressure differences occur outside the boundary layer of swimming organisms due to disrupted flow around the body.  The difference on the up- and down-stream surfaces of the body is pressure

text: drag

text: , which creates a downstream force on the object.  Frictional drag, on the other hand, is a result of fluid viscosity in the

text: boundary layer

text: .  Higher

text: turbulence

text: causes greater frictional drag.

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text: The component of the GRF parallel to the surface is the frictional force. When slippage occurs the ratio of the magnitude of the frictional force to the normal force yields the coefficient of static friction.

text: The component of the GRF parallel to the surface is the frictional force. When slippage occurs the ratio of the magnitude of the frictional force to the normal force yields the coefficient of static friction.

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text: Heart Mountain in Wyoming, United States, has been extensively studied, because Ordovician age carbonates (Madison Limestone), sit on top of a much younger (~50Ma) sedimentary formation (Willwood Formation). It is now largely accepted that this juxtaposition of old rocks on top of young is the result of gravity spreading and gliding. Field observations, such as slight internal deformations of the older formation, indicate the gravity gliding and spreading of the Madison Limestones. The specific details of the gravity spreading event are unclear, but it is thought that it was induced by the Laramide Orogeny, approximately 50 Ma. This caused the Madison Limestones to slide into the nearby Bighorn Basin, where it came to rest on top of the Willwood Formation. The cause for block motion is debated, with numerous models to explain how such a large block could have moved tens of kilometers down a slope which was less than 2° steep. Models have ranged from lubrication by hydrothermal circulation, movement initiation from volcanogenic seismicity, to frictional heating dissociating CO from the carbonates, resulting in dramatically reduced friction. The last of these theories is among the most recent, and by far the most spectacular. The authors envisage initially slow sliding, likely as the result of a volcanic eruption, until frictional heating of the carbonate rocks creates a supercritical CO layer, decreasing the friction tremendously. From this point, the sliding would occur rapidly, perhaps as high as 150 km/h.

text: Heart Mountain

text: in Wyoming, United States, has been extensively studied, because Ordovician age carbonates (

text: Madison Limestone

text: ), sit on top of a much younger (~50Ma) sedimentary formation (

text: Willwood Formation

text: ). It is now largely accepted that this juxtaposition of old rocks on top of young is the result of gravity spreading and gliding. Field observations, such as slight internal deformations of the older formation, indicate the gravity gliding and spreading of the Madison Limestones. The specific details of the gravity spreading event are unclear, but it is thought that it was induced by the

text: Laramide Orogeny

text: , approximately 50 Ma. This caused the Madison Limestones to slide into the nearby

text: Bighorn Basin

text: , where it came to rest on top of the Willwood Formation. The cause for block motion is debated, with numerous models to explain how such a large block could have moved tens of kilometers down a slope which was less than 2° steep. Models have ranged from lubrication by hydrothermal circulation, movement initiation from volcanogenic seismicity, to frictional heating dissociating CO from the carbonates, resulting in dramatically reduced friction. The last of these theories is among the most recent, and by far the most spectacular. The authors envisage initially slow sliding, likely as the result of a volcanic eruption, until frictional heating of the carbonate rocks creates a supercritical CO layer, decreasing the friction tremendously. From this point, the sliding would occur rapidly, perhaps as high as 150 km/h.

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answers: The cause for block motion is debated

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answers: sliding friction

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: gravity

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text: See also Tire friction and rolling resistance coefficients

text: See also Tire friction and rolling resistance coefficients

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answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracies.

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answers: Tire friction

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answers: NDQ_018733

answers: rolling resistance coefficients

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: rolling resistance

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: rolling resistance

text: The relative motion or tendency toward such motion between two surfaces is resisted by friction. Friction may damage or 'wear' the surfaces in contact. However, wear can be reduced by lubrication. The science and technology of friction, lubrication, and wear is known as tribology

text: The relative motion or tendency toward such motion between two surfaces is resisted by

text: friction

text: . Friction may damage or '

text: wear

text: ' the surfaces in contact. However, wear can be reduced by

text: lubrication

text: . The science and technology of friction, lubrication, and wear is known as

text: tribology

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text: One of the earliest and best-known rolling-element bearings are sets of logs laid on the ground with a large stone block on top.  As the stone is pulled, the logs roll along the ground with little sliding friction.  As each log comes out the back, it is moved to the front where the block then rolls on to it.  It is possible to imitate such a bearing by placing several pens or pencils on a table and placing an item on top of them.  See "bearings" for more on the historical development of bearings.

text: One of the earliest and best-known rolling-element bearings are sets of logs laid on the ground with a large stone block on top.  As the stone is pulled, the logs roll along the ground with little sliding friction.  As each log comes out the back, it is moved to the front where the block then rolls on to it.  It is possible to imitate such a bearing by placing several pens or pencils on a table and placing an item on top of them.  See "

text: bearing

text: s" for more on the historical development of bearings.

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answers: sliding friction

text: defines a maximum magnitude for the friction force required to counter the tangential component of any external sum force applied on a relatively static body, such that it remains static. Thus, if the external force is large enough, static friction is unable to fully counter this force, at which point the body gains velocity and becomes subject to dynamic friction of magnitude

text: defines a maximum magnitude for the friction force required to counter the tangential component of any external sum force applied on a relatively static body, such that it remains static. Thus, if the external force is large enough, static friction is unable to fully counter this force, at which point the body gains velocity and becomes subject to dynamic friction of magnitude

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answers: static

text: One early form of blind rivet that was the first to be widely used for aircraft construction and repair was the Cherry friction-lock rivet. Originally, Cherry friction-locks were available in two styles, hollow shank pull-through and self-plugging types. The pull-through type is no longer common; however, the self-plugging Cherry friction-lock rivet is still used for repairing light aircraft.

text: One early form of blind rivet that was the first to be widely used for aircraft construction and repair was the Cherry friction-lock rivet. Originally, Cherry friction-locks were available in two styles, hollow shank pull-through and self-plugging types. The pull-through type is no longer common; however, the self-plugging Cherry friction-lock rivet is still used for repairing light aircraft.

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answers: friction

text: In the absence of external forces, viscous friction within the fluid tends to organize the flow into a collection of irrotational vortices, possibly superimposed to larger-scale flows, including larger-scale vortices. Once formed, vortices can move, stretch, twist, and interact in complex ways.  A moving vortex carries with it some angular and linear momentum, energy, and mass.

text: In the absence of external forces,

text: viscous friction

text: within the fluid tends to organize the flow into a collection of irrotational vortices, possibly superimposed to larger-scale flows, including larger-scale vortices. Once formed, vortices can move, stretch, twist, and interact in complex ways.  A moving vortex carries with it some angular and linear momentum, energy, and mass.

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text: The original Dexron fluid, like its predecessor Type-A/Suffix-A, used sperm whale oil as a friction modifier. The U.S. Endangered Species Act banned the import of sperm whale oil, so the fluid had to be reformulated.

text: The original Dexron fluid, like its predecessor Type-A/Suffix-A, used

text: sperm whale oil

text: as a

text: friction modifier

text: . The

text: U.S.

text: Endangered Species Act

text: banned the import of sperm whale oil, so the fluid had to be reformulated.

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text: Another theme of Galí's research is how central banks should set interest rates. In some of the simplest New Keynesian macroeconomic models, stabilizing the inflation rate stabilizes the output gap too. If this property were roughly true in reality, it would permit central bankers to pursue a simplified Taylor rule focused only on inflation stabilization, with no need to consider output growth. Jordi Galí and Olivier Blanchard have called this property the 'divine coincidence', and have argued that in more realistic models which include additional frictions, it no longer holds. Instead, models with additional frictions (such as frictional unemployment) imply a tradeoff between stabilizing inflation and stabilizing the output gap.

text: Another theme of Galí's research is how central banks should set interest rates. In some of the simplest

text: New Keynesian

text: macroeconomic models, stabilizing the

text: inflation rate

text: stabilizes the

text: output gap

text: too. If this property were roughly true in reality, it would permit central bankers to pursue a simplified

text: Taylor rule

text: focused only on inflation stabilization, with no need to consider output growth. Jordi Galí and

text: Olivier Blanchard

text: have called this property the '

text: divine coincidence

text: ', and have argued that in more realistic models which include additional frictions, it no longer holds. Instead, models with additional frictions (such as

text: frictional unemployment

text: ) imply a tradeoff between stabilizing inflation and stabilizing the output gap.

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text: The rate of relaxation of density fluctuations will be rapid if the restoring force, which depends upon the network elasticity, is large—and if the friction between the network and the interstitial fluid is small. The theory suggests that the rate is directly proportional to the elasticity and inversely proportional to the frictional force. The friction in turn depends upon both the viscosity of the fluid and the average size of the pores contained within the polymer network.

text: The rate of

text: relaxation

text: of density fluctuations will be rapid if the restoring force, which depends upon the network elasticity, is large—and if the friction between the network and the interstitial fluid is small. The theory suggests that the rate is directly proportional to the elasticity and inversely proportional to the frictional force. The friction in turn depends upon both the viscosity of the fluid and the average size of the pores contained within the polymer network.

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text: Driving an avalanche is the component of the avalanche's weight parallel to the slope; as the avalanche progresses any unstable snow in its path will tend to become incorporated, so increasing the overall weight. This force will increase as the steepness of the slope increases, and diminish as the slope flattens. Resisting this are a number of components that are thought to interact with each other: the friction between the avalanche and the surface beneath; friction between the air and snow within the fluid; fluid-dynamic drag at the leading edge of the avalanche; shear resistance between the avalanche and the air through which it is passing, and shear resistance between the fragments within the avalanche itself. An avalanche will continue to accelerate until the resistance exceeds the forward force.

text: Driving an avalanche is the component of the avalanche's weight parallel to the slope; as the avalanche progresses any unstable snow in its path will tend to become incorporated, so increasing the overall weight. This force will increase as the steepness of the slope increases, and diminish as the slope flattens. Resisting this are a number of components that are thought to interact with each other: the friction between the avalanche and the surface beneath; friction between the air and snow within the fluid; fluid-dynamic drag at the leading edge of the avalanche; shear resistance between the avalanche and the air through which it is passing, and shear resistance between the fragments within the avalanche itself. An avalanche will continue to accelerate until the resistance exceeds the forward force.

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text: The most common vehicle uses of master cylinders are in brake and clutch systems. In brake systems, the operated devices are cylinders inside of brake calipers and/or drum brakes; these cylinders may be called wheel cylinders or slave cylinders, and they push the brake pads towards a surface that rotates with the wheel (this surface is typically either a drum, or a disc, a.k.a. a rotor) until the stationary brake pad(s) create friction against that rotating surface (typically the rotating surface is metal or ceramic/carbon, for their ability to withstand heat and friction without wearing-down rapidly). In the clutch system, the device which the master cylinder operates is called the slave cylinder; it moves the throw out bearing until the high-friction material on the transmission's clutch disengages from the engine's metal (or ceramic/carbon) flywheel. For hydraulic brakes or clutches alike, flexible high-pressure hoses or inflexible hard-walled metal tubing may be used; but the flexible variety of tubing is needed for at least a short length adjacent to each wheel, whenever the wheel can move relative to the car's chassis (this is the case on any car with steering and other suspension movements; some drag racers and go-karts have no rear suspension, as the rear axle is welded to the chassis, and some antique cars also have no rear suspension movement).

text: The most common

text: vehicle

text: uses of master cylinders are in

text: brake

text: and

text: clutch

text: systems. In brake systems, the operated devices are cylinders inside of

text: brake caliper

text: s and/or

text: drum brakes

text: ; these cylinders may be called

text: wheel cylinder

text: s or slave cylinders, and they push the

text: brake pad

text: s towards a surface that rotates with the wheel (this surface is typically either a drum, or a disc, a.k.a. a rotor) until the stationary brake pad(s) create friction against that rotating surface (typically the rotating surface is metal or ceramic/carbon, for their ability to withstand heat and friction without wearing-down rapidly). In the

text: clutch system

text: , the device which the master cylinder operates is called the slave cylinder; it moves the

text: throw out bearing

text: until the high-friction material on the transmission's clutch disengages from the engine's metal (or ceramic/carbon)

text: flywheel

text: . For hydraulic brakes or clutches alike, flexible high-pressure hoses or inflexible hard-walled metal tubing may be used; but the flexible variety of tubing is needed for at least a short length adjacent to each wheel, whenever the wheel can move relative to the car's

text: chassis

text: (this is the case on any car with steering and other suspension movements; some drag racers and go-karts have no rear suspension, as the rear axle is welded to the chassis, and some antique cars also have no rear suspension movement).

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text: A more sophisticated approach is the non-smooth approach, which uses set-valued force laws to model mechanical systems with unilateral contacts and friction. Consider again the block which slides or sticks on the table. The associated set-valued friction law of type Sgn is depicted in figure 3. Regarding the sliding case, the friction force is given. Regarding the sticking case, the friction force is set-valued and determined according to an additional algebraic constraint.

text: A more sophisticated approach is the non-smooth approach, which uses set-valued force laws to model mechanical systems with unilateral contacts and friction. Consider again the block which slides or sticks on the table. The associated set-valued friction law of type Sgn is depicted in figure 3. Regarding the sliding case, the friction force is given. Regarding the sticking case, the friction force is set-valued and determined according to an additional algebraic

text: constraint

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text: We allow there to be sliding friction between the block and the inclined plane.  We parameterize this force by a standard coefficient of friction multiplied by the normal force

text: We allow there to be sliding friction between the block and the inclined plane.  We parameterize this force by a standard coefficient of friction multiplied by the normal force

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text: A road switcher is a type of railroad locomotive which was originally employed for delivering or picking up railcars outside of a railroad yard. Both type and term are North American in origin, although similar types have been used elsewhere. Since the road switcher must work some distance away from a yard, it must be able to operate at road speeds, it must also have high-visibility while it is switching, and it must have the ability to run in both directions. Additionally, a road switcher must have the power rating and cooling capacity of a traditional road engine, and a road switcher must have high-speed (i.e., road) trucks, not low-speed (i.e., switcher) trucks. Modern road trucks are always equipped with (frictionless) roller bearings; switcher trucks were almost always equipped with (friction) plain bearings, until such bearings were outlawed in interchange service on railcars and locomotives.

text: A road switcher is a type of

text: railroad

text: locomotive

text: which was originally employed for delivering or picking up

text: railcars

text: outside of a railroad yard. Both type and term are

text: North American

text: in origin, although similar types have been used elsewhere. Since the road switcher must work some distance away from a yard, it must be able to operate at road speeds, it must also have high-visibility while it is switching, and it must have the ability to run in both directions. Additionally, a road switcher must have the power rating and cooling capacity of a traditional road engine, and a road switcher must have high-speed (i.e., road) trucks, not low-speed (i.e., switcher) trucks. Modern road trucks are always equipped with (frictionless)

text: roller bearing

text: s; switcher trucks were almost always equipped with (friction)

text: plain bearing

text: s, until such bearings were outlawed in interchange service on railcars and locomotives.

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text: The Coulomb friction model effectively defines a friction cone within which the tangential component of a force exerted by one body on the surface of another in static contact, is countered by an equal and opposite force such that the static configuration is maintained. Conversely, if the force falls outside the cone, static friction gives way to dynamic friction.

text: The Coulomb friction model effectively defines a

text: friction cone

text: within which the tangential component of a force exerted by one body on the surface of another in static contact, is countered by an equal and opposite force such that the static configuration is maintained. Conversely, if the force falls outside the cone, static friction gives way to dynamic friction.

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text: Friction is the main reason this action is effective. If a car is moving across a surface in any direction other than the direction it's pointed, it is skidding (or sliding), and a sideways load is being imposed against the tires. This causes a lot of friction, even if the tires are allowed to rotate freely. By turning the front wheels into the direction of the skid, the front wheels will become aligned with the direction of travel. The side load will no longer be imposed against the front tires, and they will then roll freely to match the speed of the vehicle. This reduces the friction between the front tires and the surface. But the rear tires will still be sliding sideways, and the greater friction that exists will cause the back end to trail directly behind the front end, similar to a badminton birdie in flight, thus the car straightens out. As the car straightens, the front wheels must be kept aligned with the direction of travel to keep the friction of the front tires at or below the friction of the rear tires, or a skid in the opposite direction will quickly develop. The key is to keep the front wheels aligned with the direction the vehicle is moving-not the direction it is pointed.

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text: In typical mechanical systems, some type of bearing and/or lubricant must be used to reduce friction at the interface between two components. Reducing friction is vital for minimizing wear on components and preventing overheating. As the relative speed of the components rises, and as the contact force between them increases, the importance of friction mitigation increases as well. In biological joints such as the human knee, friction is reduced by means of cartilage with a very low friction coefficient, as well as lubricating synovial fluid, which has very low viscosity. Gerhard Scholtz, professor at the ''Institut für Biologie Vergleichende Zoologie'' ("Institute for Biology and Comparative Zoology") at Humboldt University of Berlin, asserts that a similar secreted lubricant or dead cellular material could allow a biological wheel to rotate freely.

text: In typical mechanical systems, some type of

text: bearing

text: and/or

text: lubricant

text: must be used to reduce friction at the interface between two components. Reducing friction is vital for minimizing

text: wear

text: on components and preventing overheating. As the relative speed of the components rises, and as the contact force between them increases, the importance of friction mitigation increases as well. In biological joints such as the human

text: knee

text: , friction is reduced by means of

text: cartilage

text: with a very low

text: friction coefficient

text: , as well as lubricating

text: synovial fluid

text: , which has very low

text: viscosity

text: . Gerhard Scholtz, professor at the ''Institut für Biologie Vergleichende Zoologie'' ("Institute for Biology and Comparative Zoology") at

text: Humboldt University of Berlin

text: , asserts that a similar

text: secreted

text: lubricant or dead cellular material could allow a biological wheel to rotate freely.

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text: As with moving through any fluid, friction is created when molecules of the fluid collide with organism. The collision causes drag against moving fish, which is why many fish are streamlined in shape. Streamlined shapes work to reduce drag by orienting elongated objects parallel to the force of drag, therefore allowing the current to pass over and taper off the end of the fish. This streamlined shape allows for more efficient use of energy locomotion. Some flat-shaped fish can take advantage of pressure drag by having a flat bottom surface and curved top surface. The pressure drag created allows for the upward lift of the fish.

text: As with moving through any fluid, friction is created when molecules of the fluid collide with organism. The collision causes drag against moving fish, which is why many fish are streamlined in shape. Streamlined shapes work to reduce drag by orienting elongated objects parallel to the force of drag, therefore allowing the current to pass over and taper off the end of the fish. This streamlined shape allows for more efficient use of energy locomotion. Some flat-shaped fish can take advantage of pressure drag by having a flat bottom surface and curved top surface. The pressure drag created allows for the upward lift of the fish.

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text: The work done by friction can translate into deformation, wear, and heat that can affect the contact surface properties (even the coefficient of friction between the surfaces). This can be beneficial as in polishing. The work of friction is used to mix and join materials such as in the process of friction welding. Excessive erosion or wear of mating sliding surfaces occurs when work due to frictional forces rise to unacceptable levels. Harder corrosion particles caught between mating surfaces in relative motion (fretting) exacerbates wear of frictional forces. Bearing seizure or failure may result from excessive wear due to work of friction. As surfaces are worn by work due to friction, fit and surface finish of an object may degrade until it no longer functions properly.

text: The work done by friction can translate into deformation, wear, and heat that can affect the contact surface properties (even the coefficient of friction between the surfaces). This can be beneficial as in

text: polishing

text: . The work of friction is used to mix and join materials such as in the process of

text: friction welding

text: . Excessive erosion or wear of mating sliding surfaces occurs when work due to frictional forces rise to unacceptable levels.

text: Harder

text: corrosion particles caught between mating surfaces in relative motion (

text: fretting

text: ) exacerbates wear of frictional forces. Bearing seizure or failure may result from excessive wear due to work of friction. As surfaces are worn by work due to friction,

text: fit

text: and

text: surface finish

text: of an object may degrade until it no longer functions properly.

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answers: This can be beneficial as in polishing

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answers: coefficient of friction

text: This can be applied to static friction (friction preventing two stationary objects from slipping on their own), kinetic friction (friction between two objects scraping/sliding past each other), or rolling (frictional force which prevents slipping but causes a torque to exert on a round object). Surprisingly, the friction force does not depend on the surface area of common contact.

text: This can be applied to static friction (friction preventing two stationary objects from slipping on their own), kinetic friction (friction between two objects scraping/sliding past each other), or rolling (frictional force which prevents slipping but causes a torque to exert on a round object). Surprisingly, the friction force does not depend on the surface area of common contact.

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answers: kinetic friction

text: The difference of friction coefficients of different particles in a mix results in different discharge trajectories as the mix slides down a chute. Particles with high friction coefficients show lower discharge angles the end close to the chute, while the trajectory of particles with low friction coefficients deviate further away from the chute.

text: The difference of friction coefficients of different particles in a mix results in different discharge trajectories as the mix slides down a chute. Particles with high friction coefficients show lower discharge angles the end close to the chute, while the trajectory of particles with low friction coefficients deviate further away from the chute.

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answers: high friction coefficients

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answers: Friction coefficients

answers: NDQ_018733

answers: sliding friction

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: particles

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: high friction coefficients

text: The classic rules of sliding friction in machines were discovered by Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519), but remained unpublished in his notebooks.  They were rediscovered by Guillaume Amontons (1699) and were further developed by Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (1785).

text: The classic rules of sliding

text: friction

text: in machines were discovered by

text: Leonardo da Vinci

text: (1452–1519), but remained unpublished in his notebooks.  They were rediscovered by

text: Guillaume Amontons

text: (1699) and were further developed by

text: Charles-Augustin de Coulomb

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text: In typical engineering applications, there will be a set of given or known quantities. The acceleration of gravity  and the kinematic viscosity of the fluid  are known, as are the diameter of the pipe  and its roughness height . If as well the head loss per unit length  is a known quantity, then the friction factor  can be calculated directly from the chosen fitting function. Solving the Darcy–Weisbach equation for ,

text: In typical engineering applications, there will be a set of given or known quantities. The acceleration of gravity  and the kinematic viscosity of the fluid  are known, as are the diameter of the pipe  and its roughness height . If as well the head loss per unit length  is a known quantity, then the friction factor  can be calculated directly from the chosen fitting function. Solving the Darcy–Weisbach equation for ,

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answers: NDQ_018738

answers: friction factor

text: If we assume an idealized spring and idealized, kinetic frictional forces, proportional to the normal force and directed oppositely to the velocity, there is another example of discontinuous acceleration. Let a mass, connected to an ideal spring, oscillate on a flat, idealized surface with friction. Each time the velocity changes sign (at the maxima of displacement), the magnitude of the force on the mass, which is the vectorial sum of the spring force and the kinetic frictional force, changes by twice the magnitude of the frictional force, since the spring force is continuous and the frictional force reverses its direction when the velocity does. Therefore the acceleration jumps by this amount divided by the mass. That is, the mass experiences a discontinuous acceleration and the jerk contains a Dirac delta, each time the mass passes through the (decreasing) maximal displacements, until it comes to a halt, because the static friction force adapts to the residual spring force, establishing equilibrium with zero net force and zero velocity.

text: If we assume an idealized

text: spring

text: and idealized,

text: kinetic frictional forces

text: , proportional to the

text: normal force

text: and directed oppositely to the velocity, there is another example of discontinuous acceleration. Let a mass, connected to an ideal spring, oscillate on a flat, idealized surface with friction. Each time the velocity changes sign (at the maxima of

text: displacement

text: ), the magnitude of the force on the mass, which is the vectorial sum of the spring force and the kinetic frictional force, changes by twice the magnitude of the frictional force, since the spring force is continuous and the frictional force reverses its direction when the velocity does. Therefore the acceleration jumps by this amount divided by the mass. That is, the mass experiences a discontinuous acceleration and the jerk contains a Dirac delta, each time the mass passes through the (decreasing) maximal displacements, until it comes to a halt, because the static friction force adapts to the residual spring force, establishing equilibrium with zero net force and zero velocity.

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answers: kinetic

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answers: NDQ_018738

answers: static

text: The purpose of a ball bearing is to reduce rotational friction and support radial and axial loads. It achieves this by using at least two races to contain the balls and transmit the loads through the balls. In most applications, one race is stationary and the other is attached to the rotating assembly (e.g., a hub or shaft). As one of the bearing races rotates it causes the balls to rotate as well. Because the balls are rolling they have a much lower coefficient of friction than if two flat surfaces were sliding against each other.

text: The purpose of a ball bearing is to reduce rotational friction and support

text: radial

text: and

text: axial

text: loads. It achieves this by using at least two races to contain the balls and transmit the loads through the balls. In most applications, one race is stationary and the other is attached to the rotating assembly (e.g., a hub or shaft). As one of the bearing races rotates it causes the balls to rotate as well. Because the balls are rolling they have a much lower

text: coefficient of friction

text: than if two flat surfaces were sliding against each other.

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answers: rotational

answers: NDQ_018732

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_018733

answers: sliding friction is stronger than static friction

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: coefficient of friction

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: rotational

text: A person's own skin (or the skin of another person) may be sufficient to act as an abrasive surface to cause friction burn. More commonly, friction with abrasive surfaces, including clothing, carpet, or rope, can lead to a friction burn. Common places at which skin-to-skin chafing can occur are between the thighs and under the armpits. Friction burns are very common with clothing such as trousers on the knees caused by playing sport or sliding on wooden surfaces.

text: A person's own skin (or the skin of another person) may be sufficient to act as an abrasive surface to cause friction burn. More commonly, friction with abrasive surfaces, including clothing, carpet, or rope, can lead to a friction burn. Common places at which skin-to-skin chafing can occur are between the thighs and under the armpits. Friction burns are very common with clothing such as trousers on the knees caused by playing sport or sliding on wooden surfaces.

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answers: friction

text: In the early 1700s, Francis Hauksbee and French chemist Charles François de Fay independently discovered what they believed were two kinds of frictional electricity—one generated from rubbing glass, the other from rubbing resin. From this, Du Fay theorized that electricity consists of two electrical fluids, vitreous and resinous, that are separated by friction, and that neutralize each other when combined. American scientist Ebenezer Kinnersley later also independently reached the same conclusion. A decade later Benjamin Franklin proposed that electricity was not from different types of electrical fluid, but a single electrical fluid showing an excess (+) or deficit (-). He gave them the modern charge nomenclature of positive and negative respectively. Franklin thought of the charge carrier as being positive, but he did not correctly identify which situation was a surplus of the charge carrier, and which situation was a deficit.

text: In the early 1700s,

text: Francis Hauksbee

text: and French chemist

text: Charles François de Fay

text: independently discovered what they believed were two kinds of frictional electricity—one generated from rubbing glass, the other from rubbing resin. From this, Du Fay theorized that electricity consists of two

text: electrical fluids

text: , vitreous and resinous, that are separated by friction, and that neutralize each other when combined. American scientist

text: Ebenezer Kinnersley

text: later also independently reached the same conclusion. A decade later

text: Benjamin Franklin

text: proposed that electricity was not from different types of electrical fluid, but a single electrical fluid showing an excess (+) or deficit (-). He gave them the modern

text: charge

text: nomenclature of positive and negative respectively. Franklin thought of the charge carrier as being positive, but he did not correctly identify which situation was a surplus of the charge carrier, and which situation was a deficit.

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answers: vitreous and resinous

answers: NDQ_018732

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answers: NDQ_018733

answers: sliding friction

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: charge carrier

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: frictional

text: In fluid dynamics, wind wave modeling describes the effort to depict the sea state and predict the evolution of the energy of wind waves using numerical techniques. These simulations consider atmospheric wind forcing, nonlinear wave interactions, and frictional dissipation, and they output statistics describing wave heights, periods, and propagation directions for regional seas or global oceans.  Such wave hindcasts and wave forecasts are extremely important for commercial interests on the high seas. For example, the shipping industry requires guidance for operational planning and tactical seakeeping purposes.

text: In

text: fluid dynamics

text: , wind wave modeling describes the effort to depict the

text: sea state

text: and predict the evolution of the

text: energy

text: of wind waves using

text: numerical techniques

text: . These simulations consider atmospheric wind forcing, nonlinear wave interactions, and frictional dissipation, and they output

text: statistic

text: s describing

text: wave height

text: s,

text: period

text: s, and propagation directions for regional seas or global oceans.  Such wave

text: hindcast

text: s and wave

text: forecast

text: s are extremely important for commercial interests on the high seas. For example, the

text: shipping industry

text: requires guidance for operational planning and tactical

text: seakeeping

text: purposes.

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answers: NDQ_018732

answers: Friction

answers: NDQ_018733

answers: frictional dissipation

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: atmospheric wind forcing

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: frictional

text: On several occasions during the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike, talk show host Conan O'Brien would spin his wedding ring on his desk, trying to spin the ring for as long as possible.  The quest to achieve longer and longer spin times led him to invite MIT professor Peter Fisher onto the show to experiment with the problem.  Spinning the ring in a vacuum had no identifiable effect, while a Teflon spinning support surface gave a record time of 51 seconds, corroborating the claim that rolling friction is the primary mechanism for kinetic energy dissipation.

text: On several occasions during the

text: 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike

text: , talk show host

text: Conan O'Brien

text: would spin his

text: wedding ring

text: on his desk, trying to spin the ring for as long as possible.  The quest to achieve longer and longer spin times led him to invite

text: MIT

text: professor Peter Fisher onto the show to experiment with the problem.  Spinning the ring in a vacuum had no identifiable effect, while a

text: Teflon

text: spinning support surface gave a record time of 51 seconds, corroborating the claim that rolling friction is the primary mechanism for kinetic energy dissipation.

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text: φ = the effective stress friction angle, or the 'angle of internal friction' after Coulomb friction. The coefficient of friction

text: φ = the effective stress friction angle, or the 'angle of internal friction' after

text: Coulomb

text: friction

text: . The

text: coefficient of friction

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text: The hydraulic friction losses can be described in analogy to Joule's law in electricity (see [[Joule's first law|Joule's law#Hydraulic equivalent]]), where the friction losses are proportional to the square value of the current (flow) and the electrical resistance of the material through which the current occurs. In groundwater hydraulics (fluid dynamics, hydrodynamics) one often works with hydraulic conductivity (i.e. permeability of the soil for water), which is inversely proportional to the hydraulic resistance.

text: The hydraulic friction losses can be described in analogy to Joule's law in electricity (see [[Joule's first law|Joule's law#Hydraulic equivalent]]), where the friction losses are proportional to the square value of the current (flow) and the

text: electrical resistance

text: of the material through which the current occurs. In groundwater hydraulics (

text: fluid dynamics

text: hydrodynamics

text: ) one often works with

text: hydraulic conductivity

text: (i.e.

text: permeability

text: of the soil for water), which is inversely proportional to the hydraulic resistance.

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answers: hydraulic

text: The Greeks, including Aristotle, Vitruvius, and Pliny the Elder, were interested in the cause and mitigation of friction. They were aware of differences between static and kinetic friction with Themistius stating in 350  that "it is easier to further the motion of a moving body than to move a body at rest".

text: The Greeks, including

text: Aristotle

text: Vitruvius

text: , and

text: Pliny the Elder

text: , were interested in the cause and mitigation of friction. They were aware of differences between static and kinetic friction with

text: Themistius

text: stating in 350  that "it is easier to further the motion of a moving body than to move a body at rest".

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answers: NDQ_018738

answers: static

text: In real two-phase (debris) mass flows there exists a strong coupling between the solid and the fluid momentum transfer, where the solid's normal stress is reduced by buoyancy, which in turn diminishes the frictional resistance, enhances the pressure gradient, and reduces the drag on the solid component. Buoyancy is an important aspect of two-phase debris flow, because it enhances flow mobility (longer travel distances) by reducing the frictional resistance in the mixture. Buoyancy is present as long as there is fluid in the mixture. It reduces the solid normal stress, solid lateral normal stresses, and the basal shear stress (thus, frictional resistance) by a factor (

text: In real two-phase (debris) mass flows there exists a strong coupling between the

text: solid

text: and the

text: fluid

text: momentum transfer

text: , where the solid's normal

text: stress

text: is reduced by

text: buoyancy

text: , which in turn diminishes the

text: friction

text: al resistance, enhances the

text: pressure gradient

text: , and reduces the

text: drag

text: on the solid component. Buoyancy is an important aspect of two-phase debris flow, because it enhances flow mobility (longer travel distances) by reducing the frictional resistance in the

text: mixture

text: . Buoyancy is present as long as there is fluid in the mixture. It reduces the solid normal stress, solid lateral normal stresses, and the basal

text: shear stress

text: (thus, frictional resistance) by a factor (

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text: Rolling friction generates sound (vibrational) energy, as mechanical energy is converted to this form of energy due to the friction. One of the most common examples of rolling friction is the movement of motor vehicle tires on a roadway, a process which generates sound as a by-product. The sound generated by automobile and truck tires as they roll (especially noticeable at highway speeds) is mostly due to the percussion of the tire treads, and compression (and subsequent decompression) of air temporarily captured within the treads.

text: Rolling friction generates sound (vibrational) energy, as mechanical energy is converted to this form of energy due to the friction. One of the most common examples of rolling friction is the movement of

text: motor vehicle

text: tires on a

text: roadway

text: , a process which generates

text: sound

text: as a by-product. The sound generated by automobile and truck tires as they roll (especially noticeable at highway speeds) is mostly due to the percussion of the tire treads, and compression (and subsequent decompression) of air temporarily captured within the treads.

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answers: Rolling friction

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answers: rolling friction

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: mechanical energy

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: Rolling

text: Fluid bearings are bearings in which the load is supported by a thin layer of rapidly moving pressurized liquid or gas between the bearing surfaces.  Since there is no contact between the moving parts, there is no sliding friction, allowing fluid bearings to have lower friction, wear and vibration than many other types of bearings.

text: Fluid bearings are

text: bearings

text: in which the load is supported by a thin layer of rapidly moving pressurized liquid or gas between the bearing surfaces.  Since there is no contact between the moving parts, there is no

text: sliding friction

text: , allowing fluid bearings to have lower friction, wear and vibration than many other types of bearings.

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answers: no sliding friction

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answers: wear and vibration

answers: NDQ_018732

answers: sliding friction

answers: NDQ_018733

answers: sliding friction

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: contact between the moving parts

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: sliding friction

text: Ski wax is a material applied to the bottom of snow runners, including skis, snowboards, and toboggans, to improve their coefficient of friction performance under varying snow conditions. The two main types of wax used on skis are glide waxes and grip waxes. They address kinetic friction—to be minimized with a glide wax—and static friction—to be achieved with a grip wax. Both types of wax are designed to be matched with the varying properties of snow, including crystal type and size, and moisture content of the snow surface, which vary with temperature and the temperature history of the snow. Glide wax is selected to minimize sliding friction for both alpine and cross-country skiing. Grip wax (also called "kick wax") provides on-snow traction for cross-country skiers, as they stride forward using classic technique.

text: Ski wax is a material applied to the bottom of snow runners, including

text: ski

text: s,

text: snowboard

text: s, and

text: toboggan

text: s, to improve their

text: coefficient of friction

text: performance under varying snow conditions. The two main types of wax used on skis are glide waxes and grip waxes. They address

text: kinetic friction

text: —to be minimized with a glide wax—and

text: static friction

text: —to be achieved with a grip wax. Both types of wax are designed to be matched with the varying properties of snow, including crystal type and size, and moisture content of the snow surface, which vary with temperature and the temperature history of the snow. Glide wax is selected to minimize sliding friction for both

text: alpine

text: and

text: cross-country

text: skiing. Grip wax (also called "kick wax") provides on-snow traction for cross-country skiers, as they stride forward using

text: classic technique

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text: Lubrication is the technique used to reduce friction between two surfaces in mutual contact. Generally, lubricants are fluids introduced between these surfaces in order to reduce friction.

text: Lubrication

text: is the technique used to reduce friction between two surfaces in mutual contact. Generally, lubricants are fluids introduced between these surfaces in order to reduce friction.

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text: Aircraft flying in weather will develop a static charge from air friction on the airframe. The static can be discharged with static dischargers or static wicks.

text: Aircraft flying in

text: weather

text: will develop a static charge from

text: air friction

text: on the airframe. The static can be discharged with

text: static dischargers

text: or static wicks.

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text: In 1999, with the successful own development of Calibre 2500, Omega made history by introducing the first mass-produced watch incorporating the coaxial escapement — invented by English watchmaker George Daniels.  Considered by many to be one of the more significant horological advances since the invention of the lever escapement, the coaxial escapement functions with virtually no lubrication, thereby eliminating one of the shortcomings of the traditional lever escapement.  Through using radial friction instead of sliding friction at the impulse surfaces the coaxial escapement significantly reduces friction, theoretically resulting in longer service intervals and greater accuracy over time.

text: In 1999, with the successful own development of

entity_section: The Omega coaxial based upon an ETA movement

text: Calibre 2500

text: , Omega made history by introducing the first mass-produced watch incorporating the

text: coaxial escapement

text: — invented by English watchmaker

text: George Daniels

text: .  Considered by many to be one of the more significant

text: horological

text: advances since the invention of the lever escapement, the coaxial escapement functions with virtually no lubrication, thereby eliminating one of the shortcomings of the traditional lever escapement.  Through using radial

text: friction

text: instead of sliding friction at the impulse surfaces the coaxial escapement significantly reduces friction, theoretically resulting in longer service intervals and greater accuracy over time.

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text: The main aspects of Contact mechanics and tribology are related to friction, wear and lubrication. When the two surfaces come in contact during motion i.e. rub against each other, friction, wear and lubrication effects are very important to analyze in order to determine the performance of the material. Biotribology is a study of friction, wear and lubrication of biological systems especially human joints such as hips and knees. For example, femoral and tibial components of knee implant routinely rub against each other during daily activity such as walking or stair climbing. If the performance of tibial component needs to be analyzed, the principles of biotribology are used to determine the wear performance of the implant and lubrication effects of synovial fluid. In addition, the theory of contact mechanics also becomes very important for wear analysis. Additional aspects of biotribology can also include analysis of subsurface damage resulting from two surfaces coming in contact during motion, i.e. rubbing against each other, such as in the evaluation of tissue engineered cartilage.

text: The main aspects of

text: Contact mechanics

text: and

text: tribology

text: are related to

text: friction

text: wear

text: and

text: lubrication

text: . When the two surfaces come in contact during motion i.e. rub against each other, friction, wear and

text: lubrication

text: effects are very important to analyze in order to determine the performance of the material.

text: Biotribology

text: is a study of friction, wear and

text: lubrication

text: of biological systems especially human joints such as hips and knees. For example, femoral and tibial components of knee implant routinely rub against each other during daily activity such as walking or stair climbing. If the performance of tibial component needs to be analyzed, the principles of biotribology are used to determine the wear performance of the implant and lubrication effects of synovial fluid. In addition, the theory of

text: contact mechanics

text: also becomes very important for wear analysis. Additional aspects of biotribology can also include analysis of subsurface damage resulting from two surfaces coming in contact during motion, i.e. rubbing against each other, such as in the evaluation of tissue engineered cartilage.

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text: Rolling velocity (with friction)

text: Rolling velocity (with friction)

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text: Botnica is classified by Det Norske Veritas with a class notation 1A1 ICE-10 Icebreaker SF HELDK RPS E0 DYNPOS-AUTRO DK(+) HL(1.8). Her ice class, ICE-10 Icebreaker, means that she is designed to break ice up to  thick without limitations to ramming. To improve the ship's maneuverability in ice her hull is wider at the bow than in the stern. These "reamers" increase the width of the ice channel and reduce friction between the hull and ice. In addition the hull has an explosion-welded stainless steel ice belt that reduces friction and protects the steel plates from abrasion at the waterline. The hull is coated with low-friction Inerta 160 epoxy paint.

text: Botnica is classified by

text: Det Norske Veritas

text: with a class notation 1A1 ICE-10 Icebreaker SF HELDK RPS E0 DYNPOS-AUTRO DK(+) HL(1.8). Her ice class, ICE-10 Icebreaker, means that she is designed to break ice up to  thick without limitations to ramming. To improve the ship's maneuverability in ice her hull is wider at the bow than in the stern. These "reamers" increase the width of the ice channel and reduce friction between the hull and ice. In addition the hull has an

text: explosion-welded

text: stainless steel ice belt that reduces friction and protects the steel plates from abrasion at the waterline. The hull is coated with low-friction

text: Inerta 160

text: epoxy paint.

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text: is the fluid density and B is the equivalent bulk modulus, f is the friction factor.

text: is the fluid density and B is the equivalent bulk modulus, f is the

text: friction factor

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text: Wheels have low bearing friction and pneumatic tyres give low rolling friction. Steel wheels on steel tracks are lower still.

text: Wheels have low bearing friction and pneumatic tyres give low rolling friction. Steel wheels on steel tracks are lower still.

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answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracies.

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text: Grain combine fires are responsible for millions of dollars of loss each year. Fires usually start near the engine where dust and dry crop debris accumulate. Fires can also start when heat is introduced by bearings or gearboxes that have failed. From 1984 to 2000, 695 major grain combine fires were reported to U.S. local fire departments. Dragging chains to reduce static electricity was one method employed for preventing harvester fires, but the role of static electricity linked to causing harvester fires is yet to be established. The application of the appropriate synthetic greases will reduce the friction experienced at crucial points, i.e. chains, sprockets and gear boxes compared to petroleum based lubricants. Engines with synthetic lubricants will also remain significantly cooler during operation.

text: Grain combine fires are responsible for millions of dollars of loss each year. Fires usually start near the engine where dust and dry crop debris accumulate. Fires can also start when heat is introduced by bearings or gearboxes that have failed. From 1984 to 2000, 695 major grain combine fires were reported to U.S.

text: local fire departments

text: . Dragging chains to reduce

text: static electricity

text: was one method employed for preventing harvester fires, but the role of static electricity linked to causing harvester fires is yet to be established. The application of the appropriate synthetic greases will reduce the friction experienced at crucial points, i.e. chains, sprockets and gear boxes compared to petroleum based lubricants. Engines with synthetic lubricants will also remain significantly cooler during operation.

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text: Friction has collaborated several times with British singer-songwriter and rapper Example. Since Friction's 2011 remix of his #1 hit single "Changed the Way You Kiss Me", Example has co-written songs for Friction ("Led Astray" and "Long Gone Memory") and Friction has co-produced an album track for Example ("Snakeskin"). Friction also collaborated with English electronic musician Skream in the 2013 song "Kingpin" (featuring UK grime MCs Scrufizzer, P Money and Riko Dan from Roll Deep).On 10 January 2012, BBC Radio 1's Zane Lowe made Friction's song "Led Astray" his Hottest Record in the World.

text: Friction has collaborated several times with

text: British

text: singer-songwriter and rapper

text: Example

text: . Since Friction's 2011 remix of his #1 hit single "

text: Changed the Way You Kiss Me

text: ", Example has co-written songs for Friction ("Led Astray" and "Long Gone Memory") and Friction has co-produced an album track for Example ("Snakeskin"). Friction also collaborated with English electronic musician

text: Skream

text: in the 2013 song "Kingpin" (featuring UK

text: grime

text: MCs

text: Scrufizzer

text: P Money

text: and Riko Dan from

text: Roll Deep

text: ).On 10 January 2012,

text: BBC Radio 1

text: 's

text: Zane Lowe

text: made Friction's song "Led Astray" his Hottest Record in the World.

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text: In the testing and analysis done by the Corps of Engineers and others to determine the cause of the slide, several modes of failure were considered. These were: movement along a weak zone in the shale in the abutment, movement along the shale surface, bursting of the shell due to excessive core pressure, and temporary liquefaction of the shell or foundation sand. Extensive laboratory testing of the shale, both weathered and unweathered indicated strengths leading to a factor of safety greater than one. Also, portions of the weathered shale were found in the slide mass, indicating that the slip surface was located somewhere in the shale, but probably at a shallow depth. The core material turned out to be much stronger than expected (having a friction angle of approximately 29 degrees) and was carried out into the slide nearly in a solid mass, making it unlikely that the core was the weak point in the slide. Laboratory testing was done on the shell material and the foundation sand and it was determined that both materials were denser than the critical state for liquefaction. There was no evidence of ground vibration, seismic or otherwise. Some liquefaction may have occurred after the sliding was initiated, but it was unlikely that it caused the slide.

text: In the testing and analysis done by the

text: Corps of Engineers

text: and others to determine the cause of the slide, several

text: modes of failure

text: were considered. These were: movement along a weak zone in the shale in the abutment, movement along the shale surface, bursting of the shell due to excessive core

text: pressure

text: , and temporary

text: liquefaction

text: of the shell or foundation sand. Extensive laboratory testing of the shale, both weathered and unweathered indicated strengths leading to a factor of safety greater than one. Also, portions of the weathered shale were found in the slide mass, indicating that the slip surface was located somewhere in the shale, but probably at a shallow depth. The core material turned out to be much stronger than expected (having a

text: friction angle

text: of approximately 29 degrees) and was carried out into the slide nearly in a solid mass, making it unlikely that the core was the weak point in the slide. Laboratory testing was done on the shell material and the foundation sand and it was determined that both materials were denser than the critical state for liquefaction. There was no evidence of ground vibration, seismic or otherwise. Some liquefaction may have occurred after the sliding was initiated, but it was unlikely that it caused the slide.

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text: The loss of friction between wheels and rail results in loss of tractive force — the wheels begin to spin, and in some instances the train is unable to move. In braking, substantial loss of friction results in reduced braking force. Braking distances are considerably longer, and in extreme cases the wheels may even lock up, causing the train to slide. Modern locomotives and multiple units are equipped with Wheel slide protection to counter slippery rail conditions.  Locked wheels can self-grind flat spots on the steel tyres, especially if the wheels are still sliding when arriving at a non-greasy section of rail, e.g. one that has previously been sanded.  This causes the wheels to go out of profile (known colloquially as 'wheel flats'), which subsequently leads to severe vibration and the need for the wheels to be re-profiled or re-tyred at great expense.

text: The loss of friction between wheels and rail results in loss of tractive force — the wheels begin to spin, and in some instances the train is unable to move. In braking, substantial loss of friction results in reduced braking force. Braking distances are considerably longer, and in extreme cases the wheels may even lock up, causing the train to slide. Modern

text: locomotive

text: s and

text: multiple units

text: are equipped with

text: Wheel slide protection

text: to counter slippery rail conditions.  Locked wheels can self-grind

text: flat spot

text: s on the steel tyres, especially if the wheels are still sliding when arriving at a non-greasy section of rail, e.g. one that has previously been sanded.  This causes the wheels to go out of profile (known colloquially as 'wheel flats'), which subsequently leads to severe vibration and the need for the wheels to be re-profiled or re-tyred at great expense.

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text: Hard suction hose, also known as a suction hose, is a specific type of rigid fire hose used in drafting operations. When using this technique, the fire engine draws water for fire fighting from an unpressurized supply, such as a portable water tank, pool, or other static water source, instead of drawing water from a pressurized water supply, such as a fire hydrant. Under complete vacuum conditions, a pump would lift water , however pumps on fire apparatus are not capable of producing a high vacuum. Due to this limitation and friction loss, fire services do not recommend attempting to lift water more than .

text: Hard suction hose, also known as a suction hose, is a specific type of rigid

text: fire hose

text: used in

text: drafting

text: operations. When using this technique, the

text: fire engine

text: draws water for fire fighting from an unpressurized supply, such as a

text: portable water tank

text: , pool, or other static water source, instead of drawing water from a pressurized water supply, such as a

text: fire hydrant

text: . Under complete vacuum conditions, a pump would lift water , however pumps on fire apparatus are not capable of producing a high vacuum. Due to this limitation and

text: friction loss

text: , fire services do not recommend attempting to lift water more than .

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text: The mechanical advantage of a screw jack, the ratio of the force the jack exerts on the load to the input force on the lever, ignoring friction is

text: The

text: mechanical advantage

text: of a screw jack, the ratio of the force the jack exerts on the load to the input force on the lever, ignoring

text: friction

text: is

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text: Another advantage of friction welding is that it allows dissimilar materials to be joined. This is particularly useful in aerospace, where it is used to join lightweight aluminum stock to high-strength steels. Normally the wide difference in melting points of the two materials would make it impossible to weld using traditional techniques, and would require some sort of mechanical connection. Friction welding provides a "full strength" bond with no additional weight. Other common uses for these sorts of bi-metal joins is in the nuclear industry, where copper-steel joints are common in the reactor cooling systems; and in the transport of cryogenic fluids, where friction welding has been used to join aluminum alloys to stainless steels and high-nickel-alloy materials for cryogenic-fluid piping and containment vessels.

text: Another advantage of friction welding is that it allows dissimilar materials to be joined. This is particularly useful in

text: aerospace

text: , where it is used to join lightweight

text: aluminum

text: stock to high-strength steels. Normally the wide difference in melting points of the two materials would make it impossible to weld using traditional techniques, and would require some sort of mechanical connection. Friction welding provides a "full strength" bond with no additional weight. Other common uses for these sorts of bi-metal joins is in the nuclear industry, where

text: copper

text: steel

text: joints are common in the reactor cooling systems; and in the transport of cryogenic fluids, where friction welding has been used to join aluminum alloys to stainless steels and high-nickel-alloy materials for cryogenic-fluid piping and containment vessels.

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answers: mechanical

text: The elementary property of sliding (kinetic) friction were discovered by experiment in the 15th to 18th centuries and were expressed as three empirical laws:

text: The elementary property of sliding (kinetic) friction were discovered by experiment in the 15th to 18th centuries and were expressed as three empirical laws:

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answers: 4: The answer is mostly relevant and complete, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracies.

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text: Dry friction can induce several types of instabilities in mechanical systems which display a stable behaviour in the absence of friction. These instabilities may be caused by the decrease of the friction force with an increasing velocity of sliding, by material expansion due to heat generation during friction (the thermo-elastic instabilities), or by pure dynamic effects of sliding of two elastic materials (the Adams-Martins instabilities). The latter were originally discovered in 1995 by George G. Adams and João Arménio Correia Martins for smooth surfaces  and were later found in periodic rough surfaces. In particular, friction-related dynamical instabilities are thought to be responsible for brake squeal and the 'song' of a glass harp, phenomena which involve stick and slip, modelled as a drop of friction coefficient with velocity.

text: Dry friction can induce several types of instabilities in mechanical systems which display a stable behaviour in the absence of friction. These instabilities may be caused by the decrease of the friction force with an increasing velocity of sliding, by material expansion due to heat generation during friction (the thermo-elastic instabilities), or by pure dynamic effects of sliding of two elastic materials (the Adams-Martins instabilities). The latter were originally discovered in 1995 by

text: George G. Adams

text: and

text: João Arménio Correia Martins

text: for smooth surfaces  and were later found in periodic rough surfaces. In particular, friction-related dynamical instabilities are thought to be responsible for

text: brake squeal

text: and the 'song' of a

text: glass harp

text: , phenomena which involve stick and slip, modelled as a drop of friction coefficient with velocity.

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text: New models are beginning to show how kinetic friction can be greater than static friction. Kinetic friction is now understood, in many cases, to be primarily caused by chemical bonding between the surfaces, rather than interlocking asperities; however, in many other cases roughness effects are dominant, for example in rubber to road friction. Surface roughness and contact area affect kinetic friction for micro- and nano-scale objects where surface area forces dominate inertial forces.

text: New models are beginning to show how kinetic friction can be greater than static friction. Kinetic friction is now understood, in many cases, to be primarily caused by chemical bonding between the surfaces, rather than interlocking asperities; however, in many other cases roughness effects are dominant, for example in rubber to road friction. Surface roughness and contact area affect kinetic friction for micro- and nano-scale objects where surface area forces dominate inertial forces.

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answers: kinetic

text: Coulomb damping dissipates energy constantly because of sliding friction. The magnitude of sliding friction is a constant value; independent of surface area, displacement or position, and velocity. The system undergoing Coulomb damping is periodic or oscillating and restrained by the sliding friction. Essentially, the object in the system is vibrating back and forth around an equilibrium point. A system being acted upon by Coulomb damping is nonlinear because the frictional force always opposes the direction of motion of the system as stated earlier. And because there is friction present, the amplitude of the motion decreases or decays with time. Under the influence of Coulomb damping, the amplitude decays linearly with a slope of ±((2μmgω)/(πk)) where ω is the natural frequency. The natural frequency is the number of times the system oscillates between a fixed time interval in an undamped system. It should also be known that the frequency and the period of vibration do not change when the damping is constant, as in the case of Coulomb damping. The period τ is the amount of time between the repetition of phases during vibration. As time progresses, the object sliding slows and the distance it travels during these oscillations becomes smaller until it reaches zero, the equilibrium point. The position where the object stops, or its equilibrium position, could potentially be at a completely different position than when initially at rest because the system is nonlinear. Linear systems have only a single equilibrium point.

text: Coulomb damping dissipates energy constantly because of sliding friction. The magnitude of sliding friction is a constant value; independent of surface area, displacement or position, and velocity. The system undergoing Coulomb damping is periodic or oscillating and restrained by the sliding friction. Essentially, the object in the system is vibrating back and forth around an equilibrium point. A system being acted upon by Coulomb damping is nonlinear because the frictional force always opposes the direction of motion of the system as stated earlier. And because there is friction present, the amplitude of the motion decreases or decays with time. Under the influence of Coulomb damping, the amplitude decays linearly with a slope of ±((2μmgω)/(πk)) where ω is the

text: natural frequency

text: . The natural frequency is the number of times the system oscillates between a fixed time interval in an undamped system. It should also be known that the frequency and the period of vibration do not change when the damping is constant, as in the case of Coulomb damping. The

text: period

text: τ is the amount of time between the repetition of phases during

text: vibration

text: . As time progresses, the object sliding slows and the distance it travels during these oscillations becomes smaller until it reaches zero, the equilibrium point. The position where the object stops, or its

text: equilibrium

text: position, could potentially be at a completely different position than when initially at rest because the system is nonlinear. Linear systems have only a single equilibrium point.

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answers: NDQ_018738

answers: sliding friction

text: Investigators also focused on deicing practices at LaGuardia. They found that the airport was using only Type I deicing fluid, not Type II. Type I fluids are used for the actual deicing of the jet, while Type II fluids are used for preventing buildup of ice. At the time of the accident, LaGuardia had prohibited the use of Type II deicing fluid because tests suggested that if it fell onto runways it reduced friction. Investigators noted the change had been made because of LaGuardia's shorter runways and the fact that if an aircraft left the vicinity of the runway, it would come to rest in the cold water surrounding Runway 13. The accident report, however, criticised the fact that the majority of the airplane operators in the United States relied only upon Type I fluids for protection, and they do not use Type II. The board stated that tests have shown that both Type I and Type II fluids do flow off the wings of a treated airplane in significant amounts during the initial takeoff ground run. The NTSB stated:

text: Investigators also focused on deicing practices at

text: LaGuardia

text: . They found that the airport was using only Type I deicing fluid, not Type II. Type I fluids are used for the actual deicing of the jet, while Type II fluids are used for preventing buildup of ice. At the time of the accident, LaGuardia had prohibited the use of Type II deicing fluid because tests suggested that if it fell onto runways it reduced

text: friction

text: . Investigators noted the change had been made because of LaGuardia's shorter runways and the fact that if an aircraft left the vicinity of the runway, it would come to rest in the cold water surrounding Runway 13. The accident report, however, criticised the fact that the majority of the airplane operators in the United States relied only upon Type I fluids for protection, and they do not use Type II. The board stated that tests have shown that both Type I and Type II fluids do flow off the wings of a treated airplane in significant amounts during the initial takeoff ground run. The NTSB stated:

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answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracies.

answers: NDQ_018730

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answers: NDQ_018732

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answers: NDQ_018733

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answers: NDQ_018737

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answers: NDQ_018738

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answers: NDQ_018730

answers: Type II fluids are used for preventing buildup of ice

answers: NDQ_018732

answers: LaGuardia had prohibited the use of Type II fluid because tests suggested that if it fell onto runways it reduced friction

answers: NDQ_018733

answers: Type I fluids do flow off the wings of a treated airplane in significant amounts during the initial takeoff ground run.

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: Type II fluids do flow off the wings of a treated airplane in significant amounts during the initial takeoff ground run.

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: Type II fluids do flow off the wings of a treated airplane in significant amounts during the initial takeoff ground run.

text: The force accelerating a pinewood derby car is gravity; the opposing forces are friction and air drag. Therefore, car modifications are aimed at maximizing the potential energy in the car design and minimizing the air drag and the friction that occurs when the wheel spins on the axle, contacts the axle head or car body, or contacts the track guide rail. Friction due to air drag is a minor, although not insignificant, factor. The wheel tread can be sanded or turned on a lathe and the inner surface of the hub can be tapered to minimize the contact area between the hub and body. Polishing the wheel, especially the inner hub, with a plastic polish can also reduce friction. Often one front wheel is raised slightly so that it does not contact the track and add to the rolling resistance. Axles are filed or turned on a lathe to remove the burr and crimp marks and polished smooth. More extensive modifications involve tapering the axle head and cutting a notch to minimize the wheel-to-axle contact area. Packs can establish additional rules for what, if any, modifications are allowed. In some areas, no changes can be made to the axles or wheels.

text: The force accelerating a pinewood derby car is

text: gravity

text: ; the opposing forces are

text: friction

text: and

text: air drag

text: . Therefore, car modifications are aimed at maximizing the

text: potential energy

text: in the car design and minimizing the air drag and the friction that occurs when the wheel spins on the axle, contacts the axle head or car body, or contacts the track guide rail. Friction due to air drag is a minor, although not insignificant, factor. The wheel

text: tread

text: can be sanded or turned on a lathe and the inner surface of the hub can be tapered to minimize the contact area between the hub and body. Polishing the wheel, especially the inner hub, with a plastic polish can also reduce friction. Often one front wheel is raised slightly so that it does not contact the track and add to the

text: rolling resistance

text: . Axles are filed or turned on a lathe to remove the burr and crimp marks and polished smooth. More extensive modifications involve tapering the axle head and cutting a notch to minimize the wheel-to-axle contact area. Packs can establish additional rules for what, if any, modifications are allowed. In some areas, no changes can be made to the axles or wheels.

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answers: NDQ_018730

answers: when the wheel spins on the axle, contacts the axle head or car body, or contacts the track guide rail

answers: NDQ_018732

answers: In some areas, no changes can be made to the axles or wheels

answers: NDQ_018733

answers: friction that occurs when the wheel spins on the axle

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: air drag

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: air drag

text: A tautochrone or isochrone curve is the curve for which the time taken by an object sliding without friction in uniform gravity to its lowest point is independent of its starting point. The curve is a cycloid, and the time is equal to π times the square root of the radius over the acceleration of gravity. Christiaan Huygens was the first to discover the tautochronous property (or isochronous property) of the cycloid. The tautochrone problem, the attempt to identify this curve, was solved by Christiaan Huygens in 1659. He proved geometrically in his Horologium Oscillatorium, originally published in 1673, that the curve was a cycloid. Huygens also proved that the time of descent is equal to the time a body takes to fall vertically the same distance as the diameter of the circle which generates the cycloid, multiplied by π⁄2. The tautochrone curve is the same as the brachistochrone curve for any given starting point. Johann Bernoulli posed the problem of the brachistochrone to the readers of Acta Eruditorum in June, 1696. He published his solution in the journal in May of the following year, and noted that the solution is the same curve as Huygens's tautochrone curve.

text: A

text: tautochrone

text: or

text: isochrone curve

text: is the curve for which the time taken by an object sliding without friction in uniform gravity to its lowest point is independent of its starting point. The curve is a

text: cycloid

text: , and the time is equal to π times the square root of the radius over the

text: acceleration of gravity

text: Christiaan Huygens

text: was the first to discover the

text: tautochronous property

text: (or

text: isochronous property

text: ) of the cycloid. The

text: tautochrone

text: problem, the attempt to identify this curve, was solved by Christiaan Huygens in 1659. He proved geometrically in his

text: Horologium Oscillatorium

text: , originally published in 1673, that the curve was a

text: cycloid

text: . Huygens also proved that the time of descent is equal to the time a body takes to fall vertically the same distance as the diameter of the circle which generates the cycloid, multiplied by π⁄2. The

text: tautochrone curve

text: is the same as the

text: brachistochrone curve

text: for any given starting point.

text: Johann Bernoulli

text: posed the problem of the

text: brachistochrone

text: to the readers of

text: Acta Eruditorum

text: in June, 1696. He published his solution in the journal in May of the following year, and noted that the solution is the same curve as Huygens's

text: tautochrone curve

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text: Compressible Duct Flow with friction. This article concerns a gas flow with friction due to the boundary walls under consideration. This problem is same as the Moody type pipe-friction problem but with considerably larger changes in friction, kinetic energy and enthalpy of the flow.

text: Compressible Duct Flow with friction. This article concerns a gas flow with friction due to the boundary walls under consideration. This problem is same as the

text: Moody

text: type pipe-friction problem but with considerably larger changes in

text: friction

text: kinetic energy

text: and

text: enthalpy

text: of the flow.

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answers: Moody type

text: Aside from the raw muscle power needed for tug of war, it is also a technical sport. The cooperation or "rhythm" of team members play an equally important role in victory, if not more, than their physical strength. To achieve this, a person called a "driver" is used to harmonize the team's joint traction power. He moves up and down next to his team pulling on the rope, giving orders to them when to pull and when to rest (called "hanging"). If he spots the opponents trying to pull his team away, he gives a "hang" command, each member will dig into the grass with his/her boots and movement of the rope is limited. When the opponents are played out, he shouts "pull" and rhythmically waves his hat or handkerchief for his team to pull together. Slowly but surely, the other team is forced into surrender by a runaway pull. Another factor that affects the game that is little known are the players' weights. The heavier someone is, the more static friction their feet have to the ground, and if there isn't enough friction and they weigh too little, even if he/she is pulling extremely hard, the force won't go into the rope. Their feet will simply slide along the ground if their opponent(s) have better static friction with the ground. In general, as long as one team has enough static friction and can pull hard enough to overcome the static friction of their opponent(s), that team can easily win the match.

text: Aside from the raw muscle power needed for tug of war, it is also a technical sport. The cooperation or "rhythm" of team members play an equally important role in victory, if not more, than their physical strength. To achieve this, a person called a "driver" is used to harmonize the team's joint traction power. He moves up and down next to his team pulling on the rope, giving orders to them when to pull and when to rest (called "hanging"). If he spots the opponents trying to pull his team away, he gives a "hang" command, each member will dig into the grass with his/her boots and movement of the rope is limited. When the opponents are played out, he shouts "pull" and rhythmically waves his hat or handkerchief for his team to pull together. Slowly but surely, the other team is forced into surrender by a runaway pull. Another factor that affects the game that is little known are the players'

text: weight

text: s. The heavier someone is, the more

text: static friction

text: their feet have to the ground, and if there isn't enough friction and they weigh too little, even if he/she is pulling extremely hard, the force won't go into the rope. Their feet will simply slide along the ground if their opponent(s) have better static friction with the ground. In general, as long as one team has enough static friction and can pull hard enough to overcome the static friction of their opponent(s), that team can easily win the match.

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answers: players' weights

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answers: static

text: The force of friction is always exerted in a direction that opposes movement (for kinetic friction) or potential movement (for static friction) between the two surfaces. For example, a curling stone sliding along the ice experiences a kinetic force slowing it down. For an example of potential movement, the drive wheels of an accelerating car experience a frictional force pointing forward; if they did not, the wheels would spin, and the rubber would slide backwards along the pavement. Note that it is not the direction of movement of the vehicle they oppose, it is the direction of (potential) sliding between tire and road.

text: The force of friction is always exerted in a direction that opposes movement (for kinetic friction) or potential movement (for static friction) between the two surfaces. For example, a

text: curling

text: stone sliding along the ice experiences a kinetic force slowing it down. For an example of potential movement, the drive wheels of an accelerating car experience a frictional force pointing forward; if they did not, the wheels would spin, and the rubber would slide backwards along the pavement. Note that it is not the direction of movement of the vehicle they oppose, it is the direction of (potential) sliding between tire and road.

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answers: NDQ_018737

answers: the two surfaces

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: static

text: Whether a machine is self-locking depends on both the friction forces (coefficient of static friction) between its parts, and the distance ratio d/d (ideal mechanical advantage).  If both the friction and ideal mechanical advantage are high enough, it will self-lock.

text: Whether a machine is self-locking depends on both the friction forces (

text: coefficient of static friction

text: ) between its parts, and the distance ratio d/d (ideal mechanical advantage).  If both the friction and ideal mechanical advantage are high enough, it will self-lock.

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text: is the coefficient of static friction. This is usually larger than its kinetic counterpart.

text: is the coefficient of static friction. This is usually larger than its kinetic counterpart.

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text: The precise form of the traction bound is the so-called local friction law. For this Coulomb's (global) friction law is often applied locally:

text: The precise form of the traction bound is the so-called local friction law. For this Coulomb's (global) friction law is often applied locally:

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answers: local

text: In fluid dynamics, drag (sometimes called air resistance, a type of friction, or fluid resistance, another type of friction or fluid friction) is a force acting opposite to the relative motion of any object moving with respect to a surrounding fluid. This can exist between two fluid layers (or surfaces) or a fluid and a solid surface. Unlike other resistive forces, such as dry friction, which are nearly independent of velocity, drag forces depend on velocity.Drag force is proportional to the velocity for a laminar flow and the squared velocity for a turbulent flow. Even though the ultimate cause of a drag is viscous friction, the turbulent drag is independent of viscosity.

text: In

text: fluid dynamics

text: , drag (sometimes called air resistance, a type of friction, or fluid resistance, another type of

text: friction

text: or fluid friction) is a

text: force

text: acting opposite to the relative motion of any object moving with respect to a surrounding fluid. This can exist between two fluid layers (or surfaces) or a fluid and a

text: solid

text: surface. Unlike other resistive forces, such as dry

text: friction

text: , which are nearly independent of velocity, drag forces depend on velocity.Drag force is proportional to the velocity for a

text: laminar flow

text: and the squared velocity for a

text: turbulent flow

text: . Even though the ultimate cause of a drag is viscous friction, the turbulent drag is independent of

text: viscosity

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answers: drag forces depend on velocity

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answers: This can exist between two fluid layers (or surfaces) or a fluid and a solid surface

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answers: Dry friction, which are nearly independent of velocity, drag forces depend on velocity

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text: When surfaces in contact move relative to each other, the friction between the two surfaces converts kinetic energy into thermal energy (that is, it converts work to heat). This property can have dramatic consequences, as illustrated by the use of friction created by rubbing pieces of wood together to start a fire. Kinetic energy is converted to thermal energy whenever motion with friction occurs, for example when a viscous fluid is stirred. Another important consequence of many types of friction can be wear, which may lead to performance degradation and/or damage to components. Friction is a component of the science of tribology.

text: When surfaces in contact move relative to each other, the friction between the two surfaces converts

text: kinetic energy

text: into

text: thermal energy

text: (that is, it converts

text: work

text: to

text: heat

text: ). This property can have dramatic consequences, as illustrated by the use of friction created by rubbing pieces of wood together to start a fire. Kinetic energy is converted to thermal energy whenever motion with friction occurs, for example when a

text: viscous

text: fluid is stirred. Another important consequence of many types of friction can be

text: wear

text: , which may lead to performance degradation and/or damage to components. Friction is a component of the science of

text: tribology

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answers: Kinetic energy

text: In the 1720s, the English clockmaker Henry Sully invented a marine clock that was designed to determine longitude: this was in the form of a clock with a large balance wheel that was vertically mounted on friction rollers and impulsed by a frictional rest Debaufre type escapement. Very unconventionally, the balance oscillations were controlled by a weight at the end of a pivoted horizontal lever attached to the balance by a cord. This solution avoided temperature error due to thermal expansion, a problem which affects steel balance springs. Sully's clock only kept accurate time in calm weather, because the balance oscillations were affected by the pitching and rolling of the ship. However his clocks were amongst the first serious attempts to find longitude in this way. Harrison's machines, though much larger, are of similar layout: H3 has a vertically mounted balance wheel and is linked to another wheel of the same size, an arrangement that eliminates problems arising from the ship's motion.

text: In the 1720s, the English clockmaker

text: Henry Sully

text: invented a

text: marine clock

text: that was designed to determine longitude: this was in the form of a clock with a large

text: balance wheel

text: that was vertically mounted on friction rollers and impulsed by a frictional rest Debaufre type

text: escapement

text: . Very unconventionally, the balance

text: oscillation

text: s were controlled by a weight at the end of a pivoted horizontal lever attached to the balance by a cord. This solution avoided temperature error due to

text: thermal expansion

text: , a problem which affects steel balance springs. Sully's clock only kept accurate time in calm weather, because the balance oscillations were affected by the pitching and rolling of the ship. However his clocks were amongst the first serious attempts to find longitude in this way. Harrison's machines, though much larger, are of similar layout: H3 has a vertically mounted balance wheel and is linked to another wheel of the same size, an arrangement that eliminates problems arising from the ship's motion.

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answers: frictional

text: In fluid dynamics, the capillary number (Ca) represents the relative effect of viscous forces versus surface tension acting across an interface between a liquid and a gas, or between two immiscible liquids. For example, an air bubble in a liquid flow tends to be deformed by the friction of the liquid flow due to viscosity effects, but the surface tension forces tend to minimize the surface. The capillary number is defined as:

text: In

text: fluid dynamics

text: , the capillary number (Ca) represents the relative effect of

text: viscous

text: forces versus

text: surface tension

text: acting across an interface between a

text: liquid

text: and a

text: gas

text: , or between two

text: immiscible

text: liquids. For example, an air bubble in a liquid flow tends to be deformed by the friction of the liquid flow due to viscosity effects, but the surface tension forces tend to minimize the surface. The capillary number is defined as:

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text: Spinners use a style of release known variously as spinning, helicopter, or UFO. Regardless of what it's known as, a spinner releases a ball such that it is rotating along a horizontal axis (the x-axis) in a counter clockwise motion (right-hander) as it moves down the lane. Spinning is a popular style in Asia, especially Taiwan, where lanes are usually oiled from the foul line to the pin rack, and present little to no opportunity for a ball thrown in one of the three more orthodox fashions to find friction on any part of the lane. A hook needs friction, in order to allow the ball to "grab" the lane. In spinning, very little of the ball's surface touches the lane, which is what the spinner intends. Spinning does not require friction of any kind.

text: Spinners use a style of release known variously as spinning, helicopter, or UFO. Regardless of what it's known as, a spinner releases a ball such that it is rotating along a horizontal axis (the x-axis) in a

text: counter clockwise

text: motion (right-hander) as it moves down the lane. Spinning is a popular style in Asia, especially Taiwan, where lanes are usually oiled from the foul line to the pin rack, and present little to no opportunity for a ball thrown in one of the three more orthodox fashions to find friction on any part of the lane. A hook needs friction, in order to allow the ball to "grab" the lane. In spinning, very little of the ball's surface touches the lane, which is what the spinner intends. Spinning does not require friction of any kind.

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text: In fluid dynamics, stream thrust averaging is a process used to convert three-dimensional flow through a duct into one-dimensional uniform flow.  It makes the assumptions that the flow is mixed adiabatically and without friction.  However, due to the mixing process, there is a net increase in the entropy of the system.  Although there is an increase in entropy, the stream thrust averaged values are more representative of the flow than a simple average as a simple average would violate the second Law of Thermodynamics.

text: In

text: fluid dynamics

text: , stream thrust averaging is a process used to convert three-dimensional flow through a duct into one-dimensional uniform flow.  It makes the assumptions that the flow is mixed

text: adiabatic

text: ally and without

text: friction

text: .  However, due to the mixing process, there is a net increase in the entropy of the system.  Although there is an increase in

text: entropy

text: , the stream thrust averaged values are more representative of the flow than a simple average as a simple average would violate the

text: second Law of Thermodynamics

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text: The joint is the weakest part of the system, therefore the type of joining method used is very important if strength is an issue. The strength of a joint is defined as the force required to break the strap in uniaxial tension. This is then compared to the uniaxial strength of the strap and recorded as the percent difference (e.g., a sample of steel strap may have a  break strength and the seal may fail at , so the seal is said to have a 60% strength). Hot knife welds have a minimum break strength of 55%. Friction welds have a minimum break strength of 65%. Well set up strapping machines or friction weld tools will aim for around 80% of break strength.  Metal clips/seals are surprisingly low with circa 100 – 120 kg slip resistance.

text: The joint is the weakest part of the system, therefore the type of joining method used is very important if strength is an issue. The strength of a joint is defined as the force required to break the strap in uniaxial tension. This is then compared to the uniaxial strength of the strap and recorded as the percent difference (e.g., a sample of steel strap may have a  break strength and the seal may fail at , so the seal is said to have a 60% strength). Hot knife welds have a minimum break strength of 55%. Friction welds have a minimum break strength of 65%. Well set up strapping machines or friction weld tools will aim for around 80% of break strength.  Metal clips/seals are surprisingly low with circa 100 – 120 kg slip resistance.

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text: Most dry materials in combination have friction coefficient values between 0.3 and 0.6. Values outside this range are rarer, but teflon, for example, can have a coefficient as low as 0.04. A value of zero would mean no friction at all, an elusive property. Rubber in contact with other surfaces can yield friction coefficients from 1 to 2. Occasionally it is maintained that µ is always < 1, but this is not true. While in most relevant applications µ < 1, a value above 1 merely implies that the force required to slide an object along the surface is greater than the normal force of the surface on the object. For example, silicone rubber or acrylic rubber-coated surfaces have a coefficient of friction that can be substantially larger than 1.

text: Most dry materials in combination have friction coefficient values between 0.3 and 0.6. Values outside this range are rarer, but

text: teflon

text: , for example, can have a coefficient as low as 0.04. A value of zero would mean no friction at all, an elusive property. Rubber in contact with other surfaces can yield friction coefficients from 1 to 2. Occasionally it is maintained that µ is always < 1, but this is not true. While in most relevant applications µ < 1, a value above 1 merely implies that the force required to slide an object along the surface is greater than the normal force of the surface on the object. For example,

text: silicone rubber

text: or

text: acrylic rubber

text: -coated surfaces have a coefficient of friction that can be substantially larger than 1.

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answers: Most dry materials in combination have friction coefficient values between 0.3 and 0.6

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answers: sliding friction is stronger than static friction

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answers: rubber in contact with other surfaces

text: Heat generation during friction-stir welding arises from two main sources: friction at the surface of the tool and the deformation of the material around the tool. The heat generation is often assumed to occur predominantly under the shoulder, due to its greater surface area, and to be equal to the power required to overcome the contact forces between the tool and the workpiece. The contact condition under the shoulder can be described by sliding friction, using a friction coefficient μ and interfacial pressure P, or sticking friction, based on the interfacial shear strength at an appropriate temperature and strain rate. Mathematical approximations for the total heat generated by the tool shoulder Q have been developed using both sliding and sticking friction models:

text: Heat generation during friction-stir welding arises from two main sources: friction at the surface of the tool and the deformation of the material around the tool. The heat generation is often assumed to occur predominantly under the shoulder, due to its greater surface area, and to be equal to the power required to overcome the contact forces between the tool and the workpiece. The contact condition under the shoulder can be described by sliding friction, using a friction coefficient μ and interfacial pressure P, or sticking friction, based on the interfacial shear strength at an appropriate temperature and strain rate. Mathematical approximations for the total heat generated by the tool shoulder Q have been developed using both sliding and sticking friction models:

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answers: sliding friction

text: Sliding may occur between two objects of arbitrary shape, whereas rolling friction is the frictional force associated with the rotational movement of a somewhat disclike or other circular object along a surface.  Generally the frictional force of rolling friction is less than that associated with sliding kinetic friction.  Typical values for the coefficient of rolling friction are less than that of sliding friction.  Correspondingly sliding friction typically produces greater sound and thermal bi-products.  One of the most common examples of sliding friction is the movement of braking motor vehicle tires on a roadway, a process which generates considerable heat and sound, and is typically taken into account in assessing the magnitude of roadway noise pollution.

text: Sliding may occur between two objects of arbitrary shape, whereas rolling friction is the frictional force associated with the rotational movement of a somewhat disclike or other circular object along a surface.  Generally the frictional force of

text: rolling friction

text: is less than that associated with sliding

text: kinetic friction

text: .  Typical values for the coefficient of rolling friction are less than that of sliding friction.  Correspondingly sliding friction typically produces greater sound and thermal bi-products.  One of the most common examples of sliding friction is the movement of

text: braking

text: motor vehicle

text: tire

text: s on a

text: roadway

text: , a process which generates considerable heat and

text: sound

text: , and is typically taken into account in assessing the magnitude of roadway

text: noise pollution

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answers: rolling friction is less than that of sliding friction

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answers: rolling friction

text: Note that μ can be the coefficient for static or dynamic friction. In the latter case, where the vehicle is skidding around a bend, the friction is at its limit and the inequalities becomes equations. This also ignores effects such as downforce which can increase the normal force and cornering speed.

text: Note that μ can be the coefficient for static or dynamic friction. In the latter case, where the vehicle is skidding around a bend, the friction is at its limit and the inequalities becomes equations. This also ignores effects such as

text: downforce

text: which can increase the normal force and cornering speed.

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answers: static

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answers: dynamic

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answers: downforce

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: static

text: In laminar flow, friction loss arises from the transfer of momentum from the fluid in the center of the flow to the pipe wall via the viscosity of the fluid; no vortices are present in the flow. Note that the friction loss is insensitive to the pipe roughness height : the flow velocity in the neighborhood of the pipe wall is zero.

text: In laminar flow, friction loss arises from the transfer of momentum from the fluid in the center of the flow to the pipe wall via the viscosity of the fluid; no vortices are present in the flow. Note that the friction loss is insensitive to the pipe roughness height : the flow velocity in the neighborhood of the pipe wall is zero.

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answers: 0

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answers: 4

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1055/T_4944/bfc5d367cdade00999b917a93624c28c

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1055/T_4944/c431612def45da5a97581939ca3e93cd

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1055/T_4944/463049f8846e7ae16fd018ddacdb3520

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1055/T_4944/ebd448e54dc8c3c01c8f7669fb3a9257

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1055/T_4944/d3d154de975e95897d13ed72b1d32b84

answers: 2

answers: NDQ_018730

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018732

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018733

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018730

answers: the pipe roughness height

answers: NDQ_018732

answers: friction loss

answers: NDQ_018733

answers: sliding friction

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: pipe roughness height

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: friction loss

text: , (see, e.g., Bagnold, 1954) the debris mass is fluidized and moves longer travel distances. This can happen in highly viscous natural debris flows. For neutrally buoyant flows, Coulomb friction disappears, the lateral solid pressure gradient vanishes, the drag coefficient is zero, and the basal slope effect on the solid phase also vanishes. In this limiting case, the only remaining solid force is due to gravity, and thus the force associated with buoyancy.Under these conditions of hydrodynamic support of the particles by the fluid, the debris mass is fully fluidized (or lubricated) and moves very economically, promoting long travel distances. Compared to buoyant flow, the neutrally buoyant flow shows completely different behaviour. For the latter case, the solid and fluid phases move together, the debris bulk mass is fluidized, the front moves substantially farther, the tail lags behind, and the overall flow height is also reduced. When

text: , (see, e.g., Bagnold, 1954) the debris mass is fluidized and moves longer travel distances. This can happen in highly

text: viscous

text: natural debris flows. For neutrally buoyant flows,

text: Coulomb friction

text: disappears, the lateral solid pressure gradient vanishes, the

text: drag coefficient

text: is zero, and the basal slope effect on the solid phase also vanishes. In this

text: limiting case

text: , the only remaining solid force is due to

text: gravity

text: , and thus the force associated with buoyancy.Under these conditions of

text: hydrodynamic

text: support of the

text: particle

text: s by the fluid, the debris mass is fully fluidized (or

text: lubricated

text: ) and moves very economically, promoting long travel distances. Compared to buoyant flow, the neutrally buoyant flow shows completely different behaviour. For the latter case, the solid and fluid phases move together, the debris bulk mass is fluidized, the front moves substantially farther, the tail lags behind, and the overall flow height is also reduced. When

answers: tqa2:L_1055/T_4941/c527feb79e65acdf10341ce50d2c408e

answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1055/T_4944/b12d4d9bcd850c32cf08460781530a07

answers: 0

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answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1055/T_4944/c431612def45da5a97581939ca3e93cd

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1055/T_4944/463049f8846e7ae16fd018ddacdb3520

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1055/T_4944/ebd448e54dc8c3c01c8f7669fb3a9257

answers: 0

answers: tqa2:L_1055/T_4944/d3d154de975e95897d13ed72b1d32b84

answers: 2

answers: NDQ_018730

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018732

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018733

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_018730

answers: Coulomb

answers: NDQ_018732

answers: Coulomb friction disappears, the lateral solid pressure gradient vanishes

answers: NDQ_018733

answers: Coulomb friction disappears

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: fluidized

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: Coulomb friction

text: The static friction force (

text: The static friction force (

answers: tqa2:L_1055/T_4941/c527feb79e65acdf10341ce50d2c408e

answers: 1: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

answers: tqa2:L_1055/T_4941/74170c050c7fe85a9c5ff79424c32f98

answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracies.

answers: tqa2:L_1055/T_4941/7bbca2a557b9b7aae52591864386be24

answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracies.

answers: tqa2:L_1055/T_4941/3efaa8763a884171d66064709d5d5a80

answers: 1: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

answers: tqa2:L_1055/T_4941/4849d8f7fdf93a96bc47738b29544906

answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracies.

answers: tqa2:L_1055/T_4941/5b61cace5305a6c5e2ae02f41710f363

answers: 1: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracies.

answers: tqa2:L_1055/T_4941/5faa3f7a1cb5f72f7a0d6658a7ef2dc1

answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracies.

answers: tqa2:L_1055/T_4941/97fcd534302bf08ee973a3f5848e73ca

answers: 1: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracies.

answers: tqa2:L_1055/T_4942/e89754a9cf9036075cb6e4bf1e931476

answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracies.

answers: tqa2:L_1055/T_4942/34e10e2d18e311119b080db9915458e2

answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracies.

answers: tqa2:L_1055/T_4942/1b6e1d9b056112fc21b6b7bb36d15b3c

answers: 1: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with substantial shortcomings.

answers: tqa2:L_1055/T_4942/7defd2f1e1f5b18ad64cb8b222f4349a

answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracies.

answers: tqa2:L_1055/T_4942/0a055d118d3144d86f975b98c818c69b

answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracies.

answers: tqa2:L_1055/T_4942/4080427764fb1950d24e04d6d2e6c7fe

answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracy.

answers: tqa2:L_1055/T_4942/0213c523795238e55211a9dca7528ad6

answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracies.

answers: tqa2:L_1055/T_4942/0ed2e067503d500e37ab4183ee58edb9

answers: 1: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: 1: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

answers: tqa2:L_1055/T_4942/9bde3267989d06623a06df23a3c8b443

answers: 1: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

answers: tqa2:L_1055/T_4942/4eba9bb0731c31e694b35773177a4433

answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracy.

answers: tqa2:L_1055/T_4942/3a47255046f491fb809fab1dde28a055

answers: 1: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracies.

answers: tqa2:L_1055/T_4942/d6996c4f18f6eac94b0ca4ff96ee3f36

answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracy.

answers: tqa2:L_1055/T_4942/01337c4364bde628814d233302d3c0c4

answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracy.

answers: tqa2:L_1055/T_4942/0ccd314a938ee807157a3db9377d8bf4

answers: 1: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

answers: tqa2:L_1055/T_4943/e5a10118a4a6204ea7921c57804941ae

answers: 1: The answer is not relevant or complete, with substantial shortcomings.

answers: tqa2:L_1055/T_4943/a061d6e9a6c7c9e2c1906c9c7fe8e60b

answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracies.

answers: tqa2:L_1055/T_4943/adc1768cb24b5a624226dae9c405834a

answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracies.

answers: tqa2:L_1055/T_4943/117f577f48de0550923d0528adc1f8e8

answers: 1: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

answers: tqa2:L_1055/T_4943/95b23f0d43062d18c3e7a6b897f3f762

answers: 1: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with substantial shortcomings.

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answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracy.

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answers: 1: The answer is not relevant or complete, with substantial shortcomings.

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answers: 1: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: 1: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracies.

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answers: 1: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: 0)

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answers: 1: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracies.

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answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracy.

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answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracies

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answers: 1: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

answers: NDQ_018730

answers: 0

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answers: 0)

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answers: 0) is stronger than sliding friction.

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answers: 1

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answers: 1

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answers: static friction force)

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answers: Friction) is the force that prevents you from slipping on a sidewalk.

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answers: sliding friction) is stronger than the static friction force.

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: Friction force) is the force of friction between two objects.

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: static)

text: Another type of profilometer is for measuring the surface texture of a road and how it relates to the coefficient of friction and thus to skid resistance.  Pavement texture is divided into three categories: megatexture, macrotexture, and microtexture. Microtexture cannot currently be measured directly, except in a laboratory. Megatexture is measured using a similar profiling method as when obtaining IRI values, while macrotexture is the measurement of the individual variations of the road within a small interval of a few centimeters.  For example, a road which has gravel spread on top followed by an asphalt seal coat will have a high macrotexture, and a road built with concrete slabs will have low macrotexture. For this reason, concrete is often grooved or roughed up immediately after it is laid on the road bed to increase the friction between the tire and road.

text: Another type of profilometer is for measuring the surface texture of a road and how it relates to the coefficient of

text: friction

text: and thus to

text: skid resistance

text: .  Pavement texture is divided into three categories: megatexture, macrotexture, and microtexture. Microtexture cannot currently be measured directly, except in a laboratory. Megatexture is measured using a similar profiling method as when obtaining IRI values, while macrotexture is the measurement of the individual variations of the road within a small interval of a few centimeters.  For example, a road which has gravel spread on top followed by an asphalt seal coat will have a high macrotexture, and a road built with concrete slabs will have low macrotexture. For this reason, concrete is often grooved or roughed up immediately after it is laid on the road bed to increase the friction between the tire and road.

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text: As the fluid moves downstream, energy is lost due to friction.  These losses can be due to channel bed roughness, channel constrictions, and other flow structures.  Energy loss due to friction is neglected in this analysis.

text: As the fluid moves downstream, energy is lost due to friction.  These losses can be due to channel bed roughness, channel constrictions, and other flow structures.  Energy loss due to friction is neglected in this analysis.

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answers: channel bed roughness

text: Innerducts are typically small-diameter, semi-flexible subducts. According to Telcordia GR-356, there are three basic types of innerduct: smoothwall, corrugated, and ribbed. These various designs are based on the profile of the inside and outside diameters of the innerduct. The need for a specific characteristic or combination of characteristics, such as pulling strength, flexibility, or the lowest coefficient of friction, dictates the type of innerduct required.

text: Innerducts are typically small-diameter, semi-flexible subducts. According to

text: Telcordia

text: GR-356, there are three basic types of innerduct: smoothwall, corrugated, and ribbed. These various designs are based on the profile of the inside and outside diameters of the innerduct. The need for a specific characteristic or combination of characteristics, such as pulling strength, flexibility, or the lowest coefficient of friction, dictates the type of innerduct required.

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text: Contractually, the industrial uptake of friction stir welding was comparatively easy in New Zealand, since the Australian/New Zealand Standard on 'Welding of aluminium structures' had been issued. This was one of the very first standards that covers friction stir welding, although it actually focuses on arc welding. It includes an innovation clause within its first section, which states that 'The Standard can be applied to other welding processes such as friction welding, including friction stir, […] provided all requirements of the Standard are met, as well as specific constraints of needs, demands and operation of the individual welding processes.'

text: Contractually, the industrial uptake of friction stir welding was comparatively easy in New Zealand, since the Australian/New Zealand Standard on 'Welding of aluminium structures' had been issued. This was one of the very first standards that covers friction stir welding, although it actually focuses on arc welding. It includes an innovation clause within its first section, which states that 'The Standard can be applied to other welding processes such as friction welding, including friction stir, […] provided all requirements of the Standard are met, as well as specific constraints of needs, demands and operation of the individual welding processes.'

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text: In fluid dynamics, an isentropic flow is a fluid flow that is both adiabatic and reversible. That is, no heat is added to the flow, and no energy transformations occur due to friction or dissipative effects. For an isentropic flow of a perfect gas, several relations can be derived to define the pressure, density and temperature along a streamline.

text: In fluid dynamics, an isentropic flow is a

text: fluid flow

text: that is both adiabatic and reversible. That is, no heat is added to the flow, and no energy transformations occur due to

text: friction

text: or

text: dissipative effects

text: . For an isentropic flow of a perfect gas, several relations can be derived to define the pressure, density and temperature along a streamline.

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text: In the specific case of an object rolling in an inclined plane which experiences only static friction, normal force and its own weight, (air drag is absent) the acceleration in the direction of rolling down the slope is:

text: In the specific case of an object rolling in an

text: inclined plane

text: which experiences only static friction, normal force and its own weight, (

text: air drag

text: is absent) the acceleration in the direction of rolling down the slope is:

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answers: static

text: is specific to the object shape and mass distribution, it does not depends on scale or density. However, it will vary if the object is made to roll with different radiuses; for instance, it varies between a train wheel set rolling normally (by its tire), and by its axle. It follows that given a reference rolling object, another object bigger or with different density will roll with the same acceleration. This behavior is the same as that of an object in free fall or an object sliding without friction (instead of rolling) down an inclined plane.

text: is specific to the object shape and mass distribution, it does not depends on scale or density. However, it will vary if the object is made to roll with different radiuses; for instance, it varies between a train wheel set rolling normally (by its tire), and by its axle. It follows that given a reference rolling object, another object bigger or with different density will roll with the same acceleration. This behavior is the same as that of an object in free fall or an object sliding without friction (instead of rolling) down an inclined plane.

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text: The Rudiger Roll friction fire method. Also known as "Fire Roll" method, little is known about this method of friction fire or its origins. It's believed to have been invented sometime during WWII. A German survival expert named Rüdiger Nehberg wrote about this method in one of his books. A small amount of wood ash is rolled up inside of cotton like a cigar. The cotton is then placed between two boards and rolled back and forth. Pressure and speed are both gradually increased. With proper technique ignition can occur in seconds.

text: The Rudiger Roll friction fire method. Also known as "Fire Roll" method, little is known about this method of friction fire or its origins. It's believed to have been invented sometime during WWII. A German survival expert named Rüdiger Nehberg wrote about this method in one of his books. A small amount of wood ash is rolled up inside of cotton like a cigar. The cotton is then placed between two boards and rolled back and forth. Pressure and speed are both gradually increased. With proper technique ignition can occur in seconds.

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text: On January 28, 2010, GGYC announced that it had requested that the International Jury allow it to employ a friction-reduction system that involved discharging liquids in the water.  GGYC stated that friction-reduction systems had been explicitly allowed at SNG's request, so it was not appropriate for SNG to attempt to restrict such systems. According to SNG, the discharge of liquids by GGYC's yacht would violate reasonable environmental protection measures incorporated in the Sailing Instructions.  On February 2, 2010, the International Jury decided that friction-reduction systems would be allowed provided that applicable environmental laws were not violated.

text: On January 28, 2010, GGYC announced that it had requested that the International Jury allow it to employ a friction-reduction system that involved discharging liquids in the water.  GGYC stated that friction-reduction systems had been explicitly allowed at SNG's request, so it was not appropriate for SNG to attempt to restrict such systems. According to SNG, the discharge of liquids by GGYC's yacht would violate reasonable environmental protection measures incorporated in the Sailing Instructions.  On February 2, 2010, the International Jury decided that friction-reduction systems would be allowed provided that applicable environmental laws were not violated.

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text: Devices such as wheels, ball bearings, roller bearings, and air cushion or other types of fluid bearings can change sliding friction into a much smaller type of rolling friction.

text: Devices such as wheels,

text: ball bearing

text: s,

text: roller bearing

text: s, and air cushion or other types of

text: fluid bearing

text: s can change sliding friction into a much smaller type of rolling friction.

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text: A lubricant, typically talcum powder, can be used to reduce friction between skin and apparel in the short term. People put talcum powder inside gloves or shoes for this purpose, although this type of lubricant will increase the friction in the long term, as it absorbs moisture. Increased friction makes blisters more likely.

text: A

text: lubricant

text: , typically

text: talcum powder

text: , can be used to reduce friction between skin and apparel in the short term. People put talcum powder inside gloves or shoes for this purpose, although this type of lubricant will increase the friction in the long term, as it absorbs moisture. Increased friction makes blisters more likely.

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answers: long term

text: , e.g. caused by sliding friction, the latter equality transforms in the following manner

text: , e.g. caused by

text: sliding friction

text: , the latter equality transforms in the following manner

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answers: sliding friction

text: Coulomb damping absorbs energy with friction, which converts that kinetic energy into thermal energy or heat. The Coulomb friction law is associated with two aspects. Static and kinetic frictions occur in a vibrating system undergoing Coulomb damping. Static friction occurs when the two objects are stationary or undergoing no relative motion. For static friction, the friction force F exerted between the surfaces having no relative motion cannot exceed a value that is proportional to the product of the normal force N and the coefficient of static friction μ

text: Coulomb damping absorbs energy with friction, which converts that kinetic energy into thermal energy or heat. The Coulomb friction law is associated with two aspects. Static and kinetic frictions occur in a vibrating system undergoing Coulomb damping.

text: Static friction

text: occurs when the two objects are stationary or undergoing no relative motion. For static friction, the friction force F exerted between the surfaces having no relative motion cannot exceed a value that is proportional to the product of the

text: normal force

text: N and the coefficient of static friction μ

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answers: static and kinetic

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answers: static friction occurs when the two objects are stationary or undergoing no relative motion

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answers: sliding friction is stronger than static friction

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: relative motion

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answers: static

text: These CVTs can transfer substantial torque, because their static friction actually increases relative to torque throughput, so slippage is impossible in properly designed systems. Efficiency is generally high, because most of the dynamic friction is caused by very slight transitional clutch speed changes. The drawback to ratcheting CVTs is vibration caused by the successive transition in speed required to accelerate the element, which must supplant the previously operating and decelerating, power transmitting element.

text: These CVTs can transfer substantial torque, because their static friction actually increases relative to torque throughput, so slippage is impossible in properly designed systems. Efficiency is generally high, because most of the dynamic friction is caused by very slight transitional clutch speed changes. The drawback to ratcheting CVTs is vibration caused by the successive transition in speed required to accelerate the element, which must supplant the previously operating and decelerating, power transmitting element.

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answers: static

text: Because the collisions between billiard balls are nearly elastic, and the balls roll on a surface that produces low rolling friction, their behavior is often used to illustrate Newton's laws of motion. Idealized, frictionless billiard balls are a staple of mathematical theorems and physics models, and figure in dynamical billiards, scattering theory, Lissajous knots, billiard ball computing and reversible cellular automata, Polchinski's paradox, contact dynamics, collision detection, the illumination problem, atomic ultracooling, quantum mirages and elsewhere in these fields.

text: Because the

text: collisions between billiard balls

text: are nearly

text: elastic

text: , and the balls roll on a surface that produces low

text: rolling friction

text: , their behavior is often used to illustrate

text: Newton's laws of motion

text: . Idealized, frictionless billiard balls are a staple of

text: mathematical

text: theorems and

text: physics

text: models, and figure in

text: dynamical billiards

text: scattering theory

text: Lissajous knots

text: billiard ball computing

text: and

text: reversible cellular automata

text: Polchinski's paradox

text: contact dynamics

text: collision detection

text: , the

text: illumination problem

text: atomic ultracooling

text: quantum mirage

text: s and elsewhere in these fields.

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answers: rolling friction

text: The viscous type is generally simpler because it relies on hydrodynamic friction from fluids with high viscosity. Silicone-based oils are often used. Here, a cylindrical chamber of fluid filled with a stack of perforated discs rotates with the normal motion of the output shafts. The inside surface of the chamber is coupled to one of the driveshafts, and the outside coupled to the differential carrier. Half of the discs are connected to the inner, the other half to the outer, alternating inner/outer in the stack. Differential motion forces the interleaved discs to move through the fluid against each other. In some viscous couplings when speed is maintained the fluid will accumulate heat due to friction. This heat will cause the fluid to expand, and expand the coupler causing the discs to be pulled together resulting in a non-viscous plate to plate friction and a dramatic drop in speed difference. This is known as the hump phenomenon and it allows the side of the coupler to gently lock. In contrast to the mechanical type, the limiting action is much softer and more proportional to the slip, and so is easier to cope with for the average driver. New Process Gear used a viscous coupling of the Ferguson style in several of their transfer cases including those used in the AMC Eagle.

text: The viscous type is generally simpler because it relies on hydrodynamic friction from fluids with high

text: viscosity

text: Silicone

text: New Process

text: Gear used a viscous coupling of the

text: Ferguson

text: style in several of their

text: transfer case

text: s including those used in the

text: AMC Eagle

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answers: mechanical

text: In an eddy current brake the magnetic field may be created by a permanent magnet, or an electromagnet so the braking force can be turned on and off or varied by varying the electric current in the electromagnet's windings.  Another advantage is that since the brake does not work by friction, there are no brake shoe surfaces to wear out, necessitating replacement, as with friction brakes.  A disadvantage is that since the braking force is proportional to velocity the brake has no holding force when the moving object is stationary, as is provided by static friction in a friction brake, so in vehicles it must be supplemented by a friction brake.

text: In an eddy current brake the magnetic field may be created by a

text: permanent magnet

text: , or an

text: electromagnet

text: so the braking force can be turned on and off or varied by varying the

text: electric current

text: in the electromagnet's windings.  Another advantage is that since the brake does not work by

text: friction

text: , there are no

text: brake shoe

text: surfaces to

text: wear

text: out, necessitating replacement, as with friction brakes.  A disadvantage is that since the braking force is proportional to velocity the brake has no holding force when the moving object is stationary, as is provided by

text: static friction

text: in a friction brake, so in vehicles it must be supplemented by a friction brake.

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text: Some cars were only manufactured as frictions or kits, but not promotional models.  One example is the 1968 Ford XL Fastback, which was available only in bright yellow as a friction, or as an annual kit molded in the standard white color.  Interestingly, the 1967 and 1969 XL were available as promos, however.  Other cars were available as frictions and promos, but not kits.  An example of this is the 1963 Ford Galaxie 500/XL "boxtop" square-roof hardtop.  And, some versions were only available in some forms as hardtops, others as convertibles. Also, some models were made with built-in radios, like the 1967-1968 Ford Thunderbirds. These are interesting models, but generally do not hold as much value as promos or frictions (Doty 1999, 88).

text: Some cars were only manufactured as frictions or kits, but not promotional models.  One example is the 1968 Ford XL Fastback, which was available only in bright yellow as a friction, or as an annual kit molded in the standard white color.  Interestingly, the 1967 and 1969 XL were available as promos, however.  Other cars were available as frictions and promos, but not kits.  An example of this is the 1963 Ford Galaxie 500/XL "boxtop" square-roof hardtop.  And, some versions were only available in some forms as hardtops, others as convertibles. Also, some models were made with built-in radios, like the 1967-1968 Ford Thunderbirds. These are interesting models, but generally do not hold as much value as promos or frictions (Doty 1999, 88).

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text: where θ is the angle from horizontal and µ is the static coefficient of friction between the objects. This formula can also be used to calculate µ from empirical measurements of the friction angle.

text: where θ is the angle from horizontal and µ is the static coefficient of friction between the objects. This formula can also be used to calculate µ from empirical measurements of the friction angle.

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text: One method uses friction to apply the needed torque: the gyroscope in a gyrocompass is not completely free to reorient itself; if for instance a device connected to the axis is immersed in a viscous fluid, then that fluid will resist reorientation of the axis. This friction force caused by the fluid results in a torque acting on the axis, causing the axis to turn in a direction orthogonal to the torque (that is, to precess) along a line of longitude.  Once the axis points toward the celestial pole, it will appear to be stationary and won't experience any more frictional forces. This is because true north is the only direction for which the gyroscope can remain on the surface of the earth and not be required to change. This axis orientation is considered to be a point of minimum potential energy.

text: One method uses

text: friction

text: to apply the needed torque: the gyroscope in a gyrocompass is not completely free to reorient itself; if for instance a device connected to the axis is immersed in a viscous fluid, then that fluid will resist reorientation of the axis. This friction force caused by the fluid results in a

text: torque

text: acting on the axis, causing the axis to turn in a direction orthogonal to the torque (that is, to

text: precess

text: ) along a

text: line of longitude

text: .  Once the axis points toward the celestial pole, it will appear to be stationary and won't experience any more frictional forces. This is because true north is the only direction for which the gyroscope can remain on the surface of the earth and not be required to change. This axis orientation is considered to be a point of minimum

text: potential energy

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answers: 2

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answers: viscous fluid

answers: NDQ_018732

answers: It will appear to be stationary and won't experience any more frictional forces

answers: NDQ_018733

answers: sliding friction

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: immersed in a viscous fluid

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: frictional

text: It follows that to accelerate the object, both a net force and a torque are required. When external force with no torque acts on the rolling object‐surface system, there will be a tangential force at the point of contact between the surface and rolling object that provides the required torque as long as the motion is pure rolling; this force is usually static friction, for example, between the road and a wheel or between a bowling lane and a bowling ball. When static friction isn't enough, the friction becomes dynamic friction and slipping happens. The tangential force is opposite in direction to the external force, and therefore partially cancels it. The resulting net force and acceleration are:

text: It follows that to accelerate the object, both a net force and a

text: torque

text: are required. When external force with no torque acts on the rolling object‐surface system, there will be a tangential force at the point of contact between the surface and rolling object that provides the required torque as long as the motion is pure rolling; this force is usually

text: static friction

text: , for example, between the road and a wheel or between a bowling lane and a bowling ball. When static friction isn't enough, the friction becomes

text: dynamic friction

text: and slipping happens. The tangential force is opposite in direction to the external force, and therefore partially cancels it. The resulting

text: net force

text: and acceleration are:

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answers: static friction

answers: NDQ_018733

answers: dynamic friction

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: external force

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: static friction

text: In railway engineering, the term tractive effort is often used synonymously with tractive force to describe the pulling or pushing capability of a locomotive.  In automotive engineering, the terms are distinctive:  tractive effort is generally higher than tractive force by the amount of rolling resistance present, and both terms are higher than the amount of drawbar pull by the total resistance present (including air resistance and grade).  The published tractive force value for any vehicle may be theoretical—that is, calculated from known or implied mechanical properties—or obtained via testing under controlled conditions.  The discussion herein covers the term's usage in mechanical applications in which the final stage of the power transmission system is one or more wheels in frictional contact with a roadway or railroad track.

text: In railway engineering, the term tractive effort is often used

text: synonym

text: ously with tractive force to describe the pulling or pushing capability of a

text: locomotive

text: .  In automotive engineering, the terms are distinctive:

text: tractive effort

text: is generally higher than tractive force by the amount of

text: rolling resistance

text: present, and both terms are higher than the amount of

text: drawbar pull

text: by the total resistance present (including

text: air resistance

text: and

text: grade

text: ).  The published tractive force value for any vehicle may be theoretical—that is, calculated from known or implied mechanical properties—or obtained via testing under controlled conditions.  The discussion herein covers the term's usage in mechanical applications in which the final stage of the power transmission system is one or more

text: wheel

text: s in

text: friction

text: al contact with a

text: roadway

text: or

text: railroad track

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answers: rolling resistance

answers: NDQ_018732

answers: frictional contact

answers: NDQ_018733

answers: rolling resistance

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: air resistance and grade

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: rolling resistance

text: The design of the hydraulic ram produces an error in pressure measurements that are calculated from utilizing the oil pressure within the ram. Inside of the ram there is a large O-ring that seals oil in either the upper or lower portion of the ram. As the ram is pressurized and oil is transferred from the lower reservoir to the upper friction is produced by the motion of the O-ring along the inside wall of the ram. Since the ram needs to overcome the force of the friction to continue advancing, pressure measurements calculated using the oil pressure within the ram includes a contribution from the internal friction. The contribution of frictional force on pressure calculations can be described by the following relationship:

text: The design of the hydraulic ram produces an error in pressure measurements that are calculated from utilizing the oil pressure within the ram. Inside of the ram there is a large O-ring that seals oil in either the upper or lower portion of the ram. As the ram is pressurized and oil is transferred from the lower reservoir to the upper friction is produced by the motion of the O-ring along the inside wall of the ram. Since the ram needs to overcome the force of the friction to continue advancing, pressure measurements calculated using the oil pressure within the ram includes a contribution from the internal friction. The contribution of frictional force on pressure calculations can be described by the following relationship:

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answers: internal friction

answers: NDQ_018732

answers: frictional force on pressure calculations

answers: NDQ_018733

answers: sliding friction is stronger

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: pressure within the ram

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: internal friction

text: To overcome the friction between two bodies in static contact, the surfaces must somehow lift away from each other. Once in motion, the degree of surface affinity is reduced and hence bodies in sliding motion tend to offer lesser resistance to motion. These two categories of friction are respectively termed static friction and dynamic friction.

text: To overcome the friction between two bodies in static contact, the surfaces must somehow lift away from each other. Once in motion, the degree of surface affinity is reduced and hence bodies in sliding motion tend to offer lesser resistance to motion. These two categories of friction are respectively termed static friction and dynamic friction.

answers: tqa2:L_1055/T_4941/c527feb79e65acdf10341ce50d2c408e

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text: In a slip-critical connection, loads are transferred from one element to another through friction forces developed between the faying surfaces of the connection.  These friction forces are generated by the extreme tightness of the structural bolts holding the connection together.  These bolts, usually tension control bolts or compressible washer tension indicating type bolts, are tensioned to a minimum required amount to generate large enough friction forces between the faying surfaces such that the shear (or tension) load is transferred by the structural members and not by the bolts(in shear) and the connection plates(in bearing). The "turn of the nut" method is also widely used to achieve that state of friction.

text: In a slip-critical connection, loads are transferred from one element to another through friction forces developed between the

text: faying surfaces

text: of the connection.  These friction forces are generated by the extreme tightness of the structural bolts holding the connection together.  These bolts, usually tension control bolts or compressible washer tension indicating type bolts, are tensioned to a minimum required amount to generate large enough friction forces between the faying surfaces such that the shear (or tension) load is transferred by the structural members and not by the bolts(in shear) and the connection plates(in bearing). The "turn of the nut" method is also widely used to achieve that state of friction.

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text: Instead, any sort of explosive mixture the builder can find or make is used, and some of the explosive mixtures used, such as gunpowder, match heads, or chlorate mixtures are very prone to ignition by the friction and static electricity generated when packing the material inside the tube or attaching the end caps—accounting for many injuries or deaths amongst builders. If sharp objects, such as nails or broken glass, are added inside the bomb in an attempt to increase the amount of injury, these also add to the risk of premature ignition.

text: Instead, any sort of explosive mixture the builder can find or make is used, and some of the explosive mixtures used, such as

text: gunpowder

text: , match heads, or chlorate mixtures are very prone to ignition by the friction and static electricity generated when packing the material inside the tube or attaching the end caps—accounting for many injuries or deaths amongst builders. If sharp objects, such as nails or broken glass, are added inside the bomb in an attempt to increase the amount of injury, these also add to the risk of premature ignition.

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answers: static electricity

text: Static friction is friction between two or more solid objects that are not moving relative to each other. For example, static friction can prevent an object from sliding down a sloped surface. The coefficient of static friction, typically denoted as μ, is usually higher than the coefficient of kinetic friction.

text: Static friction is friction between two or more solid objects that are not moving relative to each other. For example, static friction can prevent an object from sliding down a sloped surface. The coefficient of static friction, typically denoted as μ, is usually higher than the coefficient of kinetic friction.

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answers: static friction

text: There are various friction surfaces through the game, increasing or decreasing traction of the marble rolling on them. Higher frictions allow the marble to start and stop rolling, and change direction more easily, and also allow the marble to climb steeper slopes. The marble rolls slightly slower on higher frictions. Lower frictions make it more difficult for the marble to start, stop, and change directions. Frictions in Marble Blast Gold include:

text: There are various friction surfaces through the game, increasing or decreasing traction of the marble rolling on them. Higher frictions allow the marble to start and stop rolling, and change direction more easily, and also allow the marble to climb steeper slopes. The marble rolls slightly slower on higher frictions. Lower frictions make it more difficult for the marble to start, stop, and change directions. Frictions in Marble Blast Gold include:

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answers: Lower frictions

text: Mattel introduced a modified type of roll cap that used sprocket feed instead of simple friction feed.

text: Mattel introduced a modified type of roll cap that used sprocket feed instead of simple friction feed.

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answers: roll cap

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answers: simple friction

text: The surface friction tester is a small fifth wheel attached to a hydraulic system mounted on the rear axle of the vehicle, used to measure road slipperiness. The wheel, allowed to roll freely, is slightly turned relative to the ground so that it partially slides. Sensors attached to the axis of the wheel calculate the friction between the wheel and the pavement by measuring the torque produced by the rotation of the wheel. Surface friction testers are used at airports and on major roadways before ice formation or after snow removal. The vehicle can relay the surface friction data back to the control centre, allowing gritting and clearing to be planned so that the vehicles are deployed most efficiently. Surface friction testers often include a water spraying system, to simulate the effects of rain on the road surface before the rain occurs. The sensors are usually mounted to small compact or estate cars or to a small trailer, rather than the large trucks used for other winter service equipment, as the surface friction tester works best when attached to a lightweight vehicle.

text: The surface friction tester is a small fifth wheel attached to a hydraulic system mounted on the rear axle of the vehicle, used to measure

text: road slipperiness

text: . The wheel, allowed to roll freely, is slightly

text: turned

text: relative to the ground so that it partially slides. Sensors attached to the axis of the wheel calculate the friction between the wheel and the pavement by measuring the

text: torque

text: produced by the rotation of the wheel. Surface friction testers are used at airports and on major roadways before ice formation or after snow removal. The vehicle can relay the surface friction data back to the control centre, allowing gritting and clearing to be planned so that the vehicles are deployed most efficiently. Surface friction testers often include a water spraying system, to simulate the effects of rain on the road surface before the rain occurs. The sensors are usually mounted to small

text: compact

text: or

text: estate car

text: s or to a small

text: trailer

text: , rather than the large trucks used for other winter service equipment, as the surface friction tester works best when attached to a lightweight vehicle.

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answers: The surface friction tester

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answers: sliding friction

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: airports

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answers: road slipperiness

text: The hair is coated with rosin to provide controlled stick-slip as it moves transversely to the string. Different types of rosin are available, providing varying amounts of "grip" or static friction.

text: The hair is coated with

text: rosin

text: to provide controlled

text: stick-slip

text: as it moves transversely to the string. Different types of rosin are available, providing varying amounts of "grip" or

text: static friction

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answers: stick-slip

answers: NDQ_018732

answers: "grip" or static friction

answers: NDQ_018733

answers: sliding friction

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: stick-slip

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: static

text: Adjusting graduated range slide on Type 98 50 mm mortar of the charge. Connect each igniter by cord to one of the two links extending from the barrel collar of the mortar on each side. Insert a pull-type friction primer in the primer seat, which is on the side of the barrel near the base.

text: Adjusting graduated range slide on Type 98 50 mm mortar of the charge. Connect each igniter by cord to one of the two links extending from the barrel collar of the mortar on each side. Insert a pull-type friction primer in the primer seat, which is on the side of the barrel near the base.

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answers: pull-type

answers: NDQ_018732

answers: friction

answers: NDQ_018733

answers: sliding friction

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: friction

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: pull-type

text: A type of fluid coupling, hydraulically connecting the engine to the transmission. This takes the place of a friction clutch in a manual transmission. It transmits and decouples the engine power to the planetary gears, allowing the vehicle to come to stop with the engine still running without stalling.

text: A type of fluid coupling, hydraulically connecting the engine to the transmission. This takes the place of a friction

text: clutch

text: in a manual transmission. It transmits and decouples the engine power to the planetary gears, allowing the vehicle to come to stop with the engine still running without

text: stalling

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answers: clutch

answers: NDQ_018732

answers: friction clutch

answers: NDQ_018733

answers: static friction

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: fluid coupling

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: friction clutch

text: Friction is the force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and material elements sliding against each other. There are several types of friction:

text: Friction is the

text: force

text: resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and material elements sliding against each other. There are several types of friction:

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answers: 4: The answer is mostly relevant and complete, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracies.

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text: Leonardo was a master of mechanical principles. He utilized leverage and cantilevering, pulleys, cranks, gears, including angle gears and rack and pinion gears; parallel linkage, lubrication systems and bearings. He understood the principles governing momentum, centripetal force, friction and the aerofoil and applied these to his inventions. His scientific studies remained unpublished with, for example, his manuscripts describing the processes governing friction predating the introduction of Amontons' Laws of Friction by 150 years.

text: Leonardo was a master of mechanical principles. He utilized

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text: age and

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text: rack and pinion

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text: systems and

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text: s. He understood the principles governing

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text: friction

text: and the

text: aerofoil

text: and applied these to his inventions. His scientific studies remained unpublished with, for example, his manuscripts describing the processes governing friction predating the introduction of

text: Amontons

text: ' Laws of Friction by 150 years.

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text: , which is a different rolling resistance coefficient or coefficient of rolling friction with dimension of length. It is defined by the following formula:

text: , which is a different rolling resistance coefficient or coefficient of rolling friction with dimension of length. It is defined by the following formula:

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text: Frictional instabilities can lead to the formation of new self-organized patterns (or "secondary structures") at the sliding interface, such as in-situ formed tribofilms which are utilized for the reduction of friction and wear in so-called self-lubricating materials.

text: Frictional instabilities can lead to the formation of new self-organized patterns (or "secondary structures") at the sliding interface, such as in-situ formed tribofilms which are utilized for the reduction of friction and wear in so-called self-lubricating materials.

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text: TDH = Static Height + Static Lift + Friction Loss

text: TDH = Static Height + Static Lift + Friction Loss

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answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracies.

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answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracies.

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text: Friction tape is a type of adhesive tape made from cloth impregnated with a rubber-based adhesive, and sometimes an abrasive substance, mainly used to increase grip or friction. Because the adhesive is impregnated in the cloth, friction tape is sticky on both sides. The rubber-based adhesive makes it an electrical insulator and provides a degree of protection from liquids and corrosion. In the past, friction tape was widely used by electricians,but PVC electrical tape has replaced it in most applications today. The frictional properties of the tape come from the cloth material which is often made from cotton. One common use is to wrap it around the blade of a hockey stick to improve puck control.  Another use is to wrap it around the handle of a softball or baseball bat to give oneself a better grip. It is also useful as a base when wrapping a bicycle handlebar with handlebar tape.

text: Friction tape is a type of

text: adhesive tape

text: made from

text: cloth

text: impregnated with a rubber-based

text: adhesive

text: , and sometimes an abrasive substance, mainly used to increase grip or friction. Because the adhesive is impregnated in the cloth, friction tape is sticky on both sides. The rubber-based adhesive makes it an electrical

text: insulator

text: and provides a degree of protection from liquids and

text: corrosion

text: . In the past, friction tape was widely used by electricians,but

text: PVC

text: electrical tape

text: has replaced it in most applications today. The frictional properties of the tape come from the cloth material which is often made from

text: cotton

text: . One common use is to wrap it around the blade of a

text: hockey stick

text: to improve

text: puck

text: control.  Another use is to wrap it around the handle of a softball or baseball bat to give oneself a better grip. It is also useful as a base when wrapping a

text: bicycle handlebar

text: with handlebar tape.

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text: Rotary bearings hold rotating components such as shafts or axles within mechanical systems, and transfer axial and radial loads from the source of the load to the structure supporting it.  The simplest form of bearing, the plain bearing, consists of a shaft rotating in a hole.  Lubrication is often used to reduce friction.  In the ball bearing and roller bearing, to prevent sliding friction, rolling elements such as rollers or balls with a circular cross-section are located between the races or journals of the bearing assembly. A wide variety of bearing designs exists to allow the demands of the application to be correctly met for maximum efficiency, reliability, durability and performance.

text: Rotary bearings hold rotating components such as

text: shaft

text: s or

text: axle

text: s within mechanical systems, and transfer axial and radial loads from the source of the load to the structure supporting it.  The simplest form of bearing, the

text: plain bearing

text: , consists of a shaft rotating in a hole.

text: Lubrication

text: is often used to reduce friction.  In the

text: ball bearing

text: and

text: roller bearing

text: , to prevent sliding friction, rolling elements such as rollers or balls with a circular cross-section are located between the races or journals of the bearing assembly. A wide variety of bearing designs exists to allow the demands of the application to be correctly met for maximum efficiency, reliability, durability and performance.

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text: There are two conspicuous dissipative effects: rolling friction when the coin slips along the surface, and air drag from the resistance of air. Experiments show that rolling friction is mainly responsible for the dissipation and behavior—experiments in a vacuum show that the absence of air affects behavior only slightly, while the behavior (precession rate) depends systematically on coefficient of friction. In the limit of small angle (i.e. immediately before the disk stops spinning), air drag (specifically, viscous dissipation) is the dominant factor, but prior to this end stage, rolling friction is the dominant effect.

text: There are two conspicuous dissipative effects:

text: rolling friction

text: when the coin slips along the surface, and

text: air drag

text: from the resistance of air. Experiments show that

text: rolling friction

text: is mainly responsible for the dissipation and behavior—experiments in a

text: vacuum

text: show that the absence of air affects behavior only slightly, while the behavior (precession rate) depends systematically on

text: coefficient of friction

text: . In the limit of small angle (i.e. immediately before the disk stops spinning), air drag (specifically,

text: viscous dissipation

text: ) is the dominant factor, but prior to this end stage, rolling friction is the dominant effect.

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text: . These coefficients describe the two types of friction forces in terms of the reaction forces acting on the bodies. More specifically, the static and dynamic friction force magnitudes

text: . These coefficients describe the two types of friction forces in terms of the reaction forces acting on the bodies. More specifically, the static and dynamic friction force magnitudes

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text: The actual vapor power cycle differs from the ideal Rankine cycle because of irreversibilities in the inherent components caused by fluid friction and heat loss to the surroundings; fluid friction causes pressure drops in the boiler, the condenser, and the piping between the components, and as a result the steam leaves the boiler at a lower pressure; heat loss reduces the net work output, thus heat addition to the steam in the boiler is required to maintain the same level of net work output.

text: The actual vapor power cycle differs from the ideal Rankine cycle because of irreversibilities in the inherent components caused by fluid friction and heat loss to the surroundings; fluid friction causes pressure drops in the boiler, the condenser, and the piping between the components, and as a result the steam leaves the boiler at a lower pressure; heat loss reduces the net work output, thus heat addition to the steam in the boiler is required to maintain the same level of net work output.

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answers: fluid friction

text: The field of fluid dynamics contains  in Stokes' law, which approximates the frictional force  exerted on small, spherical objects of radius , moving with velocity  in a fluid with dynamic viscosity :

text: The field of

text: fluid dynamics

text: contains  in

text: Stokes' law

text: , which approximates the

text: frictional force

text: exerted on small,

text: spherical

text: objects of radius , moving with velocity  in a

text: fluid

text: with

text: dynamic viscosity

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text: The maximum value of static friction, when motion is impending, is sometimes referred to as limiting friction,although this term is not used universally.

text: The maximum value of static friction, when motion is impending, is sometimes referred to as limiting friction,although this term is not used universally.

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text: Rigid support can be provided either from bottom or top. In case of bottom supports generally a  stanchion or Pipe Clamp Base is used. It can be simply kept on steel structure for only rest type supports. To simultaneously restrict in another direction separate plate or Lift up Lug can be used. A pipe anchor is a rigid support that restricts movement in all three orthogonal directions and all three rotational directions, i.e. restricting al the 6 degrees of freedom This usually is a welded stanchion that is welded or bolted to steel or concrete. In case of anchor which is bolted to concrete, a special type of bolt is required called Anchor Bolt, which is used to hold the support with concrete. In this type of support, normal force and friction force can become significant. To alleviate the frictional effect Graphite Pad or PTFE plates are used when required.

text: Rigid support can be provided either from bottom or top. In case of bottom supports generally a  stanchion or Pipe Clamp Base is used. It can be simply kept on steel structure for only rest type supports. To simultaneously restrict in another direction separate plate or Lift up Lug can be used. A pipe anchor is a rigid support that restricts movement in all three orthogonal directions and all three rotational directions, i.e. restricting al the 6

text: degrees of freedom

text: This usually is a welded

text: stanchion

text: that is welded or bolted to steel or concrete. In case of anchor which is bolted to concrete, a special type of bolt is required called Anchor Bolt, which is used to hold the support with concrete. In this type of support, normal force and friction force can become significant. To alleviate the frictional effect Graphite Pad or PTFE plates are used when required.

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answers: NDQ_018732

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answers: normal force

text: The hydraulic load on this type of spillway gate (Tainter gate) is transmitted from the cylindrical skin plate, which is in contact with the reservoir, through a number of struts to a convergence at the trunnion hub. The hub collects the load from the struts and transfers it across an interface to the trunnion pin, which is stationary and is connected to the dam. When the gate is operated, the hub rotates around the pin. The struts are primarily compression members, but friction at the pin-hub interface induces a bending stress during gate operation. Typically, and in this case, the struts are oriented such that the trunnion friction stress is applied to the weak axis of the struts (see Section modulus). In order to better handle these loads, the struts are connected with diagonal braces that take the stress as axial loads.

text: The hydraulic load on this type of

text: spillway

text: gate (

text: Tainter gate

text: ) is transmitted from the cylindrical skin plate, which is in contact with the reservoir, through a number of struts to a convergence at the trunnion hub. The hub collects the load from the struts and transfers it across an interface to the trunnion pin, which is stationary and is connected to the dam. When the gate is operated, the hub rotates around the pin. The struts are primarily compression members, but friction at the pin-hub interface induces a bending stress during gate operation. Typically, and in this case, the struts are oriented such that the trunnion friction stress is applied to the weak axis of the struts (see

text: Section modulus

text: ). In order to better handle these loads, the struts are connected with diagonal braces that take the stress as axial loads.

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answers: trunnion friction stress

answers: NDQ_018732

answers: When the gate is operated, the hub rotates around the pin

answers: NDQ_018733

answers: sliding friction

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: trunnion friction

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: bending stress

text: Based on the T equation it can be found that the screw is self-locking when the coefficient of friction is greater than the tangent of the lead angle. An equivalent comparison is when the friction angle is greater than the lead angle (

text: Based on the T equation it can be found that the screw is self-locking when the coefficient of friction is greater than the tangent of the lead angle. An equivalent comparison is when the friction angle is greater than the lead angle (

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answers: 4: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracies.

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answers: NDQ_018732

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text: Any reversible process is necessarily a quasi-static one. However, some quasi-static processes are irreversible, if there is heat flowing (in to or out of the system) or if entropy is being created in some other way. An example of a quasi-static process that is not reversible is a compression against a system with a piston subject to friction — although the system is always in thermal equilibrium, the friction ensures the generation of dissipative entropy, which directly goes against the definition of reversible. A notable example of a process that is not even quasi-static is the slow heat exchange between two bodies at two finitely different temperatures, where the heat exchange rate is controlled by an approximately adiabatic partition between the two bodies — in this case, no matter how slowly the process takes place, the states of the two bodies are never infinitesimally close to equilibrium, since thermal equilibrium requires that the two bodies be at the same temperature.

text: Any

text: reversible process

text: is necessarily a quasi-static one. However, some quasi-static processes are irreversible, if there is heat flowing (in to or out of the system) or if entropy is being created in some other way. An example of a quasi-static process that is not reversible is a compression against a system with a piston subject to friction — although the system is always in thermal equilibrium, the friction ensures the generation of dissipative entropy, which directly goes against the definition of reversible. A notable example of a process that is not even quasi-static is the slow

text: heat exchange

text: between two bodies at two finitely different temperatures, where the heat exchange rate is controlled by an approximately

text: adiabatic

text: partition between the two bodies — in this case, no matter how slowly the process takes place, the states of the two bodies are never infinitesimally close to equilibrium, since thermal equilibrium requires that the two bodies be at the same temperature.

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answers: NDQ_018737

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answers: adiabatic partition

text: For a mechanical analogy to negative resistance behavior, and how a ballast can limit current, imagine trying to push a heavy weight across a smooth surface. Applying a force (voltage) to the weight initially does not cause it to move (have positive current) because the static friction of the weight against the surface is more than the applied force. Once enough force (voltage) is applied, the static friction is overcome and the weight starts to move (now dynamic friction opposes the movement of the weight instead of static), but if the amount of force that was used to overcome the static friction is not changed, the weight will be pushed too fast across the surface because the dynamic friction is of a smaller magnitude than the static friction. If we flood the surface with some depth of viscous oil (our ballast), we can continue to push as hard as it took to get the weight moving (leave our voltage constant) while simultaneously not allowing the weight to move too fast (limit current). The transition between static friction (high resistance) and dynamic friction as the weight moves (low resistance) is the negative resistance region - less force (negative

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text: One of the most common effectors is the gripper. In its simplest manifestation it consists of just two fingers which can open and close to pick up and let go of a range of small objects. Fingers can for example be made of a chain with a metal wire run through it. Hands that resemble and work more like a human hand include the Shadow Hand and the Robonaut hand. Hands that are of a mid-level complexity include the Delft hand. Mechanical grippers can come in various types, including friction and encompassing jaws. Friction jaws use all the force of the gripper to hold the object in place using friction. Encompassing jaws cradle the object in place, using less friction.

text: One of the most common effectors is the gripper. In its simplest manifestation it consists of just two fingers which can open and close to pick up and let go of a range of small objects. Fingers can for example be made of a chain with a metal wire run through it. Hands that resemble and work more like a human hand include the

text: Shadow Hand

text: and the

text: Robonaut

text: hand. Hands that are of a mid-level complexity include the

text: Delft

text: hand. Mechanical grippers can come in various types, including friction and encompassing jaws. Friction jaws use all the force of the gripper to hold the object in place using friction. Encompassing jaws cradle the object in place, using less friction.

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text: The understanding of friction was further developed by Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (1785). Coulomb investigated the influence of four main factors on friction: the nature of the materials in contact and their surface coatings; the extent of the surface area; the normal pressure (or load); and the length of time that the surfaces remained in contact (time of repose). Coulomb further considered the influence of sliding velocity, temperature and humidity, in order to decide between the different explanations on the nature of friction that had been proposed. The distinction between static and dynamic friction is made in Coulomb's friction law (see below), although this distinction was already drawn by Johann Andreas von Segner in 1758.The effect of the time of repose was explained by Pieter van Musschenbroek (1762) by considering the surfaces of fibrous materials, with fibers meshing together, which takes a finite time in which the friction increases.

text: The understanding of friction was further developed by

text: Charles-Augustin de Coulomb

text: (1785). Coulomb investigated the influence of four main factors on friction: the nature of the materials in contact and their surface coatings; the extent of the surface area; the normal pressure (or load); and the length of time that the surfaces remained in contact (time of repose). Coulomb further considered the influence of sliding velocity, temperature and humidity, in order to decide between the different explanations on the nature of friction that had been proposed. The distinction between static and dynamic friction is made in Coulomb's friction law (see below), although this distinction was already drawn by

text: Johann Andreas von Segner

text: in 1758.The effect of the time of repose was explained by

text: Pieter van Musschenbroek

text: (1762) by considering the surfaces of fibrous materials, with fibers meshing together, which takes a finite time in which the friction increases.

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text: When a fluid system in which fluid density decreases with height is disturbed, gravity and friction restore the undisturbed conditions.

text: When a fluid system in which fluid density decreases with height is disturbed, gravity and friction restore the undisturbed conditions.

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text: Petroff's method of lubrication analysis, which assumes a concentric shaft and bearing, was the first to explain the phenomenon of bearing friction. This method, which ultimately produces the equation known as Petroff's Law, is useful because it defines groups of relevant dimensionless parameters, and predicts a fairly accurate coefficient of friction, even when the shaft is not concentric.

text: Petroff's method of lubrication analysis, which assumes a

text: concentric

text: shaft and bearing, was the first to explain the phenomenon of

text: bearing

text: friction

text: . This method, which ultimately produces the equation known as Petroff's Law, is useful because it defines groups of relevant dimensionless parameters, and predicts a fairly accurate

text: coefficient of friction

text: , even when the shaft is not concentric.

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text: An example of static friction is the force that prevents a car wheel from slipping as it rolls on the ground. Even though the wheel is in motion, the patch of the tire in contact with the ground is stationary relative to the ground, so it is static rather than kinetic friction.

text: An example of static friction is the force that prevents a car wheel from slipping as it rolls on the ground. Even though the wheel is in motion, the patch of the tire in contact with the ground is stationary relative to the ground, so it is static rather than kinetic friction.

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text: In many practical engineering applications, the fluid flow is more rapid, therefore turbulent rather than laminar. Under turbulent flow, the friction loss is found to be roughly proportional to the square of the flow velocity and inversely proportional to the pipe diameter, that is, the friction loss follows the phenomenological Darcy–Weisbach equation in which the hydraulic slope S can be expressed

text: In many practical engineering applications, the fluid flow is more rapid, therefore turbulent rather than laminar. Under turbulent flow, the friction loss is found to be roughly proportional to the square of the flow velocity and inversely proportional to the pipe diameter, that is, the friction loss follows the phenomenological

text: Darcy–Weisbach equation

text: in which the hydraulic slope S can be expressed

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text: Slab climbing is a type of rock climbing where the rock face is at an angle of less steep than vertical. It is characterized by balance- and friction-dependent moves on very small holds.

text: Slab climbing is a type of rock climbing where the rock face is at an angle of less steep than vertical. It is characterized by balance- and friction-dependent moves on very small holds.

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text: Arthur Jules Morin (1833) developed the concept of sliding versus rolling friction.  Osborne Reynolds (1866) derived the equation of viscous flow.  This completed the classic empirical model of friction (static, kinetic, and fluid) commonly used today in engineering. In 1877,  Fleeming Jenkin and J. A. Ewing investigated the continuity between static and kinetic friction.

text: Arthur Jules Morin

text: (1833) developed the concept of sliding versus rolling friction.

text: Osborne Reynolds

text: (1866) derived the equation of viscous flow.  This completed the classic empirical model of friction (static, kinetic, and fluid) commonly used today in engineering. In 1877,

text: Fleeming Jenkin

text: and

text: J. A. Ewing

text: investigated the continuity between static and kinetic friction.

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answers: rolling friction

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: kinetic

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: static

text: Rolling resistance, sometimes called rolling friction or rolling drag, is the force resisting the motion when a body (such as a ball, tire, or wheel) rolls on a surface. It is mainly caused by non-elastic effects; that is, not all the energy needed for deformation (or movement) of the wheel, roadbed, etc. is recovered when the pressure is removed. Two forms of this are hysteresis losses (see below), and permanent (plastic) deformation of the object or the surface (e.g. soil). Another cause of rolling resistance lies in the slippage between the wheel and the surface, which dissipates energy. Note that only the last of these effects involves friction, therefore the name "rolling friction" is to an extent a misnomer.

text: Rolling resistance, sometimes called rolling friction or rolling drag, is the force resisting the

text: motion

text: when a body (such as a

text: ball

text: tire

text: , or

text: wheel

text: ) rolls on a surface. It is mainly caused by

text: non-elastic

text: effects; that is, not all the energy needed for deformation (or movement) of the wheel, roadbed, etc. is recovered when the pressure is removed. Two forms of this are

text: hysteresis

text: losses (see

text: below

text: ), and permanent

text: (plastic) deformation

text: of the object or the surface (e.g. soil). Another cause of rolling resistance lies in the

text: slippage

text: between the wheel and the surface, which dissipates energy. Note that only the last of these effects involves

text: friction

text: , therefore the name "rolling friction" is to an extent a misnomer.

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answers: hysteresis losses

answers: NDQ_018732

answers: non-elastic effects

answers: NDQ_018733

answers: sliding friction

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: the object or the surface

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: rolling resistance

text: The rock type along a fault can have a large effect on the amount of frictional resistance present. Most crystalline rock types will have a much higher coefficient of friction as opposed to sedimentary rocks, due to their higher cohesion and a greater surface area of asperities. The rock type also controls the effect that water will have on fault friction. Laboratory experiments have proved that the presence of water will promote the rupture of a fault in carbonate rocks (marble). However, these experiments also showed that in silica-bearing rock types (microgabbro), the presence of water may delay or even inhibit the rupture of a fault. This is because when a silica-bearing fault ruptures, the rupture occurs through the “flash melting” (instantaneous melting) of the asperities. In other words, the microscopic grain contacts which hold the fault in place instantly melt due to high stresses. The presence of water delays this “flash melting” basically by cooling the contacts, and keeping them in solid form. In fault through a carbonate, the rupture occurs when these asperities experience a brittle failure. In this case, the water acts as a lubricant which promotes the failure of these asperities. The major controlling factor pertaining to the influence of rock type is not necessarily the composition of the rock, but more importantly the “roughness” of the rock at the fault interface.

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answers: NDQ_018732

answers: water acts as a lubricant which promotes the failure of these asperities

answers: NDQ_018733

answers: sliding friction is stronger than static friction

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: rock type

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: coefficient of friction

text: The A-5 has a system of friction piece or pieces and bevel rings which retard the barrel's rearward travel.  Setting these rings correctly is vital to good shotgun performance and to ensure a long life to the weapon, by controlling excessive recoil.  The friction rings are set based on the type of load to be fired through the gun.  Different settings can be found in the owner's manual.

text: The A-5 has a system of friction piece or pieces and bevel rings which retard the barrel's rearward travel.  Setting these rings correctly is vital to good shotgun performance and to ensure a long life to the weapon, by controlling excessive recoil.  The friction rings are set based on the type of load to be fired through the gun.  Different settings can be found in the owner's manual.

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text: Sliding friction between the surface of the cam and the cam follower which rides upon it can be considerable. In order to reduce wear at this point, the cam and follower are both surface hardened, and modern lubricant motor oils contain additives specifically to reduce sliding friction. The lobes of the camshaft are usually slightly tapered and the faces of the valve lifters slightly domed, causing the lifters to rotate to distribute wear on the parts. The surfaces of the cam and follower are designed to "wear in" together, and therefore each follower should stay with its original cam lobe and never be moved to a different lobe. You can put new lifters on an old cam but never old lifters on a new cam. In some engines the followers have rollers which eliminate the sliding friction and wear but add mass to the valvetrain.

text: Sliding friction

text: between the surface of the cam and the cam follower which rides upon it can be considerable. In order to reduce wear at this point, the cam and follower are both

text: surface hardened

text: , and modern

text: lubricant

text: motor oil

text: s contain additives specifically to reduce sliding friction. The lobes of the camshaft are usually slightly tapered and the faces of the valve lifters slightly domed, causing the lifters to rotate to distribute wear on the parts. The surfaces of the cam and follower are designed to "wear in" together, and therefore each follower should stay with its original cam lobe and never be moved to a different lobe. You can put new lifters on an old cam but never old lifters on a new cam. In some engines the followers have rollers which eliminate the sliding friction and wear but add mass to the valvetrain.

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text: After much experimentation, Daniels had designed a new type of watch escapement by 1974. The mechanism, which was first unveiled in 1976 and patented in 1980, was called the coaxial escapement. Its design avoided the need to add oil to the escapement because the mechanism operated with very low friction. Traditional escapements had to use lubricants but this eventually caused problems with accuracy as oil thickened over time. But coaxial escapement used radial friction instead of sliding friction making lubricants unnecessary. Daniels' mechanism has since been described as the most important development in horology in the past 250 years.

text: After much experimentation, Daniels had designed a new type of watch

text: escapement

text: by 1974. The mechanism, which was first unveiled in 1976 and patented in 1980, was called the

text: coaxial escapement

text: . Its design avoided the need to add oil to the escapement because the mechanism operated with very low

text: friction

text: . Traditional escapements had to use lubricants but this eventually caused problems with accuracy as oil thickened over time. But coaxial escapement used radial friction instead of sliding friction making lubricants unnecessary. Daniels' mechanism has since been described as the most important development in horology in the past 250 years.

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text: Although DDA and DEM are similar in the sense that they both simulate the behavior of interacting discrete bodies, they are quite different theoretically. While DDA is a displacement method, DEM is a force method. While DDA uses displacement as variables in an implicit formulation with opening-closing iterations within each time step to achieve equilibrium of the blocks under constrains of the contact, DEM employs an explicit, time marching scheme to solve the equations of motion directly (Cundall and Hart). The system of equation in DDA is derived from minimizing the total potential energy of the system being analyzed. This guarantee that equilibrium is satisfied at all times and that energy consumption is natural since it is due to frictional forces. In DEM, unbalanced forces drive the solution process, and damping is used to dissipate energy. If a quasi-static solution is desired in which the intermediate steps are not of interest, the type of damping and the type of relaxation scheme can be selected in DEM to obtain the most efficient solution method (Cundall). The application of damping in DEM for quasi-static problem is somewhat analogues to the setting to zero of the initial velocities of the block in the static analysis of DDA. In dynamic problem, however, the amount and type of damping in DEM, which are very difficult to qualify experimentally, has to be selected very carefully to as not to damp out real vibrations. On the other hand, the energy consumption in DDA is due to the frictional resistance at contact. By passing the velocities of the blocks at the end of a time step to the next time step, DDA gives real dynamic solution with correct energy consumption. By using an energy approach, DDA does not require an artificial damping term to dissipate energy as in DEM, and can easily incorporate other mechanisms for energy loss.

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answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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text: In most cases, it is important that a baserunner's momentum from running is not so great at the time of reaching the base that it would cause the baserunner subsequently to overrun the base, placing him in jeopardy of being tagged out once contact with the base is lost.  This need to reduce the momentum from running is directly at odds with the need to reach the base as quickly as possible in the first place.  Sliding addresses this problem by providing, through the body's friction with the ground, the most rapid means of slowing a baserunner's momentum.  This, in turn, allows the baserunner to remain at top speed for as long as possible before needing to initiate slowing.

text: In most cases, it is important that a baserunner's

text: momentum

text: from running is not so great at the time of reaching the base that it would cause the baserunner subsequently to overrun the base, placing him in jeopardy of being tagged out once contact with the base is lost.  This need to reduce the momentum from running is directly at odds with the need to reach the base as quickly as possible in the first place.  Sliding addresses this problem by providing, through the body's

text: friction

text: with the ground, the most rapid means of slowing a baserunner's momentum.  This, in turn, allows the baserunner to remain at top speed for as long as possible before needing to initiate slowing.

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text: The two main dry lubricants are graphite and molybdenum disulfide. They offer lubrication at temperatures higher than liquid and oil-based lubricants operate. Dry lubricants are often used in applications such as locks or dry lubricated bearings. Such materials can operate up to 350 °C (662 °F) in oxidizing environments and even higher in reducing / non-oxidizing environments (molybdenum disulfide up to 1100 °C, 2012 °F). The low-friction characteristics of most dry lubricants are attributed to a layered structure on the molecular level with weak bonding between layers. Such layers are able to slide relative to each other with minimal applied force, thus giving them their low friction properties.

text: The two main dry lubricants are

text: graphite

text: and

text: molybdenum disulfide

text: . They offer lubrication at temperatures higher than liquid and oil-based lubricants operate. Dry lubricants are often used in applications such as locks or dry lubricated bearings. Such materials can operate up to 350 °C (662 °F) in oxidizing environments and even higher in reducing / non-oxidizing environments (molybdenum disulfide up to 1100 °C, 2012 °F). The low-friction characteristics of most dry lubricants are attributed to a layered structure on the molecular level with weak bonding between layers. Such layers are able to slide relative to each other with minimal applied force, thus giving them their low friction properties.

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text: A critical requirement for accuracy is low static friction (stiction) in the bearings of the pendulum; this is achieved by various means ranging from double ball bearing with a superimposed oscillatory motion to dither the bearing above its threshold or through the use of gaseous or fluid bearings or by the alternative method of floating the gyroscope in a fluid and restraining the residual mass by jewel bearings or electromagnetic means.  Although this later method still has the viscous friction of the fluid this is linear and has no threshold and has the advantage of having minimal static friction.  Another aspect is the accurate control of the gyroscope's rotational rate.

text: A critical requirement for accuracy is low static friction (

text: stiction

text: ) in the bearings of the pendulum; this is achieved by various means ranging from double

text: ball bearing

text: with a superimposed oscillatory motion to dither the bearing above its threshold or through the use of gaseous or fluid bearings or by the alternative method of floating the gyroscope in a fluid and restraining the residual mass by

text: jewel bearing

text: s or electromagnetic means.  Although this later method still has the

text: viscous friction

text: of the fluid this is linear and has no threshold and has the advantage of having minimal static friction.  Another aspect is the accurate control of the gyroscope's rotational rate.

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answers: NDQ_018737

answers: the pendulum

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: static

text: The laws are shown by the classic example of a brick resting on an inclined plane, where it is in equilibrium and thus motionless. The force of gravity is opposed by static friction and as the angle of tilt of the plane is increased, the brick will eventually start to move downwards as gravity overcomes the frictional resistance.

text: The laws are shown by the classic example of a brick resting on an

text: inclined plane

text: , where it is in equilibrium and thus motionless. The force of

text: gravity

text: is opposed by

text: static friction

text: and as the angle of tilt of the plane is increased, the brick will eventually start to move downwards as gravity overcomes the frictional resistance.

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answers: static

answers: NDQ_018732

answers: static friction

answers: NDQ_018733

answers: sliding friction

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: angle of tilt

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: static

text: The typical operation of a hydraulic brake system uses the premise of fluid displacement to convert operator input into friction. This fluid transfer is accomplished by a connecting tube and/or hose from one hydraulic cylinder (often called the master cylinder) to another (located at the brakes of each wheel). In practice, an operator control such as a brake pedal or lever attached to a hydraulic cylinder is connected in turn, via a tube/hose, to another hydraulic cylinder responsible for applying friction to a moving surface. This network of operator control(s), tube/hose, and cylinder(s) is filled with hydraulic fluid such that input from the operator displaces fluid at the control location, resulting in movement at the opposite end of the system. The ideal hydraulic brake system would use only hard tubing such as galvanized or stainless steel pipe, as this would prevent any expansion along the hydraulic fluid path, providing the most direct transfer of operator input force to the friction surfaces, and in fact most of the length of a brake line is made of stainless steel. However, hard tubing will not endure the motions caused by articulation of suspension components. For example, an automobile wheel is not hard-mounted to the automobile's frame or unibody chassis. It is instead mounted to a suspension component which allows that wheel to move in response to road irregularities and steering inputs. Because the wheel must be able to move, a length of flexible hose must be used between the end of the run of metal brake line tubing, and the brake at each wheel. Since the ideal brake system would use only hard tubing for its lack of expansion, but some use of flexible hose is required, the ideal compromise is to use a hose type that allows a minimal rate of expansion. Thus the assertion that braided stainless steel hose is superior as compared to a typical rubber hose when used in a hydraulic brake system.

text: The typical operation of a hydraulic brake system uses the premise of

text: fluid displacement

text: to convert operator input into friction. This fluid transfer is accomplished by a connecting tube and/or hose from one hydraulic cylinder (often called the master cylinder) to another (located at the brakes of each wheel). In practice, an operator control such as a brake pedal or lever attached to a hydraulic cylinder is connected in turn, via a tube/hose, to another hydraulic cylinder responsible for applying friction to a moving surface. This network of operator control(s), tube/hose, and cylinder(s) is filled with

text: hydraulic fluid

text: such that input from the operator displaces fluid at the control location, resulting in movement at the opposite end of the system. The ideal hydraulic brake system would use only hard tubing such as galvanized or stainless steel pipe, as this would prevent any expansion along the hydraulic fluid path, providing the most direct transfer of operator input force to the friction surfaces, and in fact most of the length of a brake line is made of stainless steel. However, hard tubing will not endure the motions caused by articulation of suspension components. For example, an automobile wheel is not hard-mounted to the automobile's frame or

text: unibody

text: chassis. It is instead mounted to a suspension component which allows that wheel to move in response to road irregularities and steering inputs. Because the wheel must be able to move, a length of flexible hose must be used between the end of the run of metal brake line tubing, and the brake at each wheel. Since the ideal brake system would use only hard tubing for its lack of expansion, but some use of flexible hose is required, the ideal compromise is to use a hose type that allows a minimal rate of expansion. Thus the assertion that braided stainless steel hose is superior as compared to a typical rubber hose when used in a hydraulic brake system.

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answers: a moving surface

answers: NDQ_018732

answers: a hydraulic brake system uses the premise of fluid displacement to convert operator input into friction

answers: NDQ_018733

answers: sliding friction

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: a moving surface

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: a moving surface

text: Different kinds of casement stay include peg type, telescopic and friction

text: Different kinds of casement stay include peg type, telescopic and friction

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answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracies.

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answers: NDQ_018733

answers: sliding friction

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: peg type

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: friction

text: In alternating current flowing a pipe the friction appear at the surface of the pipe and also in liquid itself. Therefore the relation between the hydromotive and current can be written:

text: In alternating current flowing a pipe the friction appear at the surface of the pipe and also in liquid itself. Therefore the relation between the hydromotive and current can be written:

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answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracies.

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text: He is label manager of Shogun Audio, and was a regular DJ on the BBC 1Xtra D&B M1X Show. Friction is not to be confused with Birmingham-based DJ Fricktion who specialises in Open Format Genres, or Bobby Friction of the BBC Asian Network.

text: He is label manager of

text: Shogun Audio

text: , and was a regular DJ on the

text: BBC 1Xtra

text: D&B M1X Show. Friction is not to be confused with Birmingham-based DJ Fricktion who specialises in Open Format Genres, or Bobby Friction of the BBC Asian Network.

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answers: D&B

text: In the case of nanotube nanomotors however, the intershell friction in the multi-walled nanotubes (MWNT) is remarkably small. Molecular dynamics studies show that, with the exception of small peaks, the frictional force remains almost negligible for all sliding velocities until a special sliding velocity is reached. Simulations relating the sliding velocity, induced rotation, inter-shell frictional force to the applied force provide explanations for the low inter-wall friction. Contrary to macroscale expectations the speed at which an inner tube travels within an outer tube does not follow a linear relationship with the applied force. Instead, the speed remains constant (as in a plateau) despite increasing applied force occasionally jumping in value to the next plateau. No real rotation is noticed in nonchiral inner tubes. In the case of chiral tubes a true rotation is noticed and the angular velocity also jumps to plateaus along with the jumps in the linear velocity. These plateaus and jumps can be explained as a natural outcome of frictional peaks for growing velocity, the stable (rising) side of the peak leading to a plateau, the dropping (unstable) side leading to a jump. These peaks occur due to parametric excitation of vibrational modes in the walls of the tubes due to the sliding of the inner tube. With the exception of small peaks, that correspond to the speed plateaus, the frictional force remains almost negligible for all sliding velocities until a special sliding velocity. These velocity plateaus correspond to the peaks in the frictional force. The sudden rise in sliding velocity is due to a resonance condition between a frequency that is dependent on the inter-tube corrugation period and particular phonon frequencies of the outer tube which happen to possess a group velocity approximately equal to the sliding velocity.

text: In the case of nanotube nanomotors however, the intershell friction in the multi-walled nanotubes (MWNT) is remarkably small.

text: Molecular dynamics

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answers: Frictional force remains almost negligible

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text: The static coefficient of friction for an object on an inclined plane can be calculated as follows:

text: The static

text: coefficient of friction

text: for an object on an inclined plane can be calculated as follows:

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answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracies.

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answers: 1: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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text: Kinetic friction, also known as dynamic friction or sliding friction, occurs when two objects are moving relative to each other and rub together (like a sled on the ground). The coefficient of kinetic friction is typically denoted as μ, and is usually less than the coefficient of static friction for the same materials. However, Richard Feynman comments that "with dry metals it is very hard to show any difference."The friction force between two surfaces after sliding begins is the product of the coefficient of kinetic friction and the normal force:

text: Kinetic friction, also known as dynamic friction or sliding friction, occurs when two objects are moving relative to each other and rub together (like a sled on the ground). The coefficient of kinetic friction is typically denoted as μ, and is usually less than the coefficient of static friction for the same materials. However,

text: Richard Feynman

text: comments that "with dry metals it is very hard to show any difference."The friction force between two surfaces after sliding begins is the product of the coefficient of kinetic friction and the normal force:

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text: For certain applications it is more useful to define static friction in terms of the maximum angle before which one of the items will begin sliding. This is called the angle of friction or friction angle. It is defined as:

text: For certain applications it is more useful to define static friction in terms of the maximum angle before which one of the items will begin sliding. This is called the angle of friction or friction angle. It is defined as:

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text: ). This does cause frictional shear stresses in the contact area. In the final situation the bollard exercises a friction force on the rope such that a static situation occurs.

text: ). This does cause frictional shear stresses in the contact area. In the final situation the bollard exercises a friction force on the rope such that a static situation occurs.

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text: In hydrodynamics, the Perrin friction factors are multiplicative adjustments to the translational and rotational friction of a rigid spheroid, relative to the corresponding frictions in spheres of the same volume.  These friction factors were first calculated by Jean-Baptiste Perrin.

text: In

text: hydrodynamics

text: , the Perrin friction factors are multiplicative adjustments to the translational and rotational friction of a rigid spheroid, relative to the corresponding frictions in spheres of the same volume.  These friction factors were first calculated by

text: Jean-Baptiste Perrin

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text: There are many new types of ball bearings in the market which deviate from the original design and/or material of the standard stainless steel ball bearing. For example, a certain type of bearing has an inward facing curved surface, to prevent the string from rubbing on the sides of the yo-yo, which would cause unwanted friction when performing intricate string tricks. Other manufacturers replicate this with a similar inwardly curved surface, but use minor modifications. Some high end bearings use ceramic composites in the balls of the bearing, to reduce internal friction, again making for a smoother spinning yo-yo.

text: There are many new types of ball bearings in the market which deviate from the original design and/or material of the standard

text: stainless steel

text: ball bearing. For example, a certain type of bearing has an inward facing curved surface, to prevent the string from rubbing on the sides of the yo-yo, which would cause unwanted friction when performing intricate string tricks. Other manufacturers replicate this with a similar inwardly curved surface, but use minor modifications. Some high end bearings use

text: ceramic composite

text: s in the balls of the bearing, to reduce internal friction, again making for a smoother spinning yo-yo.

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text: The reduction of friction termed brake fade is caused when the temperature reaches the "kneepoint" on the temperature-friction curve and gas builds up between disc and pad. All brake lining is cured under mechanical pressure following a heating and cooling curve backstroke, heating the friction material up to  to "cure" (cross-link) the phenolic resin thermoset polymers: There is no melting of the binding resins, because phenolic resins are thermoset, not thermoplastic. In this form of fade, the brake pedal feels firm but there is reduced stopping ability. Fade can also be caused by the brake fluid boiling, with attendant release of compressible gases. In this type of fade, the brake pedal feels "spongy". This condition is worsened when there are contaminants in the fluid, such as water, which most types of brake fluids are prone to absorbing to varying degrees. For this reason brake fluid replacement is standard maintenance.

text: The reduction of friction termed brake fade is caused when the temperature reaches the "kneepoint" on the temperature-friction curve and gas builds up between disc and pad. All brake lining is cured under mechanical pressure following a heating and cooling curve backstroke, heating the friction material up to  to "

text: cure

text: " (cross-link) the

text: phenolic resin

text: thermoset

text: polymers: There is no melting of the binding resins, because phenolic resins are thermoset, not

text: thermoplastic

text: . In this form of fade, the brake pedal feels firm but there is reduced stopping ability. Fade can also be caused by the

text: brake fluid

text: boiling, with attendant release of compressible gases. In this type of fade, the brake pedal feels "spongy". This condition is worsened when there are contaminants in the fluid, such as water, which most types of brake fluids are prone to absorbing to varying degrees. For this reason

text: brake fluid replacement

text: is standard maintenance.

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answers: gas builds up between disc and pad

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text: There is general formula for friction force in a liquid: The vector differential of friction force is equal the viscosity tensor increased on vector product differential of the area vector of adjoining a liquid layers and rotor of velocity:

text: There is general formula for friction force in a liquid: The vector

text: differential

text: of friction force is equal the viscosity tensor increased on

text: vector product

text: differential of the area vector of adjoining a liquid layers and

text: rotor

text: of velocity:

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text: Reducing friction in bearings is often important for efficiency, to reduce wear and to facilitate extended use at high speeds and to avoid overheating and premature failure of the bearing. Essentially, a bearing can reduce friction by virtue of its shape, by its material, or by introducing and containing a fluid between surfaces or by separating the surfaces with an electromagnetic field.

text: Reducing friction in bearings is often important for efficiency, to reduce wear and to facilitate extended use at high speeds and to avoid overheating and premature failure of the bearing. Essentially, a bearing can reduce friction by virtue of its shape, by its material, or by introducing and containing a fluid between surfaces or by separating the surfaces with an electromagnetic field.

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text: is the coefficient of static friction and

text: is the coefficient of static friction and

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text: By utilizing radial friction instead of sliding friction at the impulse surfaces the co-axial escapement significantly reduces friction, theoretically resulting in longer service intervals and greater accuracy over time.

text: By utilizing radial friction instead of sliding friction at the impulse surfaces the co-axial escapement significantly reduces friction, theoretically resulting in longer

text: service interval

text: s and greater accuracy over time.

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answers: sliding friction

text: , and the direction of the frictional force against a surface is opposite to the motion that surface would experience in the absence of friction. Thus, in the static case, the frictional force is exactly what it must be in order to prevent motion between the surfaces; it balances the net force tending to cause such motion. In this case, rather than providing an estimate of the actual frictional force, the Coulomb approximation provides a threshold value for this force, above which motion would commence. This maximum force is known as traction.

text: , and the direction of the frictional force against a surface is opposite to the motion that surface would experience in the absence of friction. Thus, in the static case, the frictional force is exactly what it must be in order to prevent motion between the surfaces; it balances the net force tending to cause such motion. In this case, rather than providing an estimate of the actual frictional force, the Coulomb approximation provides a threshold value for this force, above which motion would commence. This maximum force is known as

text: traction

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text: All or almost all of the energy added by the engine is usually lost as friction; so minimising frictional losses are very important in many vehicles. The main sources of friction are rolling friction and fluid drag (air drag or water drag).

text: All or almost all of the energy added by the engine is usually lost as friction; so minimising frictional losses are very important in many vehicles. The main sources of friction are

text: rolling friction

text: and

text: fluid drag

text: (air drag or water drag).

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answers: energy added by the engine

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: rolling friction

text: In the early 21st century, research was sparked by an article in the April 20, 2000 edition of Nature, where Keith Moffatt showed that viscous dissipation in the thin layer of air between the disk and the table would be sufficient to account for the observed abruptness of the settling process.  He also showed that the motion concluded in a finite-time singularity. His first theoretical hypothesis was contradicted by subsequent research, which showed that rolling friction is actually the dominant factor.

text: In the early 21st century, research was sparked by an article in the April 20, 2000 edition of

text: Nature

text: , where

text: Keith Moffatt

text: showed that

text: viscous dissipation

text: in the thin layer of

text: air

text: between the disk and the table would be sufficient to account for the observed abruptness of the settling process.  He also showed that the motion concluded in a

text: finite-time singularity

text: . His first theoretical hypothesis was contradicted by subsequent research, which showed that rolling friction is actually the dominant factor.

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answers: rolling friction

text: The common friction tube is a copper tube, packed with powder, having at the upper end a short branch (called a nib piece) at right angles.  This branch is filled with friction composition in which a friction bar is embedded.  When the friction bar is sharply pulled out, by means of a lanyard, the composition is ignited and sets fire to the powder in the long tube; the flash is conveyed through the vent and ignites the gun charge.  For naval purposes, to prevent the sailors from  being cut on the face or hurting their feet, tubes of quill instead of copper were used.  If friction tubes are employed when cordite or other smokeless powder charges are used, the erosion of the vent is very rapid unless the escape of the gas is prevented; in this case T-headed tubes are used.  They are similar in action to the ordinary type, but are fixed to the vent by the head fitting a bayonet joint formed with the vent.  The explosion blows a small ball upwards and blocks the coned hole at the top of the tube and so prevents any rush of gas.

text: The common friction tube is a copper tube, packed with powder, having at the upper end a short branch (called a nib piece) at right angles.  This branch is filled with friction composition in which a friction bar is embedded.  When the friction bar is sharply pulled out, by means of a

text: lanyard

text: , the composition is ignited and sets fire to the powder in the long tube; the flash is conveyed through the vent and ignites the gun charge.  For naval purposes, to prevent the sailors from  being cut on the face or hurting their feet, tubes of quill instead of copper were used.  If friction tubes are employed when

text: cordite

text: or other

text: smokeless powder

text: charges are used, the erosion of the vent is very rapid unless the escape of the gas is prevented; in this case T-headed tubes are used.  They are similar in action to the ordinary type, but are fixed to the vent by the head fitting a bayonet joint formed with the vent.  The explosion blows a small ball upwards and blocks the coned hole at the top of the tube and so prevents any rush of gas.

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text: Pressure drop is defined as the difference in pressure between two points of a fluid carrying network.  Pressure drop occurs when frictional forces, caused by the resistance to flow, act on a fluid as it flows through the tube. The main determinants of resistance to fluid flow are fluid velocity through the pipe and fluid viscosity. Pressure drop increases proportional to the frictional shear forces within the piping network. A piping network containing a high relative roughness rating as well as many pipe fittings and joints, tube convergence, divergence, turns, surface roughness and other physical properties will affect the pressure drop.  High flow velocities and / or high fluid viscosities result in a larger pressure drop across a section of pipe or a valve or elbow.  Low velocity will result in lower or no pressure drop.

text: Pressure drop is defined as the difference in

text: pressure

text: between two points of a fluid carrying network.  Pressure drop occurs when

text: friction

text: al forces, caused by the resistance to flow, act on a

text: fluid

text: as it flows through the tube. The main determinants of resistance to fluid flow are fluid

text: velocity

text: through the pipe and fluid

text: viscosity

text: . Pressure drop increases proportional to the frictional

text: shear force

text: s within the piping network. A piping network containing a high relative

text: roughness

text: rating as well as many pipe fittings and joints, tube convergence, divergence, turns, surface roughness and other physical properties will affect the pressure drop.  High flow velocities and / or high fluid viscosities result in a larger pressure drop across a section of pipe or a valve or elbow.  Low velocity will result in lower or no pressure drop.

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text: In the field of fluid dynamics  the point at which the boundary layer changes from laminar to turbulent is called the transition point. Where the boundary layer becomes turbulent, drag due to skin friction is relatively high. As speed increases, the upper surface transition point tends to move forward. As the angle of attack increases, the upper surface transition point also tends to move forward.

text: In the field of

text: fluid dynamics

text: the point at which the

text: boundary layer

text: changes from

text: laminar

text: to

text: turbulent

text: is called the transition point. Where the boundary layer becomes turbulent,

text: drag

text: due to

text: skin friction

text: is relatively high. As speed increases, the upper surface

text: transition

text: point tends to move forward. As the

text: angle of attack

text: increases, the upper surface transition point also tends to move forward.

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text: One of the most successful labourers in the science of hydrodynamics at this period was Pierre Louis Georges Dubuat (1734–1809). Following in the steps of the Abbé Charles Bossut (Nouvelles Experiences sur la resistance des fluides, 1777), he published, in 1786, a revised edition of his Principes d'hydraulique, which contains a satisfactory theory of the motion of fluids, founded solely upon experiments. Dubuat considered that if water were a perfect fluid, and the channels in which it flowed infinitely smooth, its motion would be continually accelerated, like that of bodies descending in an inclined plane. But as the motion of rivers is not continually accelerated, and soon arrives at a state of uniformity, it is evident that the viscosity of the water, and the friction of the channel in which it descends, must equal the accelerating force. Dubuat, therefore, assumed it as a proposition of fundamental importance that, when water flows in any channel or bed, the accelerating force which obliges it to move is equal to the sum of all the resistances which it meets with, whether they arise from its own viscosity or from the friction of its bed. This principle was employed by him in the first edition of his work, which appeared in 1779. The theory contained in that edition was founded on the experiments of others, but he soon saw that a theory so new, and leading to results so different from the ordinary theory, should be founded on new experiments more direct than the former, and he was employed in the performance of these from 1780 to 1783. The experiments of Bossut were made only on pipes of a moderate declivity, but Dubuat used declivities of every kind, and made his experiments upon channels of various sizes.

text: One of the most successful labourers in the science of hydrodynamics at this period was

text: Pierre Louis Georges Dubuat

text: (1734–1809). Following in the steps of the Abbé

text: Charles Bossut

text: (Nouvelles Experiences sur la resistance des fluides, 1777), he published, in 1786, a revised edition of his Principes d'hydraulique, which contains a satisfactory theory of the motion of fluids, founded solely upon experiments. Dubuat considered that if water were a perfect fluid, and the channels in which it flowed infinitely smooth, its motion would be continually accelerated, like that of bodies descending in an inclined plane. But as the motion of rivers is not continually accelerated, and soon arrives at a state of uniformity, it is evident that the viscosity of the water, and the friction of the channel in which it descends, must equal the accelerating force. Dubuat, therefore, assumed it as a proposition of fundamental importance that, when water flows in any channel or bed, the accelerating force which obliges it to move is equal to the sum of all the resistances which it meets with, whether they arise from its own

text: viscosity

text: or from the friction of its bed. This principle was employed by him in the first edition of his work, which appeared in 1779. The theory contained in that edition was founded on the experiments of others, but he soon saw that a theory so new, and leading to results so different from the ordinary theory, should be founded on new experiments more direct than the former, and he was employed in the performance of these from 1780 to 1783. The experiments of Bossut were made only on pipes of a moderate declivity, but Dubuat used declivities of every kind, and made his experiments upon channels of various sizes.

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text: Because of the heat generated by air friction (even in ultracentrifuges, where the rotor operates in a good vacuum), and the frequent necessity of maintaining samples at a given temperature, many types of laboratory centrifuges are refrigerated and temperature regulated.

text: Because of the heat generated by air friction (even in ultracentrifuges, where the rotor operates in a good vacuum), and the frequent necessity of maintaining samples at a given temperature, many types of laboratory centrifuges are refrigerated and temperature regulated.

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text: In fluid dynamics, the Darcy friction factor formulae are equations that allow the calculation of the Darcy friction factor, a dimensionless quantity used in the Darcy–Weisbach equation, for the description of friction losses in pipe flow as well as open-channel flow.

text: In

text: fluid dynamics

text: , the Darcy friction factor formulae are equations that allow the calculation of the Darcy friction factor, a

text: dimensionless quantity

text: used in the

text: Darcy–Weisbach equation

text: , for the description of friction losses in

text: pipe flow

text: as well as

text: open-channel flow

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text: Scherzer was the inventor of a refinement of the Bascule bridge called the Scherzer rolling lift bridge. His last engineering work before he died, done in 1893, was the design of two of these rolling lift bridges in Chicago. His design pivots the bridge like a rocking horse. The friction is lowered because it is rolling friction. Moreover when the bridge is open the channel is completely free as the mechanism has rolled away the bridge from the edge leaving the passage free for wide traffic. The first rolling lift bridge ever built was the Van Buren Street Bridge in the city of Chicago and was patented by Scherzer. The second rolling lift bridge constructed spanned the Chicago River between Jackson and Van Buren Streets. These bridge projects were for the Metropolitan West Side Elevated Railroad Company.

text: Scherzer was the inventor of a refinement of the

text: Bascule bridge

text: called the Scherzer rolling lift bridge. His last engineering work before he died, done in 1893, was the design of two of these rolling lift bridges in Chicago. His design pivots the bridge like a rocking horse. The friction is lowered because it is rolling friction. Moreover when the bridge is open the channel is completely free as the mechanism has rolled away the bridge from the edge leaving the passage free for wide traffic. The first rolling lift bridge ever built was the

text: Van Buren Street Bridge

text: in the city of Chicago and was patented by Scherzer. The second rolling lift bridge constructed spanned the

text: Chicago River

text: between Jackson and Van Buren Streets. These bridge projects were for the Metropolitan West Side Elevated Railroad Company.

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text: </math>   See HPwizard on Tire Friction|group="Note" |name="Treadwear Rating"}} and negligibly by the tires' rolling resistance and vehicle's air drag. The type of brake system in use only affects trucks and large mass vehicles, which cannot supply enough force to match the static frictional force.

text: </math>   See HPwizard on Tire Friction|group="Note" |name="Treadwear Rating"}} and negligibly by the tires'

text: rolling resistance

text: and vehicle's

text: air drag

text: . The type of brake system in use only affects trucks and large mass vehicles, which cannot supply enough force to match the static frictional force.

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text: Maximum braking force is obtained when there is approximately 10%-20% slippage between the braked wheel's rotational speed and the road surface. Beyond this point, rolling grip diminishes rapidly and sliding friction provides a greater proportion of the force that slows the vehicle. Due to local heating and melting of the tyres, the sliding friction can be very low. When braking at, or beyond, the peak braking force the steering is ineffective since the grip of the tyre is entirely consumed in braking the vehicle.

text: Maximum braking force is obtained when there is approximately 10%-20%

text: slippage

text: between the braked wheel's rotational speed and the road surface. Beyond this point, rolling grip diminishes rapidly and sliding friction provides a greater proportion of the force that slows the vehicle. Due to local heating and melting of the

text: tyres

text: , the sliding friction can be very low. When braking at, or beyond, the peak braking force the steering is ineffective since the grip of the tyre is entirely consumed in braking the vehicle.

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answers: NDQ_018733

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answers: NDQ_018737

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text: Forward resistance comprises the types of drag that impede a sailboat's speed through water (or an ice boat's speed over the surface) include components of parasitic drag, consisting primarily of form drag, which arises because of the shape of the hull. and skin friction, which arises from the friction of the water (for boats) or air (for ice boats and land sailing craft) against the "skin" of the hull that is moving through it. Displacement vessels are also subject to wave resistance from the energy that goes into displacing water into waves and that is limited by hull speed, which is a function of waterline length, Wheeled vehicles' forward speed is subject to rolling friction and ice boats are subject to kinetic or sliding friction. Parasitic drag in water or air increases with the square of speed (V or V, respectively); rolling friction increases linearly with velocity; whereas kinetic friction is normally a constant, but on ice may become reduced with speed as it transitions to lubricated friction with melting.

text: Forward resistance comprises the types of drag that impede a sailboat's speed through water (or an ice boat's speed over the surface) include components of

text: parasitic drag

text: , consisting primarily of

text: form drag

text: , which arises because of the shape of the hull. and

text: skin friction

text: , which arises from the friction of the water (for boats) or air (for ice boats and land sailing craft) against the "skin" of the hull that is moving through it. Displacement vessels are also subject to

text: wave resistance

text: from the energy that goes into displacing water into waves and that is limited by

text: hull speed

text: , which is a function of waterline length, Wheeled vehicles' forward speed is subject to

text: rolling friction

text: and ice boats are subject to

text: kinetic or sliding friction

text: . Parasitic drag in water or air increases with the square of speed (V or V, respectively); rolling friction increases linearly with velocity; whereas kinetic friction is normally a constant, but on ice may become reduced with speed as it transitions to

text: lubricated friction

text: with melting.

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text: In fluid flow, friction loss (or skin friction) is the loss of pressure or “head” that occurs in pipe or duct flow due to the effect of the fluid's viscosity near the surface of the pipe or duct.In mechanical systems such as internal combustion engines, the term refers to the power lost in overcoming the friction between two moving surfaces, a different phenomenon.

text: In

text: fluid flow

text: , friction loss (or skin friction) is the

text: loss of pressure or “head”

text: that occurs in pipe or

text: duct flow

text: due to the effect of the fluid's

text: viscosity

text: near the surface of the pipe or duct.In mechanical systems such as

text: internal combustion engine

text: s, the term refers to the power lost in overcoming the friction between two moving surfaces, a different phenomenon.

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text: The friction factor  is not a constant: it depends on such things as the characteristics of the pipe (diameter  and roughness height ), the characteristics of the fluid (its kinematic viscosity  [nu]), and the velocity of the fluid flow . It has been measured to high accuracy within certain flow regimes and may be evaluated by the use of various empirical relations, or it may be read from published charts. These charts are often referred to as Moody diagrams, after L. F. Moody, and hence the factor itself is sometimes erroneously called the Moody friction factor. It is also sometimes called the Blasius friction factor, after the approximate formula he proposed.

text: The friction factor  is not a constant: it depends on such things as the characteristics of the pipe (diameter  and roughness height ), the characteristics of the fluid (its kinematic viscosity  [nu]), and the velocity of the fluid flow . It has been measured to

text: high accuracy within certain flow regimes

text: and may be evaluated by the use of various empirical relations, or it may be read from published charts. These charts are often referred to as

text: Moody diagrams

text: , after

text: L. F. Moody

text: , and hence the factor itself is sometimes erroneously called the Moody friction factor. It is also sometimes called the

text: Blasius

text: friction factor, after the approximate formula he proposed.

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text: Skin friction arises from the interaction between the fluid and the skin of the body, and is directly related to the area of the surface of the body that is in contact with the fluid. Skin friction follows the drag equation and rises with the square of the velocity.

text: Skin friction arises from the interaction between the fluid and the skin of the body, and is directly related to the area of the surface of the body that is in contact with the fluid. Skin friction follows the

text: drag equation

text: and rises with the square of the velocity.

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answers: Drag

text: An intentional recording of friction ridges is usually made with black printer's ink rolled across a contrasting white background, typically a white card. Friction ridges can also be recorded digitally, usually on a glass plate, using a technique called Live Scan. A "latent print" is the chance recording of friction ridges deposited on the surface of an object or a wall. Latent prints are invisible to the naked eye, whereas "patent prints" or "plastic prints" are viewable with the unaided eye. Latent prints are often fragmentary and require the use of chemical methods, powder, or alternative light sources in order to be made clear. Sometimes an ordinary bright flashlight will make a latent print visible.

text: An intentional recording of friction ridges is usually made with black printer's

text: ink

text: rolled across a contrasting white background, typically a white card. Friction ridges can also be recorded digitally, usually on a glass plate, using a technique called

text: Live Scan

text: . A "latent print" is the chance recording of friction ridges deposited on the surface of an object or a wall. Latent prints are invisible to the naked eye, whereas "patent prints" or "plastic prints" are viewable with the unaided eye. Latent prints are often fragmentary and require the use of chemical methods,

text: powder

text: , or alternative light sources in order to be made clear. Sometimes an ordinary bright flashlight will make a latent print visible.

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text: The coefficient of friction of plastics is usually measured against polished steel. PTFE's coefficient of friction is 0.05 to 0.10, which is the third-lowest of any known solid material (BAM being the first, with a coefficient of friction of 0.02; diamond-like carbon being second-lowest at 0.05). PTFE's resistance to van der Waals forces means that it is the only known surface to which a gecko cannot stick.  In fact, PTFE can be used to prevent insects climbing up surfaces painted with the material. PTFE is so slippery that insects cannot get a grip and tend to fall off. For example, PTFE is used to prevent ants climbing out of formicaria.

text: The

text: coefficient of friction

text: of plastics is usually measured against polished steel. PTFE's coefficient of friction is 0.05 to 0.10, which is the third-lowest of any known solid material (

text: BAM

text: being the first, with a coefficient of friction of 0.02;

text: diamond-like carbon

text: being second-lowest at 0.05). PTFE's resistance to

text: van der Waals force

text: s means that it is the only known surface to which a

text: gecko

text: cannot stick.  In fact, PTFE can be used to prevent insects climbing up surfaces painted with the material. PTFE is so slippery that insects cannot get a grip and tend to fall off. For example, PTFE is used to prevent ants climbing out of

text: formicaria

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answers: coefficient of friction

text: The volume of an object decreases as the third power of its linear dimensions, but the surface area only decreases as its second power.  This somewhat subtle and unavoidable principle has huge ramifications.  For example, the power of a drill (or any other machine) is proportional to the volume, while the friction of the drill's bearings and gears is proportional to their surface area.  For a normal-sized drill, the power of the device is enough to handily overcome any friction.  However, scaling its length down by a factor of 1000, for example, decreases its power by 1000 (a factor of a billion) while reducing the friction by only 1000 (a factor of only a million).  Proportionally it has 1000 times less power per unit friction than the original drill.  If the original friction-to-power ratio was, say, 1%, that implies the smaller drill will have 10 times as much friction as power; the drill is useless.

text: The

text: volume

text: of an object decreases as the third power of its linear dimensions, but the

text: surface area

text: only decreases as its second power.  This somewhat subtle and unavoidable principle has huge ramifications.  For example, the

text: power

text: of a

text: drill

text: (or any other machine) is proportional to the volume, while the

text: friction

text: of the drill's

text: bearings

text: and

text: gear

text: s is proportional to their surface area.  For a normal-sized drill, the power of the device is enough to handily overcome any friction.  However, scaling its length down by a factor of 1000, for example, decreases its power by 1000 (a factor of a billion) while reducing the friction by only 1000 (a factor of only a million).  Proportionally it has 1000 times less power per unit friction than the original drill.  If the original friction-to-power ratio was, say, 1%, that implies the smaller drill will have 10 times as much friction as power; the drill is useless.

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answers: drill's bearings and gears

answers: NDQ_018732

answers: For a normal-sized drill, the power of the device is enough to handily overcome any friction

answers: NDQ_018733

answers: sliding friction

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: surface area

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: surface area

text: Many engineers neglect friction at first in order to generate a simplified model. For more accurate information, the height of the highest point, or the max pressure, to surpass the static friction would be proportional to the frictional coefficient and the slop going back down to the normal pressure would be the same as an isothermal process if the temperature was increased at a slow enough rate.

text: Many engineers neglect friction at first in order to generate a simplified model. For more accurate information, the height of the highest point, or the max pressure, to surpass the static friction would be proportional to the frictional coefficient and the slop going back down to the normal pressure would be the same as an isothermal process if the temperature was increased at a slow enough rate.

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text: NanoLub is a lubricant based on nano-spheres and nanotubes of inorganic compounds that were discovered at the Weizmann Institute. NanoLub particles have a unique structure of nested spheres that lubricate by a special mechanism that can be considered as the rolling of millions of miniature ball bearings, thus greatly reducing friction and wear (see tribology).

text: NanoLub is a

text: lubricant

text: based on nano-spheres and nanotubes of inorganic compounds that were discovered at the Weizmann Institute. NanoLub particles have a unique structure of nested spheres that lubricate by a special mechanism that can be considered as the rolling of millions of miniature

text: ball bearings

text: , thus greatly reducing friction and wear (see

text: tribology

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text: Motorized linear slides such as machine slides, XY tables, roller tables and some dovetail slides are bearings moved by drive mechanisms. Not all linear slides are motorized, and non-motorized dovetail slides, ball bearing slides and roller slides provide low-friction linear movement for equipment powered by inertia or by hand. All linear slides provide linear motion based on bearings, whether they are ball bearings, dovetail bearings, linear roller bearings, magnetic or fluid bearings. XY Tables, linear stages, machine slides and other advanced slides use linear motion bearings to provide movement along both X and Y multiple axis.

text: Motorized linear slides such as machine slides, XY tables, roller tables and some dovetail slides are bearings moved by drive mechanisms. Not all linear slides are motorized, and non-motorized dovetail slides, ball bearing slides and roller slides provide low-friction linear movement for equipment powered by inertia or by hand. All linear slides provide linear motion based on bearings, whether they are

text: ball bearing

text: s, dovetail bearings, linear

text: roller bearing

text: s,

text: magnetic

text: or

text: fluid bearing

text: s.

text: XY Tables

text: , linear stages, machine slides and other advanced slides use linear motion bearings to provide movement along both X and Y multiple axis.

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answers: low-friction

text: is the coefficient of kinetic friction. For most surface interfaces, the coefficient of kinetic friction is less than the coefficient of static friction.

text: is the

text: coefficient of kinetic friction

text: . For most surface interfaces, the coefficient of kinetic friction is less than the coefficient of static friction.

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answers: NDQ_018737

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answers: NDQ_018738

answers: static friction

text: The Bachmann hitch (sometimes misspelled 'Bachman') is a friction hitch.  It is useful when the friction hitch needs to be reset quickly/often or made to be self-tending as in crevasse and self-rescue. (See Prusik knot)

text: The Bachmann hitch (sometimes misspelled 'Bachman') is a

text: friction hitch

text: .  It is useful when the friction hitch needs to be reset quickly/often or made to be self-tending as in crevasse and self-rescue. (See

text: Prusik

text: knot)

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text: The drag coefficient of any object comprises the effects of the two basic contributors to fluid dynamic drag: skin friction and form drag. The drag coefficient of a lifting airfoil or hydrofoil also includes the effects of lift-induced drag. The drag coefficient of a complete structure such as an aircraft also includes the effects of interference drag.

text: The drag coefficient of any object comprises the effects of the two basic contributors to

text: fluid dynamic

text: drag:

text: skin friction

text: and

text: form drag

text: . The drag coefficient of a lifting

text: airfoil

text: or

text: hydrofoil

text: also includes the effects of

text: lift-induced drag

text: . The drag coefficient of a complete structure such as an aircraft also includes the effects of

text: interference drag

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text: Frictional sliding is one aspect for consideration during shear fracturing and faulting. The shear force parallel to the plane must overcome the frictional force to move the faces of the fracture across each other. In fracturing, frictional sliding typically only has significant effects on the reactivation on existing shear fractures. For more information on frictional forces, see friction.

text: Frictional sliding is one aspect for consideration during shear fracturing and faulting. The shear force parallel to the plane must overcome the frictional force to move the faces of the fracture across each other. In fracturing, frictional sliding typically only has significant effects on the reactivation on existing shear fractures. For more information on frictional forces, see

text: friction

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answers: frictional

text: Sliding is a type of frictional motion between two surfaces in contact. This can be contrasted to rolling motion. Both types of motion may occur in bearings.

text: Sliding is a type of frictional motion between two surfaces in contact. This can be contrasted to

text: rolling

text: motion. Both types of motion may occur in

text: bearings

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text: All rocks have a certain degree of porosity, with some rock types having a much higher porosity than others. This means that between the individual grains of the rock, there are small pores which can be filled with a gas (usually air) or a fluid. The commonest pore fluid is water, and the presence of water can vary the friction on a fault to a large degree. As water accumulates in the pore space of a body of rock around a fault, the pressure inside the pores builds. On the interface of a presently stable fault, an increase in pore pressure has the effect of essentially pushing the fault apart at a microscopic level. This pore pressure increase can then decrease the surface area of the individual asperities in contact on the fault, causing them to then fracture and the fault to slip. However, the presence of water may not always cause a reduction in friction, as we will see in the next section.

text: All rocks have a certain degree of

text: porosity

text: , with some rock types having a much higher porosity than others. This means that between the individual grains of the rock, there are small pores which can be filled with a gas (usually air) or a fluid. The commonest pore fluid is water, and the presence of water can vary the friction on a fault to a large degree. As water accumulates in the pore space of a body of rock around a fault, the pressure inside the pores builds. On the interface of a presently stable fault, an increase in pore pressure has the effect of essentially pushing the fault apart at a microscopic level. This pore pressure increase can then decrease the surface area of the individual asperities in contact on the fault, causing them to then fracture and the fault to slip. However, the presence of water may not always cause a reduction in friction, as we will see in the next section.

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text: The deadbeat escapement has two faces to the pallets, a 'locking' or 'dead' face, with a curved surface concentric with the axis on which the anchor rotates, and a sloping 'impulse' face.   When an escape wheel tooth is resting against one of the dead faces, its force is directed through the anchor's pivot axis, so it gives no impulse to the pendulum, allowing it to swing freely.  When the pallet on the other side releases the escape wheel, a tooth lands on this "dead" face first, and remains resting against it for most of the pendulum's outward swing and return. For this period the escape wheel is "locked" and unable to turn.  Near the bottom of the pendulum's swing the tooth slides off the dead face onto the slanted 'impulse' face of the pallet, allowing the escape wheel to turn and give the pendulum a push, before dropping off the pallet. It is still a frictional rest escapement because the sliding of the escape tooth on the dead face adds friction to the pendulum's swing, but it has less friction than the recoil escapement because there is no recoil force.

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text: Friction is a Ska/Punk from Lewistown, Pennsylvania, which eventually morphed into New York City-based Caesar Pink and The Imperial Orgy.  Although Friction enjoyed a large and dedicated following in Pennsylvania with several radio friendly songs, they disbanded while on the verge of signing with a major label, but not before their music was played to a world-wide audience on Radio Moscow in 1987.  Friction re-unites periodically with mostly original members.

text: Friction

text: is a Ska/Punk from

text: Lewistown

text: , Pennsylvania, which eventually morphed into New York City-based Caesar Pink and

text: The Imperial Orgy

text: .  Although Friction enjoyed a large and dedicated following in Pennsylvania with several radio friendly songs, they disbanded while on the verge of signing with a major label, but not before their music was played to a world-wide audience on

text: Radio Moscow

text: in 1987.  Friction re-unites periodically with mostly original members.

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answers: NDQ_018737

answers: Friction

answers: NDQ_018738

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text: Which friction factor formula may be applicable depends upon the type of flow that exists:

text: Which friction factor formula may be applicable depends upon the type of flow that exists:

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text: There exists two main passive control types for satellites. The first one uses gravity gradient, and it leads to four stable states with the long axis (axis with smallest moment of inertia) pointing towards Earth. As this system has four stable states, if the satellite has a preferred orientation, e.g. a camera pointed at the planet, some way to flip the satellite and its tether end-for-end is needed. The other passive system orients the satellite along Earth's magnetic field thanks to a magnet. These purely passive attitude control systems have limited pointing accuracy, because the spacecraft will oscillate around energy minima. This drawback is overcome by adding damper, which can be hysteretic materials or a viscous damper. The viscous damper is a small can or tank of fluid mounted in the spacecraft, possibly with internal baffles to increase internal friction. Friction within the damper will gradually convert oscillation energy into heat dissipated within the viscous damper.

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text: Fluid bearings generally have very low friction—far better than mechanical bearings.  One source of friction in a fluid bearing is the viscosity of the fluid. Hydrostatic gas bearings are among the lowest friction bearings.  However, lower fluid viscosity also typically means fluid leaks faster from the bearing surfaces, thus requiring increased power for pumps or friction from seals.

text: Fluid bearings generally have very low friction—far better than mechanical bearings.  One source of friction in a fluid bearing is the

text: viscosity

text: of the fluid. Hydrostatic gas bearings are among the lowest friction bearings.  However, lower fluid viscosity also typically means fluid leaks faster from the bearing surfaces, thus requiring increased power for pumps or friction from seals.

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text: One type of friction acting on the skier is the kinetic friction between the skis and snow.  The force of friction acts in the direction opposite to the direction of motion, resulting in a lower velocity and hence less kinetic energy.  The kinetic friction can be reduced by applying wax to the bottom of the skis which reduces the coefficient of friction.  Different types of wax are manufactured for different temperature ranges because the snow quality changes depending on the current weather conditions and thermal history of the snow.  The shape and construction material of a ski can also greatly impact the forces acting on a skier.  Skis designed for use in powder condition are  very different from skis designed for use on groomed trails.  These design differences can be attributed to the differences in the snow quality.

text: One type of friction acting on the skier is the

text: kinetic friction

text: between the skis and snow.  The force of friction acts in the direction opposite to the direction of motion, resulting in a lower velocity and hence less kinetic energy.  The kinetic friction can be reduced by applying wax to the bottom of the skis which reduces the

text: coefficient of friction

text: .  Different types of

text: wax

text: are manufactured for different temperature ranges because the snow quality changes depending on the current weather conditions and thermal history of the snow.  The shape and construction material of a

text: ski

text: can also greatly impact the forces acting on a skier.  Skis designed for use in powder condition are  very different from skis designed for use on groomed trails.  These design differences can be attributed to the differences in the

text: snow quality

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text: is the static friction coefficient, which has no units, and

text: is the

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text: Friction loss is a significant economic concern wherever fluids are made to flow, whether entirely enclosed in a pipe or duct, or with a surface open to the air.

text: Friction loss is a significant economic concern wherever fluids are made to flow, whether entirely enclosed in a pipe or duct, or with a surface open to the air.

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answers: Friction loss

text: At the nanoscale, friction tends to be non isotropic: if two surfaces sliding against each other have incommensurate surface lattice structures, each atom is subject to different amount of force from different directions . Forces, in this situation, can offset each other, resulting in almost zero friction.

text: At the nanoscale, friction tends to be non isotropic: if two surfaces sliding against each other have incommensurate surface lattice structures, each atom is subject to different amount of force from different directions . Forces, in this situation, can offset each other, resulting in almost zero friction.

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answers: surfaces sliding against each other

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: non isotropic

text: The frictional effect of a sliding thread can cut tissue. This effect is more moderate than the abrasive effect found when using, for example, a wire saw. The frictional division of soft tissue concentrates the shear forces into the targeted tissue, resulting in significantly less collateral damage to adjacent anatomic structures than can be caused by the plowing and cutting of abrasive dividing.

text: The

text: frictional effect

text: of a sliding thread can cut tissue. This effect is more moderate than the

text: abrasive effect

text: found when using, for example, a

text: wire saw

text: . The frictional division of soft tissue concentrates the

text: shear force

text: s into the targeted tissue, resulting in significantly less collateral damage to adjacent anatomic structures than can be caused by the plowing and cutting of abrasive dividing.

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answers: frictional

text: is the wing reference area. The equivalent skin friction coefficient accounts for both separation drag and skin friction drag and is a fairly consistent value for aircraft types of the same class. Substituting this into the equation for maximum lift-to-drag ratio, along with the equation for aspect ratio (

text: is the wing reference area. The equivalent skin friction coefficient accounts for both separation drag and skin friction drag and is a fairly consistent value for aircraft types of the same class. Substituting this into the equation for maximum lift-to-drag ratio, along with the equation for aspect ratio (

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text: The effects of friction and viscosity in diminishing the velocity of running water were noticed in the Principia of Sir Isaac Newton, who threw much light upon several branches of hydromechanics. At a time when the Cartesian system of vortices universally prevailed, he found it necessary to investigate that hypothesis, and in the course of his investigations he showed that the velocity of any stratum of the vortex is an arithmetical mean between the velocities of the strata which enclose it; and from this it evidently follows that the velocity of a filament of water moving in a pipe is an arithmetical mean between the velocities of the filaments which surround it. Taking advantage of these results, Italian-born French engineer Henri Pitot afterwards showed that the retardations arising from friction are inversely as the diameters of the pipes in which the fluid moves.

text: The effects of friction and viscosity in diminishing the velocity of running water were noticed in the Principia of

text: Sir Isaac Newton

text: , who threw much light upon several branches of hydromechanics. At a time when the

text: Cartesian system

text: of vortices universally prevailed, he found it necessary to investigate that hypothesis, and in the course of his investigations he showed that the velocity of any stratum of the vortex is an arithmetical mean between the velocities of the strata which enclose it; and from this it evidently follows that the velocity of a filament of water moving in a pipe is an arithmetical mean between the velocities of the filaments which surround it. Taking advantage of these results,

text: Italian

text: -born

text: French

text: engineer

text: Henri Pitot

text: afterwards showed that the retardations arising from friction are inversely as the diameters of the pipes in which the fluid moves.

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text: A water ramp is constructed by covering a structurally stable wood or steel frame with a stiff plastic whose surface is comparable to a hairbrush; skiers and snowboarders slide down this surface, which is denominated an "in-run".  Users have nicknamed this section the green or white "meanies" for its ability to leave a "road rash" on anyone who falls on it.  The sliding surface is regularly watered down by sprinklers or hoses to allow skis and snowboards to slide with reduced friction and limit dry spots.  At the end of the in-run is the "kicker", an upward curve to permit the jumping necessary for the relevant sports.  Pools built specifically for water ramps are larger than Olympic size to accommodate the different distances that athletes travel forward of the ramp.  Heating is not provided, as aerialists need them only during the warmer months, because actual snow ramps can be used during winter.

text: A water ramp is constructed by covering a

text: structurally stable

text: wood or

text: steel frame

text: with a stiff plastic whose surface is comparable to a hairbrush; skiers and snowboarders slide down this surface, which is denominated an "in-run".  Users have nicknamed this section the green or white "meanies" for its ability to leave a "road rash" on anyone who falls on it.  The sliding surface is regularly watered down by sprinklers or hoses to allow skis and snowboards to slide with reduced friction and limit dry spots.  At the end of the in-run is the "kicker", an upward curve to permit the jumping necessary for the relevant sports.  Pools built specifically for water ramps are larger than Olympic size to accommodate the different distances that athletes travel forward of the ramp.  Heating is not provided, as aerialists need them only during the warmer months, because actual snow ramps can be used during winter.

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text: Even before a "hot" or irritated area on the foot is felt, taping a protective layer of padding or a friction-reducing interface between the affected area and the footwear can prevent the formation of a blister. Bandages, moleskin and tapes generally must be applied to the foot daily, and most have a very high coefficient of friction (COF), but a friction-management patch applied to the shoe will remain in place much longer, throughout many changes of socks and insoles. This type of intervention may be used with footwear that is worn daily, with specialty shoes and boots like hockey skates, ice skates, inline skates, ski boots and cleats, or even with orthotic braces and splints. For periods of sustained use such as hiking and trail running, especially where water ingress or moisture build up in the shoe or boot can occur, moisture wicking liner socks can provide the required friction protection.

text: Even before a "hot" or irritated area on the foot is felt, taping a protective layer of padding or a friction-reducing interface between the affected area and the footwear can prevent the formation of a blister. Bandages,

text: moleskin

text: and tapes generally must be applied to the foot daily, and most have a very high

text: coefficient of friction

text: (COF), but a friction-management patch applied to the shoe will remain in place much longer, throughout many changes of socks and insoles. This type of intervention may be used with footwear that is worn daily, with specialty shoes and boots like hockey skates, ice skates, inline skates, ski boots and cleats, or even with orthotic braces and splints. For periods of sustained use such as hiking and trail running, especially where water ingress or moisture build up in the shoe or boot can occur, moisture wicking

text: liner socks

text: can provide the required friction protection.

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text: The UTQGS traction rating procedure specifies that the traction coefficients for asphalt and for concrete are to be calculated using the locked-wheel traction coefficient on the tire, or sliding coefficient of friction. More specifically, upon application of the brakes, the tire is subjected to shear between the wheel and the road surface, and deforms towards the rear of the vehicle. This generates a traction force to oppose the motion of the vehicle. As braking torque increases, the tire deforms more and tread elements near the rear of the contact patch with the road begin to slip rather than grip. The coefficient of friction rapidly reaches a maximum value at about 10-20 percent slip, and then declines as the longitudinal slip values increase to 100 percent, which represents a fully locked tire. The maximum coefficient of friction in the 0-100 percent slip range is termed “peak” coefficient of friction, and the lower coefficient value for the fully locked tire is termed “slide” coefficient of friction.

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text: is directly proportional to drift speed, it is inversely proportional to the frictional coefficient:

text: is directly proportional to drift speed, it is inversely proportional to the frictional coefficient:

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text: Laminar flow is when layers of the fluid move smoothly past each other in parallel lines. In nature, this kind of flow is rare. As the fluid flows over an object, it applies frictional forces on the surface of the object which works to impede forward movement of the object, in other words, create skin friction drag. Skin friction drag is often the major component of parasitic drag in objects experiencing laminar flow.

text: Laminar flow

text: is when layers of the fluid move smoothly past each other in parallel lines. In nature, this kind of flow is rare. As the fluid flows over an object, it applies frictional forces on the surface of the object which works to impede forward movement of the object, in other words, create skin friction drag. Skin friction drag is often the major component of parasitic drag in objects experiencing laminar flow.

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answers: Apply frictional forces on the surface of the object which works to impede forward movement of the object

answers: NDQ_018733

answers: sliding friction

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answers: fluid

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answers: parasitic drag

text: Spring type - When no electricity is applied to the brake, a spring pushes against a pressure plate, squeezing the friction disk between the inner pressure plate and the outer cover plate. This frictional clamping force is transferred to the hub, which is mounted to a shaft.

text: Spring type - When no electricity is applied to the brake, a spring pushes against a pressure plate, squeezing the friction disk between the inner pressure plate and the outer cover plate. This frictional clamping force is transferred to the hub, which is mounted to a shaft.

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text: Parasitic drag is drag that results when an object is moved through a fluid medium. In the case of aerodynamic drag, the fluid medium is the atmosphere. Parasitic drag is a combination of form drag, skin friction drag and interference drag. The other components of total drag, induced drag,  wave drag, and ram drag, are separate types of drag, and are not components of parasitic drag.

text: Parasitic drag is

text: drag

text: that results when an object is moved through a fluid medium. In the case of

text: aerodynamic drag

text: , the fluid medium is the atmosphere. Parasitic drag is a combination of form drag,

text: skin friction drag

text: and interference drag. The other components of total drag, induced drag,  wave drag, and ram drag, are separate types of drag, and are not components of parasitic drag.

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answers: interference drag

answers: NDQ_018732

answers: skin friction drag and interference drag

answers: NDQ_018733

answers: sliding friction

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: skin friction

text: Skin friction drag arises from the friction of the fluid against the "skin" of the object that is moving through it. Skin friction arises from the interaction between the fluid and the skin of the body, and is directly related to the wetted surface, the area of the surface of the body that is in contact with the fluid. As with other components of parasitic drag, skin friction follows the drag equation and rises with the square of the velocity.

text: Skin friction drag

text: arises from the friction of the fluid against the "skin" of the object that is moving through it. Skin friction arises from the interaction between the fluid and the skin of the body, and is directly related to the wetted surface, the area of the surface of the body that is in contact with the fluid. As with other components of parasitic drag, skin friction follows the

text: drag equation

text: and rises with the square of the

text: velocity

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text: The Munter hitch creates friction by having the rope rub on itself and on the object it has been wrapped around. There is no static friction (localised abrasion) on any part of the rope as it is a continuously moving knot.   One very useful aspect of the Munter is its reversibility; it can be pulled from either side of the rope and it still works just as effectively.

text: The Munter hitch creates friction by having the rope rub on itself and on the object it has been wrapped around. There is no static friction (localised abrasion) on any part of the rope as it is a continuously moving knot.   One very useful aspect of the Munter is its reversibility; it can be pulled from either side of the rope and it still works just as effectively.

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text: Friction is a surface force that opposes relative motion. The frictional force is directly related to the normal force that acts to keep two solid objects separated at the point of contact. There are two broad classifications of frictional forces: static friction and kinetic friction.

text: Friction is a surface force that opposes relative motion. The frictional force is directly related to the normal force that acts to keep two solid objects separated at the point of contact. There are two broad classifications of frictional forces:

text: static friction

text: and

text: kinetic friction

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text: Arthur Morin introduced the term and demonstrated the utility of the coefficient of friction. The coefficient of friction is an empirical measurement – it has to be measured experimentally, and cannot be found through calculations. Rougher surfaces tend to have higher effective values. Both static and kinetic coefficients of friction depend on the pair of surfaces in contact; for a given pair of surfaces, the coefficient of static friction is usually larger than that of kinetic friction; in some sets the two coefficients are equal, such as teflon-on-teflon.

text: Arthur Morin

text: introduced the term and demonstrated the utility of the coefficient of friction. The coefficient of friction is an

text: empirical

text: measurement

text: – it has to be measured

text: experiment

text: ally, and cannot be found through calculations. Rougher surfaces tend to have higher effective values. Both static and kinetic coefficients of friction depend on the pair of surfaces in contact; for a given pair of surfaces, the coefficient of static friction is usually larger than that of kinetic friction; in some sets the two coefficients are equal, such as teflon-on-teflon.

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text: It is an empirical fact for many materials that F = μN, where F is the frictional force for sliding friction, μ is the coefficient of friction, and N is the normal force. There isn't a simple derivation for sliding friction's independence from area.

text: It is an

text: empirical

text: fact for many materials that F = μN, where F is the

text: frictional force

text: for

text: sliding friction

text: , μ is the

text: coefficient of friction

text: , and N is the

text: normal force

text: . There isn't a simple derivation for sliding friction's independence from area.

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text: Less well-known but plentiful is a family of projectors based around a design originated by Sawyer's and later sold under other brand names.  That manufacturer's first slide projectors, in the late 1950s, had used straight trays. In 1963, the Sawyer's Rotomatic, the first version using circular trays (called Rototrays), was introduced.  These are distinguished by the round tray being in an upright orientation, like a Ferris wheel. Unlike the Carousel tray's use of a locking collar to hold the slide in the tray, the Rototray held slides in place using friction against the side of each slide. Projectors using the 100-slide Rototray were backward-compatible with the TDC-Universal straight slide trays that had been popular since the late 1950s. The 1960s would also see the introduction of a plethora of less popular tray designs, most incompatible with each other, introduced by manufacturers possibly hoping to profit from the Razor-and-blades business model.

text: Less well-known but plentiful is a family of projectors based around a design originated by

text: Sawyer's

text: and later sold under other brand names.  That manufacturer's first slide projectors, in the late 1950s, had used straight trays. In 1963, the Sawyer's Rotomatic, the first version using circular trays (called Rototrays), was introduced.  These are distinguished by the round tray being in an upright orientation, like a

text: Ferris wheel

text: . Unlike the Carousel tray's use of a locking collar to hold the slide in the tray, the Rototray held slides in place using friction against the side of each slide. Projectors using the 100-slide Rototray were

text: backward-compatible

text: with the TDC-Universal straight slide trays that had been popular since the late 1950s. The 1960s would also see the introduction of a plethora of less popular tray designs, most incompatible with each other, introduced by manufacturers possibly hoping to profit from the

text: Razor-and-blades business model

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answers: side of each slide

answers: NDQ_018732

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text: Frictional unemployment is related to and compatible with the concept of full employment because both suggest reasons why full employment is never reached. Frictional unemployment is always present in an economy, so the level of involuntary unemployment is properly the unemployment rate minus the rate of frictional unemployment, which means that increases or decreases in unemployment are normally under-represented in the simple statistics. Frictional unemployment coincides with an equal number of vacancies. Numerically, it is therefore maximal when the labor market is in equilibrium. When for instance demand far exceeds supply, the frictionally unemployed will be few as they will get many job offers.

text: Frictional unemployment is related to and compatible with the concept of

text: full employment

text: because both suggest reasons why full employment is never reached. Frictional unemployment is always present in an economy, so the level of

text: involuntary unemployment

text: is properly the unemployment rate minus the rate of frictional unemployment, which means that increases or decreases in unemployment are normally under-represented in the simple statistics. Frictional unemployment coincides with an equal number of vacancies. Numerically, it is therefore maximal when the labor market is in equilibrium. When for instance demand far exceeds supply, the frictionally unemployed will be few as they will get many job offers.

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answers: Friction

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: Frictional

text: The purpose of a wrist guard is to prevent the wearer from injuring their wrist or arm when falling. When a person falls forward, the typical response is to stretch their hands out in front of them to break the fall. In particularly violent or fast falls that are often associated with extreme sports, the forces associated with the fall can be large enough to cause severe bruising, dislocation or fracture of the wrist and arm bones. Wrist-guards prevent such injury with a plastic splint held on the inside of the wrist. The splint curves inwards towards the palm at the wrist joint, where it is exposed, and is concealed and held in place by padding at the hand and arm. When the wearer falls forward onto their hands, the curved plastic splint prevents the hand from hitting the ground, and the reduced friction of the plastic deflects the hands forward. Because of this reduced friction and forward deflection of the force of the fall, no weight can be put on the arm that is sufficient to cause any injury without the arm simply sliding forward. Although wrist guards can prevent arm injury, they have no effect on injuries to the shoulder, and dislocation or fracture is still possible, if not more likely due to the arm being thrown outwards.

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answers: friction

text: If water flows over a smooth solid surface, the velocity at the surface is zero due to the friction between water and surface molecules. If an air layer is situated between the solid surface and the water the velocity is higher than zero. The lower viscosity of air (55 times lower than the viscosity of water) reduces the transmission of friction forces by the same factor.

text: If water flows over a smooth solid surface, the velocity at the surface is zero due to the friction between water and surface molecules. If an air layer is situated between the solid surface and the water the velocity is higher than zero. The lower

text: viscosity

text: of air (55 times lower than the viscosity of water) reduces the transmission of

text: friction forces

text: by the same factor.

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answers: NDQ_018738

answers: friction

text: The advantage of a horizontal pendulum is that it achieves very low frequencies of oscillation in a compact instrument.  The "gate" is slightly tilted, so the weight tends to slowly return to a central position.  The pendulum is adjusted (before the damping is installed) to oscillate once per three seconds, or once per thirty seconds.  The general-purpose instruments of small stations or amateurs usually oscillate once per ten seconds.  A pan of oil is placed under the arm, and a small sheet of metal mounted on the underside of the arm drags in the oil to damp oscillations. The level of oil, position on the arm, and angle and size of sheet is adjusted until the damping is "critical," that is, almost having oscillation.  The hinge is very low friction, often torsion wires, so the only friction is the internal friction of the wire.  Small seismographs with low proof masses are placed in a vacuum to reduce disturbances from air currents.

text: The advantage of a horizontal pendulum is that it achieves very low frequencies of oscillation in a compact instrument.  The "gate" is slightly tilted, so the weight tends to slowly return to a central position.  The pendulum is adjusted (before the damping is installed) to oscillate once per three seconds, or once per thirty seconds.  The general-purpose instruments of small stations or amateurs usually oscillate once per ten seconds.  A pan of oil is placed under the arm, and a small sheet of metal mounted on the underside of the arm drags in the oil to damp oscillations. The level of oil, position on the arm, and angle and size of sheet is adjusted until the damping is "critical," that is, almost having oscillation.  The hinge is very low friction, often torsion wires, so the only friction is the internal friction of the wire.  Small seismographs with low proof masses are placed in a vacuum to reduce disturbances from air currents.

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answers: internal friction of the wire

answers: NDQ_018732

answers: Friction

answers: NDQ_018733

answers: internal friction

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: air currents

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: internal friction of the wire

text: The first elementary rules of sliding friction on an inclined plane were discovered by Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), but remained unpublished in his notebooks.  They were rediscovered by Guillaume Amontons (1699) and were further developed by Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (1785).  Leonhard Euler (1750) showed that the tangent of the angle of repose on an inclined plane is equal to the coefficient of friction.

text: The first elementary rules of sliding

text: friction

text: on an inclined plane were discovered by

text: Leonardo da Vinci

text: (1452-1519), but remained unpublished in his notebooks.  They were rediscovered by

text: Guillaume Amontons

text: (1699) and were further developed by

text: Charles-Augustin de Coulomb

text: Leonhard Euler

text: (1750) showed that the

text: tangent

text: of the

text: angle of repose

text: on an inclined plane is equal to the

text: coefficient of friction

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text: When a force deforms a material it generates elastic stresses and internal frictional stresses.  Most often, frictional stress is described as being analogous to the stress that results from the flow of a viscous fluid, but in many engineering materials, in soft biological tissues, and in living cells, the concept that friction arises only from a viscous stress is now known to be erroneous.  For example, Bayliss and Robertson and Hildebrandt  demonstrated that frictional stress in lung tissue is dependent upon the amount of lung expansion but not the rate of expansion, findings that are fundamentally incompatible with the notion of friction being caused by a viscous stress.  If not by a viscous stress, how then does friction arise, and how is it properly described?

text: When a force deforms a material it generates

text: elastic stresses

text: and

text: internal frictional stresses

text: .  Most often, frictional stress is described as being analogous to the stress that results from the flow of a

text: viscous fluid

text: , but in many engineering materials, in soft

text: biological tissue

text: s, and in

text: living cell

text: s, the concept that friction arises only from a viscous stress is now known to be erroneous.  For example, Bayliss and Robertson and Hildebrandt  demonstrated that frictional stress in

text: lung tissue

text: is dependent upon the amount of lung expansion but not the

text: rate of expansion

text: , findings that are fundamentally incompatible with the notion of friction being caused by a viscous stress.  If not by a viscous stress, how then does friction arise, and how is it properly described?

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answers: frictional stress

text: Drag, in the context of fluid dynamics, refers to forces that act on a solid object in the direction of the relative flow velocity (note that the diagram below shows the drag in the opposite direction to the flow). The aerodynamic forces on a body come primarily from differences in pressure and viscous shearing stresses. Thereby, the drag force on a body could be divided into two components, namely frictional drag (viscous drag) and pressure drag (form drag). The net drag force could be decomposed as follows:

text: Drag, in the context of

text: fluid dynamics

text: , refers to forces that act on a solid object in the direction of the relative flow velocity (note that the diagram below shows the drag in the opposite direction to the flow). The aerodynamic forces on a body come primarily from differences in pressure and viscous shearing stresses. Thereby, the drag force on a body could be divided into two components, namely frictional drag (viscous drag) and pressure drag (form drag). The net drag force could be decomposed as follows:

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answers: NDQ_018737

answers: pressure and viscous shearing stresses

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: frictional drag

text: Pushing against an object on a frictional surface can result in a situation where the object does not move because the applied force is opposed by static friction, generated between the object and the table surface. For a situation with no movement, the static friction force exactly balances the applied force resulting in no acceleration. The static friction increases or decreases in response to the applied force up to an upper limit determined by the characteristics of the contact between the surface and the object.

text: Pushing against an object on a frictional surface can result in a situation where the object does not move because the applied force is opposed by

text: static friction

text: , generated between the object and the table surface. For a situation with no movement, the static friction force exactly balances the applied force resulting in no acceleration. The static friction increases or decreases in response to the applied force up to an upper limit determined by the characteristics of the contact between the surface and the object.

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text: Dry friction resists relative lateral motion of two solid surfaces in contact. The two regimes of dry friction are 'static friction' ("stiction") between non-moving surfaces, and kinetic friction (sometimes called sliding friction or dynamic friction) between moving surfaces.

text: Dry friction resists relative lateral motion of two solid surfaces in contact. The two regimes of dry friction are 'static friction' ("

text: stiction

text: ") between non-moving surfaces, and kinetic friction (sometimes called sliding friction or dynamic friction) between moving surfaces.

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text: One of the most popular models for describing friction is the Coulomb friction model. This model defines coefficients of static friction

text: One of the most popular models for describing friction is the

text: Coulomb friction

text: model. This model defines coefficients of

text: static friction

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text: His first published papers, which appeared in 1842 and 1843, were on the steady motion of incompressible fluids and some cases of fluid motion. These were followed in 1845 by one on the friction of fluids in motion and the equilibrium and motion of elastic solids, and in 1850 by another on the effects of the internal friction of fluids on the motion of pendulums. To the theory of sound he made several contributions, including a discussion of the effect of wind on the intensity of sound and an explanation of how the intensity is influenced by the nature of the gas in which the sound is produced. These inquiries together put the science of fluid dynamics on a new footing, and provided a key not only to the explanation of many natural phenomena, such as the suspension of clouds in air, and the subsidence of ripples and waves in water, but also to the solution of practical problems, such as the flow of water in rivers and channels, and the skin resistance of ships.

text: His first published papers, which appeared in 1842 and 1843, were on the steady motion of incompressible

text: fluid

text: s and some cases of fluid motion. These were followed in 1845 by one on the friction of fluids in motion and the equilibrium and motion of elastic solids, and in 1850 by another on the effects of the internal friction of fluids on the motion of

text: pendulum

text: s. To the theory of sound he made several contributions, including a discussion of the effect of wind on the intensity of sound and an explanation of how the intensity is influenced by the nature of the gas in which the sound is produced. These inquiries together put the science of

text: fluid dynamics

text: on a new footing, and provided a key not only to the explanation of many natural phenomena, such as the suspension of clouds in air, and the subsidence of ripples and waves in water, but also to the solution of practical problems, such as the flow of water in rivers and channels, and the skin resistance of ships.

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text: In practice, due to small deformations near the contact area, some sliding and energy dissipation occurs. Nevertheless, the resulting rolling resistance is much lower than sliding friction, and thus, rolling objects, typically require much less energy to be moved than sliding ones. As a result, such objects will more easily move, if they experience a force with a component along the surface, for instance gravity on a tilted surface, wind, pushing, pulling, or torque from an engine. Unlike most axially symmetrical objects, the rolling motion of a cone is such that while rolling on a flat surface, its center of gravity performs a circular motion, rather than linear motion. Rolling objects are not necessarily axially-symmetrical. Two well known non-axially-symmetrical rollers are the Reuleaux triangle and the Meissner bodies.  The oloid and the sphericon are members of a special family of developable rollers that develop their entire surface when rolling down a flat plane. Objects with corners, such as dice, roll by successive rotations about the edge or corner which is in contact with the surface.

text: In practice, due to small deformations near the contact area, some sliding and energy dissipation occurs. Nevertheless, the resulting

text: rolling resistance

text: is much lower than

text: sliding friction

text: , and thus, rolling objects, typically require much less

text: energy

text: to be moved than sliding ones. As a result, such objects will more easily move, if they experience a force with a component along the surface, for instance gravity on a tilted surface, wind, pushing, pulling, or torque from an engine. Unlike most axially symmetrical objects, the

text: rolling motion of a cone

text: is such that while rolling on a flat surface, its

text: center of gravity

text: performs a

text: circular motion

text: , rather than

text: linear motion

text: . Rolling objects are not necessarily axially-symmetrical. Two well known non-axially-symmetrical rollers are the

text: Reuleaux triangle

text: and the

text: Meissner bodies

text: .  The

text: oloid

text: and the

text: sphericon

text: are members of a special family of

text: developable rollers

text: that

text: develop

text: their entire surface when rolling down a flat plane. Objects with corners, such as

text: dice

text: , roll by successive rotations about the edge or corner which is in contact with the surface.

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text: with coefficient of static friction

text: with coefficient of static friction

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text: The klemheist knot or French Machard knot is a type of friction hitch that grips the rope when weight is applied, and is free to move when the weight is released. It is used similarly to a Prusik knot or the Bachmann knot to ascend or descend a climbing rope. One advantage is that webbing can be used as an alternative to cord. The Klemheist is easier to slide up than a Prusik. The klemheist is also a way to attach a snubber to the anchor rope of small boats, with the advantage that it is easy to undo.

text: The klemheist knot or French Machard knot is a type of

text: friction hitch

text: that grips the rope when weight is applied, and is free to move when the weight is released. It is used similarly to a

text: Prusik knot

text: or the

text: Bachmann knot

text: to ascend or descend a

text: climbing

text: rope. One advantage is that

text: webbing

text: can be used as an alternative to cord. The Klemheist is easier to slide up than a Prusik. The klemheist is also a way to attach a snubber to the anchor rope of small boats, with the advantage that it is easy to undo.

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text: Polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) is widely used as an additive in lubricating oils and greases. Due to the low surface energy of PTFE, stable unflocculated dispersions of PTFE in oil or water can be produced. Contrary to the other solid lubricants discussed, PTFE does not have a layered structure. The macro molecules of PTFE slip easily along each other, similar to lamellar structures. PTFE shows one of the smallest coefficients of static and dynamic friction, down to 0.04. Operating temperatures are limited to about 260 °C.

text: Polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) is widely used as an additive in lubricating oils and greases. Due to the low surface energy of PTFE, stable unflocculated dispersions of PTFE in oil or water can be produced. Contrary to the other solid lubricants discussed, PTFE does not have a layered structure. The macro molecules of PTFE slip easily along each other, similar to lamellar structures. PTFE shows one of the smallest coefficients of static and dynamic friction, down to 0.04. Operating temperatures are limited to about 260 °C.

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answers: static and dynamic friction

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answers: static

text: As of 2016, Bolliger & Mabillard uses three types of braking system; friction, magnetic, and water.

text: As of 2016, Bolliger & Mabillard uses three types of braking system; friction, magnetic, and water.

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text: The rotor is modeled as an infinitely thin disc, inducing a constant velocity along the axis of rotation. The basic state of a helicopter is hovering. This disc creates a flow around the rotor. Under certain mathematical premises of the fluid, there can be extracted a mathematical connection between power, radius of the rotor, torque and induced velocity. Friction is not included.

text: The rotor is modeled as an infinitely thin disc, inducing a constant velocity along the axis of rotation. The basic state of a helicopter is

text: hover

text: ing. This disc creates a flow around the rotor. Under certain mathematical premises of the fluid, there can be extracted a mathematical connection between power, radius of the rotor,

text: torque

text: and induced velocity.

text: Friction

text: is not included.

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answers: Friction

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answers: Friction

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answers: Friction

text: Brakes may be broadly described as using friction, pumping, or electromagnetics. One brake may use several principles: for example, a pump may pass fluid through an orifice to create friction:

text: Brakes may be broadly described as using friction, pumping, or electromagnetics. One brake may use several principles: for example, a pump may pass fluid through an orifice to create friction:

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text: The fracturing fluid varies depending on fracturing type desired, and the conditions of specific wells being fractured, and water characteristics. The fluid can be gel, foam, or slickwater-based. Fluid choices are tradeoffs: more viscous fluids, such as gels, are better at keeping proppant in suspension; while less-viscous and lower-friction fluids, such as slickwater, allow fluid to be pumped at higher rates, to create fractures farther out from the wellbore. Important material properties of the fluid include viscosity, pH, various rheological factors, and others.

text: The fracturing fluid varies depending on fracturing type desired, and the conditions of specific wells being fractured, and water characteristics. The fluid can be gel, foam, or slickwater-based. Fluid choices are tradeoffs: more viscous fluids, such as gels, are better at keeping proppant in suspension; while less-viscous and lower-friction fluids, such as slickwater, allow fluid to be pumped at higher rates, to create fractures farther out from the wellbore. Important material properties of the fluid include

text: viscosity

text: pH

text: , various

text: rheological factors

text: , and others.

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text: Arthropods make use of smooth adhesive pads as well as hairy pads for climbing and locomotion along non-horizontal surfaces. Both types of pads in insects make use of liquid secretions and are considered 'wet'.  Dry adhesive mechanisms primarily rely on van der Waals’ forces and are also used by organisms other than insects.  The fluid provides capillary and viscous adhesion and appears to be present in all insect adhesive pads.  Little is known about the chemical properties of the adhesive fluids and the ultrastructure of the fluid producing cells is currently not extensively studied. Additionally, both hairy and smooth types of adhesion have evolved separately numerous times in insects. Few comparative studies between the two types of adhesion mechanisms have been done and there is a lack of information regarding the forces that can be supported by these systems in insects.  Additionally, tree frogs and some mammals such as the arboreal possum and bats also make use of smooth adhesive pads. The use of adhesive pads for locomotion across non-horizontal surfaces is a trait that evolved separately in different species, making it an example of convergent evolution. The power of adhesion allows these organisms to be able to climb on almost any substance.  The exact mechanisms of arthropod adhesion are still unknown for some species but this topic is of great importance to biologists, physicists and engineers.  These highly specialized structures are not restricted to one particular area of the leg. They may be located on different parts, such as claws, derivatives of the pretarsus, tarsal apex, tarsomeres or tibia. From the scaling analysis, it has been suggested that animal lineages relying on the dry adhesion, such as lizards and spiders have a higher density of terminal contact elements compared to systems that use wet adhesive mechanisms such as insects. Since these effects are based on fundamental physical principles and highly related to the shape of the structure, they are also the same for artificial surfaces with similar geometry.  Adhesion and friction forces per-unit-pad area were very similar in smooth and hairy systems when tested. Strong adhesion may be beneficial in many situations but it also can create difficulties in locomotion.  Direction-dependence is an important and fundamental property of adhesive structures that are able to rapidly and controllably adhere during locomotion. Researchers are unsure whether direction-dependence is achieved through changes in contact area or through a change in shear stress.  Friction and adhesion forces in most animal attachment organs are higher when they are pulled towards the body than when they push away from it. This has been observed in geckos and spiders but also in the smooth adhesive pads of ants, bush-crickets and cockroaches.  Adhesive hairs of geckos are non-symmetrical and feature distally pointing setae and spatulae that are able to generate increased friction and adhesion when aligned with a proximal pull. The adhesive hairs of some beetles behave similarly to those of geckos. While directional-dependence is present in other animals, it has yet to be confirmed in insects with hairy adhesive pads.

text: Arthropods

text: make use of smooth adhesive pads as well as hairy pads for

text: climbing

text: and

text: locomotion

text: along non-horizontal surfaces. Both types of pads in insects make use of liquid secretions and are considered 'wet'.

text: Dry

text: adhesive mechanisms primarily rely on

text: van der Waals’ forces

text: and are also used by

text: organisms

text: other than insects.  The fluid provides capillary and viscous adhesion and appears to be present in all insect adhesive pads.  Little is known about the chemical properties of the adhesive fluids and the ultrastructure of the fluid producing

text: cells

text: is currently not extensively studied. Additionally, both hairy and smooth types of adhesion have evolved separately numerous times in insects. Few comparative studies between the two types of adhesion mechanisms have been done and there is a lack of information regarding the forces that can be supported by these systems in

text: insects

text: .  Additionally, tree frogs and some

text: mammals

text: such as the arboreal possum and

text: bats

text: also make use of smooth adhesive pads. The use of adhesive pads for locomotion across non-horizontal surfaces is a trait that evolved separately in different species, making it an example of

text: convergent evolution

text: . The power of adhesion allows these organisms to be able to climb on almost any substance.  The exact mechanisms of arthropod adhesion are still unknown for some species but this topic is of great importance to

text: biologists

text: physicists

text: and

text: engineers

text: .  These highly specialized structures are not restricted to one particular area of the

text: leg

text: . They may be located on different parts, such as claws, derivatives of the pretarsus, tarsal apex, tarsomeres or tibia. From the scaling analysis, it has been suggested that

text: animal

text: lineages relying on the dry adhesion, such as

text: lizards

text: and spiders have a higher

text: density

text: of terminal contact elements compared to systems that use wet adhesive mechanisms such as insects. Since these effects are based on fundamental physical principles and highly related to the shape of the structure, they are also the same for artificial surfaces with similar geometry.  Adhesion and friction forces per-unit-pad area were very similar in smooth and hairy systems when tested. Strong adhesion may be beneficial in many situations but it also can create difficulties in locomotion.  Direction-dependence is an important and fundamental property of adhesive structures that are able to rapidly and controllably adhere during locomotion. Researchers are unsure whether direction-dependence is achieved through changes in contact area or through a change in shear stress.  Friction and adhesion forces in most animal attachment

text: organs

text: are higher when they are pulled towards the body than when they push away from it. This has been observed in geckos and spiders but also in the smooth adhesive pads of ants, bush-crickets and cockroaches.  Adhesive hairs of geckos are non-symmetrical and feature distally pointing setae and spatulae that are able to generate increased friction and adhesion when aligned with a proximal pull. The adhesive hairs of some beetles behave similarly to those of geckos. While directional-dependence is present in other animals, it has yet to be confirmed in insects with hairy adhesive pads.

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answers: wet adhesive mechanisms

text: A belt drive is a form of friction drive but is usually categorized separately from the "disk and wheel" type of friction drive.

text: A belt drive is a form of friction drive but is usually categorized separately from the "disk and wheel" type of friction drive.

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text: When the rope is clipped into several carabiners between the climber and the belayer, an additional type of friction occurs, the so-called dry friction between the rope and particularly the last clipped carabiner. Dry friction leads to an effective rope length smaller than the available length L and thus increases the impact force. Dry friction is also responsible for the rope drag a climber has to overcome in order to move forward. It can be expressed by an effective mass of the rope that the climber has to pull which is always larger than the rope mass itself. It depends exponentially on the sum of the angles of the direction changes the climber has made.

text: When the rope is clipped into several carabiners between the climber and the

text: belayer

text: , an additional type of friction occurs, the so-called dry

text: friction

text: between the rope and particularly the last clipped carabiner. Dry friction leads to an effective rope length smaller than the available length L and thus increases the impact force. Dry friction is also responsible for the rope drag a climber has to overcome in order to move forward. It can be expressed by an effective mass of the rope that the climber has to pull which is always larger than the rope mass itself. It depends exponentially on the sum of the angles of the direction changes the climber has made.

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text: Many explosives are considered to be highly sensitive to mechanical stimuli such as impact, friction, stab, heat, static electricity, flame, etc. Since explosive compounds are subject to friction practically every time they are handled, it is of particular interest to be aware of the sensitivity to friction. The sensitivity of tetrazene was determined using a FSKM-PEx friction sensitivity tester. The probability of ignition of tetrazene is 100 percent likely at 27N of frictional force.

text: Many explosives are considered to be highly sensitive to mechanical stimuli such as

text: impact

text: friction

text: , stab,

text: heat

text: static electricity

text: , flame, etc. Since explosive compounds are subject to friction practically every time they are handled, it is of particular interest to be aware of the sensitivity to friction. The sensitivity of tetrazene was determined using a FSKM-PEx friction sensitivity tester. The probability of ignition of tetrazene is 100 percent likely at 27N of frictional force.

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answers: frictional

text: The measured azimuthal distribution of particles in momentum space can be decomposed into Fourier coefficients. The second Fourier coefficient (v2), called elliptic flow, is particularly sensitive to the internal friction or viscosity of the fluid, or more precisely, η/s, the ratio of the shear viscosity (η) to entropy (s) of the system. For a good fluid such as water, the η/s ratio is small. A "thick" liquid, such as honey, has large values of η/s.

text: The measured azimuthal distribution of particles in momentum space can be decomposed into Fourier coefficients. The second Fourier coefficient (v2), called elliptic flow, is particularly sensitive to the internal friction or viscosity of the fluid, or more precisely, η/s, the ratio of the shear viscosity (η) to entropy (s) of the system. For a good fluid such as water, the η/s ratio is small. A "thick" liquid, such as honey, has large values of η/s.

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answers: viscosity

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answers: internal friction or viscosity of the fluid

answers: NDQ_018733

answers: shear

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: internal friction

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: internal

text: Some ambiguity exists in the literature concerning the distinction between quasi-static and reversible processes, as these are sometimes taken as synonyms. The reason is the theorem that any reversible process is also a quasi-static one, even though (as we have illustrated above) the converse is not true. In practical situations, it is essential to differentiate between the two: any engineer would remember to include friction when calculating the dissipative entropy generation, so there are no reversible processes in practice. The definition given above is closer to the intuitive understanding of the word “quasi-” (almost) “static”, and remains technically different from reversible processes.

text: Some ambiguity exists in the literature concerning the distinction between quasi-static and reversible processes, as these are sometimes taken as synonyms. The reason is the theorem that any reversible process is also a quasi-static one, even though (as we have illustrated above) the converse is not true. In practical situations, it is essential to differentiate between the two: any engineer would remember to include friction when calculating the dissipative entropy generation, so there are no reversible processes in practice. The definition given above is closer to the intuitive understanding of the word “quasi-” (almost) “static”, and remains technically different from reversible processes.

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answers: any engineer would remember to include friction

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answers: quasi-static

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answers: dissipative

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: quasi-static

text: When a ball rolls back to the ball-lift wheel, friction lifts the ball up to the side where it catches on two lift rods covered with a rubber material. Wedged in between, the ball is rolled upward. When it gets to the top, it is deposited onto a metal track that usually leads underground, and is pushed along by a long accelerator belt. Finally, the ball is pushed upward by two wheels located at the head of the ball return track, where it is deposited.

text: When a ball rolls back to the ball-lift wheel, friction lifts the ball up to the side where it catches on two lift rods covered with a rubber material. Wedged in between, the ball is rolled upward. When it gets to the top, it is deposited onto a metal track that usually leads underground, and is pushed along by a long accelerator belt. Finally, the ball is pushed upward by two wheels located at the head of the ball return track, where it is deposited.

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answers: It catches on two lift rods covered with a rubber material

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text: Usually the force needed to start sliding is greater than that needed to continue sliding.  The former is concerned with static friction, referred colloquially to as "stiction", or "limiting friction", whilst the latter is dynamic friction, also called "sliding friction".

text: Usually the force needed to start sliding is greater than that needed to continue sliding.  The former is concerned with static friction, referred colloquially to as "

text: stiction

text: ", or "limiting friction", whilst the latter is dynamic friction, also called "sliding friction".

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answers: static friction

text: Any escapement with sliding friction will need lubrication, but as this deteriorates the friction will increase, and, perhaps, insufficient power will be transferred to the timing device. If the timing device is a pendulum, the increased frictional forces will decrease the Q factor, increasing the resonance band, and decreasing its precision. For spring driven clocks, the impulse force applied by the spring changes as the spring is unwound, following Hooke's law. For gravity driven clocks, the impulse force also increases as the driving weight falls and more chain suspends the weight from the gear train; in practice, however, this effect is only seen in large public clocks, and it can be avoided by a closed-loop chain.

text: Any escapement with sliding friction will need lubrication, but as this deteriorates the friction will increase, and, perhaps, insufficient power will be transferred to the timing device. If the timing device is a pendulum, the increased frictional forces will decrease the

text: Q factor

text: , increasing the resonance band, and decreasing its precision. For spring driven clocks, the impulse force applied by the spring changes as the spring is unwound, following

text: Hooke's law

text: . For gravity driven clocks, the impulse force also increases as the driving weight falls and more chain suspends the weight from the gear train; in practice, however, this effect is only seen in large public clocks, and it can be avoided by a closed-loop chain.

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answers: sliding friction

text: Coulomb Damping is a type of constant mechanical damping in which energy is absorbed via sliding friction. The friction generated by the relative motion of the two surfaces that press against each other is a source of energy dissipation. In general, damping is the dissipation of energy from a vibrating system where the kinetic energy is converted into heat by the friction. Coulomb damping is a common damping mechanism that occurs in machinery.

text: Coulomb Damping is a type of constant mechanical

text: damping

text: in which energy is absorbed via

text: sliding friction

text: . The friction generated by the relative motion of the two surfaces that press against each other is a source of energy dissipation. In general, damping is the dissipation of energy from a vibrating system where the kinetic energy is converted into heat by the friction. Coulomb damping is a common damping mechanism that occurs in machinery.

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answers: relative motion

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: sliding

text: One of the most practical applications of rolling objects is the use of rolling-element bearings, such as ball bearings, in rotating devices. Made of metal, the rolling elements are usually encased between two rings that can rotate independently of each other. In most mechanisms, the inner ring is attached to a stationary shaft (or axle). Thus, while the inner ring is stationary, the outer ring is free to move with very little friction. This is the basis for which almost all motors (such as those found in ceiling fans, cars, drills, etc.) rely on to operate. The amount of friction on the mechanism's parts depends on the quality of the ball bearings and how much lubrication is in the mechanism.

text: One of the most practical applications of rolling objects is the use of

text: rolling-element bearing

text: s, such as

text: ball bearings

text: , in rotating devices. Made of metal, the rolling elements are usually encased between two rings that can rotate independently of each other. In most mechanisms, the inner ring is attached to a stationary shaft (or axle). Thus, while the inner ring is stationary, the outer ring is free to move with very little

text: friction

text: . This is the basis for which almost all

text: motors

text: (such as those found in ceiling fans, cars, drills, etc.) rely on to operate. The amount of friction on the mechanism's parts depends on the quality of the ball bearings and how much lubrication is in the mechanism.

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answers: the quality of the ball bearings and how much lubrication

answers: NDQ_018732

answers: While the inner ring is stationary, the outer ring is free to move with very little friction

answers: NDQ_018733

answers: sliding friction

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: The amount of friction on the mechanism's parts

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: rolling-element

text: Glycerol mono-oleate is a common example of a friction modifier. Whale oil was formerly used as a friction modifier in automatic transmission fluid.

text: Glycerol mono-oleate is a common example of a friction modifier.

text: Whale oil

text: was formerly used as a friction modifier in

text: automatic transmission fluid

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text: There has been much research on the twisting process in friction spinning. In friction spinning, the fibres are applied twist with more or less one at a time without cyclic differentials in tension in the twisting zone. Therefore, fibre migration may not take place in friction spun yarns. The mechanism of twist insertion for core type friction spinning and open end friction spinning are different,which are described below.

text: There has been much research on the twisting process in friction spinning. In friction spinning, the fibres are applied twist with more or less one at a time without cyclic differentials in tension in the twisting zone. Therefore, fibre migration may not take place in friction spun yarns. The mechanism of twist insertion for core type friction spinning and open end friction spinning are different,which are described below.

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text: Key properties of ten-pin bowling balls include surface friction, porosity, and mass distribution, which affect the motion of the ball as it rolls. These properties are varied to control how much a ball will slide through the oily surface of a typical bowling lane, and how easily a ball will change direction when the roll is combined with rotational motion. Friction and porosity are variables of the surface of the ball, known as the "cover stock," while mass distribution is determined by the shape and size of the core.

text: Key properties of ten-pin bowling balls include surface

text: friction

text: porosity

text: , and

text: mass distribution

text: , which affect the motion of the ball as it

text: rolls

text: . These properties are varied to control how much a ball will slide through the oily surface of a typical

text: bowling lane

text: , and how easily a ball will change direction when the roll is combined with

text: rotational motion

text: . Friction and porosity are variables of the surface of the ball, known as the "cover stock," while mass distribution is determined by the shape and size of the core.

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text: Surface texture is one of the important factors that control friction and transfer layer formation during sliding. Considerable efforts have been made to study the influence of surface texture on friction and wear during sliding conditions. Surface textures can be isotropic or anisotropic. Sometimes, stick-slip friction phenomena can be observed during sliding depending on surface texture.

text: Surface texture is one of the important factors that control

text: friction

text: and transfer layer formation during sliding. Considerable efforts have been made to study the influence of surface texture on friction and wear during sliding conditions. Surface textures can be

text: isotropic

text: or

text: anisotropic

text: . Sometimes, stick-slip friction phenomena can be observed during sliding depending on surface texture.

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text: All of Frictional's titles employ the in-house game engine HPL. The company's first commercially released video game was the survival horror game Penumbra: Overture in 2007. It is based on Frictional Games' earlier game Penumbra, a short tech demo meant to demonstrate the capabilities of the company's engine. Overture was followed by its sequel Penumbra: Black Plague in 2008 which in turn was followed by the expansion Penumbra: Requiem later in 2008. In 2010, Frictional Games released their fourth game Amnesia: The Dark Descent which introduced version 2 of the HPL Engine. They have acted as executive producers and publishers on an indirect sequel to The Dark Descent titled Amnesia: A Machine for Pigs, developed by The Chinese Room and released in 2013.

text: All of Frictional's titles employ the in-house game engine

text: HPL

text: . The company's first commercially released

text: video game

text: was the

text: survival horror

text: game

text: Penumbra: Overture

text: in 2007. It is based on Frictional Games' earlier game Penumbra, a short

text: tech demo

text: meant to demonstrate the capabilities of the company's engine. Overture was followed by its

text: sequel

text: Penumbra: Black Plague

text: in 2008 which in turn was followed by the expansion

text: Penumbra: Requiem

text: later in 2008. In 2010, Frictional Games released their fourth game

text: Amnesia: The Dark Descent

text: which introduced version 2 of the

text: HPL Engine

text: . They have acted as executive producers and publishers on an indirect sequel to The Dark Descent titled

text: Amnesia: A Machine for Pigs

text: , developed by

text: The Chinese Room

text: and released in 2013.

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text: Every retaining wall supports a “wedge” of soil. The wedge is defined as the soil which extends beyond the failure plane of the soil type present at the wall site, and can be calculated once the soil friction angle is known. As the setback of the wall increases, the size of the sliding wedge is reduced. This reduction lowers the pressure on the retaining wall.

text: Every retaining wall supports a “wedge” of

text: soil

text: . The wedge is defined as the soil which extends beyond the failure plane of the soil type present at the wall site, and can be calculated once the

text: soil friction

text: angle is known. As the setback of the wall increases, the size of the sliding wedge is reduced. This reduction lowers the pressure on the retaining wall.

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text: Static problems are prevalent in industries such as packaging, printing, paper, plastics, textiles, electronics, automotive manufacturing and pharmaceuticals. Friction can produce static buildup and sparks when humidity is below 45% relative humidity (RH). Between 45% and 55% RH, static builds up at reduced levels, while humidity above 55% RH ensures that static will never build up. The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) has traditionally recommended a range of  45–55% RH in data centers to prevent sparks that can damage IT equipment. Humidifiers are also used by manufacturers of semiconductors and in hospital operating rooms.

text: Static problems are prevalent in industries such as packaging, printing, paper, plastics, textiles, electronics, automotive manufacturing and pharmaceuticals. Friction can produce static buildup and sparks when humidity is below 45%

text: relative humidity

text: (RH). Between 45% and 55% RH, static builds up at reduced levels, while humidity above 55% RH ensures that static will never build up. The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (

text: ASHRAE

text: ) has traditionally recommended a range of  45–55% RH in data centers to prevent sparks that can damage IT equipment. Humidifiers are also used by manufacturers of semiconductors and in hospital

text: operating room

text: s.

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text: In fluid dynamics, the Darcy–Weisbach equation is a phenomenological equation, which relates the head loss, or pressure loss, due to friction along a given length of pipe to the average velocity of the fluid flow for an incompressible fluid. The equation is named after Henry Darcy and Julius Weisbach.

text: In

text: fluid dynamics

text: , the Darcy–Weisbach equation is a

text: phenomenological

text: equation, which relates the

text: head loss

text: , or

text: pressure loss

text: , due to

text: friction

text: along a given length of pipe to the average velocity of the fluid flow for an incompressible fluid. The equation is named after

text: Henry Darcy

text: and

text: Julius Weisbach

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text: Skin friction drag is a component of profile drag that occurs differently depending on the type of flow over the lifting body (laminar or turbulent). Just like any other form of drag, the coefficient of skin friction drag is calculated with various equations and measurements depending on the flow and then added to coefficients of other forms of drag to calculate total drag.

text: Skin friction drag is a component of

text: profile drag

text: that occurs differently depending on the type of flow over the lifting body (laminar or turbulent). Just like any other form of drag, the coefficient of skin friction drag is calculated with various equations and measurements depending on the flow and then added to coefficients of other forms of drag to calculate total drag.

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text: Stiction is also the same threshold at which a rolling object would begin to slide over a surface rather than rolling at the expected rate (and in the case of a wheel, in the expected direction). In this case, it's called "rolling friction" or μ.

text: Stiction is also the same threshold at which a rolling object would begin to slide over a surface rather than rolling at the expected rate (and in the case of a wheel, in the expected direction). In this case, it's called "rolling friction" or μ.

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text: Judging from early literature, the transporter wagon idea came about in Germany sometime around 1880 or 1890 (where in fact, later, Rollböcke were used a lot more than transporters).  Transporter wagons with the unique Heberlein type friction brake system were in daily use in the old GDR (East Germany) well into the late 1980s.

text: Judging from early literature, the transporter wagon idea came about in Germany sometime around 1880 or 1890 (where in fact, later, Rollböcke were used a lot more than transporters).  Transporter wagons with the unique

text: Heberlein

text: type friction brake system were in daily use in the old GDR (East Germany) well into the late 1980s.

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answers: friction brake

text: . A more precise estimate of efficiency is possible by use of the sheave friction factor,

text: . A more precise estimate of efficiency is possible by use of the sheave friction factor,

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text: Any wheel equipped with a brake is capable of generating a large retarding force, usually for the purpose of slowing and stopping a vehicle or piece of rotating machinery. Braking friction differs from rolling friction because the coefficient of friction for rolling friction is small whereas the coefficient of friction for braking friction is designed to be large by choice of materials for brake pads.

text: Any wheel equipped with a

text: brake

text: is capable of generating a large retarding force, usually for the purpose of slowing and stopping a vehicle or piece of rotating machinery. Braking friction differs from rolling friction because the coefficient of friction for rolling friction is small whereas the coefficient of friction for braking friction is designed to be large by choice of materials for

text: brake pad

text: s.

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answers: Braking friction

text: In scientific visualization skin friction lines are used to visualize flows on 3D-surfaces. They are obtained by calculating the streamlines of a derived vector field on the surface, the wall shear stress. Skin friction  arises from the friction of the fluid against the "skin" of the object that is moving through it and forms a vector at each point on the surface. A skin friction line is a curve on the surface tangent to skin friction vectors. A limit streamline is a streamline where the distance normal to the surface tends to zero. Limit streamlines and skin friction lines coincide.

text: In

text: scientific visualization

text: skin friction lines are used to visualize flows on 3D-surfaces. They are obtained by calculating the

text: streamlines

text: of a derived vector field on the surface, the

text: wall shear stress

text: Skin friction

text: arises from the friction of the fluid against the "skin" of the object that is moving through it and forms a vector at each point on the surface. A skin friction line is a curve on the surface tangent to skin friction vectors. A limit streamline is a streamline where the distance normal to the surface tends to zero. Limit streamlines and skin friction lines coincide.

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answers: Skin friction

text: Braking beyond the slipping point causes the tire to slide and the frictional adhesion between the tire and driving surface is reduced. The aim of threshold braking is to keep the amount of tire slip at the optimal amount, the value that produces the maximum frictional, and thus braking force. When wheels are slipping significantly (kinetic friction), the amount of friction available for braking is typically substantially less than when the wheels are not slipping (static friction), thereby reducing the braking force. Peak friction occurs between the static and dynamic endpoints, and this is the point that threshold braking tries to maintain.

text: Braking beyond the slipping point causes the tire to slide and the frictional adhesion between the tire and driving surface is reduced. The aim of threshold braking is to keep the amount of tire slip at the optimal amount, the value that produces the maximum frictional, and thus braking force. When wheels are slipping significantly (

text: kinetic friction

text: ), the amount of friction available for braking is typically substantially less than when the wheels are not slipping (

text: static friction

text: ), thereby reducing the braking force. Peak friction occurs between the static and dynamic endpoints, and this is the point that threshold braking tries to maintain.

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answers: Peak friction occurs between the static and dynamic endpoints, and this is the point that threshold braking tries to maintain

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text: Note that the value of this dimensionless factor depends on the pipe diameter D and the roughness of the pipe surface ε. Furthermore, it varies as well with the flow velocity V  and on the physical properties of the fluid (usually cast together into the Reynolds number Re). Thus, the friction loss is not precisely proportional to the flow velocity squared, nor to the inverse of the pipe diameter: the friction factor takes account of the remaining dependency on these parameters.

text: Note that the value of this dimensionless factor depends on the pipe diameter D and the roughness of the pipe surface ε. Furthermore, it varies as well with the flow velocity V  and on the physical properties of the fluid (usually cast together into the Reynolds number Re). Thus, the friction loss is not precisely proportional to the flow velocity squared, nor to the inverse of the pipe diameter: the friction factor takes account of the remaining dependency on these parameters.

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answers: friction loss

text: This sliding requires a considerable force to make it happen, and the friction force resisting the sliding is designated "L", the lateral force. The wheelset applies a force L outwards to the rails, and the rails apply a force L inwards to the wheels. Note that this is quite independent of "centrifugal force". However at higher speeds the centrifugal force is added to the friction force to make L.

text: This sliding requires a considerable force to make it happen, and the friction force resisting the sliding is designated "L", the lateral force. The wheelset applies a force L outwards to the rails, and the rails apply a force L inwards to the wheels. Note that this is quite independent of "centrifugal force". However at higher speeds the centrifugal force is added to the friction force to make L.

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answers: lateral

text: ). In other words, the magnitude of the static friction force satisfies the inequality:

text: ). In other words, the magnitude of the static friction force satisfies the inequality:

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text: Therefore, when the drag is dominated by a frictional component, the body is called a streamlined body; whereas in the case of dominant pressure drag, the body is called a blunt body. Thus, the shape of the body and the angle of attack determine the type of drag. For example, an airfoil is considered as a body with a small angle of attack by the fluid flowing across it. This means that it has attached boundary layers, which produce much less pressure drag.

text: Therefore, when the drag is dominated by a frictional component, the body is called a streamlined body; whereas in the case of dominant pressure drag, the body is called a blunt body. Thus, the shape of the body and the angle of attack determine the type of drag. For example, an airfoil is considered as a body with a small angle of attack by the fluid flowing across it. This means that it has attached

text: boundary layer

text: s, which produce much less pressure drag.

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text: Both Swamee-Aggarwal equation and the Darby-Melson equation can be combined to give an explicit equation for determining the friction factor of Bingham plastic fluids in any regime. Relative roughness is not a parameter in any of the equations because the friction factor of Bingham plastic fluids is not sensitive to pipe roughness.

text: Both Swamee-Aggarwal equation and the Darby-Melson equation can be combined to give an explicit equation for determining the friction factor of Bingham plastic fluids in any regime. Relative roughness is not a parameter in any of the equations because the friction factor of Bingham plastic fluids is not sensitive to pipe roughness.

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text: The 'slide', the most distinctive feature of the trombone (cf. valve trombone), allows the player to extend the length of the air column, lowering the pitch. To prevent friction from slowing the action of the slide, additional sleeves were developed during the Renaissance, and these stockings were soldered onto the ends of the inner slide tubes. Nowadays, the stockings are incorporated into the manufacturing process of the inner slide tubes and represent a fractional widening of the tube to accommodate the necessary method of alleviating friction. This part of the slide must be lubricated frequently. Additional tubing connects the slide to the bell of the instrument through a neckpipe, and bell or back bow (U-bend). The joint connecting the slide and bell sections is furnished with a ferrule to secure the connection of the two parts of the instrument, though older models from the early 20th century and before were usually equipped with friction joints and no ancillary mechanism to tighten the joint.

text: The 'slide', the most distinctive feature of the trombone (cf.

text: valve trombone

text: ), allows the player to extend the length of the air column, lowering the pitch. To prevent friction from slowing the action of the slide, additional sleeves were developed during the

text: Renaissance

text: , and these stockings were soldered onto the ends of the inner slide tubes. Nowadays, the stockings are incorporated into the manufacturing process of the inner slide tubes and represent a fractional widening of the tube to accommodate the necessary method of alleviating friction. This part of the slide must be lubricated frequently. Additional tubing connects the slide to the bell of the instrument through a neckpipe, and bell or back bow (U-bend). The joint connecting the slide and bell sections is furnished with a ferrule to secure the connection of the two parts of the instrument, though older models from the early 20th century and before were usually equipped with friction joints and no ancillary mechanism to tighten the joint.

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text: The static friction force must be overcome by an applied force before an object can move. The maximum possible friction force between two surfaces before sliding begins is the product of the coefficient of static friction and the normal force:

text: The static friction force must be overcome by an applied force before an object can move. The maximum possible friction force between two surfaces before sliding begins is the product of the coefficient of static friction and the normal force:

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text: Ductile iron piles have been successfully used on a range of projects throughout the world.  Designs in accordance with the EuroCode (EC) have proved to be competitive with drilled micropiles and various other types of end bearing piles.  TRM piles have been designed in both friction and end bearing applications.  The TRM pile system provided both financial, as well as operational benefits to  completed projects.  For example, mobilizing an excavator versus a pile driving rig provided substantial logistical and driving advantages.  When soil conditions differ adding pile length proves to be an easy task.  We believe that the TRM system will not only have great advantages on tight sites with deep depths to the end bearing stratum we believe as well that the TRM system will be used very efficiently on projects where loads can be shed in friction at shallower depths. Both end bearing and friction TRM piles will prove to be cost-effective, adaptable to varied site grading conditions and the simplicity of mobilization.  The virtually vibration free driving process allows the installation of piles immediately adjacent to existing structures.

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text: Friction sensitivity is an approximation of the amount of friction or rubbing a compound can withstand before prematurely exploding. For instance, nitroglycerin has an extremely high sensitivity to friction, meaning that very little rubbing against it could set off a violent explosion. There is no exact determining the amount of friction required to set off a compound, but is rather approximated by the amount of force applied and the amount of time before the compound explodes.

text: Friction sensitivity is an approximation of the amount of

text: friction

text: or rubbing a compound can withstand before prematurely exploding. For instance,

text: nitroglycerin

text: has an extremely high sensitivity to friction, meaning that very little rubbing against it could set off a violent explosion. There is no exact determining the amount of friction required to set off a compound, but is rather approximated by the amount of force applied and the amount of time before the compound explodes.

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text: Stick-slip can be described as surfaces alternating between sticking to each other and sliding over eachother, with a corresponding change in the force of friction. Typically, the static friction coefficient (a heuristic number) between two surfaces is larger than the kinetic friction coefficient.  If an applied force is large enough to overcome the static friction, then the reduction of the friction to the kinetic friction can cause a sudden jump in the velocity of the movement. The attached picture shows symbolically an example of stick-slip.

text: Stick-slip can be described as surfaces alternating between sticking to each other and sliding over eachother, with a corresponding change in the force of

text: friction

text: . Typically, the

text: static friction

text: coefficient (a heuristic number) between two surfaces is larger than the

text: kinetic friction

text: coefficient.  If an applied

text: force

text: is large enough to overcome the static friction, then the reduction of the friction to the kinetic friction can cause a sudden jump in the velocity of the movement. The attached picture shows symbolically an example of stick-slip.

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answers: Typically, the static friction coefficient

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text: Pericardial friction rub is one of several, similar sounds.  A differential diagnosis may be possible, or not, depending upon the number of components that are audible.  Pericardial friction rub may have one, two, or three audible components, whereas the similar pleural friction rub ordinarily has two audible components.  One- and two-component rubs are ambiguous.  A three-component rub distinguishes a pericardial rub and indicates the presence of pericarditis. Also, a pleural rub can only be heard during inspiration and expiration, whereas, the pericardial rub can be heard even after cessation of breathing. Pleural rub creates pain mostly on the lateral part of the chest wall, whereas pain due to pericardial rub is always central in location. The intensity of pleural rub is increased on pressing the diaphragm of the stethoscope over the affected area, whereas there is no such change in case of  a pericardial rub.

text: Pericardial friction rub is one of several, similar sounds.  A

text: differential diagnosis

text: may be possible, or not, depending upon the number of components that are audible.  Pericardial friction rub may have one, two, or three audible components, whereas the similar

text: pleural friction rub

text: ordinarily has two audible components.  One- and two-component rubs are ambiguous.  A three-component rub distinguishes a pericardial rub and indicates the presence of pericarditis. Also, a pleural rub can only be heard during inspiration and expiration, whereas, the pericardial rub can be heard even after cessation of breathing. Pleural rub creates pain mostly on the lateral part of the chest wall, whereas pain due to pericardial rub is always central in location. The intensity of pleural rub is increased on pressing the diaphragm of the stethoscope over the affected area, whereas there is no such change in case of  a pericardial rub.

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answers: Pericardial

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answers: Pericardial friction rub

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text: The Albrecht-Steinhardt paper is also notable because it introduced the concept of Hubble friction in 1982, a gravitational effect that plays the key role in the "slow-roll" of the inflaton field (a very gradual change in its strength) enabling the generation of density fluctuations (see next item). Hubble friction and slow-roll is an essential element in most subsequent inflationary models.

text: The Albrecht-Steinhardt paper is also notable because it introduced the concept of Hubble friction in 1982, a gravitational effect that plays the key role in the "slow-roll" of the inflaton field (a very gradual change in its strength) enabling the generation of

text: density

text: fluctuations (see next item). Hubble friction and slow-roll is an essential element in most subsequent inflationary models.

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answers: Hubble friction

text: The friction head can be related to the pressure loss due to friction by dividing the pressure loss by the product of the acceleration due to gravity and the density of the fluid.  Accordingly, the relationship between the friction head and the Fanning friction factor is:

text: The friction

text: head

text: can be related to the pressure loss due to friction by dividing the pressure loss by the product of the acceleration due to gravity and the density of the fluid.  Accordingly, the relationship between the friction head and the Fanning friction factor is:

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answers: pressure loss due to friction

answers: NDQ_018732

answers: static friction

answers: NDQ_018733

answers: sliding friction

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: acceleration due to gravity

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: pressure loss

text: Factor of safety –False precision – Fracture –Fatigue –  Ferrofluid –Filter (large eddy simulation) –Finite element analysis –Fluid dynamics –Fluid structure interaction –Force –Force density –Friction –Functionally graded material –Fundamentals of Engineering exam –Fusion deposition modelling –

text: Factor of safety

text: False precision

text: Fracture

text: Fatigue

text: Ferrofluid

text: Filter (large eddy simulation)

text: Finite element analysis

text: Fluid dynamics

text: Fluid structure interaction

text: Force

text: Force density

text: Friction

text: Functionally graded material

text: Fundamentals of Engineering exam

text: Fusion deposition modelling

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answers: Fatigue

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answers: Fatigue

text: The angle of friction, also sometimes called the angle of repose, is the maximum angle at which a load can rest motionless on an inclined plane due to friction, without sliding down.  This angle is equal to the arctangent of the coefficient of static friction μ between the surfaces.

text: The

text: angle of friction

text: , also sometimes called the

text: angle of repose

text: , is the maximum angle at which a load can rest motionless on an inclined plane due to

text: friction

text: , without sliding down.  This angle is equal to the

text: arctangent

text: of the

text: coefficient of static friction

text: μ between the surfaces.

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answers: static friction

answers: NDQ_018733

answers: sliding friction

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: surfaces

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: static

text: Flexure bearings can give very low friction and also give very predictable friction. Many other bearings rely on sliding or rolling motions (rolling-element bearings), which are necessarily uneven because the bearing surfaces are never perfectly flat. A flexure bearing operates by bending of materials, which causes motion at microscopic level, so friction is very uniform. For this reason, flexure bearings are often used in sensitive precision measuring equipment.

text: Flexure bearings can give very low friction and also give very predictable friction. Many other bearings rely on sliding or rolling motions (

text: rolling-element bearing

text: s), which are necessarily uneven because the bearing surfaces are never perfectly flat. A flexure bearing operates by bending of materials, which causes motion at microscopic level, so friction is very uniform. For this reason, flexure bearings are often used in sensitive precision measuring equipment.

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answers: surfaces are never perfectly flat

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: uneven

text: is the friction velocity (not an actual velocity of the fluid),

text: is the

text: friction velocity

text: (not an actual velocity of the fluid),

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text: Modern ATF typically contains a wide variety of chemical compounds intended to provide the required properties of a particular ATF specification. Most ATFs contain some combination of additives that improve lubricating qualities, such as anti-wear additives, rust and corrosion inhibitors, detergents, dispersants and surfactants (which protect and clean metal surfaces); kinematic viscosity and viscosity index improvers and modifiers, seal swell additives and agents (which extend the rotational speed range and temperature range of the additives' application); anti-foam additives and anti-oxidation compounds to inhibit oxidation and "boil-off" (which extends the life of the additives' application); cold-flow improvers, high-temperature thickeners, gasket conditioners, pour point depressant and petroleum dye. All ATFs contain friction modifiers, except for those ATFs specified for some Ford transmissions and the John Deere J-21A specification; the Ford ESP (or ESW) - M2C-33 F specification Type F ATF (Ford-O-Matic) and Ford ESP (or ESW) - M2C-33 G specification Type G ATF (1980s Ford Europe and Japan) specifically excludes the addition of friction modifiers. According to the same oil distributor, the M2C-33 G specification requires fluids which provide improved shear resistance and oxidation protection, better low-temperature fluidity, better EP (extreme pressure) properties and additional seal tests over and above M2C-33 F quality fluids.

text: Modern ATF typically contains a wide variety of chemical compounds intended to provide the required properties of a particular ATF specification. Most ATFs contain some combination of additives that improve lubricating qualities, such as anti-wear additives, rust and corrosion inhibitors, detergents, dispersants and surfactants (which protect and clean metal surfaces); kinematic viscosity and viscosity index improvers and modifiers, seal swell additives and agents (which extend the rotational speed range and temperature range of the additives' application); anti-foam additives and anti-oxidation compounds to inhibit oxidation and "boil-off" (which extends the life of the additives' application); cold-flow improvers, high-temperature thickeners, gasket conditioners, pour point depressant and petroleum dye. All ATFs contain friction modifiers, except for those ATFs specified for some

text: Ford transmissions

text: and the John Deere J-21A specification; the Ford ESP (or ESW) - M2C-33 F specification

text: Type F ATF

text: Ford-O-Matic

text: ) and Ford ESP (or ESW) - M2C-33 G specification

text: Type G ATF

text: (1980s Ford Europe and Japan) specifically excludes the addition of friction modifiers. According to the same oil distributor, the M2C-33 G specification requires fluids which provide improved shear resistance and oxidation protection, better low-temperature fluidity, better EP (extreme pressure) properties and additional seal tests over and above M2C-33 F quality fluids.

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text: The term has a related usage in mechanics, where it refers to the maximum angle at which an object can rest on an inclined plane without sliding down. This angle is equal to the arctangent of the coefficient of static friction μ between the surfaces.

text: The term has a related usage in

text: mechanics

text: , where it refers to the maximum angle at which an object can rest on an

text: inclined plane

text: without sliding down. This angle is equal to the

text: arctangent

text: of the

text: coefficient of static friction

text: μ between the surfaces.

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text: Cutting fluid or coolant is used where there is significant friction and heat at the cutting interface between a cutter such as a drill or an end mill and the workpiece.  Coolant is generally introduced by a spray across the face of the tool and workpiece to decrease friction and temperature at the cutting tool/workpiece interface to prevent excessive tool wear. In practice there are many methods of delivering coolant.

text: Cutting fluid

text: or

text: coolant

text: is used where there is significant friction and heat at the cutting interface between a cutter such as a drill or an end mill and the workpiece.  Coolant is generally introduced by a spray across the face of the tool and workpiece to decrease friction and temperature at the cutting tool/workpiece interface to prevent excessive tool wear. In practice there are many methods of delivering coolant.

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text: with particle sizes in the range of 1–100 µm is a common dry lubricant. Few alternatives exist that confer high lubricity and stability at up to 350 °C in oxidizing environments. Sliding friction tests of  using a pin on disc tester at low loads (0.1–2 N) give friction coefficient values of

text: with particle sizes in the range of 1–100 µm is a common

text: dry lubricant

text: . Few alternatives exist that confer high lubricity and stability at up to 350 °C in oxidizing environments. Sliding friction tests of  using a

text: pin on disc tester

text: at low loads (0.1–2 N) give friction coefficient values of

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answers: sliding friction

text: Once a fault begins to slip, the initial frictional heat produced by the fault is extremely intense. This is because two rock faces are sliding against each other at a high rate of speed and with a lot of force. Fault lubrication then is the phenomena whereby the friction on the fault surface decreases as it slips, making it easier for the fault to slip as it does so. One method by which this occurs is through frictional melting. As a fault slips, this immense amount of heat causes a thin layer of rock along the fault to become molten. This molten rock (frictional melt), can then expand and work its way into the pores and imperfections on the fault surface. This has the effect of smoothing the fault surface. You can think of this like the difference between trying to rub two pieces of sand paper past each other, then doing the same with two pieces of printer paper. A similar process can occur if there is water present in the rock. As the fault begins to slip, this rapid increase in temperature close to the fault causes the water in the pore space to vaporize. As the water vapor expands, it causes the pores along the fault surface to dilate and thereby creates a smoother surface at the fault interface. This process can actually create a “near frictionless” surface along the fault.

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answers: frictional

text: Because of the high speed a longboard can achieve (much faster than running), being able to brake quickly is extremely important. Before learning braking techniques, it is common for riders to jump off the moving board and 'run out' their speed, but this is safe only at low speeds. This technique is considered dangerous and is least accepted in the longboarding community. If the rider is traveling faster than the speed at which they can run, other techniques are required, for example footbraking or sliding. Footbraking is the method of the rider dragging his foot on the ground while moving to slow himself down. However, this wears away the soles of shoes, creating holes that are potentially dangerous to the feet. More advanced riders use 'slide' methods of braking. Sliding is the method of pushing the edge of the board out so it is traveling sideways rather than forwards, and the wheels are sliding against the ground. The resulting friction slows the board down dramatically. Factors such as the height and length of the board and, crucially, durometer (softness) of the wheels affect how easy this is to do and how fast the rider must be travelling to achieve effective slides. Sliding also requires an efficient and precise use of body weight in order to be fully effective.

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answers: NDQ_018732

answers: Sliding

answers: NDQ_018733

answers: sliding

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: height and length

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: sliding

text: Torque converters respond quickly to loss of traction (torque) by an increased speed of the driving wheels for the same engine speed. Thus, under most conditions, where the static friction is higher than the kinetic friction, the engine speed must be brought down to counteract wheelspin when it has occurred, requiring a stronger or quicker throttle reduction by the driver than with a manual transmission, making wheelspin harder to control. This is most apparent in driving conditions with much higher static friction than kinetic, such as packed hard snow (that turns to ice by friction work), or snow on top of ice.

text: Torque converters respond quickly to loss of traction (torque) by an increased speed of the driving wheels for the same engine speed. Thus, under most conditions, where the

text: static friction

text: is higher than the kinetic friction, the engine speed must be brought down to counteract

text: wheelspin

text: when it has occurred, requiring a stronger or quicker throttle reduction by the driver than with a manual transmission, making wheelspin harder to control. This is most apparent in driving conditions with much higher static friction than kinetic, such as packed hard snow (that turns to ice by friction work), or snow on top of ice.

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text: The classic rules of sliding friction in machines were discovered by Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519), but were unpublished and merely documented in his notebooks, and were based on pre-Newtonian science such as believing friction was an ethereal fluid.  They were rediscovered by Guillaume Amontons (1699) and were further developed by Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (1785).

text: The classic rules of sliding

text: friction

text: in machines were discovered by

text: Leonardo da Vinci

text: (1452–1519), but were unpublished and merely documented in his notebooks, and were based on pre-Newtonian science such as believing friction was an

text: ethereal

text: fluid.  They were rediscovered by

text: Guillaume Amontons

text: (1699) and were further developed by

text: Charles-Augustin de Coulomb

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text: A slipper piston is a piston for a petrol engine that has been reduced in size and weight as much as possible. In the extreme case, they are reduced to the piston crown, support for the piston rings, and just enough of the piston skirt remaining to leave two lands so as to stop the piston rocking in the bore. The sides of the piston skirt around the gudgeon pin are reduced away from the cylinder wall. The purpose is mostly to reduce the reciprocating mass, thus making it easier to balance the engine and so permit high speeds. A secondary benefit may be some reduction in friction with the cylinder wall, since the area of the skirt, which slides up and down in the cylinder is reduced by half. However most friction is due to the piston rings, which are the parts which actually fit the tightest in the bore and the bearing surfaces of the wrist pin, the benefit is reduced.

text: A slipper piston is a piston for a petrol engine that has been reduced in size and weight as much as possible. In the extreme case, they are reduced to the piston crown, support for the piston rings, and just enough of the piston skirt remaining to leave two lands so as to stop the piston rocking in the bore. The sides of the piston skirt around the gudgeon pin are reduced away from the cylinder wall. The purpose is mostly to reduce the reciprocating mass, thus making it easier to balance the engine and so permit high speeds. A secondary benefit may be some reduction in friction with the cylinder wall, since the area of the skirt, which slides up and down in the cylinder is reduced by half. However most friction is due to the

text: piston rings

text: , which are the parts which actually fit the tightest in the bore and the bearing surfaces of the wrist pin, the benefit is reduced.

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text: Friction is the least methods which you provide of the six methods of producing energy. If a cloth rubs against an object, the object will display an effect called friction electricity. The object becomes charged due to the rubbing process, and now possesses an electrical charge. There are two main types of electrical charge: positive and negative. Each type of charge attracts the opposite type and repels the same type. This can be stated in the following way: Like charges repel and unlike charges attract. Static electricity has several applications. Its main application is in Van de Graaf generators, used to produce high voltages in order to test the dialectric strength of insulating materials. Other uses are in electrostatic painting and sandpaper manufacturing. The course grains acquire a negative charge as they move across the negative plate. As unlike charges attract, the positive plate attracts the course grains and their impact velocity enables them to be embedded into the adhesive.

text: Friction is the least methods which you provide of the six methods of producing energy. If a cloth rubs against an object, the object will display an effect called friction electricity. The object becomes charged due to the rubbing process, and now possesses an

text: electrical charge

text: . There are two main types of electrical charge: positive and negative. Each type of charge attracts the opposite type and repels the same type. This can be stated in the following way: Like charges repel and unlike charges attract.

text: Static electricity

text: has several applications. Its main application is in

text: Van de Graaf generators

text: , used to produce high voltages in order to test the

text: dialectric

text: strength of insulating materials. Other uses are in electrostatic painting and sandpaper manufacturing. The course grains acquire a negative charge as they move across the negative plate. As unlike charges attract, the positive plate attracts the course grains and their impact velocity enables them to be embedded into the adhesive.

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text: Putting on latex clothing can be difficult, because latex has high friction against dry skin. To make it easier to put on, wearers often use talc to reduce friction against the skin when putting the clothes on; then, because stray talc is very visible against the rubber, wearers generally polish off any visible talc. Another method of dressing is using lubricant (or 'lube') which provides a slippery surface for the latex to glide over.  A third method of reducing or eliminating the high friction of latex when dressing is to chlorinate the rubber.  Chlorine in gaseous form is generated by the reaction of hydrochloric acid and sodium hypochlorite.  This chlorine bonds to the first few molecules on the surface of the isoprene (latex) and transforms them into neoprene. This process affects metallic colours, but does not affect strength.

text: Putting on latex clothing can be difficult, because latex has high friction against dry skin. To make it easier to put on, wearers often use

text: talc

text: to reduce friction against the skin when putting the clothes on; then, because stray talc is very visible against the rubber, wearers generally polish off any visible talc. Another method of dressing is using lubricant (or 'lube') which provides a slippery surface for the latex to glide over.  A third method of reducing or eliminating the high friction of latex when dressing is to chlorinate the rubber.  Chlorine in gaseous form is generated by the reaction of hydrochloric acid and sodium hypochlorite.  This chlorine bonds to the first few molecules on the surface of the

text: isoprene

text: (latex) and transforms them into

text: neoprene

text: . This process affects metallic colours, but does not affect strength.

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answers: high

text: One of the main objectives of JFAST was to estimate the level of friction on the fault during the earthquake. To determine the frictional strength, high-speed laboratory experiments were carried out on samples from the plate boundary fault zone.  The measured shear stress strength for permeable and impermeable conditions yielded values of 1.32 and 0.22 MPa, respectively, with the equivalent values for the coefficient of friction of 0.19 and 0.03, respectively.  These results show that the fault slipped with very low levels of friction, which are lower than observed from other subduction zones, such as the Nankai Trough.  The very low frictional strength for the material from the Japan Trench fault zone is much lower than typically observed for other types of rocks. The low friction properties are largely caused by the high content of the clay mineral smectite. Examination of the microstructures in the laboratory samples, suggests that fluids are important in the faulting process and contribute to the low friction properties, possibly through thermal pressurization.

text: One of the main objectives of JFAST was to estimate the level of friction on the fault during the earthquake. To determine the frictional strength, high-speed laboratory experiments were carried out on samples from the plate boundary fault zone.  The measured

text: shear stress

text: strength for

text: permeable

text: and impermeable conditions yielded values of 1.32 and 0.22 MPa, respectively, with the equivalent values for the

text: coefficient of friction

text: of 0.19 and 0.03, respectively.  These results show that the fault slipped with very low levels of friction, which are lower than observed from other subduction zones, such as the Nankai Trough.  The very low frictional strength for the material from the Japan Trench fault zone is much lower than typically observed for other types of rocks. The low friction properties are largely caused by the high content of the

text: clay mineral

text: smectite. Examination of the microstructures in the laboratory samples, suggests that fluids are important in the faulting process and contribute to the low friction properties, possibly through thermal pressurization.

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text: In order to start a train and accelerate it to a given speed, the locomotive(s) must develop sufficient tractive force to overcome the train's drag (resistance to motion), which is a combination of inertia, axle bearing friction, the friction of the wheels on the rails (which is substantially greater on curved track than on tangent track), and the force of gravity if on a grade.  Once in motion, the train will develop additional drag as it accelerates due to aerodynamic forces, which increase with the square of the speed.  Drag may also be produced at speed due to truck (bogie) hunting, which will increase the rolling friction between wheels and rails.  If acceleration continues, the train will eventually attain a speed at which the available tractive force of the locomotive(s) will exactly offset the total drag, causing acceleration to cease.  This top speed will be increased on a downgrade due to gravity assisting the motive power, and will be decreased on an upgrade due to gravity opposing the motive power.

text: In order to start a train and accelerate it to a given speed, the locomotive(s) must develop sufficient tractive force to overcome the train's drag (resistance to motion), which is a combination of

text: inertia

text: axle

text: bearing

text: friction

text: , the friction of the wheels on the rails (which is substantially greater on curved track than on tangent track), and the force of

text: gravity

text: if on a

text: grade

text: .  Once in motion, the train will develop additional drag as it accelerates due to

text: aerodynamic force

text: s, which increase with the square of the speed.  Drag may also be produced at speed due to

text: truck (bogie) hunting

text: , which will increase the rolling friction between wheels and rails.  If acceleration continues, the train will eventually attain a speed at which the available tractive force of the locomotive(s) will exactly offset the total drag, causing acceleration to cease.  This top speed will be increased on a downgrade due to gravity assisting the motive power, and will be decreased on an upgrade due to gravity opposing the motive power.

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text: Friction's music career began in 1998 as lead singer and songwriter of the band Silent Friction.  He later moved on to establish  power pop band The Pink Spiders with Bob Ferrari and Jon Decious.  During a brief hiatus in 2009, Friction formed two new bands, Matt Friction & the Cheap Shots and The Dozen Dimes, both releasing individual material.

text: Friction's music career began in 1998 as lead singer and songwriter of the band Silent Friction.  He later moved on to establish

text: power pop

text: band

text: The Pink Spiders

text: with

text: Bob Ferrari

text: and Jon Decious.  During a brief hiatus in 2009, Friction formed two new bands, Matt Friction & the Cheap Shots and The Dozen Dimes, both releasing individual material.

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text: The theorem of Torricelli was employed by many succeeding writers, but particularly by Edme Mariotte (1620–1684), whose Traité du mouvement des eaux, published after his death in the year 1686, is founded on a great variety of well-conducted experiments on the motion of fluids, performed at Versailles and Chantilly. In the discussion of some points he committed considerable mistakes. Others he treated very superficially, and in none of his experiments apparently did he attend to the diminution of efflux arising from the contraction of the liquid vein, when the orifice is merely a perforation in a thin plate; but he appears to have been the first who attempted to ascribe the discrepancy between theory and experiment to the retardation of the water's velocity through friction. His contemporary Domenico Guglielmini (1655–1710), who was inspector of the rivers and canals at Bologna, had ascribed this diminution of velocity in rivers to transverse motions arising from inequalities in their bottom. But as Mariotte observed similar obstructions even in glass pipes where no transverse currents could exist, the cause assigned by Guglielmini seemed destitute of foundation. The French philosopher, therefore, regarded these obstructions as the effects of friction. He supposed that the filaments of water which graze along the sides of the pipe lose a portion of their velocity; that the contiguous filaments, having on this account a greater velocity, rub upon the former, and suffer a diminution of their celerity; and that the other filaments are affected with similar retardations proportional to their distance from the axis of the pipe. In this way the medium velocity of the current may be diminished, and consequently the quantity of water discharged in a given time must, from the effects of friction, be considerably less than that which is computed from theory.

text: The theorem of Torricelli was employed by many succeeding writers, but particularly by

text: Edme Mariotte

text: (1620–1684), whose Traité du mouvement des eaux, published after his death in the year 1686, is founded on a great variety of well-conducted experiments on the motion of fluids, performed at

text: Versailles

text: and

text: Chantilly

text: . In the discussion of some points he committed considerable mistakes. Others he treated very superficially, and in none of his experiments apparently did he attend to the diminution of efflux arising from the contraction of the liquid vein, when the orifice is merely a perforation in a thin plate; but he appears to have been the first who attempted to ascribe the discrepancy between theory and experiment to the retardation of the water's velocity through friction. His contemporary

text: Domenico Guglielmini

text: (1655–1710), who was inspector of the rivers and canals at

text: Bologna

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answers: obstructions even in glass pipes where no transverse currents could exist

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answers: the effects of friction

text: Most charts or tables indicate the type of friction factor, or at least provide the formula for the friction factor with laminar flow. If the formula for laminar flow is  }}, it is the Fanning factor , and if the formula for laminar flow is  }}, it is the Darcy–Weisbach factor .

text: Most charts or tables indicate the type of friction factor, or at least provide the formula for the friction factor with laminar flow. If the formula for laminar flow is  }}, it is the Fanning factor , and if the formula for laminar flow is  }}, it is the Darcy–Weisbach factor .

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text: Lubricated friction is a case of fluid friction where a fluid separates two solid surfaces. Lubrication is a technique employed to reduce wear of one or both surfaces in close proximity moving relative to each another by interposing a substance called a lubricant between the surfaces.

text: Lubricated friction is a case of fluid friction where a fluid separates two solid surfaces. Lubrication is a technique employed to reduce wear of one or both surfaces in close proximity moving relative to each another by interposing a substance called a lubricant between the surfaces.

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text: The dividing lines between the various types of plastics is not based on material but rather on their properties and applications. For example, polyethylene (PE) is a cheap, low friction polymer commonly used to make disposable bags for shopping and trash, and is considered a commodity plastic, whereas medium-density polyethylene (MDPE) is used for underground gas and water pipes, and another variety called ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is an engineering plastic which is used extensively as the glide rails for industrial equipment and the low-friction socket in implanted hip joints.

text: The dividing lines between the various types of plastics is not based on material but rather on their properties and applications. For example,

text: polyethylene

text: (PE) is a cheap, low friction polymer commonly used to make disposable bags for shopping and trash, and is considered a commodity plastic, whereas

text: medium-density polyethylene

text: (MDPE) is used for underground gas and water pipes, and another variety called

text: ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene

text: (UHMWPE) is an engineering plastic which is used extensively as the glide rails for industrial equipment and the low-friction socket in implanted

text: hip joint

text: s.

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text: Renaming 3/3 to form Friction, they recruited guitarist Tsunematsu Masatoshi, who had studied art at the Tokyo National University of Fine Arts & Music. They released a live album and single in 1979, and their first studio album, Atsureki (軋轢, meaning 'friction' in Japanese) in 1980, produced by Ryuichi Sakamoto. Tsunematsu left the band in December 1980 to become an artist, and from then on Friction has had numerous guest instrumentalists for lives and studio releases, all revolving around frontman Reck. The live video titled Dumb Numb was directed by Sogo Ishii. In 1999, Friction went on hiatus when Reck started producing for other musicians, but restarted in 2006.

text: Renaming 3/3 to form Friction, they recruited guitarist

text: Tsunematsu Masatoshi

text: , who had studied art at the Tokyo National University of Fine Arts & Music. They released a live album and single in 1979, and their first studio album, Atsureki (軋轢, meaning 'friction' in Japanese) in

text: , produced by

text: Ryuichi Sakamoto

text: . Tsunematsu left the band in December 1980 to become an artist, and from then on Friction has had numerous guest instrumentalists for lives and studio releases, all revolving around frontman Reck. The live video titled Dumb Numb was directed by

text: Sogo Ishii

text: . In 1999, Friction went on hiatus when Reck started producing for other musicians, but restarted in 2006.

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answers: Atsureki

text: An electrostatic generator, or electrostatic machine, is an electromechanical generator that produces static electricity, or electricity at high voltage and low continuous current. The knowledge of static electricity dates back to the earliest civilizations, but for millennia it remained merely an interesting and mystifying phenomenon, without a theory to explain its behavior and often confused with magnetism. By the end of the 17th Century, researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction, but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century, when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity. Electrostatic generators operate by using manual (or other) power to transform mechanical work into electric energy. Electrostatic generators develop electrostatic charges of opposite signs rendered to two conductors, using only electric forces, and work by using moving plates, drums, or belts to carry electric charge to a high potential electrode.  The charge is generated by one of two methods: either the triboelectric effect (friction) or electrostatic induction.

text: An electrostatic generator, or electrostatic machine, is an

text: electromechanical generator

text: that produces

text: static electricity

text: , or electricity at

text: high voltage

text: and low

text: continuous current

text: . The knowledge of static electricity dates back to the earliest civilizations, but for millennia it remained merely an interesting and mystifying

text: phenomenon

text: , without a theory to explain its behavior and often confused with magnetism. By the end of the 17th Century, researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction, but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century, when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of

text: electricity

text: . Electrostatic generators operate by using manual (or other) power to transform

text: mechanical work

text: into

text: electric energy

text: . Electrostatic generators develop

text: electrostatic

text: charge

text: s of opposite signs rendered to two conductors, using only electric forces, and work by using moving plates, drums, or belts to carry electric charge to a high

text: potential

text: electrode

text: .  The charge is generated by one of two methods: either the

text: triboelectric effect

text: (friction) or

text: electrostatic induction

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answers: NDQ_018738

answers: triboelectric effect

text: Friction regimes for sliding lubricated surfaces have been broadly categorized into:

text: Friction regimes for sliding lubricated surfaces have been broadly categorized into:

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answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracies.

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answers: 1: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: Friction regimes

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answers: static friction

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answers: sliding friction

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: Friction regimes

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: sliding

text: Structural unemployment is hard to separate empirically from frictional unemployment, except to say that it lasts longer. As with frictional unemployment, simple demand-side stimulus will not work to easily abolish this type of unemployment.

text: Structural unemployment is hard to separate empirically from

text: frictional unemployment

text: , except to say that it lasts longer. As with frictional unemployment, simple demand-side stimulus will not work to easily abolish this type of unemployment.

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answers: Structural

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answers: frictional unemployment

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answers: Structural

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: frictional

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: frictional

text: Fluid friction occurs between fluid layers that are moving relative to each other. This internal resistance to flow is named viscosity. In everyday terms, the viscosity of a fluid is described as its "thickness". Thus, water is "thin", having a lower viscosity, while honey is "thick", having a higher viscosity. The less viscous the fluid, the greater its ease of deformation or movement.

text: Fluid friction occurs between

text: fluid

text: layers that are moving relative to each other. This internal resistance to flow is named

text: viscosity

text: . In everyday terms, the viscosity of a fluid is described as its "thickness". Thus, water is "thin", having a lower viscosity, while honey is "thick", having a higher viscosity. The less viscous the fluid, the greater its ease of deformation or movement.

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text: The two main approaches for modeling mechanical systems with unilateral contacts and friction are the regularized and the non-smooth approach. In the following, the two approaches are introduced using a simple example. Consider a block which can slide or stick on a table, see figure 1a. The motion of the block is described by the equation of motion, whereas the friction force is unknown, see figure 1b. In order to obtain the friction force, a separate force law must be specified which links the friction force to the associated velocity of the block.

text: The two main approaches for modeling mechanical systems with unilateral contacts and friction are the regularized and the non-smooth approach. In the following, the two approaches are introduced using a simple example. Consider a block which can slide or stick on a table, see figure 1a. The motion of the block is described by the equation of motion, whereas the friction force is unknown, see figure 1b. In order to obtain the friction force, a separate force law must be specified which links the friction force to the associated velocity of the block.

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text: A match is a tool for starting a fire. Typically,   modern matches are made of small wooden sticks or stiff paper. One end is coated with a material that can be ignited by frictional heat generated by striking the match against a suitable surface. Wooden matches are packaged in matchboxes, and paper matches are partially cut into rows and stapled into matchbooks. The coated end of a match, known as the match "head", consists of a bead of active ingredients and  binder; often coloured for easier inspection. There are two main types of matches: safety matches, which can be struck only against a specially prepared surface, and strike-anywhere matches, for which any suitably frictional surface can be used. Some match-like compositions, known as electric matches, are ignited electrically and do not make use of heat from friction.

text: A match is a tool for starting a fire. Typically,   modern matches are made of small wooden sticks or stiff

text: paper

text: . One end is coated with a material that can be ignited by

text: friction

text: al heat generated by striking the match against a suitable surface. Wooden matches are packaged in

text: matchbox

text: es, and paper matches are partially cut into rows and stapled into

text: matchbook

text: s. The coated end of a match, known as the match "head", consists of a bead of active ingredients and

text: binder

text: ; often coloured for easier inspection. There are two main types of matches: safety matches, which can be struck only against a specially prepared surface, and strike-anywhere matches, for which any suitably frictional surface can be used. Some match-like compositions, known as

text: electric match

text: es, are ignited electrically and do not make use of heat from friction.

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text: Olympus Mons lies at the edge of the Tharsis bulge, a vast volcanic plateau that is very ancient. The formation of Tharsis was likely complete by the end of the Noachian Period. At the time Olympus Mons began to form in Hesperian times, the volcano was located on a shallow slope that descended from the high in Tharsis into the northern lowland basins. Over time, these basins would have received large volumes of sediment eroded from Tharsis and the southern highlands. The sediments likely contained abundant Noachian-aged phyllosilicates (clays) formed during an early period on Mars when surface water was abundant. The sediments would be thickest in the northwest where basin depth was greatest. As the volcano grew through lateral spreading, low-friction detachment zones preferentially developed in the thicker sediment layers to the northwest, creating the basal escarpment and widespread lobes of aureole material (Lycus Sulci). Spreading also occurred to the southeast; however, it was more constrained in that direction by the Tharsis rise, which presented a higher-friction zone at the volcano's base. Friction was higher in that direction because the sediments were thinner and probably consisted of coarser grained material resistant to sliding. The competent and rugged basement rocks of Tharsis acted as an additional source of friction. Thus, basal spreading of Olympus Mons was inhibited in the southeast direction, accounting for the structural and topographic asymmetry of the mountain. Numerical models of particle dynamics involving lateral differences in friction along the base of Olympus Mons have been shown to reproduce the volcano's present shape and asymmetry fairly well.

text: Olympus Mons lies at the edge of the

text: Tharsis bulge

text: , a vast volcanic plateau that is very ancient. The formation of Tharsis was likely complete by the end of the

text: Noachian Period

text: . At the time Olympus Mons began to form in

text: Hesperian

text: times, the volcano was located on a shallow slope that descended from the high in Tharsis into the northern lowland basins. Over time, these basins would have received large volumes of sediment eroded from Tharsis and the southern highlands. The sediments likely contained abundant Noachian-aged

text: phyllosilicate

text: s (clays) formed during an early period on Mars when surface water was abundant. The sediments would be thickest in the northwest where basin depth was greatest. As the volcano grew through lateral spreading, low-friction detachment zones preferentially developed in the thicker sediment layers to the northwest, creating the basal escarpment and widespread lobes of aureole material (

text: Lycus Sulci

text: ). Spreading also occurred to the southeast; however, it was more constrained in that direction by the Tharsis rise, which presented a higher-friction zone at the volcano's base. Friction was higher in that direction because the sediments were thinner and probably consisted of coarser grained material resistant to sliding. The competent and rugged basement rocks of Tharsis acted as an additional source of friction. Thus, basal spreading of Olympus Mons was inhibited in the southeast direction, accounting for the structural and topographic asymmetry of the mountain. Numerical models of particle dynamics involving lateral differences in friction along the base of Olympus Mons have been shown to reproduce the volcano's present shape and asymmetry fairly well.

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text: Awards and Positions

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text: In both cases, the coefficient of friction is simplified to the ratio of the two masses:

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text: "The Albanian Mafia seems to have established good working relationships with the Italian Mafia". "On the 27th of July 1999 police in Durres (Albania), with Italian assistance arrested one of the godfathers of the "Sacra Corona Unita", Puglia’s Italian mafia. This Albanian link seems to confirm that the Sacra Corona Unita and the Albanian mafia are "partners" in Puglia/Italy and delegate several criminal activities". Thus, in many areas of Italy, the market for cannabis, prostitution, and smuggling is run mainly by Albanians. Links to Calabria’s mafia, the Ndrangheta, exist in Northern Italy. Several key figures of the Albanian mafia seem to reside frequently in the Calabrian towns of Africo, Platì, and Bovalino (Italy), fiefs of the Ndrangheta. Southern Albanian groups also have good relationships with Sicily’s Cosa Nostra.

text: "The Albanian Mafia seems to have established good working relationships with the Italian Mafia". "On the 27th of July 1999 police in Durres (Albania), with Italian assistance arrested one of the godfathers of the "Sacra Corona Unita", Puglia’s Italian mafia. This Albanian link seems to confirm that the Sacra Corona Unita and the Albanian mafia are "partners" in Puglia/Italy and delegate several criminal activities". Thus, in many areas of Italy, the market for cannabis, prostitution, and smuggling is run mainly by Albanians. Links to Calabria’s mafia, the Ndrangheta, exist in Northern Italy. Several key figures of the Albanian mafia seem to reside frequently in the Calabrian towns of

text: Africo

text: Platì

text: , and

text: Bovalino

text: (Italy), fiefs of the Ndrangheta. Southern Albanian groups also have good relationships with Sicily’s Cosa Nostra.

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answers: sliding friction

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text: The classic laws of sliding friction were discovered by Leonardo da Vinci  in 1493, a pioneer in tribology, but the laws documented in his notebooks, were not published and remained unknown. These laws were rediscovered by Guillaume Amontons in 1699. Amontons presented the nature of friction in terms of surface irregularities and the force required to raise the weight pressing the surfaces together. This view was further elaborated by Bernard Forest de Bélidor  and Leonhard Euler (1750), who derived the angle of repose of a weight on an inclined plane and first distinguished between static and kinetic friction.A different explanation was provided by John Theophilus Desaguliers (1725), who demonstrated the strong cohesion forces between lead spheres of which a small cap is cut off and which were then brought into contact with each other.

text: The classic laws of sliding friction were discovered by

text: Leonardo da Vinci

text: in 1493, a pioneer in

text: tribology

text: , but the laws documented in his notebooks, were not published and remained unknown. These laws were rediscovered by

text: Guillaume Amontons

text: in 1699. Amontons presented the nature of friction in terms of surface irregularities and the force required to raise the weight pressing the surfaces together. This view was further elaborated by

text: Bernard Forest de Bélidor

text: and

text: Leonhard Euler

text: (1750), who derived the

text: angle of repose

text: of a weight on an inclined plane and first distinguished between static and kinetic friction.A different explanation was provided by

text: John Theophilus Desaguliers

text: (1725), who demonstrated the strong cohesion forces between

text: lead

text: spheres of which a small

text: cap

text: is cut off and which were then brought into contact with each other.

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answers: static

text: Elizondo suffered a stroke during March 2008.

text: Elizondo suffered a

text: stroke

text: during March 2008.

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answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracies.

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answers: Stroke

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answers: static friction prevents you from slipping

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answers: sliding friction is stronger

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text: When two consistent, unlubricated surfaces slide against each other, there is a specific, predictable amount of friction that occurs. This amount increases as velocity does, but only up to a certain point. That increase generally follows what is known as a Stribeck curve, after Richard Stribeck. On the other hand, if the two surfaces are completely lubricated, there is no direct friction or rubbing at all. In real life, though, there is often a situation where the surfaces are not completely dry, but also not so lubricated that they do not touch.

text: When two consistent, unlubricated surfaces slide against each other, there is a specific, predictable amount of friction that occurs. This amount increases as velocity does, but only up to a certain point. That increase generally follows what is known as a

text: Stribeck curve

text: , after

text: Richard Stribeck

text: . On the other hand, if the two surfaces are completely lubricated, there is no direct friction or rubbing at all. In real life, though, there is often a situation where the surfaces are not completely dry, but also not so lubricated that they do not touch.

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text: Workflow progress block (Suishin-ku 推進区):

text: Workflow progress block (Suishin-ku 推進区):

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text: In the following year the Emperor Charles IV, on a visit to Italy, made Marignolli one of his chaplains. Soon after, in March 1354, the pope made him bishop of Bisignano but he seems to have been in no hurry to reside there. He appears to have accompanied the emperor to Prague in 1354-1355; in 1356 he is found acting as envoy to the Pope from Florence; and in 1357 he is at Bologna. That year, the emperor called him to be a councillor and his court historian. At his behest, Marignolli then compiled his Annals of Bohemia.

text: In the following year the

text: Emperor Charles IV

text: , on a visit to Italy, made Marignolli one of his chaplains. Soon after, in March 1354, the pope made him

text: bishop

text: of

text: Bisignano

text: but he seems to have been in no hurry to reside there. He appears to have accompanied the emperor to

text: Prague

text: in 1354-1355; in 1356 he is found acting as envoy to the Pope from

text: Florence

text: ; and in 1357 he is at

text: Bologna

text: . That year, the emperor called him to be a councillor and his court historian. At his behest, Marignolli then compiled his Annals of Bohemia.

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text: Since an acceleration of the rotation will occur regardless of the direction of the applied torque, as long as it is large enough, the device will function without any fine-tuning of the driving motion. The tilting of the shell does not have to have a particular phase relationship with the precession or even to have the same frequency. Since sliding (kinetic) friction is usually nearly as strong as static (sticking) friction, it is also not necessary to apply precisely the value of torque which will result in the axle rolling without slipping along the side of the groove. These factors allow beginners to learn to speed up the rotation after only a few minutes of practice.

text: Since an acceleration of the rotation will occur regardless of the direction of the applied torque, as long as it is large enough, the device will function without any fine-tuning of the driving motion. The tilting of the shell does not have to have a particular phase relationship with the precession or even to have the same frequency. Since sliding (kinetic) friction is usually nearly as strong as static (sticking) friction, it is also not necessary to apply precisely the value of torque which will result in the axle rolling without slipping along the side of the groove. These factors allow beginners to learn to speed up the rotation after only a few minutes of practice.

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text: Miles refused Young Man Afraid's offer.

text: Miles refused Young Man Afraid's offer.

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text: Former Assistant Coaches that became NFL Head Coaches:

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text: The name came into occasional use along with other gem names during the late Victorian era. Garnet was among the top 1,000 names for girls in the United States between 1884 and 1944. It was most popular in 1911, when it was the 376th most popular given name for American girls. It was in occasional use for boys in the United States between 1882 and 1925. It was most popular in 1904, when it was 593rd most popular name for American boys. The name has not appeared among the top 1,000 names for boys or girls since 1944 in the United States.

text: The name came into occasional use along with other gem names during the late

text: Victorian era

text: . Garnet was among the top 1,000 names for girls in the

text: United States

text: between 1884 and 1944. It was most popular in 1911, when it was the 376th most popular given name for American girls. It was in occasional use for boys in the United States between 1882 and 1925. It was most popular in 1904, when it was 593rd most popular name for American boys. The name has not appeared among the top 1,000 names for boys or girls since 1944 in the United States.

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text: Hugh Gillin (July 14, 1925 – May 4, 2004) was an American film and television actor. Gillin was born in Galesburg, Illinois. He was best known for playing Sheriff John Hunt in Psycho II and III. Gillin has appeared in a total of 75 films and television shows. Gillin last appeared on television in 1998 where he was featured in Pensacola: Wings of Gold in the episode "Not in My Backyard". He was a member of AMPAS, The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.

text: Hugh Gillin (July 14, 1925 – May 4, 2004) was an

text: American

text: film

text: and

text: television

text: actor

text: . Gillin was born in

text: Galesburg, Illinois

text: . He was best known for playing Sheriff John Hunt in

text: Psycho II

text: and

text: III

text: . Gillin has appeared in a total of 75 films and television shows. Gillin last appeared on television in 1998 where he was featured in

text: Pensacola: Wings of Gold

text: in the episode "Not in My Backyard". He was a member of AMPAS,

entity_name: Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences

text: The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences

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text: "Mowgli's Road" is a song by Welsh recording artist Marina and the Diamonds from her debut studio album, The Family Jewels (2010). The song was released on 13 November 2009 as the album's second single, containing a cover of the Late of the Pier song "Space and the Woods" as its B-side. "Mowgli's Road" originally appeared as a B-side to the single "Obsessions", which was released on 16 February 2009 by Neon Gold Records.

text: "Mowgli's Road" is a song by Welsh recording artist

text: Marina and the Diamonds

text: from her debut studio album,

entity_name: The Family Jewels (Marina and the Diamonds album)

text: The Family Jewels

text: (2010). The song was released on 13 November 2009 as the album's second single, containing a cover of the

text: Late of the Pier

text: song "

text: Space and the Woods

text: " as its

text: B-side

text: . "Mowgli's Road" originally appeared as a B-side to the single "

text: Obsessions

text: ", which was released on 16 February 2009 by

text: Neon Gold Records

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text: Affectionately known as 'Rat Boy', he won the 2002 British Supersport Championship riding for Paul Bird Motorsport Ducati team. He subsequently rode in the British Superbike Championship on Kawasaki and Hydrex Honda motorcycles, gaining his first Superbike win in 2009 at Croft. He also contested one Superbike World Championship and six Supersport World Championship championship events.

text: Affectionately known as 'Rat Boy', he won the 2002

text: British Supersport Championship

text: riding for

text: Paul Bird Motorsport

text: Ducati

text: team. He subsequently rode in the

text: British Superbike Championship

text: on

text: Kawasaki

text: and

text: Hydrex Honda

text: motorcycles, gaining his first Superbike win in 2009 at

text: Croft

text: . He also contested one

text: Superbike World Championship

text: and six

text: Supersport World Championship

text: championship events.

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text: Attack of New Jeruzalum

text: Attack of New Jeruzalum

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text: Atzitzintla (municipality) is a town and municipality in Puebla in south-eastern Mexico.

text: Atzitzintla (municipality) is a town and

text: municipality

text: in

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text: in south-eastern

text: Mexico

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text: Singles - CCM Magazine (North America)

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text: In 2004, Gögele was elected to the Vorarlberg Landtag in the Vorarlberg state elections of 2004. Gögele was the spokesman for the regional planning committee, as well as the deputy chairman of the state parliamentary committee of culture, as well as a member of the Legal Affairs Committee, the Social Policy Committee, the Environment Committee and the People's Committee and the substitute member of the Energy Policy Committee, the Finance Committee, the Sports Committee and the Economic Committee. After resigning due to illness, in the governance of Landesstatthalter Hans-Peter Bischof and Markus Wallner in the state government, Gögele was, on 13 December 2006, his successor as club Chairman of the ÖVP faction in the parliament.

text: In 2004, Gögele was elected to the Vorarlberg Landtag in the

text: Vorarlberg state elections of 2004

text: . Gögele was the spokesman for the regional planning committee, as well as the deputy chairman of the state parliamentary committee of culture, as well as a member of the Legal Affairs Committee, the Social Policy Committee, the Environment Committee and the People's Committee and the substitute member of the Energy Policy Committee, the Finance Committee, the Sports Committee and the Economic Committee. After resigning due to illness, in the governance of Landesstatthalter

text: Hans-Peter Bischof

text: and

text: Markus Wallner

text: in the state government, Gögele was, on 13 December 2006, his successor as club Chairman of the ÖVP faction in the parliament.

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answers: Energy Policy Committee, the Finance Committee, the Sports Committee and the Economic Committee

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text: Cornish Knight's fee – four Cornish acres

text: Cornish

text: Knight's fee

text: – four Cornish acres

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answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracies.

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text: The torque comes from the magnetic attraction, of the coil and the friction between the steel of the armature and the steel of the clutch rotor or brake field. For many industrial couplings, friction material is used between the poles. The material is mainly used to help decrease the wear rate, but different types of material can also be used to change the coefficient of friction (torque for special applications). For example, if the coupling is required to have an extended time to speed/stop or slip time, a low coefficient friction material can be used. Conversely, if a coupling is required to have a slightly higher torque (mostly for low rpm applications), a high coefficient friction material can be used.

text: The torque comes from the magnetic attraction, of the coil and the

text: friction

text: between the steel of the armature and the steel of the clutch rotor or brake field. For many industrial couplings, friction material is used between the poles. The material is mainly used to help decrease the wear rate, but different types of material can also be used to change the coefficient of friction (torque for special applications). For example, if the coupling is required to have an extended time to speed/stop or slip time, a low coefficient friction material can be used. Conversely, if a coupling is required to have a slightly higher torque (mostly for low rpm applications), a high coefficient friction material can be used.

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text: Joe Gibbs, twice head coach of the Washington Redskins, devised an ace variation that used a setback, or "flexed" tight end known as an H-back.  In this formation, the normal tight-end is almost exclusively a blocker, while the H-back is primarily a pass receiver.  This formation is often referred to as a "two tight end" set.  Some teams (like the Indianapolis Colts under Tony Dungy) use this formation with both tight ends on the line and use two flankers.  Many other teams in the NFL, even those that do not use this as a primary formation, still run some plays using a variant of this formation.

text: Joe Gibbs

text: , twice head coach of the

text: Washington Redskins

text: , devised an ace variation that used a setback, or "flexed" tight end known as an

text: H-back

text: .  In this formation, the normal tight-end is almost exclusively a blocker, while the H-back is primarily a pass receiver.  This formation is often referred to as a "two tight end" set.  Some teams (like the

text: Indianapolis Colts

text: under

text: Tony Dungy

text: ) use this formation with both tight ends on the line and use two flankers.  Many other teams in the NFL, even those that do not use this as a primary formation, still run some plays using a variant of this formation.

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text: Babupur, Badha, Bajghera, Bamroli, Bandhwari, Bargujar, Basai, Chakkarpur, Chandu, Daultabad and Dhanwapur are nearby villages in Gurgaon Mandal.

text: Babupur, Badha, Bajghera, Bamroli,

text: Bandhwari

text: , Bargujar, Basai, Chakkarpur, Chandu, Daultabad and Dhanwapur are nearby villages in Gurgaon Mandal.

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text: Wood approached Falconer, who enthusiastically welcomed the initiative on behalf of the city.  As it was too late to finalise arrangements for 1946, plans were made for the following year. The first International Festival (and the first "Festival Fringe", although not known as such in the first year) took place between 22 August and 11 September 1947. The Festival has since taken place every August.

text: Wood approached Falconer, who enthusiastically welcomed the initiative on behalf of the city.  As it was too late to finalise arrangements for 1946, plans were made for the following year. The first International Festival (and the first

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text: , although not known as such in the first year) took place between 22 August and 11 September 1947. The Festival has since taken place every August.

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text: In 2015, The District’s graduation rate was 88.8%.

text: In 2015, The District’s graduation rate was 88.8%.

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text: Title 54 of the United States Code (54 U.S.C.), entitled National Park Service and Related Programs, is the compilation of the general laws regarding the National Park Service. It is the newest title in the United States Code, added on December 19, 2014, when U.S. President Barack Obama signed  into law. It has three subtitles:

text: Title 54 of the United States Code (54 U.S.C.), entitled National Park Service and Related Programs, is the compilation of the general laws regarding the

text: National Park Service

text: . It is the newest title in the

text: United States Code

text: , added on December 19, 2014, when

text: U.S. President

text: Barack Obama

text: signed  into law. It has three subtitles:

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text: Blade: Trinity (also known as Blade III or Blade III: Trinity) is a 2004 American superhero film written, produced and directed by David S. Goyer, who also wrote the screenplays to Blade and Blade II.  It stars Wesley Snipes, who also produced, in the title role based on the Marvel Comics character Blade alongside Ryan Reynolds, Jessica Biel, Kris Kristofferson, Dominic Purcell, Parker Posey and Triple H.

text: Blade: Trinity (also known as Blade III or Blade III: Trinity) is a 2004 American

text: superhero film

text: written, produced and directed by

text: David S. Goyer

text: , who also wrote the screenplays to

text: Blade

text: and

text: Blade II

text: .  It stars

text: Wesley Snipes

text: , who also produced, in the title role based on the

text: Marvel Comics

text: character

text: Blade

text: alongside

text: Ryan Reynolds

text: Jessica Biel

text: Kris Kristofferson

text: Dominic Purcell

text: Parker Posey

text: and

text: Triple H

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answers: braking

text: Using Gauss's definition

text: Using Gauss's definition

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text: is thin at

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answers: sliding friction

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answers: air pressure

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: braking

text: This is why driver training courses teach that if a car begins to slide sideways, the driver should try to steer in the same direction as the slide with no brakes. It gives the wheels a chance to regain static contact by rolling, which gives the driver some control again. An overenthusiastic driver may "squeal" the driving wheels trying to get a rapid start but this impressive display of noise and smoke is less effective than maintaining static contact with the road. Many stunt-driving techniques are also done by deliberately breaking and/or regaining this rolling friction.

text: This is why driver training courses teach that if a car begins to slide sideways, the driver should try to steer in the same direction as the slide with no brakes. It gives the wheels a chance to regain static contact by rolling, which gives the driver some control again. An overenthusiastic driver may "squeal" the driving wheels trying to get a rapid start but this impressive display of noise and smoke is less effective than maintaining static contact with the road. Many

text: stunt

text: -driving techniques are also done by deliberately breaking and/or regaining this rolling friction.

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answers: 2

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answers: 3

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answers: static contact

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answers: sliding friction

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: static contact

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: static contact

text: from the Lippmann-Schwinger equation

text: from the

text: Lippmann-Schwinger

text: equation

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answers: 0

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answers: 2

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answers: 3

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answers: frictional force

answers: NDQ_018732

answers: static friction

answers: NDQ_018733

answers: sliding friction is stronger

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: moving through the air

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: road friction

text: = posthumous

text: = posthumous

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answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracy.

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 0

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answers: 2

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answers: posthumous

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answers: posthumous

answers: NDQ_018733

answers: static friction

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: posthumous

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: posthumous

text: of the p-group

text: of the p-group

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text: The band's debut album, Les Friction, was composed by Helmut Vonlichten and Nihl Finch. The album's first single "Torture" was released as a digital download on November 26, 2011, and the second single "Louder than Words" was released on December 27, 2011. Both singles are available for download on the band's official website. The third and final single "Here Comes the Reign" was released on January 21, 2012, prior to the album's release date of January 24, 2012.  Nic Harcourt debuted the album on his music program on KCSN, and on New Year's Eve declared the track "Torture" as his favorite song of 2011.

text: The band's debut album, Les Friction, was composed by Helmut Vonlichten and Nihl Finch. The album's first single "Torture" was released as a digital download on November 26, 2011, and the second single "Louder than Words" was released on December 27, 2011. Both singles are available for download on the band's official website. The third and final single "Here Comes the Reign" was released on January 21, 2012, prior to the album's release date of January 24, 2012.  Nic Harcourt debuted the album on his music program on KCSN, and on New Year's Eve declared the track "Torture" as his favorite song of 2011.

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text: are respectively the cardinalities of

text: are respectively the cardinalities of

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text: .  Notice that

text: .  Notice that

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answers: 1: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: 2 The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracies.

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answers: Friction is a type of force.

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answers: static friction prevents you from slipping

answers: NDQ_018733

answers: sliding friction is stronger than static friction

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: the object is moving through the air

answers: NDQ_018738

answers: The friction between the wheels and the road.

text: extended by the constant

text: extended by the constant

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answers: frictionless

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answers: the object

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answers: brakes

text: dependence on flow velocity, meaning that fluid drag increases with the square of flow velocity. When flow velocity is doubled, for example, not only does the fluid strike with twice the flow velocity, but twice the mass of fluid strikes per second. Therefore the change of momentum per second is multiplied by four. Force is equivalent to the change of momentum divided by time. This is in contrast with solid-on-solid friction, which generally has very little flow velocity dependence.

text: dependence on flow velocity, meaning that fluid drag increases with the square of flow velocity. When flow velocity is doubled, for example, not only does the fluid strike with twice the flow velocity, but twice the

text: mass

text: of fluid strikes per second. Therefore the change of

text: momentum

text: per second is multiplied by four.

text: Force

text: is equivalent to the change of momentum divided by time. This is in contrast with solid-on-solid

text: friction

text: , which generally has very little flow velocity dependence.

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answers: NDQ_018733

answers: solid-on-solid friction

answers: NDQ_018737

answers: flow velocity

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answers: fluid drag