text: In comparison to European powers such as Britain and France which had managed to colonize almost all of the Middle East region after defeating the Ottoman Empire in 1918, the United States was "popular and respected throughout the Middle East". Indeed, "Americans were seen as good people, untainted by the selfishness and duplicity associated with the Europeans." American missionaries had brought modern medicine and set up educational institutions all over the Middle East. Moreover, the United States had provided the Middle East with highly skilled petroleum engineers. Thus, there were some connections made between the United States and the Middle East before the Second World War. Other examples of cooperations between the U.S. and the Middle East are the Red Line Agreement signed in 1928 and the Anglo-American Petroleum Agreement signed in 1944. Both of these agreements were legally binding and reflected an American interest in control of Middle Eastern energy resources, namely oil, and moreover reflected an American "security imperative to prevent the (re)emergence of a powerful regional rival". The Red Line Agreement had been "part of a network of agreements made in the 1920s to restrict supply of petroleum and ensure that the major [mostly American] companies … could control oil prices on world markets". The Red Line agreement governed the development of Middle East oil for the next two decades. The Anglo-American Petroleum Agreement of 1944 was based on negotiations between the United States and Britain over the control of Middle Eastern oil. Below is shown what the American President Franklin D. Roosevelt had in mind for to a British Ambassador in 1944:

text: In comparison to European powers such as Britain and France which had managed to colonize almost all of the Middle East region after defeating the

entity_name: Ottoman Empire

text: Ottoman Empire

text: in 1918, the United States was "popular and respected throughout the Middle East". Indeed, "Americans were seen as good people, untainted by the selfishness and duplicity associated with the Europeans." American missionaries had brought modern medicine and set up educational institutions all over the Middle East. Moreover, the United States had provided the Middle East with highly skilled petroleum engineers. Thus, there were some connections made between the United States and the Middle East before the Second World War. Other examples of cooperations between the U.S. and the Middle East are the

entity_name: Red Line Agreement

text: Red Line Agreement

text: signed in 1928 and the

entity_name: Anglo-American Petroleum Agreement

text: Anglo-American Petroleum Agreement

text: signed in 1944. Both of these agreements were legally binding and reflected an American interest in control of Middle Eastern energy resources, namely oil, and moreover reflected an American "security imperative to prevent the (re)emergence of a powerful regional rival". The Red Line Agreement had been "part of a network of agreements made in the 1920s to restrict supply of petroleum and ensure that the major [mostly American] companies … could control oil prices on world markets". The Red Line agreement governed the development of Middle East oil for the next two decades. The Anglo-American Petroleum Agreement of 1944 was based on negotiations between the United States and Britain over the control of Middle Eastern oil. Below is shown what the American President

entity_name: Franklin D. Roosevelt

text: Franklin D. Roosevelt

text: had in mind for to a British Ambassador in 1944:

method: Bert-DRMMTKS

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answer_match: lowercase, stemmed, fuzz > 0.8

prompt_style: Can the question be answered based on the available context? choose one:

answers: NDQ_005511

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answers: The Red Line Agreement

answers: NDQ_005512

answers: Middle Eastern energy resources

answers: NDQ_005513

answers: the Middle East have highly skilled petroleum engineers

answers: NDQ_005514

answers: Middle Eastern energy resources

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: Middle Eastern energy resources

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: Middle Eastern energy resources

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: Ottoman Empire

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: Anglo-American Petroleum Agreement

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: oil

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: the development of Middle Eastern oil for the next two decades

answer_match: Using FLAN-T5-Large with this prompt: For the question "{question}" the correct answer is "{correct_answer}". Is "{answer}" an equally correct response to this question? Answer yes or no.

prompt_style: provide a complete and concise answer to the question based on the context.

text: IndianOil accounts for nearly half of India's petroleum products market share, 35% national refining capacity (together with its subsidiary Chennai Petroleum Corporation Ltd., or CPCL), and 71% downstream sector pipelines through capacity.The IndianOil Group owns and operates 11 of India's 23 refineries with a combined refining capacity of 80.7 MMTPA (million metric tonnes per annum).IndianOil's cross-country pipeline network, for transportation of crude oil to refineries and finished products to high-demand centres, spans over 11,220 km. With a throughput capacity of 80.49 MMTPA for crude oil and petroleum products and 9.5 MMSCMD for gas, this network meets the vital energy needs of the consumers in an efficient, economical and environment-friendly manner.With a portfolio that is bedecked with leading energy brands like XTRAPREMIUM petrol, XTRAMILE diesel and PROPEL petrochemicals, IndianOil's SERVO lubricants and Indane LPG have earned the coveted Superbrand status.

text: IndianOil accounts for nearly half of India's petroleum products market share, 35% national refining capacity (together with its subsidiary Chennai Petroleum Corporation Ltd., or CPCL), and 71% downstream sector pipelines through capacity.The IndianOil Group owns and operates 11 of India's 23 refineries with a combined refining capacity of 80.7 MMTPA (million metric tonnes per annum).IndianOil's cross-country pipeline network, for transportation of crude oil to refineries and finished products to high-demand centres, spans over 11,220 km. With a throughput capacity of 80.49 MMTPA for crude oil and petroleum products and 9.5 MMSCMD for gas, this network meets the vital energy needs of the consumers in an efficient, economical and environment-friendly manner.With a portfolio that is bedecked with leading energy brands like XTRAPREMIUM petrol, XTRAMILE diesel and PROPEL petrochemicals, IndianOil's SERVO lubricants and Indane LPG have earned the coveted Superbrand status.

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answers: petroleum products

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answers: petroleum products

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answers: high-demand centres

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: transportation of crude oil to refineries and finished products to high-demand centres

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: India

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: It accounts for nearly half of India's petroleum products market share

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: LPG

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: environment-friendly

text: Net imports of oil and products account for nearly half of the US trade deficit. Because of declining production and increasing demand, net US imports of oil and petroleum products increased from  in 1970 to  in 2007, before declining. Its largest net suppliers of petroleum products in 2007 were Canada and Mexico, which supplied , respectively. As of 2011, the US consumed 18.8 million barrels of petroleum products per day, and imported a net 8.4 million barrels per day; the EIA reported the United States "Dependence on Net Petroleum Imports" in 2011 as 45%. During 2008-2009 the USA became a net exporter of refined oil products; before the US bought gasoline, diesel and kerosene in Europe, and smaller amounts from other countries.

text: Net imports of oil and products account for nearly half of the US trade deficit. Because of declining production and increasing demand, net US imports of oil and

entity_name: Petroleum product

text: petroleum product

text: s increased from  in 1970 to  in 2007, before declining. Its largest net suppliers of petroleum products in 2007 were Canada and Mexico, which supplied , respectively. As of 2011, the US consumed 18.8 million barrels of petroleum products per day, and imported a net 8.4 million barrels per day; the EIA reported the United States "Dependence on Net Petroleum Imports" in 2011 as 45%. During 2008-2009 the USA became a net exporter of refined oil products; before the US bought gasoline, diesel and kerosene in Europe, and smaller amounts from other countries.

method: UNH-qee

method: Bert-ConvKNRM

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answers: gasoline

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answers: Canada and Mexico

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answers: 8.4 million barrels per day

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: Canada

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: The USA became a net exporter

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: Kerosene

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: net US imports of oil and petroleum products increased from in 1970 to in 2007, before declining

text: The three fossil fuel types are coal, petroleum and natural gas. It was estimated by the Energy Information Administration that in 2006 primary sources of energy consisted of petroleum 36.8%, coal 26.6%, natural gas 22.9%, amounting to an 86% share for fossil fuels in primary energy production in the world.

text: The three

entity_name: Fossil fuel

text: fossil fuel

text: types are

entity_name: Coal

text: coal

entity_name: Petroleum

text: petroleum

text: and

entity_name: Natural gas

text: natural gas

text: . It was estimated by the

entity_name: Energy Information Administration

text: Energy Information Administration

text: that in 2006 primary sources of energy consisted of petroleum 36.8%, coal 26.6%, natural gas 22.9%, amounting to an 86% share for fossil fuels in primary energy production in the world.

method: UNH-tfidf-stem

method: UNH-tfidf-ptsim

method: UNH-tfidf-lem

method: dangnt-nlp

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answers: Petroleum

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answers: Petroleum

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answers: petroleum

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answers: petroleum

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answers: petroleum

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answers: coal

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answers: The three fossil fuel types are coal, petroleum and natural gas

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: climate change

text: The Strategic Petroleum Reserve is primarily a crude petroleum reserve, not a stockpile of refined petroleum fuels such as gasoline, diesel and kerosene. Although the United States maintains some extra supply of refined petroleum fuels, e.g., the Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve and Northeast Gasoline Supply Reserve under the aegis of the Department of Energy (DOE), the government does not maintain gasoline reserves on anything like the scale of the SPR. The SPR is intended to give the United States protection from disruptions in oil supplies. In the event of a major disruption to refinery operations, the U.S. would have to call on members of the International Energy Agency that stockpile refined products, and use refining capacities outside of the continental United States for relief.

text: The Strategic Petroleum Reserve is primarily a

text: crude petroleum

text: reserve, not a stockpile of

entity_name: Oil refinery

text: refined petroleum fuel

text: s such as

entity_name: Gasoline

text: gasoline

entity_name: Diesel fuel

text: diesel

text: and

entity_name: Kerosene

text: kerosene

text: . Although the United States maintains some extra supply of refined petroleum fuels, e.g., the

entity_name: Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve

text: Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve

text: and

text: Northeast Gasoline Supply Reserve

text: under the

text: aegis

text: of the Department of Energy (DOE), the government does not maintain gasoline reserves on anything like the scale of the SPR. The SPR is intended to give the United States protection from disruptions in oil supplies. In the event of a major disruption to

entity_name: Refinery

text: refinery

text: operations, the U.S. would have to call on members of the

entity_name: International Energy Agency

text: International Energy Agency

text: that stockpile refined products, and use refining capacities outside of the continental United States for relief.

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answers: NDQ_005511

answers: Gasoline

answers: NDQ_005512

answers: crude petroleum

answers: NDQ_005513

answers: crude petroleum reserve

answers: NDQ_005514

answers: petroleum fuels

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: primarily a crude petroleum reserve

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: The Strategic Petroleum Reserve

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: The Strategic Petroleum Reserve

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: crude petroleum

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: disruptions in oil supplies

text: Crude oils are compounds that mainly consist of many different hydrocarbon compounds that vary in appearance and composition. Average crude oil composition is 84% carbon, 14% hydrogen, 1%-3% sulphur, and less than 1% each of nitrogen, oxygen, metals and salts.

text: Crude oils are compounds that mainly consist of many different hydrocarbon compounds that vary in appearance and composition. Average crude oil composition is 84% carbon, 14% hydrogen, 1%-3% sulphur, and less than 1% each of nitrogen, oxygen, metals and salts.

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text: Singapore Petroleum Company Limited (SPC，a PetroChina company) is a Singaporean oil company. SPC is involved in the exploration and production of petroleum, refining, trading and petroleum product distribution.

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text: UACCM offers the only associate of applied science degrees in Arkansas in the areas of surveying and petroleum technology. The Petroleum Technology Program was created in 2006 in response to growth and development in the Fayetteville Shale Play, an area of natural gas exploration in Arkansas.

text: UACCM offers the only associate of applied science degrees in Arkansas in the areas of surveying and petroleum technology. The Petroleum Technology Program was created in 2006 in response to growth and development in the

entity_name: Shale gas in the United States

entity_section: Fayetteville Shale, Arkansas

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text: Crude oil can be refined into a wide variety of component hydrocarbons. Petrochemicals are the refined components of crude oil and the chemical products made from them. They are used as detergents, fertilizers, medicines, paints, plastics, synthetic fibers, and synthetic rubber.

text: Crude oil can be refined into a wide variety of component

entity_name: Hydrocarbon

text: hydrocarbons

entity_name: Petrochemical

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text: are the refined

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answers: The united states produces about one-half as much oil as it uses

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text: Some energy producers, e.g., electric utilities, may have margins protected by regulation that allows them to price on a ‘cost-plus’ basis. Such factors allow energy producers to pass on cost increases to consumers. Energy-producing industries also generally tend to be capital intensive. This capital-intensity could create entry barriers, giving them greater pricing power. For all these reasons, the net impact of fossil fuel price increases on energy producers is to maintain or increase margins, and thereby, their stock prices. Finally, many energy producers own fossil fuel reserves. Higher fossil fuel prices will have a direct positive impact  on their share prices by increasing the market value of reserve assets.

text: Some energy producers, e.g., electric utilities, may have margins protected by regulation that allows them to price on a ‘cost-plus’ basis. Such factors allow energy producers to pass on cost increases to consumers. Energy-producing industries also generally tend to be capital intensive. This capital-intensity could create entry barriers, giving them greater

entity_name: Market power

text: pricing power

text: . For all these reasons, the net impact of fossil fuel price increases on energy producers is to maintain or increase margins, and thereby, their stock prices. Finally, many energy producers own fossil fuel reserves. Higher fossil fuel prices will have a direct positive impact  on their share prices by increasing the market value of reserve assets.

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answers: Energy-producing industries also generally tend to be capital intensive

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text: Plants grown as industrial crops are the source of a wide range of products used in manufacturing, sometimes so intensively as to risk harm to the environment. Nonfood products include essential oils, natural dyes, pigments, waxes, resins, tannins, alkaloids, amber and cork. Products derived from plants include soaps, shampoos, perfumes, cosmetics, paint, varnish, turpentine, rubber, latex, lubricants, linoleum, plastics, inks, and gums. Renewable fuels from plants include firewood, peat and other biofuels. The fossil fuels coal, petroleum and natural gas are derived from the remains of aquatic organisms including phytoplankton in geological time.

text: Plants grown as

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text: industrial crop

text: s are the source of a wide range of products used in manufacturing, sometimes so intensively as to risk harm to the environment. Nonfood products include

entity_name: Essential oil

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text: s,

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text: resin

text: s,

entity_name: Tannin

text: tannin

text: s, alkaloids, amber and

entity_name: Cork (material)

text: cork

text: . Products derived from plants include soaps, shampoos, perfumes, cosmetics, paint, varnish, turpentine, rubber,

entity_name: Latex

text: latex

text: , lubricants, linoleum, plastics, inks, and

entity_name: Gum (botany)

text: gums

text: . Renewable fuels from plants include

entity_name: Firewood

text: firewood

entity_name: Peat

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text: and other

entity_name: Biofuel

text: biofuel

text: s. The

text: fossil fuel

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text: coal

text: petroleum

text: and

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text: are derived from the remains of aquatic organisms including

entity_name: Phytoplankton

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text: in

entity_name: Geologic time scale

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text: The hydrocarbons in crude oil are mostly alkanes, cycloalkanes and various aromatic hydrocarbons, while the other organic compounds contain nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and trace amounts of metals such as iron, nickel, copper and vanadium. Many oil reservoirs contain live bacteria. The exact molecular composition of crude oil varies widely from formation to formation but the proportion of chemical elements varies over fairly narrow limits as follows:

text: The hydrocarbons in crude oil are mostly

entity_name: Alkane

text: alkane

text: s,

entity_name: Cycloalkane

text: cycloalkane

text: s and various

entity_name: Aromatic hydrocarbon

text: aromatic hydrocarbon

text: s, while the other organic compounds contain

entity_name: Nitrogen

text: nitrogen

text: oxygen

text: and

text: sulfur

text: , and trace amounts of metals such as iron, nickel, copper and

text: vanadium

text: . Many oil reservoirs contain live bacteria. The exact molecular composition of crude oil varies widely from formation to formation but the proportion of

text: chemical element

text: s varies over fairly narrow limits as follows:

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text: The Chevron Richmond Refinery is a  petroleum refinery in Richmond, California, on San Francisco Bay. It is owned and operated by Chevron Corporation and employs more than 1,200 workers, making it the city's largest employer. The refinery processes approximately  of crude oil a day in the manufacture of petroleum products and other chemicals. The refinery's primary products are motor gasoline, jet fuel, diesel fuel and lubricants.

text: The Chevron Richmond Refinery is a  petroleum refinery in

text: Richmond, California

text: , on

text: San Francisco Bay

text: . It is owned and operated by

text: Chevron Corporation

text: and employs more than 1,200 workers, making it the city's largest employer. The refinery processes approximately  of crude oil a day in the manufacture of

text: petroleum

text: products and other

text: chemicals

text: . The refinery's primary products are

text: motor gasoline

text: jet fuel

text: diesel fuel

text: and

text: lubricant

text: s.

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text: In 2012, the GoT was considering using the oil terminal as part of its national strategic petroleum reserve.

text: In 2012, the GoT was considering using the oil terminal as part of its national

text: strategic petroleum reserve

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answers: The United States produces about one-half as much oil as it uses

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text: In Kenya, a number of cases have been reported in the 2010s of thieves selling transformer oil, stolen from electric transformers, to the operators of roadside food stalls for use in deep frying. When used for frying, it is reported that transformer oil lasts  much longer than regular cooking oil. The downside of this misuse of the transformer oil is the threat to the health of the consumers, due to the presence of PCBs.

text: In Kenya, a number of cases have been reported in the 2010s of thieves selling

text: transformer oil

text: , stolen from electric

text: transformer

text: s, to the operators of roadside

text: food stall

text: s for use in

text: deep frying

text: . When used for frying, it is reported that transformer oil lasts  much longer than regular

text: cooking oil

text: . The downside of this misuse of the transformer oil is the threat to the health of the consumers, due to the presence of PCBs.

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answers: When used for frying

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text: The use of fossil fuels allows humans to participate in takedown, which is the consumption of energy at a greater rate than it is being replaced. The industrial economy is currently heavily dependent on oil as a fuel and chemical feedstock.  For example, over 90% of transportation in the United States relies on oil.

text: The use of fossil fuels allows humans to participate in takedown, which is the consumption of energy at a greater rate than it is being replaced. The industrial economy is currently heavily dependent on oil as a fuel and chemical feedstock.  For example, over 90% of transportation in the United States relies on oil.

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answers: it is being replaced

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: chemical feedstock

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: takedown

text: It is estimated that demand and consumption of petroleum in Nigeria grows at a rate of 12.8% annually. However, petroleum products are unavailable to most Nigerians and are quite costly, because almost all of the oil extracted by the multinational oil companies is refined overseas, while only a limited quantity is supplied to Nigerians themselves.

text: It is estimated that demand and consumption of petroleum in Nigeria grows at a rate of 12.8% annually. However, petroleum products are unavailable to most Nigerians and are quite costly, because almost all of the oil extracted by the multinational oil companies is refined overseas, while only a limited quantity is supplied to Nigerians themselves.

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answers: only a limited quantity is supplied to Nigerians themselves

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: oil

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: petroleum products are unavailable

text: Prior to the oil crisis of 1973, the members of the Seven Sisters controlled around 85 percent of the world's petroleum reserves; but since then, industry dominance has shifted to the OPEC cartel and state-owned oil companies in emerging-market economies, such as Saudi Aramco (Saudi Arabia), China National Petroleum Corporation (China), Rosneft (Russia), National Iranian Oil Company (Iran), Petrobras (Brazil), PDVSA (Venezuela), and Petronas (Malaysia).

text: Prior to the

text: oil crisis of 1973

text: , the members of the Seven Sisters controlled around 85 percent of the world's

text: petroleum

text: reserves; but since then, industry dominance has shifted to the

text: OPEC

text: cartel and state-owned oil companies in emerging-market economies, such as

text: Saudi Aramco

text: (Saudi Arabia),

text: China National Petroleum Corporation

text: (China),

text: Rosneft

text: (Russia),

text: National Iranian Oil Company

text: (Iran),

text: Petrobras

text: (Brazil),

text: PDVSA

text: (Venezuela), and

text: Petronas

text: (Malaysia).

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answers: The Seven Sisters controlled around 85 percent of the world's petroleum reserves

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answers: oil crisis of 1973

text: The non drying types contain anti-rust chemicals similar to those in anti-rust waxes. Petroleum-based rust-inhibitors provide several benefits, including the ability to creep over metal, covering missed areas. Additionally, a petroleum, solvent-free rust inhibitor remains on the metal surface, sealing it from rust-accelerating water and oxygen. Other benefits of petroleum-based rust protection include the self-healing properties that come naturally to oils, which helps undercoatings to resist abrasion caused by road sand and other debris. The disadvantage of using a petroleum-based coating is the film left over on surfaces, rendering these products too messy for top side exterior application, and unsafe in areas where it can be slipped on. They also cannot be painted.

text: The non drying types contain anti-rust chemicals similar to those in anti-rust waxes. Petroleum-based rust-inhibitors provide several benefits, including the ability to creep over metal, covering missed areas. Additionally, a petroleum, solvent-free rust inhibitor remains on the metal surface, sealing it from rust-accelerating water and oxygen. Other benefits of petroleum-based rust protection include the self-healing properties that come naturally to oils, which helps undercoatings to resist abrasion caused by road sand and other debris. The disadvantage of using a petroleum-based coating is the film left over on surfaces, rendering these products too messy for top side exterior application, and unsafe in areas where it can be slipped on. They also cannot be painted.

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text: A contract is a written agreement between buyers and sellers that defines the measurement requirements. These are large-volume sales between operating companies where refined products and crude oils are transported by marine, pipeline or rail. Custody transfer measurement must be at the highest level of accuracy possible because a small error in measurement can amount to a large financial difference. Due to these critical natures of measurements, petroleum companies around the world have developed and adopted standards to meet the industry's needs.

text: A

text: contract

text: is a written agreement between buyers and sellers that defines the measurement requirements. These are large-volume sales between operating companies where refined products and

text: crude oils

text: are transported by

text: marine

text: pipeline

text: or

text: rail

text: . Custody transfer measurement must be at the highest level of accuracy possible because a small error in measurement can amount to a large financial difference. Due to these critical natures of measurements,

text: petroleum companies

text: around the world have developed and adopted standards to meet the industry's needs.

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answers: It produces about one-half as much as it uses

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answers: a large financial difference

text: The United States is the second largest energy consumer in total use.  The U.S. ranks seventh in energy consumption per-capita after Canada and a number of other countries. The majority of this energy is derived from fossil fuels: in 2005, it was estimated that 40% of the nation's energy came from petroleum, 23% from coal, and 23% from natural gas. Nuclear power supplied 8.4% and renewable energy supplied 6.8%, which was mainly from hydroelectric dams although other renewables are included.

text: The United States is the second largest

text: energy

text: consumer in total use.  The U.S. ranks seventh in energy consumption per-capita after Canada and a number of other countries. The majority of this energy is derived from

text: fossil fuel

text: s: in 2005, it was estimated that 40% of the nation's energy came from petroleum, 23% from coal, and 23% from natural gas.

text: Nuclear power

text: supplied 8.4% and

text: renewable energy

text: supplied 6.8%, which was mainly from hydroelectric dams although other renewables are included.

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answers: 40% of the nation's energy

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answers: Nuclear power

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answers: The majority of this energy is derived from fossil fuels

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text: In 2011 Iran’s refineries had a combined capacity of . The largest refineries have the following capacities: Abadan, ; Esfahan, ; Bandar-e Abbas, ; Tehran, ; Arak, ; and Tabriz, . In 2004 pipelines conveyed 69 percent of total refined products; trucks, 20 percent; rail, 7 percent; and tankers, 4 percent. Oil refining produces a wide range of oil products, such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), gasoline, kerosene, fuel oil, and lubricants.  Iran is a net exporter of petroleum products thanks to large exports of residual fuel oil, but the refineries cannot meet domestic demand for lighter distillates such as gasoline.

text: In 2011

entity_name: National Iranian Oil Refining and Distribution Company

text: Iran’s refineries

text: had a combined capacity of . The largest refineries have the following capacities: Abadan, ; Esfahan, ; Bandar-e Abbas, ; Tehran, ; Arak, ; and Tabriz, . In 2004 pipelines conveyed 69 percent of total refined products; trucks, 20 percent; rail, 7 percent; and tankers, 4 percent. Oil refining produces a wide range of oil products, such as

text: liquefied petroleum gas

text: (LPG),

text: gasoline

text: kerosene

text: fuel oil

text: , and

text: lubricants

text: .  Iran is a net exporter of petroleum products thanks to large exports of residual fuel oil, but the refineries cannot meet domestic demand for lighter distillates such as gasoline.

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text: While he served as GED Exploration and Production, Engr. Chris Ogiemwonyi was in charge of seven NNPC Companies and Subsidiaries which included National Petroleum Investment Management Services NAPIMS), Nigerian Gas Company (NGC), LNG & Power Division, Integrated Data Services Limited (IDSL), Nigerian Petroleum Development Company (NPDC) Crude Oil, Marketing Division and Local Content Division.

text: While he served as GED Exploration and Production, Engr. Chris Ogiemwonyi was in charge of seven NNPC Companies and Subsidiaries which included National Petroleum Investment Management Services NAPIMS), Nigerian Gas Company (NGC), LNG & Power Division, Integrated Data Services Limited (IDSL), Nigerian Petroleum Development Company (NPDC) Crude Oil, Marketing Division and Local Content Division.

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text: The main industries in and around Hardisty are petroleum and farming. There is a large petroleum "tank farm" near Hardisty, which is also a nexus of oil pipelines. The oil industry in Hardisty focuses primarily on transport rather than oil processing or collection. Some of the petroleum companies are, Gibson Energy, Enbridge, EnCana Corporation, and many others.

text: The main industries in and around Hardisty are

text: petroleum

text: and

text: farming

text: . There is a large

text: petroleum

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text: " near Hardisty, which is also a nexus of oil

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text: . The oil industry in Hardisty focuses primarily on transport rather than oil processing or collection. Some of the

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text: Gibson Energy

text: Enbridge

text: EnCana Corporation

text: , and many others.

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answers: It produces about one-half as much oil as it uses

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answers: NDQ_005520

answers: processing or collection

text: An important concept with regard to declining "easy oil" is energy returned on energy invested, also referred to as EROEI. A 2008 Journal of Energy Security analysis of the energy return on drilling effort in the United States concluded that there was extremely limited potential to increase production of both gas and (especially) oil. By looking at the historical response of production to variation in drilling effort, the analysis showed very little increase of production attributable to increased drilling. This was because of a tight quantitative relationship of diminishing returns with increasing drilling effort: as drilling effort increased, the energy obtained per active drill rig was reduced according to a severely diminishing power law. The study concluded that even an enormous increase of drilling effort was unlikely to significantly increase oil and gas production in a mature petroleum region such as the United States. However, contrary to the study's conclusion, since the analysis was published in 2008, US production of crude oil has increased 74%, and production of dry natural gas has increased 28% (2014 compared to 2008).

text: An important concept with regard to declining "easy oil" is

text: energy returned on energy invested

text: , also referred to as EROEI. A 2008 Journal of Energy Security analysis of the energy return on drilling effort in the United States concluded that there was extremely limited potential to increase production of both gas and (especially) oil. By looking at the historical response of production to variation in drilling effort, the analysis showed very little increase of production attributable to increased drilling. This was because of a tight quantitative relationship of diminishing returns with increasing drilling effort: as drilling effort increased, the energy obtained per active

text: drill rig

text: was reduced according to a severely diminishing

text: power law

text: . The study concluded that even an enormous increase of drilling effort was unlikely to significantly increase oil and gas production in a mature petroleum region such as the United States. However, contrary to the study's conclusion, since the analysis was published in 2008, US production of crude oil has increased 74%, and production of dry natural gas has increased 28% (2014 compared to 2008).

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answers: NDQ_005511

answers: drilling effort

answers: NDQ_005512

answers: oil

answers: NDQ_005513

answers: mature petroleum region

answers: NDQ_005514

answers: natural gas

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: production of dry natural gas

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: US production of crude oil

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: drilling effort

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: US production of crude oil

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: energy

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: as drilling effort increased, the energy obtained per active drill rig was reduced

text: Biomarkers are any of a suite of complex organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen and other elements such as oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur, which are found in crude oils, bitumens, petroleum source rock and eventually show simplification in molecular structure from the parent organic molecules found in all living organisms.  Essentially, they are complex carbon-based molecules derived from formerly living organisms. Biomarker compounds are typically analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.  Some examples of biomarkers found in petroleum are pristane, phytane, steranes, triterpanes and porphyrin.   Geologists and Geochemists use biomarkers traces found in crude oils and their related source rock to unravel the stratigraphic  origin and migration pathways of presently existing petroleum deposits.

text: Biomarkers are any of a suite of complex organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen and other elements such as oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur, which are found in

text: crude oils

text: , bitumens,

text: petroleum

text: source rock

text: and eventually show simplification in molecular structure from the parent organic molecules found in all living organisms.  Essentially, they are complex carbon-based molecules derived from formerly living organisms. Biomarker compounds are typically analyzed using

text: gas chromatography

text: and

text: mass spectrometry

text: .  Some examples of biomarkers found in petroleum are

text: pristane

text: phytane

text: sterane

text: s,

text: triterpanes

text: and

text: porphyrin

text: .   Geologists and Geochemists use biomarkers traces found in crude oils and their related

text: source rock

text: to unravel the stratigraphic  origin and migration pathways of presently existing

text: petroleum

text: deposits.

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answers: Essentially, they are complex carbon-based molecules

answers: NDQ_005512

answers: complex organic compounds

answers: NDQ_005513

answers: Biomarkers

answers: NDQ_005514

answers: bitumens

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: Biomarkers

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: bitumens

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: Biomarkers

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: crude oils, bitumens, petroleum source rock

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: biomarkers

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: migration pathways

text: A carbon-neutral fuel is a synthetic fuel – such as methane, gasoline, diesel fuel or jet fuel – produced from renewable or nuclear energy used to hydrogenate waste carbon dioxide recycled from power plant flue-gas emissions, recovered from automotive exhaust gas, or derived from carbonic acid in seawater.Such fuels are carbon-neutral because they do not result in a net increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases.To the extent that carbon-neutral fuels displace fossil fuels, or if they are produced from waste carbon or seawater carbonic acid, and their combustion is subject to carbon capture at the flue or exhaust pipe, they result in negative carbon dioxide emission and net carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere, and thus constitute a form of greenhouse gas remediation.Such fuels are produced by the electrolysis of water to make hydrogen used in turn in the Sabatier reaction to produce methane which may then be stored to be burned later in power plants as synthetic natural gas, transported by pipeline, truck, or tanker ship, or be used in gas to liquids processes such as the Fischer–Tropsch process to make traditional transportation or heating fuels.

text: A carbon-neutral fuel is a

text: synthetic fuel

text: – such as

text: methane

text: gasoline

text: diesel fuel

text: or

text: jet fuel

text: – produced from renewable or

text: nuclear energy

text: used to

text: hydrogenate

text: waste

text: carbon dioxide

text: recycled from

entity_name: Flue-gas emissions from fossil-fuel combustion

text: power plant flue-gas emissions

text: , recovered from automotive

text: exhaust gas

text: , or derived from

text: carbonic acid

text: in

text: seawater

text: .Such fuels are carbon-neutral because they do not result in a net increase in atmospheric

text: greenhouse gas

text: es.To the extent that carbon-neutral fuels displace

text: fossil fuel

text: s, or if they are produced from waste carbon or seawater carbonic acid, and their combustion is subject to

text: carbon capture

text: at the flue or exhaust pipe, they result in

text: negative carbon dioxide emission

text: and net

text: carbon dioxide removal

text: from the atmosphere, and thus constitute a form of

text: greenhouse gas remediation

text: .Such fuels are produced by the

text: electrolysis of water

text: to make

text: hydrogen

text: used in turn in the

text: Sabatier reaction

text: to produce methane which may then be stored to be burned later in

text: power plants

text: as synthetic

text: natural gas

text: , transported by

text: pipeline

text: truck

text: , or

text: tanker ship

text: , or be used in

text: gas to liquids

text: processes such as the

text: Fischer–Tropsch process

text: to make traditional transportation or heating

text: fuel

text: s.

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answers: net increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases

text: The United States is divided into five Petroleum Administration for Defense Districts, or PADDs.  These were created during World War II under the Petroleum Administration for War to help organize the allocation of fuels derived from petroleum products, including gasoline and diesel (or "distillate") fuel.  Today, these regions are still used for data collection purposes.

text: The

text: United States

text: is divided into five Petroleum Administration for Defense Districts, or PADDs.  These were created during

text: World War II

text: under the Petroleum Administration for War to help organize the allocation of fuels derived from

text: petroleum

text: products, including

text: gasoline

text: and

text: diesel

text: (or "distillate") fuel.  Today, these regions are still used for data collection purposes.

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answers: gasoline and diesel

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answers: gasoline and diesel

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answers: PADDs

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answers: Petroleum Administration for Defense Districts, or PADDs

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: diesel

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: Today, these regions are still used for data collection purposes

text: Petroleum fossil fuels are burned in internal combustion engines to provide power for ships, automobiles, aircraft engines, lawn mowers, dirt bikes, and other machines. Different boiling points allow the hydrocarbons to be separated by distillation. Since the lighter liquid products are in great demand for use in internal combustion engines, a modern refinery will convert heavy hydrocarbons and lighter gaseous elements into these higher value products.

text: Petroleum

text: fossil fuels

text: are burned in internal combustion engines to provide power for

text: ships

text: automobiles

text: aircraft engine

text: s,

text: lawn mower

text: s,

text: dirt bikes

text: , and other machines. Different

text: boiling point

text: s allow the

text: hydrocarbon

text: s to be separated by

text: distillation

text: . Since the lighter liquid products are in great demand for use in internal combustion engines, a modern refinery will convert heavy hydrocarbons and lighter gaseous elements into these higher value products.

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answers: internal combustion engines

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answers: Different boiling points

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answers: hydrocarbons

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answers: lawn mowers

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answers: hydrocarbons

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: lawn mowers

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: It produces about one-half as much oil as it uses

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: lighter liquid products

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: Other machines

text: The Eastern Refinery in Chittagong is the country's largest oil refinery. The Bangladesh Petroleum Corporation is the state-owned holding company which regulates the market for petroleum products through its subsidiaries: the Jamuna Oil Company which is the country's largest distributor and was established in 1964 as Pakistan National Oil Limited; the Padma Oil Company which was formerly known as Burmah Eastern Limited, a subsidiary of Burmah Oil until 1977; and Meghna Petroleum.

text: The

text: Eastern Refinery

text: in Chittagong is the country's largest

text: oil refinery

text: . The

text: Bangladesh Petroleum Corporation

text: is the

text: state-owned

text: holding company

text: which regulates the market for

text: petroleum products

text: through its subsidiaries: the

text: Jamuna Oil Company

text: which is the country's largest distributor and was established in 1964 as Pakistan National Oil Limited; the

text: Padma Oil Company

text: which was formerly known as Burmah Eastern Limited, a subsidiary of

text: Burmah Oil

text: until 1977; and Meghna Petroleum.

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answers: Oil

answers: NDQ_005512

answers: petroleum products

answers: NDQ_005513

answers: The Bangladesh Petroleum Corporation

answers: NDQ_005514

answers: petroleum products

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: The Eastern Refinery

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: Chittagong

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: Chittagong

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: The Eastern Refinery in Chittagong

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: oil

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: pollution

text: Members of the WSPA include Aera Energy LLC, Alaska Tanker Company, Berry Petroleum, BP, Big West of California LLC, Chevron Corporation, ConocoPhillips, ExxonMobil, Lloyd Properties, Navajo Refining Co., Noble Energy, Olympic Pipeline Company, Occidental Petroleum, Pacific Operators Offshore, Plains All American, SeaRiver Maritime, Seneca Resources Corp., Shell, Tesoro, U.S. Oil and Refining, Valero Energy Corporation, Venoco, and Western Refining.

text: Members of the WSPA include

text: Aera Energy LLC

text: Alaska Tanker Company

text: Berry Petroleum

text: BP

text: , Big West of California LLC,

text: Chevron Corporation

text: ConocoPhillips

text: ExxonMobil

text: Lloyd Properties

text: Navajo Refining Co.

text: Noble Energy

text: Olympic Pipeline Company

text: Occidental Petroleum

text: Pacific Operators Offshore

text: Plains All American

text: SeaRiver Maritime

text: Seneca Resources Corp.

text: Shell

text: Tesoro

text: U.S. Oil and Refining

text: Valero Energy Corporation

text: Venoco

text: , and

text: Western Refining

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answers: NDQ_005511

answers: ExxonMobil

answers: NDQ_005512

answers: Oil

answers: NDQ_005513

answers: Pacific Operators Offshore

answers: NDQ_005514

answers: Alaska Tanker

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: Alaska Tanker Company

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: BP

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: Big West of California

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: It produces about one-half as much oil as it uses

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: Oil

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: oil spills

text: On 28 August 1859, Edwin Drake discovered oil in a well 70 feet deep along Oil Creek, south of Titusville, Pennsylvania. The well made only 12 to 20 barrels per day, but the discovery set off a boom in oil drilling up and down Oil Creek, and then all down the Ohio valley, to Ohio, Kentucky, and Virginia, the same area where many shale oil retorts were located. In 1861, petroleum flooding onto the market drove the price down to US$0.52 per barrel, and lamp oil refiners switched over to petroleum as a much cheaper raw material. Refining petroleum had the further advantage that the process was not patented, allowing refiners to produce lamp oil without paying royalties. The existing shale oil refineries were forced by price-cutting competition to adapt their operations to use petroleum instead, and the American oil shale industry, booming just the previous year was suddenly abandoned. Cheap petroleum prices had driven oil shale out of business.

text: On 28 August 1859,

text: Edwin Drake

text: discovered oil in a well 70 feet deep along Oil Creek, south of

text: Titusville, Pennsylvania

text: . The well made only 12 to 20 barrels per day, but the discovery set off a boom in oil drilling up and down Oil Creek, and then all down the Ohio valley, to Ohio, Kentucky, and Virginia, the same area where many shale oil retorts were located. In 1861, petroleum flooding onto the market drove the price down to US$0.52 per barrel, and lamp oil refiners switched over to petroleum as a much cheaper raw material. Refining petroleum had the further advantage that the process was not patented, allowing refiners to produce lamp oil without paying royalties. The existing shale oil refineries were forced by price-cutting competition to adapt their operations to use petroleum instead, and the American oil shale industry, booming just the previous year was suddenly abandoned. Cheap petroleum prices had driven oil shale out of business.

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answers: The well made only 12 to 20 barrels per day

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: oil

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answers: Cheap petroleum prices had driven oil shale out of business

text: The oil crisis, the Chernobyl disaster and the worldwide need for more power and consequently more power stations have raised energy conservation awareness.

text: The

text: oil crisis

text: , the

text: Chernobyl disaster

text: and the worldwide need for more power and consequently more

text: power station

text: s have raised

text: energy conservation

text: awareness.

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answers: It produces about one-half as much oil as it uses

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answers: Chernobyl

text: Crude oil was Vietnam’s leading export until the late 2000s, when high-tech electrical manufactures emerged to become the biggest export market (by 2014, crude oil comprised only 5% of Vietnamese exports, compared to 20% of all exports in 1996). This is because Vietnamese crude oil is estimated to have peaked in 2004, when crude oil represented 22 percent of all export earnings. Petroleum exports are in the form of crude petroleum because Vietnam has a very limited refining capacity. Vietnam’s only operational refinery, a facility at Cat Hai near Ho Chi Minh City, has a capacity of only . Several consortia have abandoned commitments to finance a  facility at Dung Quat in central Vietnam. Refined petroleum accounted for 10.2 percent of total imports in 2002.

text: Crude oil

text: was Vietnam’s leading export until the late 2000s, when high-tech electrical manufactures emerged to become the biggest export market (by 2014, crude oil comprised only 5% of Vietnamese exports, compared to 20% of all exports in 1996). This is because Vietnamese crude oil is estimated to have peaked in 2004, when crude oil represented 22 percent of all export earnings. Petroleum exports are in the form of crude petroleum because Vietnam has a very limited refining capacity. Vietnam’s only operational refinery, a facility at Cat Hai near

text: Ho Chi Minh City

text: , has a capacity of only . Several consortia have abandoned commitments to finance a  facility at Dung Quat in central Vietnam. Refined petroleum accounted for 10.2 percent of total imports in 2002.

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answers: Refined petroleum

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answers: petroleum

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answers: limited refining capacity

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answers: Petroleum exports

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: high-tech electrical manufactures

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: Petroleum exports are in the form of crude petroleum

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: Vietnam

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: Refined petroleum accounted for 10.2 percent of total imports

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: oil

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: Refined petroleum accounted for 10.2 percent of total imports

text: Kuwait Petroleum Corp., the state-run oil company, will sell its crude oil at $3.95 a barrel below the regional benchmarks, the biggest discount since December 2008, Bloomberg reported Dec. 11, 2014. Saudi Arabia and Iraq also cut oil prices for Asia following the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries' decision to maintain production levels, which ensured that global oil prices would stay low. It is likely that Middle Eastern countries are lowering prices to defend their market shares. Kuwait has sold crude oil to Asia at a discount since at least 2000.

text: Kuwait Petroleum Corp., the state-run oil company, will sell its crude oil at $3.95 a barrel below the regional benchmarks, the biggest discount since December 2008, Bloomberg reported Dec. 11, 2014. Saudi Arabia and Iraq also cut oil prices for Asia following the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries' decision to maintain production levels, which ensured that global oil prices would stay low. It is likely that Middle Eastern countries are lowering prices to defend their market shares. Kuwait has sold crude oil to Asia at a discount since at least 2000.

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answers: maintain production levels

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answers: crude oil

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answers: Saudi Arabia and Iraq

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answers: Kuwait Petroleum Corp.

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answers: Middle Eastern

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: Saudi Arabia and Iraq also cut oil prices for Asia

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: crude oil

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: global oil prices would stay low

text: The Aden Refinery Company is located at the oil harbor at Aden port; its operations include transshipment of petroleum products, oil refining and marine fuel station.

text: The Aden Refinery Company is located at the oil harbor at Aden port; its operations include transshipment of

text: petroleum product

text: s,

text: oil refining

text: and marine fuel station.

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answers: The Aden Refinery Company

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answers: marine fuel

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answers: petroleum products

text: On 25 March 2010, an A-10 conducted the first flight of an aircraft with all engines powered by a biofuel blend. The flight, performed at Eglin Air Force Base, used a 1:1 blend of JP-8 and Camelina-based fuel. On 28 June 2012, the A-10 became the first aircraft to fly using a new fuel blend derived from alcohol; known as ATJ (Alcohol-to-Jet), the fuel is cellulosic-based that can be derived using wood, paper, grass, or any cellulose based material, and are fermented into alcohols before being hydro-processed into aviation fuel. ATJ is the third alternative fuel to be evaluated by the Air Force as a replacement for petroleum-derived JP-8 fuel. Previous types were a synthetic paraffinic kerosene derived from coal and natural gas and a bio-mass fuel derived from plant-oils and animal fats known as Hydroprocessed Renewable Jet.

text: On 25 March 2010, an A-10 conducted the first flight of an aircraft with all engines powered by a biofuel blend. The flight, performed at

text: Eglin Air Force Base

text: , used a 1:1 blend of

text: and

text: Camelina

text: -based fuel. On 28 June 2012, the A-10 became the first aircraft to fly using a new fuel blend derived from alcohol; known as ATJ (Alcohol-to-Jet), the fuel is

text: cellulosic

text: -based that can be derived using wood, paper, grass, or any cellulose based material, and are fermented into alcohols before being hydro-processed into aviation fuel. ATJ is the third alternative fuel to be evaluated by the Air Force as a replacement for petroleum-derived JP-8 fuel. Previous types were a synthetic paraffinic kerosene derived from coal and natural gas and a bio-mass fuel derived from plant-oils and animal fats known as Hydroprocessed Renewable Jet.

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answers: JP-8

answers: NDQ_005512

answers: petroleum

answers: NDQ_005513

answers: petroleum-derived

answers: NDQ_005514

answers: petroleum

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: JP-8

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: petroleum

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: Eglin

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: JP-8 and Camelina-based fuel

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: JP-8 fuel

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: oil spills

text: The origin of the village's name is unknown. Local lore is that the name "Roxana" was chosen to honor a "Queen Roxanne" of the Netherlands, inasmuch as the village owed its very existence to state-owned Royal Dutch Shell.  However, there has never been a Queen Roxanne of the Netherlands.  The Dutch monarch at the time was Wilhelmina of the Netherlands. Starting with the formation of the Seattle-based American Gasoline Company, Royal Dutch/Shell Group also founded Roxana Petroleum Company in 1912 in Oklahoma to locate and produce crude oil. This was followed by the opening of refineries in New Orleans in 1916 and at Wood River in 1918.

text: The origin of the village's name is unknown. Local lore is that the name "Roxana" was chosen to honor a "Queen Roxanne" of the Netherlands, inasmuch as the village owed its very existence to state-owned

text: Royal Dutch Shell

text: .  However, there has never been a Queen Roxanne of the Netherlands.  The Dutch monarch at the time was

text: Wilhelmina of the Netherlands

text: . Starting with the formation of the Seattle-based American Gasoline Company, Royal Dutch/Shell Group also founded Roxana Petroleum Company in 1912 in

text: Oklahoma

text: to locate and produce

text: crude oil

text: . This was followed by the opening of refineries in

text: New Orleans

text: in 1916 and at Wood River in 1918.

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answers: the village owed its very existence

text: The storm interrupted oil production, importation, and refining in the Gulf eden, thus having a major effect on fuel prices. Before the storm, one-tenth of all the crude oil consumed in the United States and almost half of the gasoline produced in the country came from refineries in the states along the Gulf's shores. An additional 24% of the natural gas supply is extracted or imported in the region. Furthermore, the nation's Strategic Petroleum Reserve is also stored in this region.

text: The storm interrupted oil production, importation, and refining in the Gulf eden, thus having a major effect on fuel prices. Before the storm, one-tenth of all the

text: crude oil

text: consumed in the United States and almost half of the gasoline produced in the country came from refineries in the states along the Gulf's shores. An additional 24% of the

text: natural gas

text: supply is extracted or imported in the region. Furthermore, the nation's

entity_name: Strategic Petroleum Reserve (United States)

text: Strategic Petroleum Reserve

text: is also stored in this region.

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answers: one-tenth of all

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answers: Before the storm

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answers: fuel prices

text: PTTGC's refined petroleum products has a capacity of 280,000 barrels per day of crude oil and condensate intake, with various high-quality petroleum products with total capacity of 228,000 barrels per day. The products are classified in three groups:

text: PTTGC's refined petroleum products has a capacity of 280,000 barrels per day of crude oil and condensate intake, with various high-quality petroleum products with total capacity of 228,000 barrels per day. The products are classified in three groups:

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answers: refined petroleum products

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answers: crude oil

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answers: refine petroleum products

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answers: condensate

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: refined petroleum products

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: 280,000 barrels per day

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: PTTGC

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: 280,000 barrels per day

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: condensate

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: pollution

text: A stationary source in air quality terminology is any fixed emitter of air pollutants, such as fossil fuel burning power plants, petroleum refineries, petrochemical plants, food processing plants and other heavy industrial sources.

text: A stationary source in air quality terminology is any fixed emitter of air pollutants, such as

text: fossil fuel

text: burning

text: power plant

text: s,

text: petroleum refineries

text: petrochemical plants

text: food processing plants

text: and other heavy industrial sources.

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answers: fossil fuel

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answers: petroleum

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answers: NDQ_005518

answers: It produces about one-half as much oil as it uses.

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: air pollutants

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: air pollutants

text: The predecessor company of Marathon Petroleum Corporation, Marathon Petroleum Company LLC, formerly known as Marathon Ashland Petroleum LLC, was formed by the merger of the refining operations of Marathon Oil and Ashland Inc. in 1998. In 2005, the company became a 100% owned subsidiary of Marathon Oil.

text: The predecessor company of Marathon Petroleum Corporation, Marathon Petroleum Company LLC, formerly known as Marathon Ashland Petroleum LLC, was formed by the merger of the refining operations of

text: Marathon Oil

text: and

text: Ashland Inc.

text: in 1998. In 2005, the company became a 100% owned subsidiary of

text: Marathon Oil

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answers: Gasoline

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answers: crude oil

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answers: formed by the merger

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answers: Marathon Oil

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answers: Marathon Oil

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answers: Marathon Oil

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answers: Ashland

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answers: Marathon Petroleum Company LLC

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: Oil

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: pollution

text: The power station is owned and operated by Electro-Maxx Limited, a private energy provider in Uganda, who built the power plant at an estimated cost of US$60 million.  The plant uses heavy fuel oil (HFO), a byproduct of petroleum distillation.  The plant currently imports HFO but in the future, it will leverage the country's natural assets and obtain domestically produced HFO or crude oil. The initial power station was fully commissioned in September 2010.

text: The power station is owned and operated by Electro-Maxx Limited, a private energy provider in Uganda, who built the power plant at an estimated cost of US$60 million.  The plant uses

text: heavy fuel oil

text: (HFO), a byproduct of petroleum distillation.  The plant currently imports HFO but in the future, it will leverage the country's natural assets and obtain domestically produced HFO or crude oil. The initial power station was fully commissioned in September 2010.

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text: Refined petroleum products - production:

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text: The Age of Oil, also known as the Oil Age or the Petroleum Age, refers to the era in human history characterised by an increased use of petroleum in products and as fuel. Though unrefined petroleum has been used for various purposes since ancient times, it was during the 19th century that refinement techniques were developed and gasoline engines were created.

text: The Age of Oil, also known as the Oil Age or the Petroleum Age, refers to the era in human history characterised by an increased use of

text: petroleum

text: in products and as fuel. Though unrefined petroleum has been used for various purposes since ancient times, it was during the 19th century that refinement techniques were developed and gasoline engines were created.

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answers: The United States produces about one-half as much oil as it uses

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text: The most effective method of mitigating peak oil is to use renewable or alternative energy sources in place of petroleum.

text: The most effective method of mitigating peak oil is to use

text: renewable

text: or

text: alternative energy

text: sources in place of petroleum.

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answers: about one-half as much as it uses

answers: NDQ_005519

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answers: peak oil

text: The services of EAPC are: transporting crude oil and refined products, long term storage, crude oil blending, processing of liquefied petroleum gas, fuel oil, destillates and gas.

text: The services of EAPC are: transporting crude oil and refined products, long term storage, crude oil blending, processing of liquefied petroleum gas, fuel oil, destillates and gas.

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answers: about one-half as much

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answers: fuel oil

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answers: long term storage

text: Crude oil varies greatly in appearance depending on its composition. It is usually black or dark brown (although it may be yellowish, reddish, or even greenish). In the reservoir it is usually found in association with natural gas, which being lighter forms a "gas cap" over the petroleum, and saline water which, being heavier than most forms of crude oil, generally sinks beneath it. Crude oil may also be found in a semi-solid form mixed with sand and water, as in the Athabasca oil sands in Canada, where it is usually referred to as crude bitumen. In Canada, bitumen is considered a sticky, black, tar-like form of crude oil which is so thick and heavy that it must be heated or diluted before it will flow. Venezuela also has large amounts of oil in the Orinoco oil sands, although the hydrocarbons trapped in them are more fluid than in Canada and are usually called extra heavy oil. These oil sands resources are called unconventional oil to distinguish them from oil which can be extracted using traditional oil well methods. Between them, Canada and Venezuela contain an estimated  of bitumen and extra-heavy oil, about twice the volume of the world's reserves of conventional oil.

text: Crude oil varies greatly in appearance depending on its composition. It is usually black or dark brown (although it may be yellowish, reddish, or even greenish). In the reservoir it is usually found in association with natural gas, which being lighter forms a "gas cap" over the petroleum, and

text: saline water

text: which, being heavier than most forms of crude oil, generally sinks beneath it. Crude oil may also be found in a semi-solid form mixed with sand and water, as in the

text: Athabasca oil sands

text: in Canada, where it is usually referred to as crude

text: bitumen

text: . In Canada, bitumen is considered a sticky, black, tar-like form of crude oil which is so thick and heavy that it must be heated or diluted before it will flow. Venezuela also has large amounts of oil in the

text: Orinoco oil sands

text: , although the hydrocarbons trapped in them are more fluid than in Canada and are usually called

text: extra heavy oil

text: . These oil sands resources are called

text: unconventional oil

text: to distinguish them from oil which can be extracted using traditional oil well methods. Between them, Canada and

text: Venezuela

text: contain an estimated  of bitumen and extra-heavy oil, about twice the volume of the world's reserves of conventional oil.

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answers: Crude oil varies greatly in appearance depending on its composition

answers: NDQ_005512

answers: petroleum

answers: NDQ_005513

answers: be heated or diluted

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answers: hydrocarbons

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answers: oil sands resources

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answers: is usually black or dark brown

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: Venezuela

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answers: about twice the volume of the world's reserves

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answers: crude oil

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answers: oil sands resources are called unconventional oil

text: An oil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment, especially marine areas, due to human activity, and is a form of pollution.  The term is usually applied to marine oil spills, where oil is released into the ocean or coastal waters, but spills may also occur on land.  Oil spills may be due to releases of crude oil from tankers, pipelines, railcars, offshore platforms, drilling rigs and wells, as well as spills of refined petroleum products (such as gasoline, diesel) and their by-products, heavier fuels used by large ships such as bunker fuel, or the spill of any oily refuse or waste oil.

text: An oil spill is the release of a

text: liquid

text: petroleum

text: hydrocarbon

text: into the environment, especially marine areas, due to human activity, and is a form of pollution.  The term is usually applied to

text: marine

text: oil spills, where oil is released into the

text: ocean

text: or

text: coastal waters

text: , but spills may also occur on land.  Oil spills may be due to releases of

text: crude oil

text: from

text: tankers

text: , pipelines, railcars,

text: offshore platforms

text: drilling rig

text: s and

text: wells

text: , as well as spills of

text: refined petroleum products

text: (such as

text: gasoline

text: diesel

text: ) and their by-products, heavier fuels used by large ships such as

text: bunker fuel

text: , or the spill of any oily refuse or

text: waste oil

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text: Although the presence of either quicklime or saltpeter in the mixture cannot be entirely excluded, they were consequently not the primary ingredient. Most modern scholars agree that Greek fire was based on petroleum, either crude or refined; comparable to modern napalm. The Byzantines had easy access to crude oil from the naturally occurring wells around the Black Sea (e.g., the wells around Tmutorakan noted by Constantine Porphyrogennetos) or in various locations throughout the Middle East. An alternate name for Greek fire was "Median fire" (μηδικὸν πῦρ), and the 6th-century historian Procopius, records that crude oil, called "naphtha" (in Greek: νάφθα naphtha, from Old Persian 𐎴𐎳𐎫 naft) by the Persians, was known to the Greeks as "Median oil" (μηδικὸν ἔλαιον). This seems to corroborate the use of naphtha as a basic ingredient of Greek fire. Naphtha was also used by the Abbasids in the 9th century, with special troops, the naffāṭūn, who wore thick protective suits and used small copper vessels containing burning oil, which they threw onto the enemy troops. There is also a surviving 9th Century Latin text, preserved at Wolfenbüttel in Germany, which mentions the ingredients of what appears to be Greek fire and the operation of the siphōns used to project it. Although the text contains some inaccuracies, it clearly identifies the main component as naphtha. Resins were probably added as a thickener (the Praecepta Militaria refer to the substance as πῦρ κολλητικόν, "sticky fire"), and to increase the duration and intensity of the flame. A modern theoretical concoction included the use of pine tar and animal fat along with other ingredients.

text: Although the presence of either quicklime or saltpeter in the mixture cannot be entirely excluded, they were consequently not the primary ingredient. Most modern scholars agree that Greek fire was based on

text: petroleum

text: , either crude or refined; comparable to modern

text: napalm

text: . The Byzantines had easy access to crude oil from the naturally occurring wells around the

text: Black Sea

text: (e.g., the wells around

text: Tmutorakan

text: noted by Constantine Porphyrogennetos) or in various locations throughout the Middle East. An alternate name for Greek fire was "

text: Median

text: fire" (μηδικὸν πῦρ), and the 6th-century historian

text: Procopius

text: , records that crude oil, called "

text: naphtha

text: " (in Greek: νάφθα naphtha, from

text: Old Persian

text: 𐎴𐎳𐎫 naft) by the Persians, was known to the Greeks as "Median oil" (μηδικὸν ἔλαιον). This seems to corroborate the use of naphtha as a basic ingredient of Greek fire. Naphtha was also used by the

text: Abbasids

text: in the 9th century, with special troops, the naffāṭūn, who wore thick protective suits and used small copper vessels containing burning oil, which they threw onto the enemy troops. There is also a surviving 9th Century

text: Latin

text: text, preserved at

text: Wolfenbüttel

text: in Germany, which mentions the ingredients of what appears to be Greek fire and the operation of the siphōns used to project it. Although the text contains some inaccuracies, it clearly identifies the main component as naphtha. Resins were probably added as a thickener (the

text: Praecepta Militaria

text: refer to the substance as πῦρ κολλητικόν, "sticky fire"), and to increase the duration and intensity of the flame. A modern theoretical concoction included the use of

text: pine tar

text: and animal fat along with other ingredients.

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answers: modern napalm

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answers: ingredients

answers: NDQ_005513

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answers: NDQ_005514

answers: pine tar and animal fat

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: Greek fire

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: naphtha

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: Black Sea

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: The Byzantines had easy access

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: napalm

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: increased the duration and intensity of the flame

text: Seminole County has been an important part of the Oklahoma and United States petroleum industry for over 80 years. The Greater Seminole Field was one of the most important oil fields ever found and is still producing. Discovered one field after another in 1926, it contained an estimated  of oil. To group the fields together, the oil companies decided to come up with a name, and this was suggested by Paul Hedrick, oil editor of the Tulsa World. Other important oil fields in the area were the Cromwell oil field, discovered in 1923, and the Maud oil field. The Maud field, discovered in 1927 by Amerada Petroleum, was the first discovery using reflection seismology. This marked the beginning of the use of modern geophysical methods in the petroleum industry.

text: Seminole County has been an important part of the Oklahoma and United States petroleum industry for over 80 years. The

text: Greater Seminole Field

text: was one of the most important oil fields ever found and is still producing. Discovered one field after another in 1926, it contained an estimated  of oil. To group the fields together, the oil companies decided to come up with a name, and this was suggested by Paul Hedrick, oil editor of the

text: Tulsa World

text: . Other important oil fields in the area were the Cromwell oil field, discovered in 1923, and the Maud oil field. The Maud field, discovered in 1927 by Amerada Petroleum, was the first discovery using

text: reflection seismology

text: . This marked the beginning of the use of modern geophysical methods in the petroleum industry.

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answers: Cromwell oil field

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answers: oil

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answers: NDQ_005518

answers: the United States

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: oil

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: oil industry for over 80 years

text: The term "Oil Field Engine" can refer to any sort of internal combustion engine used as a power source in the production of crude petroleum, but most commonly refers to a class of reciprocating engines built in the mid to late 19th and early 20th centuries, which is the focus of this article.

text: The term "Oil Field Engine" can refer to any sort of

text: internal combustion engine

text: used as a power source in the production of crude

text: petroleum

text: , but most commonly refers to a class of reciprocating engines built in the mid to late 19th and early 20th centuries, which is the focus of this article.

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answers: internal combustion engine

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answers: power source

answers: NDQ_005514

answers: Oil Field Engine

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: internal combustion engine

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: petroleum

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: any sort of internal combustion engine

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: about one-half as much oil as it uses

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: internal combustion

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: Oil Field Engine

text: Setting fuel aflame releases usable energy. Wood was a prehistoric fuel, and is still viable today. The use of fossil fuels, such as petroleum, natural gas, and coal, in power plants supplies the vast majority of the world's electricity today; the International Energy Agency states that nearly 80% of the world's power comes from these sources. The fire in a power station is used to heat water, creating steam that drives turbines. The turbines then spin an electric generator to produce electricity. Fire is also used to provide mechanical work directly, in both external and internal combustion engines.

text: Setting

text: fuel

text: aflame releases usable energy.

text: Wood

text: was a

text: prehistoric

text: fuel, and is still viable today. The use of

text: fossil fuel

text: s, such as

text: petroleum

text: natural gas

text: , and

text: coal

text: , in

text: power plants

text: supplies the vast majority of the world's electricity today; the

text: International Energy Agency

text: states that nearly 80% of the world's power comes from these sources. The fire in a

text: power station

text: is used to heat water, creating steam that drives

text: turbine

text: s. The turbines then spin an

text: electric generator

text: to produce electricity. Fire is also used to provide

text: mechanical work

text: directly, in both

text: external

text: and

text: internal combustion engine

text: s.

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answers: internal combustion engines

answers: NDQ_005512

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_005513

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_005514

answers: petroleum

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: internal combustion engines

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: petroleum

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: Wood

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: The use of fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: electricity

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: setting fuel aflame

text: In 1953, British Petroleum Company (BP) entered the Canadian market through the purchase of a minority stake in Calgary-based Triad Oil Company. In the early 1950s, the power struggle between oil companies and host governments in Middle East started, which hampered operations of  British Petroleum in the region, and prompted it to diversify its operations beyond the heavily Middle East dependent oil production. The Canadian holding company of British Petroleum was renamed BP Canada in 1969; and in 1971, it acquired 97.8% stake of Supertest.

text: In 1953,

text: British Petroleum Company

text: (BP) entered the Canadian market through the purchase of a minority stake in Calgary-based Triad Oil Company. In the early 1950s, the power struggle between oil companies and host governments in Middle East started, which hampered operations of  British Petroleum in the region, and prompted it to diversify its operations beyond the heavily Middle East dependent oil production. The Canadian

text: holding company

text: of British Petroleum was renamed BP Canada in 1969; and in 1971, it acquired 97.8% stake of Supertest.

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answers: British Petroleum

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answers: host governments

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answers: Triad Oil Company

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answers: Oil

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: hampered operations of British Petroleum in the region

text: In recent years, a significant amount of foreign-based oil drilling has begun in South Sudan, raising the land's geopolitical profile. Oil and other mineral resources can be found throughout South Sudan, but the area around Bentiu is commonly known as being especially rich in oil, while Jonglei, Warrap, and Lakes have potential reserves. During the autonomy years from 2005 to 2011, Khartoum partitioned much of Sudan into blocks, with about 85% of the oil coming from the South. Blocks 1, 2, and 4 are controlled by the largest overseas consortium, the Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company (GNPOC). GNPOC is composed of the following players: China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC, People's Republic of China), with a 40% stake; Petronas (Malaysia), with 30%; Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (India), with 25%; and Sudapet of the central Sudan government with 5%.

text: In recent years, a significant amount of foreign-based oil drilling has begun in South Sudan, raising the land's geopolitical profile. Oil and other mineral resources can be found throughout South Sudan, but the area around

text: Bentiu

text: is commonly known as being especially rich in oil, while

text: Jonglei

text: Warrap

text: , and

text: Lakes

text: have potential reserves. During the

entity_name: Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (2005–11)

text: autonomy years

text: from 2005 to 2011, Khartoum partitioned much of Sudan into blocks, with about 85% of the oil coming from the South. Blocks 1, 2, and 4 are controlled by the largest overseas consortium, the

entity_name: Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company

text: Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company

text: (GNPOC). GNPOC is composed of the following players:

text: China National Petroleum Corporation

text: (CNPC,

text: People's Republic of China

text: ), with a 40% stake;

text: Petronas

text: Malaysia

text: ), with 30%;

text: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

text: India

text: ), with 25%; and

text: Sudapet

text: of the central Sudan government with 5%.

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answers: Gas

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answers: natural gas

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answers: South Sudan

answers: NDQ_005514

answers: other mineral resources

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: Oil and other mineral resources

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: 85% of the oil

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: central Sudan government

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: about 85% of the oil coming from the South

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: Oil

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: raising the land's geopolitical profile

text: The ballpark was located on the south side of Beverly Boulevard between Genesee Avenue and The Grove Drive, just east of where CBS Television City is currently located. A couple hundred meters to the west was Gilmore Stadium, an oval-shaped venue built several years earlier, which was used for football games and midget auto racing. To the east was the famous Pan-Pacific Auditorium. Both facilities were built by Earl Gilmore, son of Arthur F. Gilmore and president of A. F. Gilmore Oil, a California-based petroleum company which was developed after Arthur struck oil on the family property. The area was rich in petroleum, which was the source of the "tar" in the nearby La Brea Tar Pits.

text: The ballpark was located on the south side of

text: Beverly Boulevard

text: between Genesee Avenue and The Grove Drive, just east of where

text: CBS

text: Television City is currently located. A couple hundred meters to the west was

text: Gilmore Stadium

text: , an oval-shaped venue built several years earlier, which was used for football games and midget auto racing. To the east was the famous

text: Pan-Pacific Auditorium

text: . Both facilities were built by Earl Gilmore, son of Arthur F. Gilmore and president of A. F. Gilmore Oil, a California-based petroleum company which was developed after Arthur struck oil on the family property. The area was rich in petroleum, which was the source of the "tar" in the nearby

text: La Brea Tar Pits

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answers: auto racing

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answers: California-based petroleum company

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answers: tar

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answers: A. F. Gilmore Oil

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: The area was rich in petroleum

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: Beverly Boulevard

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: A. F. Gilmore Oil

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: tar

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: the "tar" in the nearby La Brea Tar Pits

text: Petrochemicals, also called petroleum distillates, are chemical products derived from petroleum. Some chemical compounds made from petroleum are also obtained from other fossil fuels, such as coal or natural gas, or renewable sources such as corn or sugar cane.

text: Petrochemicals, also called petroleum distillates, are

text: chemical products

text: derived from

text: petroleum

text: . Some

text: chemical compound

text: s made from petroleum are also obtained from other

text: fossil fuel

text: s, such as

text: coal

text: or

text: natural gas

text: , or renewable sources such as

text: corn

text: or

text: sugar cane

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answers: petroleum

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answers: Petroleum distillates

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answers: petroleum distillates

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answers: petroleum distillates

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answers: corn or sugar cane

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: It produces about one-half as much oil as it uses

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: chemical products

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: fossil fuels

text: Petroleum exploration activities have been conducted in Ghana since the late nineteenth century; and commercially sustainable deposits of petroleum or natural gas was discovered in 2008 by Kosmos. The total crude oil found is estimated to be about 6.5 million barrels. Production started in early 2010 in the Jubilee Field and as at 21 April 2011, Kosmos alone has lifted 1.9 million barrels from the Jubilee Field. The Saltpond oilfield, which produced a total of 294,430 barrels when it reopened in 2002 to its closing in 2004. Gas flared at Saltpond averaged 2 million cubic feet per day. The Tema Oil Refinery refined all the crude petroleum imported into the country, with the exception of consignments going to the Takoradi thermal powerplant.

text: Petroleum exploration activities have been conducted in Ghana since the late nineteenth century; and commercially sustainable deposits of petroleum or natural gas was discovered in 2008 by Kosmos. The total crude oil found is estimated to be about 6.5 million barrels. Production started in early 2010 in the Jubilee Field and as at 21 April 2011, Kosmos alone has lifted 1.9 million barrels from the Jubilee Field. The

text: Saltpond

text: oilfield, which produced a total of 294,430 barrels when it reopened in 2002 to its closing in 2004. Gas flared at Saltpond averaged 2 million cubic feet per day. The

text: Tema

text: Oil Refinery refined all the crude petroleum imported into the country, with the exception of consignments going to the

text: Takoradi

text: thermal powerplant.

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answers: natural gas

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answers: natural gas

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answers: commercially sustainable deposits

answers: NDQ_005514

answers: natural gas

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: Takoradi thermal powerplant

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: 6.5 million barrels

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: Ghana

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: Kosmos alone has lifted 1.9 million barrels

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: natural gas

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: gas flared

text: There are great differences between the first small suction caissons that were installed for Shell at the Gorm field in the North Sea in 1981 and the large suction caissons that were installed for the Diana platform in the Gulf of Mexico in 1999. The twelve suction caissons on the Gorm field were intended to secure a simple loading buoy device at a depth of 40 metres, while the installation of suction anchors for the Diana platform was a world record in itself at that time, concerning water depth and size of anchors. The height of the Diana suction caissons is 30 metres, their diameter 6.5 metres, and they were installed at a depth of about 1500 m on soft clay deposits. Since then, suction caissons have been installed at even larger depths, but the Diana installation was a technology breakthrough for the 20th century.An important development step for the suction caisson technology emerged from cooperation between the former operator in the North Sea, Saga Petroleum AS, and Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI). Saga Petroleum’s oil-producing Snorre A platform was a tension-leg platform of a type that in other parts of the world would have been founded with up to 90 metres long piles. Unfortunately on the Snorre oil field, it was difficult to use long piles due to the presence of huge pebbles at 60 m depth under the seabed. Saga Petroleum decided therefore to use suction caissons, which were analysed by NGI. These analyses were verified from extensive model tests. The calculations showed that the platform could be safely secured by suction caissons of only 12 m in length. Snorre A started to produce oil in 1992 and is now operated by the Norwegian oil company Statoil.

text: There are great differences between the first small suction caissons that were installed for

text: Shell

text: at the

text: Gorm field

text: in the North Sea in 1981 and the large suction caissons that were installed for the Diana platform in the Gulf of Mexico in 1999. The twelve suction caissons on the Gorm field were intended to secure a simple loading buoy device at a depth of 40 metres, while the installation of suction anchors for the Diana platform was a world record in itself at that time, concerning water depth and size of anchors. The height of the Diana suction caissons is 30 metres, their diameter 6.5 metres, and they were installed at a depth of about 1500 m on soft clay deposits. Since then, suction caissons have been installed at even larger depths, but the Diana installation was a technology breakthrough for the 20th century.An important development step for the suction caisson technology emerged from cooperation between the former operator in the North Sea,

text: Saga Petroleum AS

text: , and

text: Norwegian Geotechnical Institute

text: (NGI). Saga Petroleum’s oil-producing

text: Snorre A platform

text: was a

text: tension-leg platform

text: of a type that in other parts of the world would have been founded with up to 90 metres long piles. Unfortunately on the

text: Snorre oil field

text: , it was difficult to use long piles due to the presence of huge pebbles at 60 m depth under the seabed. Saga Petroleum decided therefore to use suction caissons, which were analysed by NGI. These analyses were verified from extensive model tests. The calculations showed that the platform could be safely secured by suction caissons of only 12 m in length. Snorre A started to produce oil in 1992 and is now operated by the Norwegian oil company

text: Statoil

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text: The population () uses 3.76 Tonne of oil equivalent per person per year, of which 43.7% comes from petroleum and 19% from nuclear power.

text: The population () uses 3.76

text: Tonne of oil equivalent

text: per person per year, of which 43.7% comes from

text: petroleum

text: and 19% from

text: nuclear power

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answers: petroleum

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answers: NDQ_005518

answers: 43.7%

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: oil equivalent

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: climate change

text: Petrotest products are used for the quality control of petroleum products including crude oil, liquefied petroleum gas, motor fuel, aviation fuel, lubricating oil, grease and bitumen.

text: Petrotest products are used for the quality control of petroleum products including crude oil, liquefied petroleum gas, motor fuel, aviation fuel, lubricating oil, grease and bitumen.

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answers: quality control

answers: NDQ_005514

answers: liquefied petroleum gas

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: motor fuel

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: petroleum products

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: Petrotest

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: about one-half as much oil as it uses

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: motor fuel

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: quality control

text: Many man-made chemicals are derived from fossil fuels (such as petroleum or coal) in which C is greatly depleted. CO--or rather, its relative absence—is therefore used to determine the relative contribution (or mixing ratio) of fossil fuel oxidation to the total carbon dioxide in a given region of the Earth's atmosphere.

text: Many man-made chemicals are derived from

text: fossil fuel

text: s (such as

text: petroleum

text: or

text: coal

text: ) in which C is greatly depleted. CO--or rather, its relative absence—is therefore used to determine the relative contribution (or

text: mixing ratio

text: ) of fossil fuel oxidation to the total

text: carbon dioxide

text: in a given region of the Earth's

text: atmosphere

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text: Co-processing is the use of waste as raw material, or as a source of energy, or both to replace natural mineral resources (material recycling) and fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum and gas (energy recovery) in industrial processes, mainly in energy intensive industries (EII) such as cement, lime, steel, glass, and power generation. Waste materials used for Co-processing are referred to as alternative fuels and raw materials (AFR).

text: Co-processing is the use of

text: waste

text: as raw material, or as a source of energy, or both to replace natural mineral resources (material recycling) and fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum and gas (energy recovery) in industrial processes, mainly in energy intensive industries (EII) such as

text: cement

text: lime

text: steel

text: glass

text: , and

text: power generation

text: . Waste materials used for Co-processing are referred to as alternative fuels and raw materials (AFR).

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text: The Chicontepec Basin (Chicontepec Formation) is a petroleum system in Mexico north-east of Mexico City, covering an area of around  in the states of Veracruz, Puebla and Hidalgo.  Several oil fields have been discovered in that area since 1926.  A major field was discovered in 1973 but contains extra heavy crude, which due to special refining needs is considered unviable at this time.  Since that time, tiny amounts of oil have been produced. While the reserves are overwhelmingly extra heavy crude, pockets of lighter tight oil, as well as natural gas, are also found in the basin.

text: The Chicontepec Basin (Chicontepec Formation) is a petroleum system in

text: Mexico

text: north-east of

text: Mexico City

text: , covering an area of around  in the states of

text: Veracruz

text: Puebla

text: and

text: Hidalgo

text: .  Several oil fields have been discovered in that area since 1926.  A major field was discovered in 1973 but contains

text: extra heavy crude

text: , which due to special refining needs is considered unviable at this time.  Since that time, tiny amounts of oil have been produced. While the reserves are overwhelmingly extra heavy crude, pockets of lighter

text: tight oil

text: , as well as

text: natural gas

text: , are also found in the basin.

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answers: natural gas

answers: NDQ_005512

answers: heavy crude

answers: NDQ_005513

answers: contain extra heavy crude

answers: NDQ_005514

answers: natural gas

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answers: special refining

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: extra heavy crude

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: Chicontepec Basin

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: tiny amounts of oil have been produced

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: natural gas

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: natural gas

text: Preem is the largest supplier of petroleum products in Sweden and its two refieneries, Preemraff Göteborg in Gothenburg, and Preemraff Lysekil in Lysekil represent 80 percent of Sweden's refining capacity. The annual capacity of Preemraff Lysekil is around 11 million metric tons of crude oil.

text: Preem

text: is the largest supplier of

text: petroleum product

text: s in

text: Sweden

text: and its two refieneries, Preemraff Göteborg in Gothenburg, and Preemraff Lysekil in

text: Lysekil

text: represent 80 percent of Sweden's refining capacity. The annual capacity of Preemraff Lysekil is around 11 million metric tons of crude oil.

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answers: annual capacity of Preemraff Lysekil

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answers: 11 million metric tons

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: Sweden

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answers: Sweden's refining capacity

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: petroleum products

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: petroleum products

text: The Port Harcourt Refining Company, (abbreviated PHRC), is a Port Harcourt-based oil and gas company primarily specializing in the refining of crude oil into petroleum products. The company is a subsidiary of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC).

text: The Port Harcourt Refining Company, (

text: abbreviated

text: PHRC), is a

text: Port Harcourt

text: -based

text: oil

text: and

text: gas

text: company primarily specializing in the refining of

text: crude oil

text: into

text: petroleum product

text: s. The company is a subsidiary of the

text: Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation

text: (NNPC).

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answers: Petroleum products

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answers: Port Harcourt

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answers: The Port Harcourt Refining Company

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: petroleum products

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: petroleum products

text: Frigerio also promulgated large petroleum exploration and drilling contracts with foreign oil companies.  These gave interested participants a generous share of the profits from such activities, provided these were carried out in conjunction with the Argentine state oil concern, YPF.  As a consequence of investments initiated during the next four years, the profile of a number of sectors in the Argentine economy were revolutionized by the early 1960s:

text: Frigerio also promulgated large

text: petroleum

text: exploration and drilling contracts with foreign oil companies.  These gave interested participants a generous share of the profits from such activities, provided these were carried out in conjunction with the Argentine state oil concern,

text: YPF

text: .  As a consequence of investments initiated during the next four years, the profile of a number of sectors in the Argentine economy were revolutionized by the early 1960s:

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text: In distilling the crude oil, it is important not to subject the crude oil to temperatures above 370 to 380 °C because the high molecular weight components in the crude oil will undergo thermal cracking and form petroleum coke at temperatures above that. Formation of coke would result in plugging the tubes in the furnace that heats the feed stream to the crude oil distillation column. Plugging would also occur in the piping from the furnace to the distillation column as well as in the column itself.

text: In distilling the crude oil, it is important not to subject the crude oil to temperatures above 370 to 380 °C because the high

text: molecular weight

text: components in the crude oil will undergo

text: thermal cracking

text: and form

text: petroleum coke

text: at temperatures above that. Formation of coke would result in plugging the tubes in the

text: furnace

text: that heats the feed stream to the crude oil distillation column. Plugging would also occur in the

text: piping

text: from the furnace to the distillation column as well as in the column itself.

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text: Texas has known petroleum deposits of about , which makes up about one-fourth of the known U.S. reserves. The state's refineries can process  of oil a day. The Baytown Refinery in the Houston area is the largest refinery in America. Texas also leads in natural gas production, producing one-fourth of the nation's supply. Several petroleum companies are based in Texas such as: Anadarko Petroleum Corporation, Conoco-Phillips, Exxon-Mobil, Halliburton, Marathon Oil, Tesoro, and Valero, Western Refining.

text: Texas has known petroleum deposits of about , which makes up about one-fourth of the known U.S. reserves. The state's

text: refineries

text: can process  of oil a day. The

text: Baytown Refinery

text: in the Houston area is the largest refinery in America. Texas also leads in natural gas production, producing one-fourth of the nation's supply. Several

entity_name: List of oil exploration and production companies

text: petroleum companies

text: are based in Texas such as:

text: Anadarko Petroleum Corporation

text: Conoco-Phillips

text: Exxon-Mobil

text: Halliburton

text: Marathon Oil

text: Tesoro

text: , and

text: Valero

text: Western Refining

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answers: Texas has known petroleum deposits of about

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text: Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) is a term used for any mixture of hydrocarbons that are found in crude oil. There are several hundred of these compounds, but not all occur in any one sample. Crude oil is used to make petroleum products which can contaminate the environment. Because there are so many different chemicals in crude oil and in other petroleum products, it is not practical to measure each one separately. However, it is useful to measure the total amount of TPH at a site.  Chemicals that occur in TPH include hexane, benzene, toluene, xylenes, naphthalene, and fluorene, other constituents of gasoline, of jet fuels, of mineral oils, and of other petroleum products. Petroleum Hydrocarbon Ranges are monitored at various levels depending on the state and testing site. TPH is the sum of VPH and EPH. VPH refers to volatile petroleum hydrocarbons (VPH) also known as petrol range organics (PRO) and includes hydrocarbons from C2-C5. Diesel range organics (DRO) includes hydrocarbons from C10-C28.Various methods to analyze the components of TPH are introduced in a Nordic report. The report evaluates critically various new methods replacing the old ones using banned ozone depleting substances.

text: Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) is a term used for any mixture of

text: hydrocarbons

text: that are found in

text: crude oil

text: . There are several hundred of these compounds, but not all occur in any one sample. Crude oil is used to make

text: petroleum

text: products which can

text: contaminate

text: the

text: environment

text: . Because there are so many different chemicals in crude oil and in other petroleum products, it is not practical to measure each one separately. However, it is useful to measure the total amount of TPH at a site.  Chemicals that occur in TPH include

text: hexane

text: benzene

text: toluene

text: xylenes

text: naphthalene

text: , and

text: fluorene

text: , other constituents of

text: gasoline

text: , of

text: jet fuel

text: s, of

text: mineral oil

text: s, and of other petroleum products. Petroleum Hydrocarbon Ranges are monitored at various levels depending on the state and testing site. TPH is the sum of VPH and EPH. VPH refers to volatile petroleum hydrocarbons (VPH) also known as petrol range organics (PRO) and includes hydrocarbons from C2-C5. Diesel range organics (DRO) includes hydrocarbons from C10-C28.Various methods to analyze the components of TPH are introduced in a Nordic report. The report evaluates critically various new methods replacing the old ones using banned

text: ozone depleting substances

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text: The more recent discoveries of coal, petroleum and natural gas are modern extensions of this trend. These fossil fuels are the remnants of ancient plant and animal matter, formed using energy from sunlight and then trapped within Earth for millions of years. Because the stored energy in these fossil fuels has accumulated over many millions of years, they have allowed modern humans to massively increase the production and consumption of primary energy. As the amount of fossil fuel is large but finite, this cannot continue indefinitely, and various theories exist as to what will follow this stage of human civilization (e.g., alternative fuels, Malthusian catastrophe, new urbanism, peak oil).

text: The more recent discoveries of

text: coal

text: petroleum

text: and

text: natural gas

text: are modern extensions of this trend. These

text: fossil fuel

text: s are the remnants of ancient plant and animal matter, formed using energy from sunlight and then trapped within Earth for millions of years. Because the stored energy in these fossil fuels has accumulated over many millions of years, they have allowed modern humans to massively increase the production and consumption of

text: primary energy

text: . As the amount of fossil fuel is large but finite, this cannot continue indefinitely, and various theories exist as to what will follow this stage of human civilization (e.g.,

text: alternative fuels

text: Malthusian catastrophe

text: new urbanism

text: peak oil

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answers: the United States produces about one-half as much oil as it uses

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answers: Malthusian catastrophe

text: An oil field is a region with an abundance of oil wells extracting petroleum (crude oil) from below ground. Because the oil reservoirs typically extend over a large area, possibly several hundred kilometres across, full exploitation entails multiple wells scattered across the area. In addition, there may be exploratory wells probing the edges, pipelines to transport the oil elsewhere, and support facilities.

text: An oil field is a region with an abundance of

text: oil well

text: s extracting

text: petroleum

text: (crude oil) from below ground. Because the

text: oil reservoir

text: s typically extend over a large area, possibly several hundred kilometres across, full exploitation entails multiple wells scattered across the area. In addition, there may be exploratory wells probing the edges, pipelines to transport the oil elsewhere, and support facilities.

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answers: It produces about one-half as much oil as it uses

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answers: transporting the oil elsewhere, and support facilities

text: Another type of solid fuel is nuclear power, which uses uranium ore. The use of fossil fuels has been declining throughout the decades; this brings the issue of creating a source that has zero-carbon. An option for this source that has zero-carbon includes nuclear power. Nature does not provide nuclear power from its origin form so it is extracted from uranium ore. A rock that has a content of more than 0.1% is considered to be workable. A problem with mining uranium ore is that it creates large amounts of waste that contain a lot of radioactive residues and additionally some non-toxic substances. Another problem with using uranium ore is that the earth only has a limited amount of it and if the earth were to switch entirely onto nuclear power, the source would be depleted in a relatively short amount of time. France currently uses nuclear power for the majority of their electricity supply, while countries like Australia, Austria, Denmark, Norway, and Portugal do not use any nuclear power at all.

text: Another type of solid fuel is nuclear power, which uses

text: uranium ore

text: . The use of

text: fossil fuels

text: has been declining throughout the decades; this brings the issue of creating a source that has zero-carbon. An option for this source that has zero-carbon includes nuclear power. Nature does not provide nuclear power from its origin form so it is extracted from uranium ore. A rock that has a content of more than 0.1% is considered to be workable. A problem with mining uranium ore is that it creates large amounts of waste that contain a lot of radioactive residues and additionally some non-toxic substances. Another problem with using uranium ore is that the earth only has a limited amount of it and if the earth were to switch entirely onto nuclear power, the source would be depleted in a relatively short amount of time. France currently uses nuclear power for the majority of their electricity supply, while countries like Australia, Austria, Denmark, Norway, and Portugal do not use any nuclear power at all.

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answers: The use of fossil fuels has been declining throughout the decades

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answers: radioactive residues and additionally some non-toxic substances

text: Better lubrication, such as from petroleum oils, reduced friction losses in mills and factories.  Anti-friction bearings were developed using alloy steels and precision machining techniques available in the last quarter of the 19th century.  Anti-friction bearings were widely used on bicycles by the 1880s.  Bearings began being used on line shafts in the decades before factory electrification and it was the pre-bearing shafts that were largely responsible for their high power losses, which were commonly 25 to 30% and often as much as 50%.

text: Better lubrication, such as from petroleum oils, reduced friction losses in mills and factories.  Anti-friction bearings were developed using alloy steels and precision machining techniques available in the last quarter of the 19th century.  Anti-friction bearings were widely used on bicycles by the 1880s.  Bearings began being used on

text: line shaft

text: s in the decades before factory electrification and it was the pre-bearing shafts that were largely responsible for their high power losses, which were commonly 25 to 30% and often as much as 50%.

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text: The burning of coal and/or petroleum by industry and power plants generates sulfur dioxide (SO) that reacts with atmospheric water and oxygen to produce sulfuric acid (HSO) and sulfurous acid (HSO). These acids are components of acid rain, lowering the pH of soil and freshwater bodies, sometimes resulting in substantial damage to the environment and chemical weathering of statues and structures. Fuel standards increasingly require that fuel producers extract sulfur from fossil fuels to prevent acid rain formation. This extracted and refined sulfur represents a large portion of sulfur production. In coal-fired power plants, flue gases are sometimes purified. More modern power plants that use synthesis gas extract the sulfur before they burn the gas.

text: The burning of

text: coal

text: and/or

text: petroleum

text: by industry and

text: power plants

text: generates sulfur dioxide (SO) that reacts with atmospheric water and oxygen to produce sulfuric acid (HSO) and

text: sulfurous acid

text: (HSO). These acids are components of

text: acid rain

text: , lowering the

text: pH

text: of

text: soil

text: and freshwater bodies, sometimes resulting in substantial damage to the

text: environment

text: and

text: chemical weathering

text: of statues and structures. Fuel standards increasingly require that fuel producers extract sulfur from

text: fossil fuel

text: s to prevent acid rain formation. This extracted and refined sulfur represents a large portion of sulfur production. In coal-fired power plants,

text: flue gases

text: are sometimes purified. More modern power plants that use

text: synthesis gas

text: extract the sulfur before they burn the gas.

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answers: fossil fuels

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answers: extract sulfur from fossil fuels

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answers: The burning of coal

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answers: This extracted and refined sulfur represents a large portion of sulfur production

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answers: substantial damage to the environment and chemical weathering of statues and structures

text: Petroleum or crude oil began to significantly contribute to the Malaysian economy in the 1970s, as new oil rigs and refineries were set up. By 1975, total production of crude oil stood at , most of it produced by Shell. In 1974, the exclusive right to own, explore and exploit petroleum in Malaysia was vested in the government enterprise of Petronas. The following year, Petronas was granted sole rights over the marketing and distribution of all petroleum products and a provision to control other companies without taking an ownership stake in them, through the issuance of management shares to Petronas.

text: Petroleum

text: or

text: crude oil

text: began to significantly contribute to the Malaysian economy in the 1970s, as new

text: oil rigs

text: and

text: refineries

text: were set up. By 1975, total production of crude oil stood at , most of it produced by

text: Shell

text: . In 1974, the exclusive right to own, explore and exploit petroleum in Malaysia was vested in the government enterprise of

text: Petronas

text: . The following year, Petronas was granted sole rights over the marketing and distribution of all petroleum products and a provision to control other companies without taking an ownership stake in them, through the issuance of management shares to Petronas.

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answers: Petroleum

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answers: Malaysia

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answers: By 1975, total production of crude oil stood at

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: oil

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answers: contribute to the Malaysian economy

text: Many African countries are highly and dangerously dependent on mineral exports. Mineral fuels (coal, petroleum) account for more than 90% of the export earnings for Algeria, Equatorial Guinea, Libya, and Nigeria. Minerals account for 80% for Botswana (led by, in order of value, diamond, copper, nickel, soda ash, and gold), Congo (Brazzaville) (petroleum), Congo (Kinshasa) (diamond, petroleum, cobalt, and copper), Gabon (petroleum and manganese), Guinea (bauxite, alumina, gold, and diamond), Sierra Leone (diamond), and Sudan (petroleum and gold). Minerals and mineral fuels accounted for more than 50% of the export earnings of Mali (gold), Mauritania (iron ore), Mozambique (aluminium), Namibia (diamond, uranium, gold, and zinc), and Zambia (copper and cobalt).

text: Many African countries are highly and dangerously dependent on mineral exports. Mineral fuels (coal, petroleum) account for more than 90% of the export earnings for Algeria,

text: Equatorial Guinea

text: , Libya, and Nigeria. Minerals account for 80% for

text: Botswana

text: (led by, in order of value, diamond, copper, nickel, soda ash, and gold),

text: Congo (Brazzaville)

text: (petroleum),

text: Congo (Kinshasa)

text: (diamond, petroleum, cobalt, and copper),

text: Gabon

text: (petroleum and manganese),

text: Guinea

text: (bauxite, alumina, gold, and diamond),

text: Sierra Leone

text: (diamond), and

text: Sudan

text: (petroleum and gold). Minerals and mineral fuels accounted for more than 50% of the export earnings of

text: Mali

text: (gold),

text: Mauritania

text: (iron ore),

text: Mozambique

text: (aluminium),

text: Namibia

text: (diamond, uranium, gold, and zinc), and

text: Zambia

text: (copper and cobalt).

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answers: Petroleum

answers: NDQ_005512

answers: Minerals

answers: NDQ_005513

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_005514

answers: Petroleum

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: Congo (Brazzaville)

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: Petroleum

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: Mozambique

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: Minerals and mineral fuels

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: dangerously dependent

text: National Iranian Oil Refining and Distribution Company (NIORDC) is part of the Ministry of Petroleum of Iran. NIORDC was established on 8 March 1991 and undertook to perform all operations relating to refining and distribution of oil products.

text: National Iranian Oil Refining and Distribution Company (NIORDC) is part of the

text: Ministry of Petroleum of Iran

text: . NIORDC was established on 8 March 1991 and undertook to perform all operations relating to

text: refining

text: and distribution of oil products.

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answers: It produces about one-half as much as it uses

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text: The oil and gas industry is seen as distinct. So, whilst it is true that natural gas is a "gas" used in "industry" - often as a fuel, sometimes as a feedstock, and in this generic sense is an "industrial gas"; this term is not generally used by industrial enterprises for hydrocarbons produced by the petroleum industry directly from natural resources or in an oil refinery. Materials such as LPG and LNG are complex mixtures often without precise chemical composition that often also changes whilst stored.

text: The

text: oil and gas

text: industry is seen as distinct. So, whilst it is true that natural gas is a "gas" used in "industry" - often as a fuel, sometimes as a feedstock, and in this generic sense is an "industrial gas"; this term is not generally used by industrial enterprises for

text: hydrocarbons

text: produced by the

text: petroleum industry

text: directly from

text: natural resources

text: or in an

text: oil refinery

text: . Materials such as LPG and LNG are complex mixtures often without precise chemical composition that often also changes whilst stored.

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answers: often also changes whilst stored

text: The largest industry in Jingmen is petroleum refining. The Jingmen Branch of Sinopec is a main producer of oil products in central China, refining crude oil extracted from Nanyang Oilfield in Henan province and the Jianghan Oilfield in Hubei province.

text: The largest industry in Jingmen is

text: petroleum refining

text: . The Jingmen Branch of

text: Sinopec

text: is a main producer of oil products in central China, refining

text: crude oil

text: extracted from

text: Nanyang

text: Oilfield in

text: Henan

text: province and the Jianghan Oilfield in

text: Hubei

text: province.

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text: A petroleum reservoir or oil and gas reservoir is a subsurface pool of hydrocarbons contained in porous or fractured rock formations. Petroleum reservoirs are broadly classified as conventional and unconventional reservoirs. In case of conventional reservoirs, the naturally occurring hydrocarbons, such as crude oil or natural gas, are trapped by overlying rock formations with lower permeability. While in unconventional reservoirs the rocks have high porosity and low permeability which keeps the hydrocarbons trapped in place, therefore not requiring a cap rock. Reservoirs are found using hydrocarbon exploration methods.

text: A petroleum reservoir or oil and gas reservoir is a subsurface pool of

text: hydrocarbon

text: s contained in

text: porous

text: or fractured

text: rock formation

text: s. Petroleum reservoirs are broadly classified as conventional and

text: unconventional

text: reservoirs. In case of conventional reservoirs, the naturally occurring hydrocarbons, such as

text: crude oil

text: or

text: natural gas

text: , are trapped by overlying rock formations with lower

text: permeability

text: . While in unconventional reservoirs the rocks have high

text: porosity

text: and low permeability which keeps the hydrocarbons trapped in place, therefore not requiring a

text: cap rock

text: . Reservoirs are found using

text: hydrocarbon exploration

text: methods.

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text: :For another use of the term "shale oil", meaning synthetic crude oil derived from oil shale, see shale oilTight oil (also known as shale oil or light tight oil, abbreviated LTO) is petroleum that consists of light crude oil contained in petroleum-bearing formations of low permeability, often shale or tight sandstone. Economic production from tight oil formations requires the same hydraulic fracturing and often uses the same horizontal well technology used in the production of shale gas. It should not be confused with oil shale, which is shale rich in kerogen, or shale oil, which is oil produced from oil shales.  Therefore, the International Energy Agency recommends to use the term "light tight oil" for oil produced from shales or other very low permeability formations, while World Energy Resources 2013 report by the World Energy Council uses the term "tight oil".

text: :For another use of the term "shale oil", meaning synthetic crude oil derived from

text: oil shale

text: , see

text: shale oil

text: Tight oil (also known as shale oil or light tight oil, abbreviated LTO) is petroleum that consists of light

text: crude oil

text: contained in

text: petroleum

text: -bearing formations of low

text: permeability

text: , often

text: shale

text: or tight sandstone. Economic production from tight oil formations requires the same

text: hydraulic fracturing

text: and often uses the same

text: horizontal well

text: technology used in the production of

text: shale gas

text: . It should not be confused with

text: oil shale

text: , which is shale rich in

text: kerogen

text: , or

text: shale oil

text: , which is oil produced from oil shales.  Therefore, the

text: International Energy Agency

text: recommends to use the term "light tight oil" for oil produced from shales or other very low permeability formations, while World Energy Resources 2013 report by the

text: World Energy Council

text: uses the term "tight oil".

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text: (a) regulate fossil fuel activities, i.e. the petroleum industry, which includes but is not limited to petroleum licensing, regulating hydrocarbon exploration, oil and gas well drilling, shale oil extraction, natural gas processing, oil pipeline in British Columbia in a manner that

text: (a) regulate

text: fossil fuel

text: activities, i.e. the

text: petroleum industry

text: , which includes but is not limited to

text: petroleum licensing

text: , regulating

text: hydrocarbon exploration

text: oil and gas well drilling

text: shale oil extraction

text: natural gas processing

text: oil pipeline

text: in British Columbia in a manner that

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answers: the United States produces about one-half as much oil as it uses

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answers: climate change

text: The Australian economy is dependent on imported crude oil and petroleum products, the economy's petroleum import dependency is around 80% – crude oil + petroleum products. Despite that Australian oil exports are very high and comprise a relatively big part of its GDP.

text: The Australian economy is dependent on imported crude oil and petroleum products, the economy's petroleum import dependency is around 80% – crude oil + petroleum products. Despite that Australian oil exports are very high and comprise a relatively big part of its GDP.

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answers: a relatively big part of its GDP

text: Nearly all commercial motor oils contain additives, whether the oils are synthetic or petroleum based. Essentially, only the American Petroleum Institute (API) Service SA motor oils have no additives, and they are therefore incapable of protecting modern engines. The choice of additives is determined by the application, e.g. the oil for a diesel engine with direct injection in a pickup truck (API Service CJ-4) has different additives than the oil used in a small gasoline-powered outboard motor on a boat (2-cycle engine oil).

text: Nearly all commercial

text: motor oil

text: s contain additives, whether the oils are

text: synthetic

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text: petroleum

text: based. Essentially, only the

text: American Petroleum Institute

text: (API) Service SA motor oils have no additives, and they are therefore incapable of protecting modern

text: engine

text: s. The choice of additives is determined by the application, e.g. the oil for a

text: diesel engine

text: with

text: direct injection

text: in a

text: pickup truck

text: (API Service CJ-4) has different additives than the oil used in a small

text: gasoline

text: -powered

text: outboard motor

text: on a boat (2-cycle engine oil).

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answers: The choice of additives is determined by the application

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answers: gasoline

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answers: they are therefore incapable of protecting modern engines

text: The previous year, oil was discovered in Corsicana, Texas by accident when a water-well company encountered the resource while attempting to establish a water source for the city. By 1897, the production was so great that this prompted the mayor of the town to invite Cullinan to advise on the development of the oil production facilities there. The lack of refining facilities often resulted in the dumping of the crude oil. The wasteful and polluting practices of some irresponsible prospectors prompted Texas legislators to enforce regulations on the industry. Cullinan (who was also against this wasteful practice and was a key person in the development of the state's first petroleum-conservation statute) took such an interest in the potential of refining there that he agreed to build a refinery. Using out of state funds for backing, the J. S. Cullinan Company was established which would have a facility online by 1900, processing . His refinery there was the first of its type west of the Mississippi. This company later became part of the Magnolia Petroleum Company.

text: The previous year, oil was discovered in

text: Corsicana, Texas

text: by accident when a water-well company encountered the resource while attempting to establish a water source for the city. By 1897, the production was so great that this prompted the mayor of the town to invite Cullinan to advise on the development of the oil production facilities there. The lack of refining facilities often resulted in the dumping of the crude oil. The wasteful and polluting practices of some irresponsible prospectors prompted Texas legislators to enforce regulations on the industry. Cullinan (who was also against this wasteful practice and was a key person in the development of the state's first petroleum-conservation statute) took such an interest in the potential of refining there that he agreed to build a refinery. Using out of state funds for backing, the J. S. Cullinan Company was established which would have a facility online by 1900, processing . His refinery there was the first of its type west of the

text: Mississippi

text: . This company later became part of the

text: Magnolia Petroleum Company

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answers: It produces about one-half as much as it uses

answers: NDQ_005519

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answers: wasteful and polluting

text: Petroleum refining in the United Kingdom produced around 61 million tonnes of petroleum products in 2015, down 19% from 2011. There are six main petroleum refineries in the UK, in the downstream sector of the UK oil industry.

text: Petroleum refining in the United Kingdom produced around 61 million tonnes of petroleum products in 2015, down 19% from 2011. There are six main

text: petroleum refineries

text: in the UK, in the

text: downstream

text: sector of the

entity_name: Oil and gas industry in the United Kingdom

text: UK oil industry

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answers: Petroleum

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answers: Petroleum refining

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answers: 61 million tonnes

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: United Kingdom

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: United Kingdom

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: petroleum products

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: down 19% from 2011

text: Crude oil found in all oil reservoirs formed in the Earth's crust from the remains of once-living things. Crude oil is properly known as petroleum, and is used as fossil fuel.  Evidence indicates that millions of years of heat and pressure changed the remains of microscopic plant and animal into oil and natural gas.

text: Crude oil

text: found in all oil reservoirs formed in the Earth's

text: crust

text: from the remains of once-living things. Crude oil is properly known as petroleum, and is used as fossil fuel.  Evidence indicates that millions of years of heat and

text: pressure

text: changed the remains of

text: microscopic

text: plant

text: and

text: animal

text: into oil and

text: natural gas

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answers: Crude oil

answers: NDQ_005512

answers: remains of once-living things

answers: NDQ_005513

answers: heat and pressure

answers: NDQ_005514

answers: natural gas

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: petroleum

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: all oil reservoirs

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: Crude oil

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: natural gas

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: fossil fuel

text: In a fossil fuel power plant the chemical energy stored in fossil fuels such as coal, fuel oil, natural gas or oil shale and oxygen of the air is converted successively into thermal energy, mechanical energy and, finally, electrical energy. Each fossil fuel power plant is a complex, custom-designed system. Construction costs, , run to US$1,300 per kilowatt, or $650 million for a 500 MWe unit. Multiple generating units may be built at a single site for more efficient use of land, natural resources and labor. Most thermal power stations in the world use fossil fuel, outnumbering nuclear, geothermal, biomass, or solar thermal plants.

text: In a fossil fuel power plant the chemical energy stored in fossil fuels such as

text: coal

text: fuel oil

text: natural gas

text: or

text: oil shale

text: and

text: oxygen

text: of the

text: air

text: is converted successively into

text: thermal energy

text: mechanical energy

text: and, finally,

text: electrical energy

text: . Each fossil fuel power plant is a complex, custom-designed system. Construction costs, , run to

text: US$

text: 1,300 per

text: kilowatt

text: , or $650 million for a 500

text: MWe

text: unit. Multiple generating units may be built at a single site for more efficient use of

text: land

text: natural resource

text: s and

text: labor

text: . Most

text: thermal power station

text: s in the world use fossil fuel, outnumbering

text: nuclear

text: geothermal

text: biomass

text: , or

text: solar thermal

text: plants.

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answers: NDQ_005514

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answers: NDQ_005515

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answers: NDQ_005516

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answers: NDQ_005517

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answers: NDQ_005518

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answers: NDQ_005519

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answers: NDQ_005520

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005511

answers: fossil fuel power plant

answers: NDQ_005512

answers: fuel oil

answers: NDQ_005513

answers: natural gas

answers: NDQ_005514

answers: fuel oil

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: fuel oil

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: fuel oil

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: nuclear

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: The chemical energy stored in fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: thermal energy

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: Construction costs

text: In the 1820s and 1830s Europe experienced fats and oils shortages due to rapid population expansion during the Industrial Revolution and the after-effects of the British blockade during the Napoleonic Wars. The increased demand for fats and oils, coupled with a decreasing supply caused prices to rise sharply. Consequently, many Europeans could not afford to buy the fats and oils they had used for cooking and for lighting. Many United States entrepreneurs tried to take advantage of the increasing European demand for oils and America’s increasingly large supply of cottonseed by crushing the seed for oil. But separating the seed hull from the seed meat proved difficult and most of these ventures failed within a few years. This problem was resolved in 1857, when William Fee invented a huller, which effectively separated the tough hulls from the meats of cottonseed. With this new invention, cottonseed oil began to be used for illumination purposes in lamps to supplement increasingly expensive whale oil and lard. But by 1859, this use came to end as the petroleum industry emerged.

text: In the 1820s and 1830s Europe experienced fats and oils shortages due to rapid population expansion during the Industrial Revolution and the after-effects of the British blockade during the

text: Napoleonic Wars

text: . The increased demand for fats and oils, coupled with a decreasing supply caused prices to rise sharply. Consequently, many Europeans could not afford to buy the fats and oils they had used for cooking and for lighting. Many United States entrepreneurs tried to take advantage of the increasing European demand for oils and America’s increasingly large supply of cottonseed by crushing the seed for oil. But separating the seed hull from the seed meat proved difficult and most of these ventures failed within a few years. This problem was resolved in 1857, when William Fee invented a huller, which effectively separated the tough hulls from the meats of cottonseed. With this new invention, cottonseed oil began to be used for illumination purposes in lamps to supplement increasingly expensive whale oil and lard. But by 1859, this use came to end as the petroleum industry emerged.

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answers: NDQ_005511

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answers: NDQ_005519

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answers: NDQ_005520

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answers: NDQ_005511

answers: gasoline

answers: NDQ_005512

answers: oils

answers: NDQ_005513

answers: oil

answers: NDQ_005514

answers: hulls

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: lighting

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: cottonseed

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: Europe

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: cottonseed oil

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: petroleum

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: prices to rise sharply

text: In 2014, students from Fossil Free ANU organised the first student-initatied referendum at the ANU and in elections in September more than 82 per cent of students voted in favour of the ANU divesting from fossil fuels in what was the highest turnout in a student election at the university in more than a decade. In October 2014, the ANU Council announced that it would divest from seven companies, two of which, Santos and Oil Search, performed poorly in an independent review undertaken by the Centre for Australian Ethical Research. This decision provoked a month-long controversy with the Australian Financial Review publishing over 53 stories criticising the decision including 12 front pages attacking the ANU, with its editor-in-chief, Michael Stutchbury, prouncing the decision to be as "disingenuous" as banning the burqa. These attacks, which The Canberra Times editorial described as "verging on hysterical" was joined by members of the cabinet of the Abbott Government, with the Treasurer Joe Hockey stating that the ANU Council is "removed from the reality of what is helping to drive the Australian economy and create more employment," Education Minister Christopher Pyne calling it "bizarre" and Prime Minister Tony Abbott calling it "stupid." In response, Louis Klee, an activist from Fossil Free ANU, wrote in The Age that the reaction demonstrated not just "the complicity of state power with the mining industry," but also

text: In 2014, students from Fossil Free ANU organised the first student-initatied referendum at the ANU and in elections in September more than 82 per cent of students voted in favour of the ANU divesting from fossil fuels in what was the highest turnout in a student election at the university in more than a decade. In October 2014, the ANU Council announced that it would divest from seven companies, two of which, Santos and Oil Search, performed poorly in an independent review undertaken by the Centre for Australian Ethical Research. This decision provoked a month-long controversy with the

text: Australian Financial Review

text: publishing over 53 stories criticising the decision including 12 front pages attacking the ANU, with its editor-in-chief, Michael Stutchbury, prouncing the decision to be as "disingenuous" as banning the burqa. These attacks, which

text: The Canberra Times

text: editorial described as "verging on hysterical" was joined by members of the cabinet of the

text: Abbott Government

text: , with the Treasurer

text: Joe Hockey

text: stating that the ANU Council is "removed from the reality of what is helping to drive the Australian economy and create more employment," Education Minister Christopher Pyne calling it "bizarre" and Prime Minister

text: Tony Abbott

text: calling it "stupid." In response, Louis Klee, an activist from Fossil Free ANU, wrote in The Age that the reaction demonstrated not just "the complicity of state power with the mining industry," but also

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answers: 1: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracies.

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answers: The United States produces about one-half as much oil as it uses.

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answers: The Australian Financial Review publishing over 53 stories criticising the decision

text: Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons, primarily coal and petroleum (liquid petroleum or natural gas), formed from the fossilized remains of ancient plants and animals by exposure to high heat and pressure in the absence of oxygen in the Earth's crust over hundreds of millions of years. Commonly, the term fossil fuel also includes hydrocarbon-containing natural resources that are not derived entirely from biological sources, such as tar sands.  These latter sources are properly known as mineral fuels.

text: Fossil fuels are

text: hydrocarbon

text: s, primarily

text: coal

text: and

text: petroleum

text: liquid petroleum

text: or

text: natural gas

text: ), formed from the

text: fossilized remains

text: of ancient plants and animals by exposure to high heat and pressure in the absence of oxygen in the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: crust

text: over hundreds of millions of years. Commonly, the term fossil fuel also includes hydrocarbon-containing

text: natural resource

text: s that are not derived entirely from biological sources, such as

text: tar sands

text: .  These latter sources are properly known as mineral fuels.

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answers: Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons

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answers: exposure to high heat and pressure

text: Possessing substantial oil refining capacities, Romania is particularly interested in the Central Asia-Europe pipelines and seeks to strengthen its relations with some Arab States of the Persian Gulf. With 10 refineries and an overall refining capacity of approximately , Romania has the largest refining industry in the region. Romania's refining capacity far exceeds domestic demand for refined petroleum products, allowing the country to export a wide range of oil products and petrochemicals — such as lubricants, bitumen, and fertilizers — throughout the region.

text: Possessing substantial oil refining capacities, Romania is particularly interested in the Central Asia-Europe pipelines and seeks to strengthen its relations with some

text: Arab States of the Persian Gulf

text: . With 10 refineries and an overall refining capacity of approximately , Romania has the largest refining industry in the region. Romania's refining capacity far exceeds domestic demand for refined petroleum products, allowing the country to export a wide range of oil products and petrochemicals — such as lubricants, bitumen, and fertilizers — throughout the region.

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answers: With 10 refineries and an overall refining capacity of approximately

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answers: oil

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answers: lubricants, bitumen, and fertilizers

text: The North lighthouse is  tall, slightly taller than the south one, and has a focal plane of . It produces a quick white flash every 15 seconds, and was originally lit by a  petroleum vapour burner. Oil was lifted up from a small quay using a sled and winch, and then transported using a small railway (again winch-powered). The remains of this can be still seen, but it was abandoned in 1971 and the lighthouse now uses a discharge bulb fed from the island's main supply. The northern light was modernised in 1991 and converted to solar power, since when the light has been mounted on top of the old fog horn building rather than in the tower.

text: The North lighthouse is  tall, slightly taller than the south one, and has a focal plane of . It produces a quick white flash every 15 seconds, and was originally lit by a  petroleum vapour burner. Oil was lifted up from a small quay using a sled and winch, and then transported using a small railway (again winch-powered). The remains of this can be still seen, but it was abandoned in 1971 and the lighthouse now uses a discharge bulb fed from the island's main supply. The northern light was modernised in 1991 and converted to solar power, since when the light has been mounted on top of the old fog horn building rather than in the tower.

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answers: The northern light

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answers: It produces a quick white flash every 15 seconds

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: petroleum vapour

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answers: The remains of this can be still seen

text: Magnetic bearings are used in several industrial applications such as electrical power generation, petroleum refinement, machine tool operation and natural gas handling.  They are also used in the Zippe-type centrifuge, for uranium enrichment and in turbomolecular pumps, where oil-lubricated bearings would be a source of contamination.

text: Magnetic bearings are used in several industrial applications such as electrical power generation, petroleum refinement, machine tool operation and natural gas handling.  They are also used in the

text: Zippe-type centrifuge

text: , for

text: uranium enrichment

text: and in

text: turbomolecular pump

text: s, where oil-lubricated bearings would be a source of contamination.

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text: Fossil fuels are of great importance because they can be burned (oxidized to carbon dioxide and water), producing significant amounts of energy per unit weight. The use of coal as a fuel predates recorded history. Coal was used to run furnaces for the melting of metal ore. Semi-solid hydrocarbons from seeps were also burned in ancient times, but these materials were mostly used for waterproofing and embalming.

text: Fossil fuels are of great importance because they can be burned (

text: oxidized

text: to

text: carbon dioxide

text: and water), producing significant amounts of energy per unit weight. The use of

text: coal

text: as a fuel predates recorded history. Coal was used to run furnaces for the melting of

text: metal ore

text: . Semi-solid hydrocarbons from seeps were also burned in ancient times, but these materials were mostly used for waterproofing and

text: embalming

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text: The term "oilfield" is also used as a shorthand to refer to the entire petroleum industry. However, it is more accurate to divide the oil industry into three sectors:  upstream (crude production from wells and separation of water from oil), midstream (pipeline and tanker transport of crude) and downstream (refining and marketing of refined products).

text: The term "oilfield" is also used as a shorthand to refer to the entire

text: petroleum industry

text: . However, it is more accurate to divide the oil industry into three sectors:  upstream (crude production from wells and separation of water from oil), midstream (pipeline and tanker transport of crude) and downstream (refining and marketing of refined products).

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text: Refined Petroleum products — consumption:

text: Refined Petroleum products — consumption:

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text: Propene is produced from fossil fuels—petroleum, natural gas, and, to a much lesser extent, coal. Propene is a byproduct of oil refining and natural gas processing. During oil refining, ethylene, propene, and other compounds are produced as a result of cracking larger hydrocarbon molecules to produce hydrocarbons more in demand. A major source of propene is naphtha cracking intended to produce ethylene, but it also results from refinery cracking producing other products.  Propene can be separated by fractional distillation from hydrocarbon mixtures obtained from cracking and other refining processes; refinery-grade propene is about 50 to 70%.

text: Propene is produced from

text: fossil fuels

text: petroleum

text: natural gas

text: , and, to a much lesser extent,

text: coal

text: . Propene is a byproduct of

text: oil refining

text: and

text: natural gas processing

text: . During oil refining,

text: ethylene

text: , propene, and other compounds are produced as a result of

text: cracking

text: larger hydrocarbon molecules to produce hydrocarbons more in demand. A major source of propene is

text: naphtha

text: cracking

text: intended to produce ethylene, but it also results from refinery cracking producing other products.  Propene can be separated by

text: fractional distillation

text: from hydrocarbon mixtures obtained from cracking and other refining processes; refinery-grade propene is about 50 to 70%.

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text: Diesel engines are generally heavier, noisier, and more powerful at lower speeds than gasoline engines. They are also more fuel-efficient in most circumstances and are used in heavy road vehicles, some automobiles (increasingly so for their increased fuel efficiency over gasoline engines), ships, railway locomotives, and light aircraft. Gasoline engines are used in most other road vehicles including most cars, motorcycles, and mopeds. Note that in Europe, sophisticated diesel-engined cars have taken over about 45% of the market since the 1990s. There are also engines that run on hydrogen, methanol, ethanol, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), biodiesel, paraffin and tractor vaporizing oil (TVO).

text: Diesel engine

text: s are generally heavier, noisier, and more powerful at lower speeds than

text: gasoline engine

text: s. They are also more fuel-efficient in most circumstances and are used in heavy road vehicles, some automobiles (increasingly so for their increased

text: fuel efficiency

text: over gasoline engines), ships,

text: railway

text: locomotive

text: s, and light

text: aircraft

text: . Gasoline engines are used in most other road vehicles including most cars,

text: motorcycle

text: s, and

text: moped

text: s. Note that in

text: Europe

text: , sophisticated diesel-engined cars have taken over about 45% of the market since the 1990s. There are also engines that run on

text: hydrogen

text: methanol

text: ethanol

text: liquefied petroleum gas

text: (LPG),

text: biodiesel

text: paraffin

text: and

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text: (TVO).

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answers: heavier, noisier, and more powerful at lower speeds

text: The BP Oil Terminal at Hamble, linked to Fawley by pipeline, provides storage and distribution facilities for crude oil and refined petroleum products. The crude oil arrives by pipeline, and leaves in sea tankers, destined for refineries; refined products reach the terminal by ship and pipeline and are then distributed to customers by road tanker, ship and pipeline. Heathrow Airport is one example of a major customer that is connected to Hamble by direct pipeline.

text: The BP Oil Terminal at

text: Hamble

text: , linked to Fawley by pipeline, provides storage and distribution facilities for crude oil and refined petroleum products. The crude oil arrives by pipeline, and leaves in sea tankers, destined for refineries; refined products reach the terminal by ship and pipeline and are then distributed to customers by road tanker, ship and pipeline. Heathrow Airport is one example of a major customer that is connected to Hamble by direct pipeline.

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answers: The crude oil arrives by pipeline

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answers: climate change

text: Refining is the processing of one complex mixture of hydrocarbons into a number of other complex mixtures of hydrocarbons. Refining is where the job of oil industry stops and that of petrochemical industry starts. The raw materials used in the petrochemistry industry are known as feedstocks. These are obtained from the refinery:naphtha, components of natural gas such as butane, and some of the by-products of oil refining processes, such as ethane and propane. These feedstocks then undergo processing through an operation called cracking.Cracking is defined as the process of breaking down heavy oil molecules into lighter, more valuable fractions. There are two kinds: steam cracking and catalytic cracking. In steam cracking, high temperatures are used. Catalytic cracking is when a catalyst is being used. The plant where these operations are conducted is called a 'cracker'.Once these operations complete, new products are obtained that serve as building blocks of the petrochemical industry: olefins, i.e., mainly ethylene, propylene, and the so-called C4 derivatives, including butadiene—and aromatics, so called because of their distinctive perfumed smell, i.e., mainly benzene, toluene and the xylenes.

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text: Crude oil is the greatest contributing factor when it comes to the price of gasoline. This includes the resources it takes for exploration, to remove it from the ground, and transport it. Between 2004 and 2008, there was an increase in fuel costs due in large part to a worldwide increase in demand for crude oil. Prices leapt from , causing a corresponding increase in gas prices. On the supply side, OPEC (or the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) has a great deal to do with the price of gasoline, both in the United States and around the world. The speculation of oil commodities can also affect the gasoline market.

text: Crude oil

text: is the greatest contributing factor when it comes to the price of gasoline. This includes the resources it takes for exploration, to remove it from the ground, and transport it. Between 2004 and 2008, there was an increase in fuel costs due in large part to a worldwide increase in demand for crude oil. Prices leapt from , causing a corresponding increase in gas prices. On the supply side,

text: OPEC

text: (or the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) has a great deal to do with the price of gasoline, both in the United States and around the world. The speculation of oil commodities can also affect the gasoline market.

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text: OIL is engaged in the business of exploration, development and production of crude oil and natural gas, transportation of crude oil and production of liquid petroleum gas. The company's history spans the discovery of crude oil in the far east of India at Digboi, Assam in 1889 to its present status as a fully integrated upstream petroleum company.

text: OIL is engaged in the business of exploration, development and production of

text: crude oil

text: and natural gas, transportation of crude oil and production of

text: liquid petroleum gas

text: . The company's history spans the discovery of crude oil in the far east of India at

text: Digboi

text: , Assam in 1889 to its present status as a fully integrated upstream petroleum company.

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text: In modern times, many different types of oil, chemicals, and other products are transported in steel drums. In the United States, these commonly have a capacity of 55 US gallons and are referred to as such. They are called 210-litre or 200-kg drums outside the United States. In the United Kingdom and its former dependencies, a 44-imperial gallon drum is used, even though all those countries now officially use the metric system and the drums are filled to 200 litres. Thus, the 42-US-gallon oil barrel is a unit of measure, and is no longer a physical container used to transport crude oil, as most petroleum is moved in pipelines or oil tankers. In the United States, the 55-US-gallon size of barrel as a unit of measure is largely confined to the oil industry, while different sizes of barrel are used in other industries. Nearly all other countries use the metric system. Many oil-producing countries still use the American oil barrel.

text: In modern times, many different types of oil, chemicals, and other products are transported in steel

text: drums

text: . In the United States, these commonly have a capacity of 55

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text: and are referred to as such. They are called 210-litre or 200-kg drums outside the United States. In the United Kingdom and its former dependencies, a 44-

text: imperial gallon

text: drum is used, even though all those countries now officially use the metric system and the drums are filled to 200 litres. Thus, the 42-US-gallon oil barrel is a unit of measure, and is no longer a physical container used to transport crude oil, as most petroleum is moved in

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text: s. In the United States, the 55-US-gallon size of barrel as a unit of measure is largely confined to the oil industry, while different sizes of barrel are used in other industries. Nearly all other countries use the

text: metric system

text: . Many oil-producing countries still use the American oil barrel.

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text: The Sidney Powers Memorial Award  is a gold medal awarded by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists in recognition of distinguished and outstanding contributions to, or achievements in, petroleum geology.

text: The Sidney Powers Memorial Award  is a gold medal awarded by the

entity_name: American Association of Petroleum Geologists

text: American Association of Petroleum Geologists

text: in recognition of distinguished and outstanding contributions to, or achievements in, petroleum geology.

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text: The gas plant is licensed under the WA Petroleum Pipelines Act 1969. Safety and health regulation under this Act is the responsibility of the Department of Mines and Petroleum (DMP), which engaged

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answers: It produces about one-half as much oil as it uses

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: gas

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answers: Safety and health

text: Oil was discovered at the Cat Creek Oil Field on February 18, 1920, at the southeast corner of the county. Petroleum found in the Cat Creek was of high grade and extraction of crude oil started soon. In 1922, the crude oil extracted was 2.2 million barrels.

text: Oil was discovered at the

text: Cat Creek Oil Field

text: on February 18, 1920, at the southeast corner of the county. Petroleum found in the Cat Creek was of high grade and extraction of crude oil started soon. In 1922, the crude oil extracted was 2.2 million barrels.

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answers: Oil

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answers: Oil was discovered

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answers: barrels

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answers: southeast corner of the county

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answers: 2.2 million barrels

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answers: Oil

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answers: 2.2 million barrels

text: Fuel oil, (also known as heavy oil, marine fuel or furnace oil) is a fraction obtained from petroleum distillation, either as a distillate or a residue. Broadly speaking, fuel oil is any liquid fuel that is burned in a furnace or boiler for the generation of heat or used in an engine for the generation of power, except oils having a flash point of approximately  and oils burned in cotton or wool-wick burners. In this sense, diesel is a type of fuel oil. Fuel oil is made of long hydrocarbon chains, particularly alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatics. The term fuel oil is also used in a stricter sense to refer only to the heaviest commercial fuel that can be obtained from crude oil, i.e., heavier than gasoline and naphtha.

text: Fuel oil, (also known as heavy oil, marine fuel or furnace oil) is a

text: fraction

text: obtained from

text: petroleum

text: distillation

text: , either as a distillate or a residue. Broadly speaking, fuel oil is any liquid fuel that is burned in a

text: furnace

text: or

text: boiler

text: for the generation of heat or used in an

text: engine

text: for the generation of power, except oils having a

text: flash point

text: of approximately  and oils burned in cotton or wool-wick burners. In this sense,

text: diesel

text: is a type of fuel oil. Fuel oil is made of long

text: hydrocarbon

text: chains, particularly

text: alkane

text: s,

text: cycloalkane

text: s and

text: aromatic

text: s. The term fuel oil is also used in a stricter sense to refer only to the heaviest commercial fuel that can be obtained from

text: crude oil

text: , i.e., heavier than

text: gasoline

text: and

text: naphtha

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answers: used in an engine for the generation of power

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answers: alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatics

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answers: crude oil

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answers: Fuel oil

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: gasoline and naphtha

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: can be obtained from

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: cotton or wool-wick burners

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: It produces about one-half as much as it uses

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: Fuel oil

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: Fuel oil is made of long hydrocarbon chains, particularly alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatics

text: Crescent Petroleum began its activities in the early 1970s and is the first regional, independent, privately owned Middle Eastern petroleum company to engage in the acquisition, exploration and development of petroleum concessions; and the production and sale of crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas. Together, Crescent Petroleum and Dana Gas have invested over $1bn in the oil and gas sector in Iraq's Kurdistan region, producing over 340 million cubic feet of gas and 15,000 barrels of condensate per day, enabling almost continuous electricity in the main cities in Iraq's Kurdistan region.

text: Crescent Petroleum began its activities in the early 1970s and is the first regional, independent, privately owned Middle Eastern petroleum company to engage in the acquisition, exploration and development of petroleum concessions; and the production and sale of crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas. Together, Crescent Petroleum and Dana Gas have invested over $1bn in the oil and gas sector in Iraq's Kurdistan region, producing over 340 million cubic feet of gas and 15,000 barrels of condensate per day, enabling almost continuous electricity in the main cities in Iraq's Kurdistan region.

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text: In addition, there is no consensus on what sort of value to give the rest of the corn (such as the stalk), commonly known as the 'coproduct.'  Some studies leave it on the field to protect the soil from erosion and to add organic matter, while others take and burn the coproduct to power the ethanol plant, but do not address the resulting soil erosion (which would require energy in the form of fertilizer to replace).  Depending on the ethanol study you read, net energy returns vary from .7-1.5 units of ethanol per unit of fossil fuel energy consumed.  For comparison, that same one unit of fossil fuel invested in oil and gas extraction (in the lower 48 States) will yield 15 units of gasoline, a yield an order of magnitude better than current ethanol production technologies, ignoring the energy quality arguments above and the fact that the gain (14 units) is both declining and not carbon neutral.

text: In addition, there is no consensus on what sort of value to give the rest of the corn (such as the stalk), commonly known as the 'coproduct.'  Some studies leave it on the field to protect the soil from erosion and to add organic matter, while others take and burn the coproduct to power the ethanol plant, but do not address the resulting soil erosion (which would require energy in the form of fertilizer to replace).  Depending on the ethanol study you read, net energy returns vary from .7-1.5 units of ethanol per unit of fossil fuel energy consumed.  For comparison, that same one unit of fossil fuel invested in oil and gas extraction (in the lower 48 States) will yield 15 units of gasoline, a yield an order of magnitude better than current ethanol production technologies, ignoring the energy quality arguments above and the fact that the gain (14 units) is both declining and not carbon neutral.

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text: Analysis of the samples collected from the mounds suggest that they required several decades, even centuries, to build up their current bulk, and that the volcanoes last erupted around 35,000 years ago. In addition they may account for a mysterious spike in oceanic methane concentrations around 35,000 years ago. Methane forms naturally alongside the petroleum underneath the structure, and while petroleum flows have long abated, some residual methane continues to bubble up. This burst of methane would have caused a rapid increase in the population of methane-eating bacteria, which in turn caused a decrease in oxygen in the water, possibly causing a dead zone, in addition to the large amounts of crude oil released into the environment.

text: Analysis of the samples collected from the mounds suggest that they required several decades, even centuries, to build up their current bulk, and that the volcanoes last erupted around 35,000 years ago. In addition they may account for a mysterious spike in oceanic

text: methane

text: concentrations around 35,000 years ago. Methane forms naturally alongside the petroleum underneath the structure, and while petroleum flows have long abated, some residual methane continues to bubble up. This burst of methane would have caused a rapid increase in the population of methane-eating bacteria, which in turn caused a decrease in oxygen in the water, possibly causing a

text: dead zone

text: , in addition to the large amounts of crude oil released into the environment.

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text: In 1852, the lighthouse board established and published first Light List and Notice to Mariners. In 1854, Andrew Furuseth was born in Norway, and Western river engineers form a "fraternal organization" that is a precursor to the Marine Engineers' Beneficial Association. Also, Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry established trade relations with Japan with the signing of the Convention of Kanagawa. In 1857, New Bedford had 329 registered whaling ships. The discovery of petroleum in Titusville, Pennsylvania, on August 27, 1859, by Edwin L. Drake was the beginning of the end of commercial whaling in the United States as kerosene, distilled from crude oil, replaced whale oil in lamps. Later, electricity gradually replaced oil lamps, and by the 1920s, the demand for whale oil had disappeared entirely.

text: In 1852, the lighthouse board established and published first

text: Light List

text: and

text: Notice to Mariners

text: . In 1854,

text: Andrew Furuseth

text: was born in Norway, and Western river engineers form a "fraternal organization" that is a precursor to the

entity_name: Marine Engineers' Beneficial Association

text: Marine Engineers' Beneficial Association

text: . Also, Commodore

text: Matthew Calbraith Perry

text: established trade relations with Japan with the signing of the

text: Convention of Kanagawa

text: . In 1857, New Bedford had 329 registered

text: whaling

text: ships. The discovery of

text: petroleum

text: in

text: Titusville

text: Pennsylvania

text: , on August 27, 1859, by

text: Edwin L. Drake

text: was the beginning of the end of commercial whaling in the United States as

text: kerosene

text: , distilled from crude oil, replaced whale oil in lamps. Later, electricity gradually replaced oil lamps, and by the 1920s, the demand for whale oil had disappeared entirely.

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answers: the demand for whale oil had disappeared entirely

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answers: oil lamps

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answers: electricity gradually replaced oil lamps

text: Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) is a catalytic chemical process widely used to remove sulfur (S) from natural gas and from refined petroleum products, such as gasoline or petrol, jet fuel, kerosene, diesel fuel, and fuel oils.  The purpose of removing the sulfur, and creating products such as ultra-low-sulfur diesel, is to reduce the sulfur dioxide () emissions that result from using those fuels in automotive vehicles, aircraft, railroad locomotives, ships, gas or oil burning power plants, residential and industrial furnaces, and other forms of fuel combustion.

text: Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) is a

text: catalytic

text: chemical process widely used to remove

text: sulfur

text: (S) from

text: natural gas

text: and from

text: refined petroleum products

text: , such as

text: gasoline or petrol

text: jet fuel

text: kerosene

text: diesel fuel

text: , and

text: fuel oil

text: s.  The purpose of removing the sulfur, and creating products such as

text: ultra-low-sulfur diesel

text: , is to reduce the

text: sulfur dioxide

text: () emissions that result from using those fuels in automotive

text: vehicles

text: aircraft

text: , railroad

text: locomotives

text: ships

text: , gas or oil burning

text: power plants

text: , residential and industrial

text: furnaces

text: , and other forms of fuel

text: combustion

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text: The drop in oil price, and the increased production from new fields, put a damper on speculation that the US was about to run out of oil. Oil shale could not economically compete with petroleum priced below US$2 per barrel, especially given that the productive shale areas were far from major petroleum markets. Cheap petroleum prices had driven oil shale out of business.

text: The drop in oil price, and the increased production from new fields, put a damper on speculation that the US was about to run out of oil. Oil shale could not economically compete with petroleum priced below US$2 per barrel, especially given that the productive shale areas were far from major petroleum markets. Cheap petroleum prices had driven oil shale out of business.

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text: In 1956 Flanigen began working on molecular sieves. Molecular sieves are crystal compounds with molecular sized pores that can filter or separate very complex substances. Edith Flanigen is best known as the inventor of zeolite Y, a specific molecular sieve. Zeolite Y was a certain type of molecular sieve that could refine petroleum. Zeolite Y surpassed Zeolite X before it. When refining "crude oil", or petroleum, it must be separated into all of its different parts, or fractions. Gasoline is one of the many fractions that come from refining petroleum. Flanigen's zeolites are used as catalysts, or a substance that enhances chemical reactions. Zeolite Y is a catalyst that enhances the amount of gasoline fractioned from petroleum, making refining petroleum safer and more productive.

text: In 1956 Flanigen began working on

text: molecular sieves

text: Molecular sieves

text: are crystal compounds with molecular sized pores that can filter or separate very complex substances. Edith Flanigen is best known as the inventor of

text: zeolite Y

text: , a specific molecular sieve.

text: Zeolite Y

text: was a certain type of molecular sieve that could refine petroleum.

text: Zeolite Y

text: surpassed

text: Zeolite X

text: before it. When refining "

text: crude oil

text: ", or petroleum, it must be separated into all of its different parts, or

text: fractions

text: . Gasoline is one of the many fractions that come from

text: refining petroleum

text: . Flanigen's

text: zeolites

text: are used as

text: catalysts

text: , or a substance that enhances chemical reactions.

text: Zeolite Y

text: is a catalyst that enhances the amount of gasoline fractioned from petroleum, making refining petroleum safer and more productive.

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answers: gasoline is one of the many fractions that come from refining petroleum

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answers: complex substances

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answers: separate into all of its different parts

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answers: Zeolite Y

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answers: Gasoline

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: safer and more productive

text: Petroleum or crude oil is a naturally occurring, flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights, and other organic compounds, that are found in geologic formations beneath the Earth's surface. Because most hydrocarbons are lighter than rock or water, they often migrate upward and occasionally laterally through adjacent rock layers until either reaching the surface or becoming trapped within porous rocks (known as reservoirs) by impermeable rocks above. When hydrocarbons are concentrated in a trap, an oil field forms, from which the liquid can be extracted by drilling and pumping. The down hole pressure in the rock structures changes depending upon the depth and the characteristic of the source rock. Natural gas (mostly methane) may be present also, usually above the oil within the reservoir, but sometimes dissolved in the oil at reservoir pressure and temperature.  This dissolved gas often evolves as free gas as the pressure is reduced either under controlled production operations or in a kick or in an uncontrolled blowout.  The hydrocarbon in some reservoirs may be essentially all natural gas.

text: Petroleum

text: or crude oil is a naturally occurring, flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of

text: hydrocarbons

text: of various molecular weights, and other organic compounds, that are found in

text: geologic formation

text: s beneath the Earth's surface. Because most hydrocarbons are lighter than rock or water, they often migrate upward and occasionally laterally through adjacent rock layers until either reaching the surface or becoming trapped within porous rocks (known as reservoirs) by impermeable rocks above. When hydrocarbons are concentrated in a trap, an oil field forms, from which the liquid can be extracted by drilling and pumping. The down hole pressure in the rock structures changes depending upon the depth and the characteristic of the

text: source rock

text: Natural gas

text: (mostly

text: methane

text: ) may be present also, usually above the oil within the reservoir, but sometimes dissolved in the oil at reservoir pressure and temperature.  This dissolved gas often evolves as free gas as the pressure is reduced either under controlled production operations or in a kick or in an uncontrolled blowout.  The hydrocarbon in some reservoirs may be essentially all natural gas.

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answers: Petroleum or crude oil

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answers: hydrocarbons

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answers: hydrocarbons are concentrated

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answers: drilling and pumping

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answers: Petroleum

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answers: natural gas

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: Natural gas

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answers: kick or in an uncontrolled blowout

text: Another major factor in petroleum demand is the widespread use of petroleum products such as plastic.  These could be partially replaced by bioplastics, which are derived from renewable plant feedstocks such as vegetable oil, corn starch, hemp plants, pea starch, or microbiota. They are used either as a direct replacement for traditional plastics or as blends with traditional plastics. The most common end use market is for packaging materials. Japan has also been a pioneer in bioplastics, incorporating them into electronics and automobiles.

text: Another major factor in petroleum demand is the widespread use of petroleum products such as

text: plastic

text: .  These could be partially replaced by bioplastics, which are derived from renewable plant feedstocks such as vegetable oil,

text: corn starch

text: , hemp plants, pea starch, or

text: microbiota

text: . They are used either as a direct replacement for traditional plastics or as blends with traditional plastics. The most common end use market is for packaging materials. Japan has also been a pioneer in bioplastics, incorporating them into electronics and automobiles.

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answers: NDQ_005520

answers: petroleum products such as plastic

text: Canada's oil sands for example are landlocked and it is crucial to the petroleum industry that transportation of petroleum products keep pace with production. Currently landlocked Canadian oil sands petroleum products suffer huge losses on price differentials. Until Canadian crude oil, Western Canadian Select, accesses international prices like LLS or Maya crude oil by getting to tidewater (south to the US Gulf ports via Keystone XL for example, west to the BC Pacific coast via the proposed Northern Gateway line to ports at Kitimat, BC or north via the northern hamlet of Tuktoyaktuk, near the Beaufort Sea., the Alberta government (and to some extent, the Canadian government) loses from $4 billion to $30 billion  in tax and royalty revenues, because the primary product of the oil sands, Western Canadian Select (WCS), the bitumen crude oil basket, is discounted so heavily against West Texas Intermediate (WTI) while Maya crude oil, a similar product close to tidewater, is reaching peak prices. Calgary-based Canada West Foundation warned in April 2013, that Alberta is "running up against a [pipeline capacity] wall around 2016, when we will have barrels of oil we can’t move."

text: Canada's oil sands for example are landlocked and it is crucial to the petroleum industry that transportation of petroleum products keep pace with production. Currently landlocked Canadian oil sands petroleum products suffer huge losses on price differentials. Until Canadian crude oil,

text: Western Canadian Select

text: , accesses international prices like LLS or Maya crude oil by

text: getting to tidewater

text: (south to the US Gulf ports via

text: Keystone XL

text: for example, west to the BC Pacific coast via the proposed Northern Gateway line to ports at

text: Kitimat

text: , BC or north via the northern hamlet of

text: Tuktoyaktuk

text: , near the

text: Beaufort Sea

text: ., the Alberta government (and to some extent, the Canadian government) loses from $4 billion to $30 billion  in tax and royalty revenues, because the primary product of the oil sands, Western Canadian Select (WCS), the bitumen crude oil basket, is discounted so heavily against

text: West Texas Intermediate

text: (WTI) while

text: Maya crude oil

text: , a similar product close to tidewater, is reaching peak prices. Calgary-based

text: Canada West Foundation

text: warned in April 2013, that Alberta is "running up against a [pipeline capacity] wall around 2016, when we will have barrels of oil we can’t move."

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answers: petroleum

answers: NDQ_005512

answers: bitumen

answers: NDQ_005513

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answers: NDQ_005514

answers: bitumen

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: Keystone XL

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: Western Canadian Select

answers: NDQ_005517

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answers: NDQ_005518

answers: The United States produces about one-half as much oil as it uses

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: oil

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: Alberta government (and to some extent, the Canadian government) losses from $4 billion to $30 billion in tax and royalty revenues

text: Most motor oils are made from a heavier, thicker petroleum hydrocarbon base stock derived from crude oil, with additives to improve certain properties. The bulk of a typical motor oil consists of hydrocarbons with between 18 and 34 carbon atoms per molecule. One of the most important properties of motor oil in maintaining a lubricating film between moving parts is its viscosity. The viscosity of a liquid can be thought of as its "thickness" or a measure of its resistance to flow. The viscosity must be high enough to maintain a lubricating film, but low enough that the oil can flow around the engine parts under all conditions. The viscosity index is a measure of how much the oil's viscosity changes as temperature changes. A higher viscosity index indicates the viscosity changes less with temperature than a lower viscosity index.

text: Most motor oils are made from a heavier, thicker

text: petroleum

text: hydrocarbon

text: base stock derived from

text: crude oil

text: , with additives to improve certain properties. The bulk of a typical motor oil consists of

text: hydrocarbon

text: s with between 18 and 34

text: carbon

text: atom

text: s per

text: molecule

text: . One of the most important properties of motor oil in maintaining a lubricating film between moving parts is its

text: viscosity

text: . The viscosity of a liquid can be thought of as its "thickness" or a measure of its resistance to flow. The viscosity must be high enough to maintain a lubricating film, but low enough that the oil can flow around the engine parts under all conditions. The

text: viscosity index

text: is a measure of how much the oil's viscosity changes as temperature changes. A higher viscosity index indicates the viscosity changes less with temperature than a lower viscosity index.

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answers: The bulk of a typical motor oil consists of hydrocarbons with between 18 and 34 carbon atoms per molecule

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answers: A higher viscosity index indicates the viscosity changes less with temperature

text: There are two refineries in British Columbia with a combined refining capacity of 67,000 b/d. Those refineries utilize domestically produced crude that travels from Edmonton to Vancouver via Kinder Morgan’s 300,000 b/d Trans Mountain pipeline. The only petroleum pipeline that crosses the Rocky Mountains, the Trans Mountain is also the only North American line capable of moving both crude and refined product. Edmonton refiners supply 50 to 60 percent of product consumed in the greater Vancouver, B.C. market with the remainder sourced from the 55,000 b/d Burnaby refinery in Vancouver. Washington's refineries provide the marginal refined product after refiners in British Columbia and Alberta, acting as a supply cushion to cover shut-in capacity or demand fluctuations. Canada is a net exporter of refined product with 92 percent of those exports consumed in the U.S.

text: There are two refineries in British Columbia with a combined refining capacity of 67,000 b/d. Those refineries utilize domestically produced crude that travels from Edmonton to Vancouver via Kinder Morgan’s 300,000 b/d Trans Mountain pipeline. The only petroleum pipeline that crosses the Rocky Mountains, the Trans Mountain is also the only North American line capable of moving both crude and refined product. Edmonton refiners supply 50 to 60 percent of product consumed in the greater Vancouver, B.C. market with the remainder sourced from the 55,000 b/d Burnaby refinery in Vancouver. Washington's refineries provide the marginal refined product after refiners in British Columbia and Alberta, acting as a supply cushion to cover shut-in capacity or demand fluctuations. Canada is a net exporter of refined product with 92 percent of those exports consumed in the U.S.

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answers: Crude

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answers: two refineries in British Columbia

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answers: Washington

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answers: oil spills

text: Industrial agriculture also produces undesirable environmental effects. Large scale growing operations of commodity crops rely on the use of chemical pesticides and synthetic fertilizers. Modified corn is a greedy plant that consumes more fertilizer that any other crop. Without either of these, the soil alone could not have supported the large number of hybrid corn plants that helped America’s food industry explode. The production of both synthetic pesticides and fertilizers requires the use of natural gas and petroleum. Currently, it is relatively inexpensive to produce fertilizers and pesticides in this fashion, since the product is efficient and can be produced in huge quantities. Petrochemical fertilizers are preferred over sustainable options (manure) for these reasons. Fossil fuels are also crucial for transportation of product, manufacturing, and for running tractors and harvesting equipment. It is estimated that every bushel of corn requires the equivalent of between one quarter and one third of a U.S. gallon of petroleum to grow (37 to 50 liters per metric ton). For every acre of corn, about 50 U.S. gallons of petroleum are needed (470 L/ha). The use of fossil fuel in farming is standard; without this relatively affordable and convenient fuel source aiding in the fertilization, pest resistance, harvesting and manufacturing corn crops would not meet a high enough yield to satisfy the needs of the farmer or the demands of the consumer.

text: Industrial agriculture also produces undesirable environmental effects. Large scale growing operations of commodity crops rely on the use of chemical pesticides and synthetic

text: fertilizers

text: . Modified corn is a greedy plant that consumes more fertilizer that any other crop. Without either of these, the soil alone could not have supported the large number of

text: hybrid

text: corn plants that helped America’s food industry explode. The production of both synthetic

text: pesticides

text: and fertilizers requires the use of

text: natural gas

text: and

text: petroleum

text: . Currently, it is relatively inexpensive to produce fertilizers and pesticides in this fashion, since the product is efficient and can be produced in huge quantities. Petrochemical fertilizers are preferred over sustainable options (

text: manure

text: ) for these reasons. Fossil fuels are also crucial for transportation of product, manufacturing, and for running tractors and harvesting equipment. It is estimated that every bushel of corn requires the equivalent of between one quarter and one third of a U.S. gallon of petroleum to grow (37 to 50 liters per metric ton). For every acre of corn, about 50 U.S. gallons of petroleum are needed (470 L/ha). The use of fossil fuel in farming is standard; without this relatively affordable and convenient fuel source aiding in the fertilization, pest resistance, harvesting and manufacturing corn crops would not meet a high enough yield to satisfy the needs of the farmer or the demands of the

text: consumer

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answers: Petroleum

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answers: fossil fuel

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answers: natural gas and petroleum

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answers: petroleum

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answers: fertilizers

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answers: petroleum

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answers: Midwest

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answers: For every acre of corn, about 50 U.S. gallons of petroleum are needed

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: environmental effects

text: Soon, after the formation of the Oil and Natural Gas Directorate, it became apparent that it would not be possible for the Directorate with its limited financial and administrative powers as subordinate office of the Government, to function efficiently. So in August, 1956, the Directorate was raised to the status of a commission with enhanced powers, although it continued to be under the government. In October 1959, the Commission was converted into a statutory body by an act of the Indian Parliament, which enhanced powers of the commission further. The main functions of the Oil and Natural Gas Commission subject to the provisions of the Act, were "to plan, promote, organize and implement programs for development of Petroleum Resources and the production and sale of petroleum and petroleum products produced by it, and to perform such other functions as the Central Government may, from time to time, assign to it ". The act further outlined the activities and steps to be taken by ONGC in fulfilling its mandate.

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text: The problem with oil and the wealth it generates is that the states' rulers have the wealth to remain in power, as they can pay off or repress most potential opponents. Brian Whitaker argues that as there is no need for taxation there is less pressure for representation. Furthermore, Western governments require a stable source of oil and are therefore more prone to maintain the status quo, rather than push for reforms which may lead to periods of instability. This can be linked into political economy explanations for the occurrence of authoritarian regimes and lack of democracy in the Middle East, particularly the prevalence of rentier states in the Middle East. A consequence of the lack of taxation that Whitaker talks of in such rentier economies is an inactive civil society. As civil society is seen to be an integral part of democracy it raises doubts over the feasibility of democracy developing in the Middle East in such situations.

text: The problem with

text: oil

text: and the wealth it generates is that the states' rulers have the wealth to remain in power, as they can pay off or repress most potential opponents. Brian Whitaker argues that as there is no need for taxation there is less pressure for representation. Furthermore, Western governments require a stable source of oil and are therefore more prone to maintain the status quo, rather than push for reforms which may lead to periods of instability. This can be linked into

text: political economy

text: explanations for the occurrence of

text: authoritarian

text: regimes and lack of democracy in the Middle East, particularly the prevalence of

text: rentier state

text: s in the Middle East. A consequence of the lack of taxation that Whitaker talks of in such rentier economies is an inactive

text: civil society

text: . As civil society is seen to be an integral part of democracy it raises doubts over the feasibility of democracy developing in the Middle East in such situations.

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text: To extract the oil, the seeds are roasted, then mashed, and the oil extracted. The oil serves several purposes, and can be used to soften leather, oiling bowstrings, or as a general ointment. Alternatively, the oil can be used cosmetically for the hair or for the skin to soothe chafing. The oil can also be used as fuel for lamps.

text: To extract the oil, the seeds are roasted, then mashed, and the oil extracted. The oil serves several purposes, and can be used to soften leather, oiling bowstrings, or as a general

text: ointment

text: . Alternatively, the oil can be used cosmetically for the hair or for the skin to soothe

text: chafing

text: . The oil can also be used as fuel for lamps.

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text: Refined Petroleum products — exports:

text: Refined Petroleum products — exports:

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text: The petroleum industry is usually divided into three major components: upstream, midstream and downstream. The midstream sector involves the transportation (by pipeline, rail, barge, oil tanker or truck), storage, and wholesale marketing of crude or refined petroleum products. Pipelines and other transport systems can be used to move crude oil from production sites to refineries and deliver the various refined products to downstream distributors. Natural gas pipeline networks aggregate gas from natural gas purification plants and deliver it to downstream customers, such as local utilities.

text: The

text: petroleum industry

text: is usually divided into three major components:

text: upstream

text: , midstream and

text: downstream

text: . The midstream sector involves the transportation (by

text: pipeline

text: , rail, barge,

text: oil tanker

text: or truck), storage, and wholesale marketing of crude or refined petroleum products. Pipelines and other transport systems can be used to move crude oil from production sites to

text: refineries

text: and deliver the various refined products to downstream distributors. Natural gas pipeline networks aggregate gas from

text: natural gas purification

text: plants and deliver it to downstream customers, such as local utilities.

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text: As a consequence, OMV Petrom has a de facto monopoly on the oil production of Romania. Moreover, the state did not impose price controlling clauses in the privatization contract, so that Romanian-produced petroleum is sold in Romania at the same price as imported petroleum.

text: As a consequence, OMV Petrom has a de facto monopoly on the oil production of Romania. Moreover, the state did not impose price controlling clauses in the privatization contract, so that Romanian-produced petroleum is sold in Romania at the same price as imported petroleum.

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text: Several oil companies explored for petroleum since 1992 in the Djado plateau in north-eastern Niger and the Agadem basin, north of Lake Chad but made no discoveries worth developing at the time. In June 2007, however, China National Petroleum Corporation (state-owned by the People's Republic of China) signed a US$5 billion agreement to extract oil in the Agadem block, as well as build a  per day oil refinery and a 2,000 km oil pipeline in the country; production is expected to start in 2009.

text: Several oil companies explored for petroleum since 1992 in the Djado plateau in north-eastern Niger and the Agadem basin, north of Lake Chad but made no discoveries worth developing at the time. In June 2007, however,

text: China National Petroleum Corporation

text: (state-owned by the People's Republic of China) signed a

text: US$

text: 5 billion agreement to extract oil in the Agadem block, as well as build a  per day

text: oil refinery

text: and a 2,000 km

text: oil pipeline

text: in the country; production is expected to start in 2009.

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answers: China National Petroleum Corporation

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answers: oil pipeline

text: Comprehensive analysis of the production from the majority of the world's giant oil fields has shown their enormous importance for global oil production. For instance, the 20 largest oil fields in the world alone account for roughly 25% of the total oil production. The majority of the world's giants are already in decline and this will have dramatic consequences for future oil supply.

text: Comprehensive analysis of the production from the majority of the world's giant oil fields has shown their enormous importance for global oil production. For instance, the 20 largest oil fields in the world alone account for roughly 25% of the total oil production. The majority of the world's giants are already in decline and this will have dramatic consequences for future oil supply.

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answers: NDQ_005514

answers: 20 largest oil fields

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: the 20 largest oil fields in the world

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: 25 of the total oil production

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: world's giant oil fields

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: 25% of the total oil production

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: oil

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: dramatic consequences

text: This spinning reserve is a significant expense to the power utilities as often fuel must be burned or potential power sales lost to maintain it. The kind of generation used for fast response is usually fossil fuel powered which produces emissions of between 0.48 and 1.3 tonnes of CO equivalent for every megawatt hour (MWh) generated. Thus a significant environmental burden, in the form of increased greenhouse gas emissions, is associated with this imbalance.

text: This

text: spinning reserve

text: is a significant expense to the power utilities as often

text: fuel

text: must be burned or potential power sales lost to maintain it. The kind of generation used for fast response is usually

text: fossil fuel

text: powered which produces emissions of between 0.48 and 1.3 tonnes of CO equivalent for every

text: megawatt hour

text: (MWh) generated. Thus a significant environmental burden, in the form of increased

text: greenhouse gas

text: emissions, is associated with this imbalance.

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text: All of Chad's power plants are thermal. The two at N'Djamena provide most of the national output. As of 2002, only around 2 percent of the households in Chad had access to electricity and the majority of the country's population must rely upon wood for fuel. Production of electricity rose from about 31 GWh in 1968 to 92 GWh in 2000, and 101 GWh in 2002, all generated by fossil fuels. In 2002, consumption of electricity in Chad totalled 94 GWh. Installed capacity in 2002 was 29 MW.

text: All of Chad's power plants are

text: thermal

text: . The two at N'Djamena provide most of the national output. As of 2002, only around 2 percent of the households in Chad had access to electricity and the majority of the country's population must rely upon

text: wood

text: for fuel. Production of

text: electricity

text: rose from about 31 GWh in 1968 to 92 GWh in 2000, and 101 GWh in 2002, all generated by

text: fossil fuel

text: s. In 2002, consumption of electricity in Chad totalled 94 GWh. Installed capacity in 2002 was 29 MW.

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answers: The United States produces about one-half as much oil as it uses

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answers: the majority of the country's population must rely upon wood for fuel

text: Natural gas that comes from crude oil wells is typically called associated gas. This gas can have existed as a gas cap above the crude oil in the underground formation, or could have been dissolved in the crude oil.

text: Natural gas that comes from crude oil wells is typically called associated gas. This gas can have existed as a gas cap above the crude oil in the underground formation, or could have been dissolved in the crude oil.

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text: During the presidency of revolutionary general Lázaro Cárdenas del Río, the controversy over petroleum again flared. Standard Oil had major investments in Mexico and a dispute between the oil workers and the company was to be resolved via the Mexican court system. The dispute, however, escalated, and on March 18, 1938, President Cárdenas used constitutional powers to expropriate foreign oil interests in Mexico and created the government-owned Petroleos Mexicanos or PEMEX.  Although the United States had had a long history of interventions in Latin America, the expropriation did not result in that.  U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt was implementing the Good Neighbor Policy, in which the U.S. eschewed the role of intervention and courted better relations with the region, which would be vital if another major conflict broke out in Europe. However, with the Great Depression, the United States implemented a program of expelling Mexicans from the U.S. in what was known as Mexican Repatriation.

text: During the presidency of revolutionary general

text: Lázaro Cárdenas del Río

text: , the controversy over petroleum again flared.

text: Standard Oil

text: had major investments in Mexico and a dispute between the oil workers and the company was to be resolved via the Mexican court system. The dispute, however, escalated, and on March 18, 1938, President Cárdenas used constitutional powers to expropriate foreign oil interests in Mexico and created the government-owned Petroleos Mexicanos or

text: PEMEX

text: .  Although the United States had had a long history of interventions in Latin America, the expropriation did not result in that.  U.S. President

text: Franklin Delano Roosevelt

text: was implementing the

text: Good Neighbor Policy

text: , in which the U.S. eschewed the role of intervention and courted better relations with the region, which would be vital if another major conflict broke out in Europe. However, with the

text: Great Depression

text: , the United States implemented a program of expelling Mexicans from the U.S. in what was known as

text: Mexican Repatriation

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text: The term basement is used mostly in disciplines of geology like

text: basin geology

text: sedimentology

text: and

text: petroleum geology

text: in which the (typically

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text: An ISO 9001 certified institute, IIP develops processes and products for petroleum refining and petrochemical industries, training of personnel in oil and petrochemical industries, and assisting in formulation of standards for petroleum products. The institute acquired the ISO 9001 certification in 1998.

text: An

text: ISO 9001

text: certified institute, IIP develops processes and products for petroleum refining and petrochemical industries, training of personnel in oil and petrochemical industries, and assisting in formulation of standards for petroleum products. The institute acquired the

text: ISO 9001

text: certification in 1998.

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answers: petroleum

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answers: NDQ_005518

answers: petroleum refining and petrochemical industries

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: petroleum products

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: petroleum products

text: Crude oil (petroleum) fluoresces in a range of colors, from dull-brown for heavy oils and tars through to bright-yellowish and bluish-white for very light oils and condensates. This phenomenon is used in oil exploration drilling to identify very small amounts of oil in drill cuttings and core samples.

text: Crude oil (

text: petroleum

text: ) fluoresces in a range of colors, from dull-brown for heavy oils and tars through to bright-yellowish and bluish-white for very light oils and condensates. This phenomenon is used in

text: oil exploration

text: drilling to identify very small amounts of oil in drill cuttings and core samples.

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answers: Crude oil

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: oil

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: oil exploration drilling

text: Because Cape Verde has no known crude oil reserves, or oil refining capacity as of January 1, 2003, the country must import all of its petroleum products. In 2002, petroleum imports and consumption both totalled 8,870 barrels per day. The country has no known production or consumption of natural gas, as of 2001, and as of January 1, 2003, there are no known natural gas reserves.

text: Because Cape Verde has no known crude oil reserves, or oil refining capacity as of January 1, 2003, the country

text: must import

text: all of its petroleum products. In 2002, petroleum imports and consumption both totalled 8,870 barrels per day. The country has no known production or consumption of natural gas, as of 2001, and as of January 1, 2003, there are no known natural gas reserves.

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answers: crude oil

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answers: petroleum imports

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: no known crude oil reserves

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: Cape Verde

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: 8,870 barrels per day

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: natural gas

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: petroleum imports and consumption

text: Oman has several different industries, including crude oil production and refining, natural and liquefied natural gas (LNG) production; construction, cement, copper, steel, chemicals and optic fiber. Oman also has substantial trade and budget surpluses. 55% of Oman's government revenues comes from the non-oil industry. Petroleum accounts for 64% of total export earnings, 45% of government revenues and 50% of GDP. By 2020 Oman hopes to reduce oil revenue to just 9% of its income.  Along with that plan the country hopes to move away from rentier economics and employ its citizens in the labor market and reduce reliance on expatriate labor.  To take its first steps in economic independence it has signed a Free Trade Agreement with the United States and is seeking to do the same with the European Union, China, and Japan.  It is currently maneuvering itself into the re-export and heavy manufacturing markets.

text: Oman has several different industries, including crude oil production and refining, natural and liquefied natural gas (LNG) production; construction, cement, copper, steel, chemicals and optic fiber. Oman also has substantial trade and budget surpluses. 55% of Oman's government revenues comes from the non-oil industry. Petroleum accounts for 64% of total export earnings, 45% of government revenues and 50% of GDP. By 2020 Oman hopes to reduce oil revenue to just 9% of its income.  Along with that plan the country hopes to move away from

text: rentier economics

text: and employ its citizens in the labor market and reduce reliance on expatriate labor.  To take its first steps in economic independence it has signed a

text: Free Trade Agreement with the United States

text: and is seeking to do the same with the

text: European Union

text: China

text: , and

text: Japan

text: .  It is currently maneuvering itself into the

text: re-export

text: and heavy manufacturing markets.

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answers: natural gas

answers: NDQ_005512

answers: oil

answers: NDQ_005513

answers: sign a Free Trade Agreement

answers: NDQ_005514

answers: liquefied natural gas

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: crude oil production and refining

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: production and refining

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: Oman

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: The United States produces about one-half as much oil as it uses.

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: natural gas

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: reliance on expatriate labor

text: As the oil field is in the center of a large flat alluvial floodplain, there is no surface expression of any anticlinal structure capable of holding oil.  Under the surface alluvium, a series relatively impermeable sedimentary units cap the petroleum-bearing formation.  On top are the Pleistocene San Pedro and Pleistocene-upper Pliocene Santa Barbara formations; under that the Pico Sands, of Pliocene age, which contain areas of tar sands; under that, separated by an unconformity, the Monterey Formation, of Miocene age, which also contains tar sands (the Vaca Tar Sand); under that, again separated by an unconformity, the relatively impermeable Conejo-Topanga Formation, which caps the faulted anticlinal structure containing medium-grade oil about  below ground surface.  This producing horizon is named the "McInnes" pool, and is in the Oligocene-age Sespe Formation.

text: As the oil field is in the center of a large flat

text: alluvial

text: floodplain, there is no surface expression of any anticlinal structure capable of holding oil.  Under the surface alluvium, a series relatively impermeable sedimentary units cap the petroleum-bearing formation.  On top are the

text: Pleistocene

text: San Pedro and Pleistocene-upper

text: Pliocene

text: Santa Barbara formations; under that the Pico Sands, of Pliocene age, which contain areas of

text: tar sand

text: s; under that, separated by an unconformity, the

text: Monterey Formation

text: , of

text: Miocene

text: age, which also contains tar sands (the Vaca Tar Sand); under that, again separated by an unconformity, the relatively impermeable Conejo-Topanga Formation, which caps the faulted anticlinal structure containing medium-grade oil about  below ground surface.  This producing horizon is named the "McInnes" pool, and is in the

text: Oligocene

text: -age

text: Sespe Formation

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answers: Oil

answers: NDQ_005512

answers: sedimentary units

answers: NDQ_005513

answers: impermeable

answers: NDQ_005514

answers: Tar Sands

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: the faulted anticlinal structure

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: medium-grade

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: the Monterey Formation

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: It produces about one-half as much oil as it uses

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: Tar Sands

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: medium-grade oil about below ground surface

text: Natural gas originates by the same geological thermal cracking process that converts kerogen to petroleum.  As a consequence, oil and natural gas are often found together.  In common usage, deposits rich in oil are known as oil fields, and deposits rich in natural gas are called natural gas fields.

text: Natural gas

text: originates by the same geological

text: thermal cracking

text: process that converts

text: kerogen

text: to

text: petroleum

text: .  As a consequence, oil and natural gas are often found together.  In common usage, deposits rich in oil are known as

text: oil field

text: s, and deposits rich in natural gas are called natural gas fields.

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answers: natural gas

answers: NDQ_005512

answers: natural gas

answers: NDQ_005513

answers: kerogen

answers: NDQ_005514

answers: natural gas

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: natural gas

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: kerogen

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: natural gas

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: natural gas

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: petroleum

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: deposits rich in oil

text: Fossil-fuel companies currently have about 2,795 gigatons of carbon already contained in their proven coal and oil and gas reserves, and is the amount of fossil fuels they are currently planning to burn. 2,795 gigatons is five times higher than the limit of 565 gigatons that would keep Earth under a global temperature increase of 2 degrees Celsius.

text: Fossil-fuel companies currently have about 2,795 gigatons of carbon already contained in their proven coal and oil and gas reserves, and is the amount of fossil fuels they are currently planning to burn. 2,795 gigatons is five times higher than the limit of 565 gigatons that would keep Earth under a global temperature increase of 2 degrees Celsius.

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text: ExxonMobil is the largest of the world's Big Oil companies, or supermajors, with daily production of 3.921 million BOE (barrels of oil equivalent). In 2008, this was approximately 3 percent of world production, which is less than several of the largest state-owned petroleum companies. When ranked by oil and gas reserves, it is 14th in the world—with less than 1 percent of the total. ExxonMobil's reserves were 25.2 billion BOE at the end of 2013 and the 2007 rates of production were expected to last more than 14 years. With 37 oil refineries in 21 countries constituting a combined daily refining capacity of , ExxonMobil is the largest refiner in the world, a title that was also associated with Standard Oil since its incorporation in 1870.

text: ExxonMobil is the largest of the world's

text: Big Oil companies,

text: or supermajors, with daily production of 3.921 million BOE (

text: barrels of oil equivalent

text: ). In 2008, this was approximately 3 percent of world production, which is less than several of the largest state-owned petroleum companies. When ranked by oil and gas reserves, it is 14th in the world—with less than 1 percent of the total. ExxonMobil's reserves were 25.2 billion BOE at the end of 2013 and the 2007 rates of production were expected to last more than 14 years. With 37

text: oil refineries

text: in 21 countries constituting a combined daily refining capacity of , ExxonMobil is the largest refiner in the world, a title that was also associated with Standard Oil since its incorporation in 1870.

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answers: In 2008, this was approximately 3 percent of world production

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text: The HECA project will be an Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) facility using Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.’s oxygen–blown gasifier technology.  IGCC technology allows for highly efficient power generation with minimal emissions.  IGGC facilities, including HECA, are different from conventional fossil fueled power generation plants in that there is no combustion of the actual fossil fuels.  Instead, HECA converts, through gasification, a blend of recycled petroleum coke, a low value by-product that comes from oil refining, and coal to manufacture hydrogen fuel.

text: The HECA project will be an

text: Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle

text: (IGCC) facility using

text: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

text: , Ltd.’s oxygen–blown gasifier technology.  IGCC technology allows for highly efficient power generation with minimal emissions.  IGGC facilities, including HECA, are different from conventional fossil fueled power generation plants in that there is no combustion of the actual fossil fuels.  Instead, HECA converts, through gasification, a blend of recycled petroleum coke, a low value by-product that comes from oil refining, and coal to manufacture hydrogen fuel.

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text: In its strictest sense, petroleum includes only crude oil, but in common usage it includes all liquid, gaseous and solid hydrocarbons. Under surface pressure and temperature conditions, lighter hydrocarbons methane, ethane, propane and butane occur as gases, while pentane and heavier hydrocarbons are in the form of liquids or solids. However, in an underground oil reservoir the proportions of gas, liquid, and solid depend on subsurface conditions and on the phase diagram of the petroleum mixture.

text: In its strictest sense, petroleum includes only crude oil, but in common usage it includes all liquid, gaseous and solid

text: hydrocarbon

text: s. Under surface

entity_name: Standard conditions for temperature and pressure

text: pressure and temperature conditions

text: , lighter hydrocarbons

text: methane

text: ethane

text: propane

text: and

text: butane

text: occur as gases, while

text: pentane

text: and heavier hydrocarbons are in the form of liquids or solids. However, in an underground

text: oil reservoir

text: the proportions of gas, liquid, and solid depend on subsurface conditions and on the

text: phase diagram

text: of the petroleum mixture.

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answers: It includes only crude oil

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text: The corporation was established to replace the Petroleum Department which was an agency under the Ministry of Fuel and Power. The department was responsible for the importation of crude oil and petroleum products for the Ghanaian economy. The mandate for oil exploration was held to be the Technical Directorate of the Ministry of Fuel and Power and the Geological Survey Department. The corporation was created to promote the Government of Ghana's objective of supplying adequate and reliable petroleum for the country and the discovery of crude oil in the country's territories.

text: The corporation was established to replace the Petroleum Department which was an agency under the Ministry of Fuel and Power. The department was responsible for the importation of crude oil and

text: petroleum products

text: for the Ghanaian economy. The mandate for oil exploration was held to be the Technical Directorate of the Ministry of Fuel and Power and the Geological Survey Department. The corporation was created to promote the Government of Ghana's objective of supplying adequate and reliable petroleum for the country and the discovery of crude oil in the country's territories.

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text: Mauritania began producing its first petroleum from the Chinguetti oilfield in February 2006. the Chinguetti oilfield was owned by a consortium of companies that included Bg group plc, Hardman resources Ltd., Premier Oil plc, roc Oil Ltd., government-owned Société Mauritanienne de Hydrocarbures, and Woodside Petroleum Ltd. Petroleum production from the Chinguetti field was expected to average . the first  produced were shipped to international united Petroleum & Chemicals Co. Ltd. of the People's Republic of China, which was the trading arm of China Petroleum and Chemical Corp. Petroleum reserves at Chinguetti were estimated to be . Companies exploring for petroleum in the country during 2006 included Baraka Petroleum Ltd. of Australia in joint venture with CnPC international Ltd. of China, which planned to drill the Heron-1 well, and dana Petroleum plc of the United Kingdom, which on December 5 announced the discovery of petroleum at its offshore aigrette-1 exploration well in Block 7.

text: Mauritania began producing its first

text: petroleum

text: from the Chinguetti

text: oilfield

text: in February 2006. the Chinguetti oilfield was owned by a consortium of companies that included Bg group plc, Hardman resources Ltd., Premier Oil plc, roc Oil Ltd., government-owned Société Mauritanienne de Hydrocarbures, and Woodside Petroleum Ltd. Petroleum production from the Chinguetti field was expected to average . the first  produced were shipped to international united Petroleum & Chemicals Co. Ltd. of the

text: People's Republic of China

text: , which was the trading arm of China Petroleum and Chemical Corp. Petroleum reserves at Chinguetti were estimated to be . Companies exploring for petroleum in the country during 2006 included Baraka Petroleum Ltd. of

text: Australia

text: in joint venture with CnPC international Ltd. of China, which planned to drill the Heron-1 well, and dana Petroleum plc of the

text: United Kingdom

text: , which on December 5 announced the discovery of petroleum at its offshore aigrette-1 exploration well in Block 7.

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text: However, there is a way to harness fossil fuels while significantly reducing CO2 emissions.The answer lies in the capture and storage of carbon dioxide and other climate influencing greenhouse gases.

text: However, there is a way to harness fossil fuels while significantly reducing CO2 emissions.The answer lies in the capture and storage of carbon dioxide and other climate influencing greenhouse gases.

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text: Petroleum crude oil is a complex mixture of hundreds of different hydrocarbon compounds generally having from 3 to 60 carbon atoms per molecule, although there may be small amounts of hydrocarbons outside that range. The refining of crude oil begins with distilling the incoming crude oil in a so-called atmospheric distillation column operating at pressures slightly above atmospheric pressure.

text: Petroleum

text: crude oil

text: is a complex mixture of hundreds of different

text: hydrocarbon

text: compounds generally having from 3 to 60

text: carbon

text: atom

text: s per

text: molecule

text: , although there may be small amounts of hydrocarbons outside that range. The refining of crude oil begins with distilling the incoming crude oil in a so-called

text: atmospheric distillation column

text: operating at pressures slightly above atmospheric pressure.

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text: To avoid the serious social and economic implications a global decline in oil production could entail, the 2005 Hirsch report emphasized the need to find alternatives, at least ten to twenty years before the peak, and to phase out the use of petroleum over that time. This was similar to a plan proposed for Sweden that same year. Such mitigation could include energy conservation, fuel substitution, and the use of unconventional oil. Because mitigation can reduce the use of traditional petroleum sources, it can also affect the timing of peak oil and the shape of the Hubbert curve.

text: To avoid the serious

text: social

text: and

text: economic

text: implications a global decline in oil production could entail, the 2005 Hirsch report emphasized the need to find alternatives, at least ten to twenty years before the peak, and to phase out the use of petroleum over that time. This was similar to

text: a plan proposed for Sweden

text: that same year. Such

text: mitigation

text: could include energy conservation, fuel substitution, and the use of unconventional oil. Because mitigation can reduce the use of traditional petroleum sources, it can also affect the timing of peak oil and the shape of the

text: Hubbert curve

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answers: social and economic implications

text: Cogeneration is generating excess heat and electricity generation from a single process. Cogeneration can provide usable heat for desalination in an integrated, or "dual-purpose", facility where a power plant provides the energy for desalination. Alternatively, the facility's energy production may be dedicated to the production of potable water (a stand-alone facility), or excess energy may be produced and incorporated into the energy grid. Cogeneration takes various forms, and theoretically any form of energy production could be used. However, the majority of current and planned cogeneration desalination plants use either fossil fuels or nuclear power as their source of energy. Most plants are located in the Middle East or North Africa, which use their petroleum resources to offset limited water resources. The advantage of dual-purpose facilities is they can be more efficient in energy consumption, thus making desalination more viable.

text: Cogeneration

text: is generating excess heat and electricity generation from a single process. Cogeneration can provide usable heat for desalination in an integrated, or "dual-purpose", facility where a power plant provides the energy for desalination. Alternatively, the facility's energy production may be dedicated to the production of potable water (a stand-alone facility), or excess energy may be produced and incorporated into the energy grid. Cogeneration takes various forms, and theoretically any form of energy production could be used. However, the majority of current and planned cogeneration desalination plants use either

text: fossil fuels

text: or

text: nuclear power

text: as their source of energy. Most plants are located in the

text: Middle East

text: or

text: North Africa

text: , which use their petroleum resources to offset limited water resources. The advantage of dual-purpose facilities is they can be more efficient in energy consumption, thus making desalination more viable.

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answers: Cogeneration

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answers: Most plants are located in the Middle East or North Africa

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: electricity

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answers: limited water resources

text: In the SAGD process, two parallel horizontal oil wells are drilled in the formation, one about 4 to 6 metres above the other. The upper well injects steam, and the lower one collects the heated crude oil or bitumen that flows out of the formation with associated water and gas, plus recovered water from the condensation of the injected steam. The basis of the SAGD process is that thermal communication is established with the reservoir so that the injected steam forms a "steam chamber" that grows substantially vertically via conduction in the formation. The heat from the steam reduces the viscosity of the heavy crude oil or bitumen which allows it to flow down into the lower wellbore. The steam and gases rise because of their low density compared to the heavy crude oil below, ensuring that steam is not produced at the lower production well, tend to rise in the steam chamber, filling the void space left by the oil and, to a certain extent, forming an insulating heat blanket above the steam. Oil and water flow is by a countercurrent, gravity driven drainage into the lower well bore. The condensed water and crude oil or bitumen is recovered to the surface by pumps such as progressive cavity pumps that work well for moving high-viscosity fluids with suspended solids.

text: In the SAGD process, two parallel horizontal

text: oil well

text: s are drilled in the

text: formation

text: , one about 4 to 6 metres above the other. The upper well injects steam, and the lower one collects the heated

text: crude oil

text: or bitumen that flows out of the formation with associated water and gas, plus recovered water from the condensation of the injected steam. The basis of the SAGD process is that thermal communication is established with the reservoir so that the injected steam forms a "steam chamber" that grows substantially vertically via conduction in the formation. The heat from the steam reduces the

text: viscosity

text: of the heavy crude oil or bitumen which allows it to flow down into the lower wellbore. The steam and gases rise because of their low density compared to the heavy crude oil below, ensuring that steam is not produced at the lower production well, tend to rise in the steam chamber, filling the void space left by the oil and, to a certain extent, forming an insulating heat blanket above the steam. Oil and water flow is by a countercurrent, gravity driven drainage into the lower well bore. The condensed water and

text: crude oil

text: or bitumen is recovered to the surface by pumps such as progressive cavity pumps that work well for moving high-viscosity fluids with suspended solids.

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text: Conventional bioproducts and emerging bioproducts are two broad categories used to categorize bioproducts.Examples of conventional bio-based products include building materials, pulp and paper, and forest products. Examples of emerging bioproducts or biobased products include biofuels, bioenergy, starch-based and cellulose-based ethanol, bio-based adhesives, biochemicals, bioplastics, etc. Emerging bioproducts are active subjects of research and development, and these efforts have developed significantly since the turn of the 20/21st century, in part driven by the price of traditional petroleum-based products, by the environmental impact of petroleum use, and by an interest in many countries to become independent from foreign sources of oil. Bioproducts derived from bioresources can replace much of the fuels, chemicals, plastics etc. that are currently derived from petroleum

text: Conventional bioproducts and emerging bioproducts are two broad categories used to categorize bioproducts.Examples of conventional bio-based products include building materials,

text: pulp and paper

text: , and

text: forest products

text: . Examples of emerging bioproducts or

text: biobased product

text: s include

text: biofuels

text: bioenergy

text: , starch-based and cellulose-based

text: ethanol

text: , bio-based adhesives, biochemicals, bioplastics, etc. Emerging bioproducts are active subjects of research and development, and these efforts have developed significantly since the turn of the 20/21st century, in part driven by the price of traditional petroleum-based products, by the environmental impact of petroleum use, and by an interest in many countries to become independent from foreign sources of oil. Bioproducts derived from bioresources can replace much of the fuels, chemicals, plastics etc. that are currently derived from petroleum

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text: Oil is the fuel extracted from oil rigs.  There are two forms of oil:  crude and refined.  Crude oil is the base form of oil extracted from oil rigs.  Refined oil is obtained by constructing an Oil Refinery.  Refined oil is the final type of fuel used to power and produce certain units.  75 crude oil converts to 1 refined oil. The oil extraction rate per hour is currently up to 120 crude oil.

text: Oil is the fuel extracted from oil rigs.  There are two forms of oil:  crude and refined.  Crude oil is the base form of oil extracted from oil rigs.  Refined oil is obtained by constructing an Oil Refinery.  Refined oil is the final type of fuel used to power and produce certain units.  75 crude oil converts to 1 refined oil. The oil extraction rate per hour is currently up to 120 crude oil.

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answers: Refined

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answers: Refined oil

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answers: oil rigs

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answers: 75 crude oil converts to 1 refined oil

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: Oil

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: Refined oil

text: As written and passed, H. R. 2264 states the following:"Amends the Sherman Act to declare it to be illegal and a violation of the Act for any foreign state or instrumentality thereof to act collectively or in combination with any other foreign state or any other person, whether by cartel or any other association or form of cooperation or joint action, to limit the production or distribution of oil, natural gas, or any other petroleum product (petroleum), to set or maintain the price of petroleum, or to otherwise take any action in restraint of trade for petroleum, when such action has a direct, substantial, and reasonably foreseeable effect on the market, supply, price, or distribution of petroleum in the United States."

text: As written and passed, H. R. 2264 states the following:"Amends the Sherman Act to declare it to be illegal and a violation of the Act for any foreign state or instrumentality thereof to act collectively or in combination with any other foreign state or any other person, whether by cartel or any other association or form of cooperation or joint action, to limit the production or distribution of oil, natural gas, or any other petroleum product (petroleum), to set or maintain the price of petroleum, or to otherwise take any action in restraint of trade for petroleum, when such action has a direct, substantial, and reasonably foreseeable effect on the market, supply, price, or distribution of petroleum in the United States."

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text: After returning to private practice he appeared in many important commercial cases for Pakistan International Airlines, Pakistan Petroleum Limited, PTCL, Jang Group of Newspapers, Reckitt Benckiser, OMV, BHP Billiton, Petronas, MacDonald's, Citibank, Unilever, Occidental Petroleum, British Petroleum, the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan, the Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority, Oil and Gas Development Company limited, Habib Bank Limited, Cinepax, Royal Palm Golf & Country Club, The Colony Group, IGI Insurance, The Hub Power Company Ltd., Government of Sindh, Ericsson Pakistan (Pvt.) Ltd, Engro Fertilizers, General Electric, Huawei Technologies, MCB Bank Ltd, Exide Pakistan Limited, Honda Atlas Motors, Indus Motors, Gatron-Novatex, Geo Television Network, Mobilink, Telenor, Roche Pakistan Limited, Attock Oil and Pakistan Oil Fields amongst other clients in the Sindh High Court, Islamabad High Court, Lahore High Court and the Supreme Court of Pakistan. He is also sitting as an arbitrator in a number of important commercial matters both internationally and in Pakistan. His predominant place of practice is the Sindh High Court in Karachi, however, he also frequently appears for clients in the Islamabad High Court and the Supreme Court of Pakistan and his firm Fazleghani Advocates has offices in both Karachi and Islamabad.

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text: Most liquid fuels used currently are produced from petroleum. The most notable of these is gasoline. Scientists generally accept that petroleum formed from the fossilized remains of dead plants and animals by exposure to heat and pressure in the Earth's crust.

text: Most liquid fuels used currently are produced from petroleum. The most notable of these is

text: gasoline

text: . Scientists generally accept that petroleum formed from the fossilized remains of dead plants and animals by exposure to heat and pressure in the Earth's crust.

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text: Colonel Virgilio Barco was granted the concession on 16 October 1905 in the Catatumbo region of the Norte de Santander department.Colonel Barco had led victorious forces in the recent Thousand Days civil war, and was given the concession in return. He planned to use it for cattle, until he found that oil was seeping out of the ground.World War I caused delays in developing the field. In 1918 Barco sold the concession to the Carib Syndicate, a concern owned by Americans, who sold 75% of their interest to the Colombian Petroleum Company the next year.This was a subsidiary of Edward L. Doheny's Pan American Petroleum and Transport Company. Doheny was also interested in plans to develop the oil industry in Venezuela, and in building a pipeline from Colombia to Venezuela to make it more economical to export the Barco oil.

text: Colonel Virgilio Barco was granted the concession on 16 October 1905 in the Catatumbo region of the Norte de Santander department.Colonel Barco had led victorious forces in the recent

text: Thousand Days civil war

text: , and was given the concession in return. He planned to use it for cattle, until he found that oil was seeping out of the ground.

text: World War I

text: caused delays in developing the field. In 1918 Barco sold the concession to the Carib Syndicate, a concern owned by Americans, who sold 75% of their interest to the Colombian Petroleum Company the next year.This was a subsidiary of

text: Edward L. Doheny

text: 's

entity_name: Pan American Petroleum and Transport Company

text: Pan American Petroleum and Transport Company

text: . Doheny was also interested in plans to develop the oil industry in Venezuela, and in building a pipeline from Colombia to Venezuela to make it more economical to export the Barco oil.

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text: Post-Independence, the development of the port gained momentum. In 1959, a passenger station on the first floor of the transit shed at north quay was commissioned. In 1961, construction of signal station at north quay was completed. In the same year, the port's Jawahar Dock was inaugurated by the then prime minister of India, Lal Bahadur Shastri. In 1964, the Jawahar dock with capacity to berth 6 vessels to handle dry bulk cargoes such as coal, iron ore, fertiliser and non-hazardous liquid cargoes was created on the southern side changing the topography of the port. To handle vessels with as much as  draft, the port developed the outer harbour, named Bharathi Dock, for handling petroleum in 1972 and for mechanised handling of iron ore in 1974. In 1972, the first oil jetty was constructed at Bharathi Dock-I capable of handling tankers up to 100,000 DWT to handle imports of crude oil destined for the Manali Oil Refinery (later named the Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited). In 1974, the iron ore berth was added to the port for exports to Japan and other countries in the Far East. The second oil jetty was added at Bharathi Dock-III in 1986 capable of handling tankers up to 140,000 DWT to meet increasing demands for crude oil and petroleum products. The iron ore terminal is equipped with mechanised ore-handling plant commissioned in 1977 at Bharathi Dock-II capable of handling ore carriers of maximum size 1,45,000 DWT, one of the three such facility in the country, with a capacity of handling 8 million tonnes and a loading rate of 6,000 tonnes per hour. The port's share of iron ore export from India is 12 per cent. The dedicated facility for oil led to the development of oil refinery in the hinterland. This oil terminal is capable of handling Suezmax vessels.

text: Post-

text: Independence

text: , the development of the port gained momentum. In 1959, a passenger station on the first floor of the transit shed at north quay was commissioned. In 1961, construction of signal station at north quay was completed. In the same year, the port's Jawahar Dock was inaugurated by the then prime minister of India,

text: Lal Bahadur Shastri

text: . In 1964, the Jawahar dock with capacity to berth 6 vessels to handle dry bulk cargoes such as coal, iron ore, fertiliser and non-hazardous liquid cargoes was created on the southern side changing the topography of the port. To handle vessels with as much as  draft, the port developed the outer harbour, named Bharathi Dock, for handling petroleum in 1972 and for mechanised handling of iron ore in 1974. In 1972, the first oil jetty was constructed at Bharathi Dock-I capable of handling tankers up to 100,000 DWT to handle imports of crude oil destined for the Manali Oil Refinery (later named the

text: Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited

text: ). In 1974, the iron ore berth was added to the port for exports to Japan and other countries in the Far East. The second oil jetty was added at Bharathi Dock-III in 1986 capable of handling tankers up to 140,000 DWT to meet increasing demands for crude oil and petroleum products. The iron ore terminal is equipped with mechanised ore-handling plant commissioned in 1977 at Bharathi Dock-II capable of handling ore carriers of maximum size 1,45,000 DWT, one of the three such facility in the country, with a capacity of handling 8 million tonnes and a loading rate of 6,000 tonnes per hour. The port's share of iron ore export from India is 12 per cent. The dedicated facility for oil led to the development of oil refinery in the hinterland. This oil terminal is capable of handling

text: Suezmax

text: vessels.

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answers: development of oil refinery in the hinterland

text: A petroleum refinery includes many unit operations and unit processes. The first unit operation in a refinery is the continuous distillation of the petroleum crude oil being refined. The overhead liquid distillate is called naphtha and will become a major component of the refinery's gasoline (petrol) product after it is further processed through a catalytic hydrodesulfurizer to remove sulfur-containing hydrocarbons and a catalytic reformer to reform its hydrocarbon molecules into more complex molecules with a higher octane rating value. The naphtha is a mixture of very many different hydrocarbon compounds. It has an initial boiling point of about 35 °C and a final boiling point of about 200 °C, and it contains paraffin, naphthene (cyclic paraffins) and aromatic hydrocarbons ranging from those containing 4 carbon atoms to those containing about 10 or 11 carbon atoms.

text: A petroleum refinery includes many

text: unit operations

text: and

text: unit processes

text: . The first unit operation in a refinery is the

text: continuous distillation

text: of the

text: petroleum crude oil

text: being refined. The overhead liquid distillate is called naphtha and will become a major component of the refinery's gasoline (petrol) product after it is further processed through a

text: catalytic hydrodesulfurizer

text: to remove

text: sulfur

text: -containing hydrocarbons and a catalytic reformer to reform its hydrocarbon molecules into more complex molecules with a higher octane rating value. The naphtha is a mixture of very many different hydrocarbon compounds. It has an initial

text: boiling point

text: of about 35 °C and a final boiling point of about 200 °C, and it contains

text: paraffin

text: naphthene

text: (cyclic paraffins) and

text: aromatic

text: hydrocarbons ranging from those containing 4

text: carbon

text: atoms to those containing about 10 or 11 carbon atoms.

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text: Possessing substantial oil refining capacities, Romania is particularly interested in the Central Asia-Europe pipelines and seeks to strengthen its relations with some Persian Gulf states. With 10 refineries and an overall refining capacity of approximately , Romania has the largest refining industry in the region. Romania's refining capacity far exceeds domestic demand for refined petroleum products, allowing the country to export a wide range of oil products and petrochemicals, -- such as lubricants, bitumen, and fertilizers—throughout the region.

text: Possessing substantial oil refining capacities, Romania is particularly interested in the Central Asia-Europe pipelines and seeks to strengthen its relations with some

text: Persian Gulf states

text: . With 10 refineries and an overall refining capacity of approximately , Romania has the largest refining industry in the region. Romania's refining capacity far exceeds domestic demand for refined petroleum products, allowing the country to export a wide range of oil products and petrochemicals, -- such as lubricants, bitumen, and fertilizers—throughout the region.

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text: The first oil "well" in North America was in Oil Springs, Ontario, Canada in 1858, dug by James Miller Williams. The US petroleum industry began with Edwin Drake's drilling of a  oil well in 1859 on Oil Creek near Titusville, Pennsylvania, both named for their petroleum seeps.

text: The first oil "well" in North America was in

text: Oil Springs, Ontario

text: , Canada in 1858, dug by

text: James Miller Williams

text: . The US petroleum

text: industry

text: began with

text: Edwin Drake

text: 's drilling of a  oil well in 1859 on

text: Oil Creek

text: near

text: Titusville, Pennsylvania

text: , both named for their petroleum seeps.

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text: The Ponca City Refinery processes a mixture of light, medium and heavy crude oils. Most of the crude oil processed is received by pipeline from Oklahoma, Texas and Canada. Infrastructure improvements have enabled the delivery of increased volumes of locally produced advantaged crude oil by pipeline and truck.  The refinery is a high-conversion facility that produces a full range of products, including gasoline, diesel and aviation fuels; liquefied petroleum gas (LPG); and anode-grade petroleum coke. Its facilities include two fluid catalytic cracking units, alkylation, delayed coking, naphtha reforming and hydrodesulfurization units. Finished petroleum products are shipped by truck, railcar and pipelines to markets throughout the Midcontinent region.

text: The Ponca City Refinery processes a mixture of light, medium and heavy crude oils. Most of the crude oil processed is received by pipeline from Oklahoma, Texas and Canada. Infrastructure improvements have enabled the delivery of increased volumes of locally produced advantaged crude oil by pipeline and truck.  The refinery is a high-conversion facility that produces a full range of products, including gasoline, diesel and aviation fuels; liquefied petroleum gas (LPG); and anode-grade petroleum coke. Its facilities include two fluid catalytic cracking units, alkylation, delayed coking, naphtha reforming and hydrodesulfurization units. Finished petroleum products are shipped by truck, railcar and pipelines to markets throughout the Midcontinent region.

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answers: gasoline

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answers: Infrastructure improvements

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answers: Canada

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answers: Most of the crude oil processed is received by pipeline

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: LPG

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answers: gasoline, diesel

text: In spite of the above noted study, numerous studies have shown biomass fuels have significantly less impact on the environment than fossil based fuels. Of note is the US Department of Energy Laboratory, operated by Midwest Research Institute Biomass Power and Conventional Fossil Systems with and without CO2 Sequestration – Comparing the Energy Balance, Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Economics Study. Power generation emits significant amounts of greenhouse gases (GHGs), mainly carbon dioxide (). Sequestering  from the power plant flue gas can significantly reduce the GHGs from the power plant itself, but this is not the total picture.  capture and sequestration consumes additional energy, thus lowering the plant's fuel-to-electricity efficiency. To compensate for this, more fossil fuel must be procured and consumed to make up for lost capacity.

text: In spite of the above noted study, numerous studies have shown biomass fuels have significantly less impact on the environment than fossil based fuels. Of note is the US Department of Energy Laboratory, operated by Midwest Research Institute Biomass Power and Conventional Fossil Systems with and without CO2 Sequestration – Comparing the

text: Energy Balance

text: Greenhouse Gas

text: Emissions and Economics Study. Power generation emits significant amounts of greenhouse gases (GHGs), mainly

text: carbon dioxide

text: Sequestering

text: from the power plant

text: flue gas

text: can significantly reduce the GHGs from the power plant itself, but this is not the total picture.  capture and sequestration consumes additional energy, thus lowering the plant's

text: fuel-to-electricity efficiency

text: . To compensate for this, more fossil fuel must be procured and consumed to make up for lost capacity.

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answers: fossil based fuels

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answers: fossil fuel

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answers: fossil fuel

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answers: fossil fuel

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answers: Midwest Research Institute

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answers: The United States produces about one-half as much oil as it uses

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: Power generation emits significant amounts of greenhouse gases (GHGs)

text: In contrast, Equatorial Guinea is the fourth leading exporter of petroleum in Africa, which contributes significantly to the country's GDP. The country is also seventh in Africa for production of crude oil and the ninth largest producer of natural gas. The reserves are estimated at 150 Mt and 36.81 billion m, respectively. An increase of production of crude oil has had a significant positive impact on Equatorial Guinea's economy. Since Equatorial Guinea relies so heavily on crude oil, the crude oil price drops in 2009 and 2014 had a measurable effect on the economy.

text: In contrast, Equatorial Guinea is the fourth leading exporter of petroleum in Africa, which contributes significantly to the country's GDP. The country is also seventh in Africa for production of crude oil and the ninth largest producer of natural gas. The reserves are estimated at 150 Mt and 36.81 billion m, respectively. An increase of production of crude oil has had a significant positive impact on Equatorial Guinea's economy. Since Equatorial Guinea relies so heavily on crude oil, the crude oil price drops in 2009 and 2014 had a measurable effect on the economy.

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answers: natural gas

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answers: petroleum

answers: NDQ_005513

answers: crude oil price drops

answers: NDQ_005514

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answers: measurable effect on the economy

text: In 1970, US oil production unexpectedly peaked and started to decline, causing global oil markets to tighten rapidly as the US started to import more and more Arab oil. As the decade continued, global demand caught up with global supply, and there were two major oil price shocks: the 1973 oil crisis and the 1979 oil crisis. The first occurred when the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) (whose membership consists of the Arab members of the similarly-named Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), plus Egypt, Syria, and Tunisia) imposed an embargo on oil exports to the US, the UK, the Netherlands, Japan, and Canada in retaliation for those countries' support for Israel during the Yom Kippur War. US producers had been able to defeat the previous 1967 oil embargo by ramping up domestic production, flooding the world market with additional product at cut-rate prices, but declining domestic production combined with the ongoing rise in global demand made a similar response to the 1973 Arab embargo impossible. The result was immediate shortages and lineups for gasoline in the importing countries, particularly the US, signaling the end of decades of cheap oil and a change in the balance of power from the consuming countries (which now included the United states) to the producing countries. On October 16, 1973, the Ministerial Committee of the Persian Gulf OPEC membership announced an immediate rise in their posted price from $2.18 to $5.12 per barrel of oil. "Thus for the first time in oil history, the producing countries assumed power to consider and set the oil price unilaterally, and independently of the" Seven Sisters.

text: In 1970, US oil production unexpectedly peaked and started to decline, causing global oil markets to tighten rapidly as the US started to import more and more Arab oil. As the decade continued, global demand caught up with global supply, and there were two major oil price shocks: the

text: 1973 oil crisis

text: and the

text: 1979 oil crisis

text: . The first occurred when the

entity_name: Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries

text: Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries

text: (OAPEC) (whose membership consists of the Arab members of the similarly-named

text: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

text: (OPEC), plus Egypt, Syria, and Tunisia) imposed an

text: embargo

text: on oil exports to the US, the UK, the Netherlands, Japan, and Canada in retaliation for those countries' support for Israel during the

text: Yom Kippur War

text: . US producers had been able to defeat the previous

text: 1967 oil embargo

text: by ramping up domestic production, flooding the world market with additional product at cut-rate prices, but declining domestic production combined with the ongoing rise in global demand made a similar response to the 1973 Arab embargo impossible. The result was immediate shortages and lineups for gasoline in the importing countries, particularly the US, signaling the end of decades of cheap oil and a change in the balance of power from the consuming countries (which now included the United states) to the producing countries. On October 16, 1973, the Ministerial Committee of the Persian Gulf OPEC membership announced an immediate rise in their posted price from $2.18 to $5.12 per

text: barrel of oil

text: . "Thus for the first time in oil history, the producing countries assumed power to consider and set the oil price unilaterally, and independently of the" Seven Sisters.

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answers: Oil

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text: Oil well control is one of the most important aspects of drilling operations. Improper handling of kicks in oil well control can result in blowouts with very grave consequences, including the loss of valuable resources. Even though the cost of a blowout (as a result of improper/no oil well control) can easily reach several millions of US dollars, the monetary loss is not as serious as the other damages that can occur: irreparable damage to the environment, waste of valuable resources, ruined equipment, and most importantly, the safety and lives of personnel on the drilling rig.

text: Oil well control is one of the most important aspects of drilling operations. Improper handling of

text: kicks

text: in oil well control can result in blowouts with very grave consequences, including the loss of valuable resources. Even though the cost of a blowout (as a result of improper/no oil well control) can easily reach several millions of US dollars, the monetary loss is not as serious as the other damages that can occur: irreparable damage to the environment, waste of valuable resources, ruined equipment, and most importantly, the safety and lives of personnel on the drilling rig.

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text: Other terms are used when discussing only oil. These terms can refer to either the production of crude oil at an oil well, the conversion of crude oil to other products at an oil refinery, or the overall consumption of oil by a region or country. One common term is barrels per day (BPD, BOPD, bbl/d, bpd, bd, or b/d) where 1 BPD is equivalent to 0.0292 gallons per minute. One BPD also becomes 49.8 tonnes per year. At an oil refinery, production is sometimes reported as barrels per calendar day (bc/d or bcd), which is total production in a year divided by the days in that year. Likewise, barrels per stream day (BSD or BPSD) is the quantity of oil product produced by a single refining unit during continuous operation for 24 hours. Lastly, the terms mbd and mmbd are sometimes used to denote one thousand or one million barrels per day, respectively. These abbreviations use the Roman numeral "M", which means one thousand, but write it as a lower-cased "m". This is in direct contrast with SI prefixes, where "m" means one-thousandth, "k" means one thousand, and "M" means one million.

text: Other terms are used when discussing only oil. These terms can refer to either the production of

text: crude oil

text: at an oil well, the conversion of crude oil to other products at an

text: oil refinery

text: , or the overall consumption of oil by a region or country. One common term is barrels per day (BPD, BOPD, bbl/d, bpd, bd, or b/d) where 1 BPD is equivalent to 0.0292

text: gallons per minute

text: . One BPD also becomes 49.8 tonnes per year. At an oil refinery, production is sometimes reported as barrels per calendar day (bc/d or bcd), which is total production in a year divided by the days in that year. Likewise, barrels per stream day (BSD or BPSD) is the quantity of oil product produced by a single refining unit during continuous operation for 24 hours. Lastly, the terms mbd and mmbd are sometimes used to denote one thousand or one million barrels per day, respectively. These abbreviations use the

text: Roman numeral

text: "M", which means one thousand, but write it as a lower-cased "m". This is in direct contrast with

text: SI prefixes

text: , where "m" means one-thousandth, "k" means one thousand, and "M" means one million.

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answers: 1 BPD is equivalent to 0.0292 gallons per minute

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text: Lufkin is a portrait of an oil-pump discovered by Gerrard during his travels. It is significant in the light of the foregoing Animated Scene works that the pigs in Grow Finish Unit and Sow Farm are exclusively raised on corn which is in turn grown using nitrogen derived from oil and gas, thus rendering the occupants of these sheds, in essence, oil-derived animals. In turn, the depleted landscape of the Dust Storm works was the result of the use of mechanised petroleum-powered ploughing and intensive nitrogen-enabled agriculture.

text: Lufkin is a portrait of an oil-pump discovered by Gerrard during his travels. It is significant in the light of the foregoing Animated Scene works that the pigs in Grow Finish Unit and Sow Farm are exclusively raised on corn which is in turn grown using nitrogen derived from oil and gas, thus rendering the occupants of these sheds, in essence, oil-derived animals. In turn, the depleted landscape of the Dust Storm works was the result of the use of mechanised petroleum-powered ploughing and intensive nitrogen-enabled agriculture.

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answers: it produces about one-half as much oil as it uses

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: oil

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text: The intensified power struggle between oil companies and host governments in Middle East, along with the oil price shocks that followed the 1973 oil crisis meant British Petroleum lost most of its direct access to crude oil supplies produced in countries that belonged to the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), and prompted it to diversify its operations beyond the heavily Middle East dependent oil production. In 1976, BP and Shell de-merged their marketing operations in the United Kingdom by dividing Shell-Mex and BP. In 1978 the company acquired a controlling interest in Standard Oil of Ohio (Sohio).

text: The intensified power struggle between oil companies and host governments in Middle East, along with the oil price shocks that followed the

text: 1973 oil crisis

text: meant British Petroleum lost most of its direct access to crude oil supplies produced in countries that belonged to the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (

text: OPEC

text: ), and prompted it to diversify its operations beyond the heavily Middle East dependent oil production. In 1976, BP and Shell de-merged their marketing operations in the United Kingdom by dividing Shell-Mex and BP. In 1978 the company acquired a controlling interest in

text: Standard Oil of Ohio

text: (Sohio).

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answers: NDQ_005520

answers: oil price shocks that followed the 1973 oil crisis

text: Gulf Keystone's initial operations in Algeria were rather less successful than had been hoped, and the share price weakened as a consequence. RAK Petroleum PCL announced an agreement in April 2007 to acquire Gulf Keystone Petroleum, but the transaction was not completed. The company continued as an independent and altered its strategy, working with the American company Texas Keystone International to complete the acquisition of exploration acreage in Kurdistan. A small American company called Excalibur Ventures had initially drawn the attention of Texas Keystone to the possibility of acquiring exploration acreage in Kurdistan. This initially included a majority position in the Shaikan block, for which Gulf Keystone would be the operator, and a minority position in the Akri-Bijeel block, for which MOL would be the operator (op. cit). In the summer of 2009 the Shaikan wildcat well was a success, and it was realized that the volume of oil in Shaikan was much greater than had been expected from the pre-drill assessments made by the company's geophysicists. The share price strengthened considerably as a consequence, moving beyond its previous high levels. As time passed and more wells were drilled, the volume of oil judged to be in Shaikan continued to rise.

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answers: NDQ_005519

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answers: NDQ_005520

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answers: NDQ_005511

answers: Shaikan

answers: NDQ_005512

answers: oil

answers: NDQ_005513

answers: acreage

answers: NDQ_005514

answers: wildcat well

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: the Shaikan wildcat well

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: Shaikan

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: Algeria

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: The company continued as an independent and altered its strategy

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: oil

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: The share price strengthened considerably

text: All petroleum products are imported. In 2002, imports of refined petroleum products totaled , with consumption placed at . There were no natural gas imports for that year. The port in Djibouti's capital city is an important oil shipment and storage site.

text: All petroleum products are imported. In 2002, imports of refined petroleum products totaled , with consumption placed at . There were no natural gas imports for that year. The port in Djibouti's capital city is an important oil shipment and storage site.

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answers: NDQ_005511

answers: petroleum products

answers: NDQ_005512

answers: petroleum products

answers: NDQ_005513

answers: imports

answers: NDQ_005514

answers: petroleum products

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: refined petroleum products

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: refined petroleum products

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: Djibouti

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: consumption placed at

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: natural gas

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: consumption placed at

text: Wigham made many other inventions, largely in the area of maritime safety. He invented new oil-lamps, gas-lights and electric-lights, gas-powered fog signals, buoys, petroleum-fuelled buoy lights and acetylene lighting equipment. He was working on new electric illumination systems at the time of his death in 1906. Lights supplied by Edmundson & Co were used in lighthouses all over the globe; the firm still exists today as F. Barrett & Co, of Dublin.

text: Wigham made many other inventions, largely in the area of maritime safety. He invented new oil-lamps, gas-lights and electric-lights, gas-powered

text: fog signal

text: s, buoys, petroleum-fuelled buoy lights and

text: acetylene lighting

text: equipment. He was working on new electric illumination systems at the time of his death in 1906. Lights supplied by Edmundson & Co were used in lighthouses all over the globe; the firm still exists today as F. Barrett & Co, of

text: Dublin

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text: The majority of this energy is derived from fossil fuels: in 2010, data showed 25% of the nation's energy came from petroleum, 22% from coal, and 22% from natural gas. Nuclear power supplied 8.4% and renewable energy supplied 8%, which was mainly from hydroelectric dams and biomass but also included other renewable sources such as wind power, geothermal and solar energy. Energy consumption has increased at a faster rate than domestic energy production over the last fifty years in the U.S. (when they were roughly equal). This difference is now largely met through imports.

text: The majority of this energy is derived from

text: fossil fuel

text: s: in 2010, data showed 25% of the nation's energy came from

text: petroleum

text: , 22% from

text: coal

text: , and 22% from

text: natural gas

text: Nuclear power

text: supplied 8.4% and

text: renewable energy

text: supplied 8%, which was mainly from

text: hydroelectric dam

text: s and

text: biomass

text: but also included other renewable sources such as

text: wind power

text: geothermal

text: and

text: solar energy

text: . Energy consumption has increased at a faster rate than domestic energy production over the last fifty years in the U.S. (when they were roughly equal). This difference is now largely met through imports.

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answers: 25% of the nation's energy

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answers: Energy consumption has increased at a faster rate than domestic energy production

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answers: this difference is now largely met through imports

text: There is a limited amount of fossil fuel inside the Earth.  Since the current world energy resources and consumption is mainly fossil fuels, we are very dependent on them for both transportation and electric power generation.  The Hubbert peak theory predicts that oil depletion will result in oil production dropping off in the not too distant future.  As time goes on our economy will have to transition to some alternative fuels. Fossil fuels have solved two problems which could be separately solved in the future: the problem of a source of primary energy and of energy storage.  Along with straight vegetable oil and biodiesel, some energy technologies that could play an important part in the future include:

text: There is a limited amount of

text: fossil fuel

text: inside the

text: Earth

text: .  Since the current

text: world energy resources and consumption

text: is mainly fossil fuels, we are very dependent on them for both

text: transportation

text: and

text: electric power generation

text: .  The

text: Hubbert peak theory

text: predicts that

text: oil depletion

text: will result in oil production dropping off in the not too distant future.  As time goes on our economy will have to transition to some

text: alternative fuels

text: . Fossil fuels have solved two problems which could be separately solved in the future: the problem of a source of

text: primary energy

text: and of

text: energy storage

text: .  Along with

text: straight vegetable oil

text: and

text: biodiesel

text: , some energy technologies that could play an important part in the future include:

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answers: as time goes on our economy will have to transition to some alternative fuels

text: - Power station, Petroleum and Fertilizer Manpower

text: - Power station, Petroleum and Fertilizer Manpower

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answers: oil is a mixture of many different

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answers: About one-half as much as it uses

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answers: NDQ_005520

answers: Oil is a nonrenewable resource

text: Given that they are non-polar, oils do not easily adhere to other substances. This makes them useful as lubricants for various engineering purposes. Mineral oils are more commonly used as machine lubricants than biological oils are. Whale oil is preferred for lubricating clocks, because it does not evaporate, leaving dust, although its use was banned in 1980.

text: Given that they are non-polar, oils do not easily adhere to other substances. This makes them useful as

text: lubricants

text: for various engineering purposes. Mineral oils are more commonly used as machine lubricants than biological oils are.

text: Whale oil

text: is preferred for lubricating clocks, because it does not evaporate, leaving dust, although its use was banned in 1980.

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answers: Mineral oils

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answers: clocks

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answers: mineral oils

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answers: Whale oil

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: The united states produces about one-half as much oil as it uses

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: oil

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: leaving dust

text: Wilton Power Station is a 197 megawatt (MW) fossil fuel power station, which is currently in constant operation. Over the years, nine boilers have been in operation at the station. In the 1970s the station had a generating capacity of 300 MW and produced 1,200 tonnes of steam per hour. In this period the station was burning waste from the chemical site, byproducts such as: liquid petroleum gas, tars, waste lubricating oils, emulsion residues, waste from aromatic and olefin plants and hydrogen gas from the nylon plant. There are currently three generating sets in operation at the station, two of which are fired by coal, the other of which is a gas turbine fuelled by natural gas. Each of the two coal-fired generating sets are powered by a high pressure boiler, which are each capable of producing a continuous maximum rate of 280 tonnes per hour of steam, at 1,700 psig. Each boiler is then connected to a 33 MW turbine generator. Intermediate pressure steam is then either diverted and fed to other plants in the complex, or sent to three secondary generating sets. After the secondary generating sets, low pressure steam can then be distributed to plants in the complex. Boiler Number 6, one of the coal boilers, was mothballed in 1997, however in 2001 it was refurbished and restored to operation. In 2002, one of the secondary turbines was replaced by a newer unit. In the same year, an automation project involving the boilers, turbines and ancillary equipment was completed.

text: Wilton Power Station is a 197

text: megawatt

text: (MW)

text: fossil fuel power station

text: , which is currently in constant operation. Over the years, nine

text: boiler

text: s have been in operation at the station. In the 1970s the station had a generating capacity of 300 MW and produced 1,200 tonnes of steam per hour. In this period the station was burning waste from the chemical site, byproducts such as: liquid petroleum gas, tars, waste lubricating oils, emulsion residues, waste from aromatic and olefin plants and hydrogen gas from the nylon plant. There are currently three generating sets in operation at the station, two of which are fired by

text: coal

text: , the other of which is a

text: gas turbine

text: fuelled by

text: natural gas

text: . Each of the two coal-fired generating sets are powered by a high pressure boiler, which are each capable of producing a continuous maximum rate of 280 tonnes per hour of steam, at 1,700

text: psig

text: . Each boiler is then connected to a 33 MW turbine generator. Intermediate pressure steam is then either diverted and fed to other plants in the complex, or sent to three secondary generating sets. After the secondary generating sets, low pressure steam can then be distributed to plants in the complex. Boiler Number 6, one of the coal boilers, was mothballed in 1997, however in 2001 it was refurbished and restored to operation. In 2002, one of the secondary turbines was replaced by a newer unit. In the same year, an automation project involving the boilers, turbines and ancillary equipment was completed.

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answers: liquid petroleum gas

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answers: fossil fuel

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answers: liquid petroleum gas, tars

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answers: a gas turbine

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: liquid petroleum gas

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: Wilton

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: The United States produces about one-half as much oil as it uses

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: byproducts

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: liquid petroleum gas, tars

text: Electric power is generated by fossil fuels and nuclear power plants.  Fossil fuel (oil, natural gas, coal) are mostly imported from other regions of Russia (mostly from Komi Republic, Povolzhye, and West Siberia).

text: Electric power

text: is generated by

text: fossil fuel

text: s and

text: nuclear power plant

text: s.  Fossil fuel (

text: oil

text: natural gas

text: , coal) are mostly imported from other regions of Russia (mostly from

text: Komi Republic

text: Povolzhye

text: , and

text: West Siberia

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answers: Komi Republic

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answers: It produces about one-half as much oil as it uses

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answers: NDQ_005520

answers: climate change

text: Raw or unprocessed crude oil is not generally useful in industrial applications, although "light, sweet" (low viscosity, low sulfur) crude oil has been used directly as a burner fuel to produce steam for the propulsion of seagoing vessels. The lighter elements, however, form explosive vapors in the fuel tanks and are therefore hazardous, especially in warships. Instead, the hundreds of different hydrocarbon molecules in crude oil are separated in a refinery into components which can be used as fuels, lubricants, and as feedstocks in petrochemical processes that manufacture such products as plastics, detergents, solvents, elastomers and fibers such as nylon and polyesters.

text: Raw or unprocessed crude oil is not generally useful in industrial applications, although "light, sweet" (low viscosity, low

text: sulfur

text: ) crude oil has been used directly as a burner fuel to produce steam for the propulsion of seagoing vessels. The lighter elements, however, form explosive vapors in the fuel tanks and are therefore hazardous, especially in

text: warships

text: . Instead, the hundreds of different hydrocarbon molecules in crude oil are separated in a refinery into components which can be used as

text: fuels

text: lubricants

text: , and as feedstocks in

text: petrochemical

text: processes that manufacture such products as

text: plastic

text: s,

text: detergent

text: s,

text: solvent

text: s,

text: elastomer

text: s and

text: fiber

text: s such as

text: nylon

text: and

text: polyesters

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answers: propulsion

answers: NDQ_005512

answers: hydrocarbon molecules

answers: NDQ_005513

answers: Processed

answers: NDQ_005514

answers: hydrocarbon molecules

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: propulsion of seagoing vessels

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: Raw or unprocessed

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: Raw or unprocessed

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: It produces about one-half as much oil as it uses

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: steam

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answers: hazardous

text: Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources because they take millions of years to form, and reserves are being depleted much faster than new ones are being made. So we must conserve these fuels and use them judiciously. The production and use of fossil fuels raise environmental concerns. A global movement toward the generation of renewable energy is therefore under way to help meet increased energy needs. The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion tonnes (21.3 gigatonnes) of carbon dioxide (CO) per year, but it is estimated that natural processes can only absorb about half of that amount, so there is a net increase of 10.65 billion tonnes of atmospheric carbon dioxide per year (one tonne of atmospheric carbon is equivalent to 44/12 or 3.7 tonnes of carbon dioxide).  Carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases that enhances radiative forcing and contributes to global warming, causing the average surface temperature of the Earth to rise in response, which the vast majority of climate scientists agree will cause major adverse effects.Fuels are a source of energy.

text: Fossil fuels are

text: non-renewable resources

text: because they take millions of years to form, and reserves are being depleted much faster than new ones are being made. So we must conserve these fuels and use them judiciously. The production and use of fossil fuels raise environmental concerns. A global movement toward the generation of

text: renewable energy

text: is therefore under way to help meet increased energy needs. The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion

text: tonnes

text: gigatonne

text: s) of

text: carbon dioxide

text: (CO) per year, but it is estimated that natural processes can only absorb about half of that amount, so there is a net increase of 10.65 billion tonnes of atmospheric carbon dioxide per year (one tonne of atmospheric carbon is equivalent to 44/12 or 3.7 tonnes of carbon dioxide).  Carbon dioxide is one of the

text: greenhouse gas

text: es that enhances

text: radiative forcing

text: and contributes to

text: global warming

text: , causing the

text: average surface temperature

text: of the Earth to rise in response, which

text: the vast majority of climate scientists

text: agree will cause major

text: adverse effects

text: .Fuels are a source of energy.

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text: The petroleum discovery at the Drake Well in western Pennsylvania in 1859 caused a great deal of public excitement and investment drilling in new wells, not only in Pennsylvania, but also in Canada, where petroleum had been discovered at Oil Springs, Ontario in 1858, and southern Poland, where Ignacy Łukasiewicz had been distilling lamp oil from petroleum seeps since 1852. The increased supply of petroleum allowed oil refiners to entirely side-step the oil-from-coal patents of both Young and Gesner, and produce illuminating oil from petroleum without paying royalties to anyone. As a result, the illuminating oil industry in the United States completely switched over to petroleum in the 1860s. The petroleum-based illuminating oil was widely sold as Kerosene, and the trade name soon lost its proprietary status, and became the lower-case generic product “kerosene”. Because Gesner’s original Kerosene had been also known as “coal oil,” generic kerosene from petroleum was commonly called “coal oil” in some parts of the United States well into the 20th century.

text: The petroleum discovery at the

text: Drake Well

text: in western Pennsylvania in 1859 caused a great deal of public excitement and investment drilling in new wells, not only in Pennsylvania, but also in Canada, where petroleum had been discovered at

text: Oil Springs, Ontario

text: in 1858, and southern Poland, where Ignacy Łukasiewicz had been distilling lamp oil from petroleum seeps since 1852. The increased supply of petroleum allowed oil refiners to entirely side-step the oil-from-coal patents of both Young and Gesner, and produce illuminating oil from petroleum without paying royalties to anyone. As a result, the illuminating oil industry in the United States completely switched over to petroleum in the 1860s. The petroleum-based illuminating oil was widely sold as Kerosene, and the trade name soon lost its proprietary status, and became the lower-case generic product “kerosene”. Because Gesner’s original Kerosene had been also known as “coal oil,” generic kerosene from petroleum was commonly called “coal oil” in some parts of the United States well into the 20th century.

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answers: It produces about one-half as much oil as it uses

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: Kerosene

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answers: the illuminating oil industry in the United States completely switched over to petroleum

text: A great deal of gas flaring at many oil and gas production sites has to do with protection against the dangers of over-pressuring industrial plant equipment. When petroleum crude oil is extracted and produced from onshore or offshore oil wells, raw natural gas associated with the oil is brought to the surface as well. Especially in areas of the world lacking pipelines and other gas transportation infrastructure, vast amounts of such associated gas are commonly flared as waste or unusable gas. The flaring of associated gas may occur at the top of a vertical flare stack (as in the adjacent photo) or it may occur in a ground-level flare in an earthen pit. Preferably, associated gas is reinjected into the reservoir, which saves it for future use while maintaining higher well pressure and crude oil producibility.

text: A great deal of gas flaring at many oil and gas production sites has to do with protection against the dangers of over-pressuring industrial plant equipment. When

text: petroleum crude oil

text: is extracted and produced from onshore or offshore

text: oil well

text: s,

text: raw natural gas

text: associated with the oil is brought to the surface as well. Especially in areas of the world lacking

text: pipelines

text: and other gas transportation infrastructure, vast amounts of such

text: associated gas

text: are commonly flared as waste or unusable gas. The flaring of associated gas may occur at the top of a vertical flare stack (as in the adjacent photo) or it may occur in a ground-level flare in an earthen pit. Preferably, associated gas is reinjected into the reservoir, which saves it for future use while maintaining higher well pressure and crude oil producibility.

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answers: areas of the world lacking pipelines

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answers: The flaring of associated gas

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answers: natural gas

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: over-pressuring industrial plant equipment

text: By 2008, BP's branding campaign had succeeded with the culmination of a 2007 Effie Award from by the American Marketing Association, and consumers had the impression that BP was one of the greenest petroleum companies in the world. BP was criticised by environmentalists and marketing experts, who stated that the company's alternative energy activities were only a fraction of the company's business at the time. According to Democracy Now, BP's marketing campaign amounted to a deceptive greenwashing public-relations spin campaign given that BP's 2008 budget included more than $20 billion for fossil fuel investment and less than $1.5 billion for all alternative forms of energy. Oil and energy analyst Antonia Juhasz notes BP's investment in green technologies peaked at 4% of its exploratory budget prior to cutbacks, including the discontinuation of BP Solar and the closure of its alternative energy headquarters in London.  According to Juhasz, "four percent...hardly qualifies the company to be Beyond Petroleum", citing BP's "aggressive modes of production, whether it’s the tar sands [or] offshore".

text: By 2008, BP's branding campaign had succeeded with the culmination of a 2007

text: Effie Award

text: from by the

text: American Marketing Association

text: , and consumers had the impression that BP was one of the greenest petroleum companies in the world. BP was criticised by environmentalists and marketing experts, who stated that the company's alternative energy activities were only a fraction of the company's business at the time. According to

text: Democracy Now

text: , BP's marketing campaign amounted to a deceptive

text: greenwashing

text: public-relations

text: spin campaign

text: given that BP's 2008 budget included more than $20 billion for fossil fuel investment and less than $1.5 billion for all alternative forms of energy. Oil and energy analyst

text: Antonia Juhasz

text: notes BP's investment in green technologies peaked at 4% of its exploratory budget prior to cutbacks, including the discontinuation of

text: BP Solar

text: and the closure of its alternative energy headquarters in London.  According to Juhasz, "four percent...hardly qualifies the company to be Beyond Petroleum", citing BP's "aggressive modes of production, whether it’s the tar sands [or] offshore".

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answers: BP was criticised by environmentalists and marketing experts

text: Occidental Petroleum’s spinoff company California Resources Corp. created the group Powering California, which teamed up with the Los Angeles Times' “content solutions” team to promote oil-industry messaging. (The Times’ "content solutions" department is wholly independent from its reporting and editorial staff.).

text: Occidental Petroleum’s spinoff company California Resources Corp. created the group Powering California, which teamed up with the Los Angeles Times' “content solutions” team to promote oil-industry messaging. (The Times’ "content solutions" department is wholly independent from its reporting and editorial staff.).

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text: The engine's cycle of operations including sectional drawings and indicator diagrams for both gas and petroleum fueled versions. Details of the way the liquid fuel was introduced are described over 11 pages of Dugald Clerk's book Gas and Oil Engines. The petroleum engine in these tests was made by the "New York and New Jersey Ready Motor Company". This is followed by a similar analysis of Simon's engine which was an adaptation of the Brayton engine made by Louis Simon & Sons, in Nottingham, UK and marketed as The Eclipse Silent Gas Engine. The Simon engine had an added complexity in that it injected some of the water/steam heated by the engine/exhaust into the engine. The indicator diagrams for this engine are also reported by Dugald Clerk and show that the addition of the water has little merit in terms of power production, the cooling of the gases and expansion of the steam compensating for each other.

text: The engine's cycle of operations including sectional drawings and indicator diagrams for both gas and petroleum fueled versions. Details of the way the liquid fuel was introduced are described over 11 pages of

text: Dugald Clerk

text: 's book Gas and Oil Engines. The petroleum engine in these tests was made by the "New York and New Jersey Ready Motor Company". This is followed by a similar analysis of Simon's engine which was an adaptation of the Brayton engine made by Louis Simon & Sons, in Nottingham, UK and marketed as The Eclipse Silent Gas Engine. The Simon engine had an added complexity in that it injected some of the water/steam heated by the engine/exhaust into the engine. The indicator diagrams for this engine are also reported by

text: Dugald Clerk

text: and show that the addition of the water has little merit in terms of power production, the cooling of the gases and expansion of the steam compensating for each other.

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answers: petroleum

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answers: UK

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answers: Gas and Oil Engines

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: Gas

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: the addition of the water has little merit in terms of power production

text: In spite of the few major operations, the first decade of the boom was dominated by numerous small producers. As production expanded and new companies were formed, consolidation occurred. By the late 1920s, ten companies produced more than half of the oil in the state: Gulf Production Company, Humble Oil and Refining Company, Southern Crude Oil Purchasing Company (later absorbed by Amoco which was later absorbed by BP), the Texas Company, Shell Petroleum Corporation, Yount-Lee Oil Company, Magnolia Petroleum Company, J. K. Hughes Oil Company, Pure Oil Company, and Mid-Kansas Oil and Gas Company (later Marathon Oil).

text: In spite of the few major operations, the first decade of the boom was dominated by numerous small producers. As production expanded and new companies were formed, consolidation occurred. By the late 1920s, ten companies produced more than half of the oil in the state: Gulf Production Company, Humble Oil and Refining Company, Southern Crude Oil Purchasing Company (later absorbed by

text: Amoco

text: which was later absorbed by

text: BP

text: ), the Texas Company,

text: Shell Petroleum Corporation

text: Yount-Lee Oil Company

text: , Magnolia Petroleum Company, J. K. Hughes Oil Company,

text: Pure Oil Company

text: , and Mid-Kansas Oil and Gas Company (later

text: Marathon Oil

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answers: Gasoline

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answers: Oil

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answers: gas

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answers: oil and gas

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: Mid-Kansas Oil and Gas Company

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: By the late 1920s, ten companies produced more than half of the oil in the state

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: Magnolia Petroleum Company

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: The United States produces about one-half as much oil as it uses

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: Oil

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: consolidation occurred

text: Production from the Sémé off shore oil field began in October 1982 by Saga Petroleum, a Norwegian company working under a service contract. The field yielded  of oil in 1991. In 1990, Benin exported an estimated  of crude oil. In 1986, the contract was transferred to Pan Ocean Oil (Panoco), a Swiss-based US company, but loans to Benin from international development agencies were frozen because the company could not furnish satisfactory financial and capability statements; it withdrew, forcing Benin to take over oil production. Reserves, which were estimated at , were considered sufficient to meet domestic needs, but there is currently no refinery in Benin; consequently, refined petroleum products have to be re-imported. In 2002, imports of refined petroleum products amounted to . The company responsible for petroleum products import is Société Nationale de Commercialisation des Produits Pétroliers (SONACOP).

text: Production from the Sémé off shore oil field began in October 1982 by

text: Saga Petroleum

text: , a

text: Norwegian

text: company working under a service contract. The field yielded  of oil in 1991. In 1990,

text: Benin

text: exported an estimated  of

text: crude oil

text: . In 1986, the contract was transferred to

text: Pan Ocean Oil

text: (Panoco), a

text: Swiss

text: -based US company, but loans to Benin from international development agencies were frozen because the company could not furnish satisfactory financial and capability statements; it withdrew, forcing Benin to take over oil production.

text: Reserves

text: , which were estimated at , were considered sufficient to meet domestic needs, but there is currently no

text: refinery

text: in Benin; consequently, refined

text: petroleum

text: products have to be re-imported. In 2002, imports of refined petroleum products amounted to . The company responsible for petroleum products import is

entity_name: Société Nationale de Commercialisation des Produits Pétroliers

text: Société Nationale de Commercialisation des Produits Pétroliers

text: (SONACOP).

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answers: crude oil

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answers: crude oil

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answers: be re-imported

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answers: petroleum products

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: Benin to take over oil production

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: Benin exported an estimated

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: Benin

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: In 2002, imports of refined petroleum products amounted to

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: crude oil

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: refined petroleum products have to be re-imported

text: Fossil fuels contain high percentages of carbon and include coal, petroleum, and natural gas.They range from volatile  materials with low carbon:hydrogen ratios like methane, to liquid petroleum to nonvolatile materials composed of almost pure carbon, like anthracite coal. Methane can be found in hydrocarbon fields, alone, associated with oil, or in the form of methane clathrates. Fossil fuels formed from the fossilized remains of dead plants by exposure to heat and pressure in the Earth's crust over millions of years. This biogenic theory was first introduced by German scholar Georg Agricola in 1556 and later by Mikhail Lomonosov in the 18th century.

text: Fossil fuels contain high percentages of

text: carbon

text: and include

text: coal

text: petroleum

text: , and

text: natural gas

text: .They range from

text: volatile

text: materials with low

text: carbon

text: hydrogen

text: ratios like

text: methane

text: , to liquid petroleum to nonvolatile materials composed of almost pure carbon, like

text: anthracite

text: coal. Methane can be found in

text: hydrocarbon

text: fields, alone, associated with oil, or in the form of

text: methane clathrates

text: . Fossil fuels formed from the

text: fossilized remains

text: of dead plants by exposure to heat and pressure in the Earth's crust over millions of years. This

text: biogenic theory

text: was first introduced by German scholar

text: Georg Agricola

text: in 1556 and later by

text: Mikhail Lomonosov

text: in the 18th century.

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answers: fossilized remains of dead plants by exposure to heat and pressure

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answers: Methane

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answers: The united states produces about one-half as much oil as it uses

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: methane

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answers: carbon

text: As the Red Line Agreement defined the company's sphere of operations well beyond the boundaries of Iraq, IPC's shareholders were keen to look for oil elsewhere in the Middle East. They created associated companies, one for each territory to be explored. These companies were collectively known as "The IPC Group". They would obtain from the sovereign power an exploration licence covering simple exploration over a defined geographical area, or a concession permitting exploration and the production of oil. By 1948, the Company had created 12 companies with concessions or exploration licences: Petroleum Development (Cyprus Ltd), Lebanon Petroleum Company Ltd, Petroleum Development (Palestine) Ltd, Syrian Petroleum Company Ltd, Trans-Jordan Petroleum Company Ltd, Mosul Petroleum Company Ltd, Basrah Petroleum Company Ltd, Petroleum Development (Qatar) Ltd, Petroleum Development (Trucial Coast) Ltd, Petroleum Development (Oman and Dhofar) Ltd, Petroleum Concessions Ltd (for the Aden Protectorates), Petroleum Development (Western Arabia) Ltd.

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answers: oil

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answers: obtain from the sovereign power

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answers: Petroleum Development (Qatar) Ltd

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: production

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answers: Middle East

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: The IPC Group

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: oil

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: production of oil

text: With the constant advancements in alternative ambulatory power by engineers such as Angelo Di Pietro of Engineair in Australia and Guy Negre of MDI in France, crude petroleum can be refashioned to be mainly used for industrial products such as plastics.To date no vehicles powered by this or by other models of compressed air engines have ever reached the "working prototype" status (excepting compressed-air powered fireless locomotives).

text: With the constant advancements in alternative ambulatory power by engineers such as Angelo Di Pietro of Engineair in Australia and Guy Negre of MDI in France, crude petroleum can be refashioned to be mainly used for industrial products such as plastics.To date no vehicles powered by this or by other models of compressed air engines have ever reached the "working prototype" status (excepting compressed-air powered

text: fireless locomotive

text: s).

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answers: compressed air engines

answers: NDQ_005512

answers: petroleum

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answers: Crude petroleum

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answers: industrial products

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answers: engineair

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: petroleum

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: Australia

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: petroleum

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: plastics

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: To date no vehicles powered by this or by other models of compressed air engines

text: Motivation for introducing special taxes on petroleum production is rooted in rent theory and the assumption that oil and gas resources provide an extraordinary rate of resource rent (economic rent). The term "resource rent" expresses the difference between the values of hydrocarbons extracted from a deposit and the total costs of exploring and producing the hydrocarbons, synonymous with excess profit. Resource rents will be distributed among the state and the oil companies engaged in extracting hydrocarbons in a license. The rents must recover costs undertaken by the companies, give some company profit and give income for the state (in US the landowner) to compensate for the takeout of natural resources.  Income tax and special petroleum tax to the state may also apply and carried by the resource rents.

text: Motivation for introducing special taxes on petroleum production is rooted in rent theory and the assumption that oil and gas resources provide an extraordinary rate of

text: resource rent

text: economic rent

text: ). The term "resource rent" expresses the difference between the values of hydrocarbons extracted from a deposit and the total costs of exploring and producing the hydrocarbons, synonymous with

text: excess profit

text: . Resource rents will be distributed among the state and the oil companies engaged in extracting hydrocarbons in a license. The rents must recover costs undertaken by the companies, give some company profit and give income for the state (in US the landowner) to compensate for the takeout of natural resources.  Income tax and special petroleum tax to the state may also apply and carried by the resource rents.

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text: The Security Council was concerned about the humanitarian consequences for the Iraqi people after the shortfall in the revenue from the sale of petroleum and petroleum products during the first 90-day period of implementation of Resolution 1143, due to a fall in oil prices and delayed resumption of oil sales by Iraq. It was determined to avoid the further deterioration of the humanitarian situation.

text: The Security Council was concerned about the humanitarian consequences for the Iraqi people after the shortfall in the revenue from the sale of petroleum and petroleum products during the first 90-day period of implementation of Resolution 1143, due to a fall in oil prices and delayed resumption of oil sales by Iraq. It was determined to avoid the further deterioration of the humanitarian situation.

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answers: It was determined to avoid the further deterioration of the humanitarian situation

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text: After an initial period of disagreement between the Government of Uganda and the petroleum exploration companies, the two sides agreed in April 2013 to simultaneously build a crude oil pipeline to the Kenyan coast (Uganda–Kenya Crude Oil Pipeline) and an oil refinery in Uganda (Uganda Oil Refinery).

text: After an initial period of disagreement between the

text: Government of Uganda

text: and the petroleum exploration companies, the two sides agreed in April 2013 to simultaneously build a crude oil pipeline to the

text: Kenya

text: n coast (

text: Uganda–Kenya Crude Oil Pipeline

text: ) and an oil refinery in Uganda (

text: Uganda Oil Refinery

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text: Fossil fuels are the most common common source of electrical energy in Italy, accounting for 72.7% of the total production in 2012. Of these, natural gas is the predominant source; it accounts for 59.5% of the total power produced using fossil fuels. the total electricity produced by natural gas was 173 TWh in 2008. Coal (21.6%), petroleum, (4.3%), other gases (2%), and other solid combustibles (biomass, waste, bitumen, and others, 12.2%), contribute smaller percentages to the total production.

text: Fossil fuels are the most common common source of electrical energy in Italy, accounting for 72.7% of the total production in 2012. Of these,

text: natural gas

text: is the predominant source; it accounts for 59.5% of the total power produced using fossil fuels. the total electricity produced by natural gas was 173 TWh in 2008.

text: Coal

text: petroleum

text: , (4.3%), other gases (2%), and other solid combustibles (

text: biomass

text: , waste,

text: bitumen

text: , and others, 12.2%), contribute smaller percentages to the total production.

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text: Downstream activity involves the supply and trading of crude and products, oil refining, petroleum product marketing (Marketing), distribution and marketing of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), production and marketing of chemicals and the development of new energies.

text: Downstream activity involves the supply and trading of crude and products, oil refining, petroleum product marketing (Marketing), distribution and marketing of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), production and marketing of chemicals and the development of new energies.

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text: Between 1971 and 1981, Seatrain Lines operated a scheduled container service between ports on the eastern seaboard of the United States and ports in northwest Europe across the North Atlantic with four container ships of 26,000 tonnes DWT. Those ships were powered by twin Pratt & Whitney gas turbines of the FT 4 series. The four ships in the class were named Euroliner, Eurofreighter, Asialiner and Asiafreighter. Following the dramatic Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) price increases of the mid-1970s, operations were constrained by rising fuel costs. Some modification of the engine systems on those ships was undertaken to permit the burning of a lower grade of fuel (i.e., marine diesel). Reduction of fuel costs was successful using a different untested fuel in a marine gas turbine but maintenance costs increased with the fuel change. After 1981 the ships were sold and refitted with, what at the time, was more economical diesel-fueled engines but the increased engine size reduced cargo space.

text: Between 1971 and 1981,

text: Seatrain Lines

text: operated a scheduled

text: container

text: service between ports on the eastern seaboard of the United States and ports in northwest Europe across the North Atlantic with four container ships of 26,000 tonnes DWT. Those ships were powered by twin

text: Pratt & Whitney

text: gas turbines of the FT 4 series. The four ships in the class were named Euroliner, Eurofreighter, Asialiner and Asiafreighter. Following the dramatic

text: Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries

text: (OPEC) price increases of the mid-1970s, operations were constrained by rising fuel costs. Some modification of the engine systems on those ships was undertaken to permit the burning of a lower grade of fuel (i.e.,

text: marine diesel

text: ). Reduction of fuel costs was successful using a different untested fuel in a marine gas turbine but maintenance costs increased with the fuel change. After 1981 the ships were sold and refitted with, what at the time, was more economical diesel-fueled engines but the increased engine size reduced cargo space.

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text: To cope with the increasing electricity demand and generation, a petroleum transmission trestle was built in 2002 nearby the power plant for the transportation of the diesel oil for the plant. This reduce the risk of having lack of fuel oil.

text: To cope with the increasing electricity demand and generation, a petroleum transmission trestle was built in 2002 nearby the power plant for the transportation of the diesel oil for the plant. This reduce the risk of having lack of fuel oil.

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text: In late 2014, as the global demand for oil slows down, and production of crude oil remains high in the United States, Canada and in Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, the oil market collapsed into a bear market. While the decision by OPEC to "hold their production steady at 30 million bpd" contributed to the continued price decline of oil, there was a rebound in oil futures on 1 December 2014. The price of West Texas Intermediate (WTI), the benchmark for North American crude dropped to $US68.93 and to the decline in the price of Western Canadian Select, which is the benchmark for emerging heavy, high TAN (acidic) crudes to US$51.93. By early December 2014, Connacher was one of several oilsands bitumen-focused producers to struggle financially due to the drop in the price of oil and a tightening of capital markets. Others include  OPTI Canada Inc., Southern Pacific Resources Corp., and Sunshine Oilsands Ltd..  On 1 December Connacher which is $1.05 billion in debt hired BMO Capital Markets advisors to undertake a review process of its “liquidity and capital structure." If the price of WTI per barrel was US$75, the Connacher could generate $C70 million of EBITDA in 2015, but it has $90 million in debt payments.

text: In late 2014, as the global demand for oil slows down, and production of crude oil remains high in the United States, Canada and in

text: Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries

text: , the oil market collapsed into a

text: bear market

text: . While the decision by OPEC to "hold their production steady at 30 million bpd" contributed to the continued price decline of oil, there was a rebound in

text: oil futures

text: on 1 December 2014. The price of

text: West Texas Intermediate

text: (WTI), the

text: benchmark

text: for North American crude dropped to $US68.93 and to the decline in the price of

text: Western Canadian Select

text: , which is the benchmark for emerging heavy, high TAN (acidic) crudes to US$51.93. By early December 2014, Connacher was one of several oilsands bitumen-focused producers to struggle financially due to the drop in the price of oil and a tightening of capital markets. Others include

text: OPTI Canada Inc.

text: Southern Pacific Resources Corp.

text: , and

text: Sunshine Oilsands Ltd.

text: .  On 1 December Connacher which is $1.05 billion in debt hired BMO Capital Markets advisors to undertake a review process of its “liquidity and capital structure." If the price of WTI per barrel was US$75, the Connacher could generate $C70 million of

entity_name: Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization

text: EBITDA

text: in 2015, but it has $90 million in debt payments.

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text: Fossil fuels such as coal and oil are made primarily of plant material that was deposited millions of years ago. This period of time equates to thousands of half-lives of C, so essentially all of the C in fossil fuels has decayed. Fossil fuels also are depleted in C relative to the atmosphere, because they were originally formed from living organisms. Therefore, the carbon from fossil fuels that is returned to the atmosphere through combustion is depleted in both C and C compared to atmospheric carbon dioxide.

text: Fossil fuels such as

text: coal

text: and

text: oil

text: are made primarily of plant material that was deposited millions of years ago. This period of time equates to thousands of half-lives of C, so essentially all of the C in fossil fuels has decayed. Fossil fuels also are depleted in C relative to the atmosphere, because they were originally formed from living organisms. Therefore, the carbon from fossil fuels that is returned to the atmosphere through combustion is depleted in both C and C compared to atmospheric carbon dioxide.

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text: Maharashtra contributes 25% of the country's industrial output and is the most indebted state in the country. Industrial activity in state is concentrated in four districts: Mumbai city, Mumbai suburban district, Thane and Pune districts. Mumbai has the largest share in GSDP (21.5 per cent), both Thane and Pune districts contribute about same in the Industry sector, Pune district contributes more in the agriculture and allied activities sector, whereas Thane district contributes more in the Services sector. Nashik district shares highest in the agricultural and allied activities sector, but is far behind in the Industry and Services sectors as compared to Thane and Pune districts. Industries in Maharashtra include chemical and chemical products (17.6%), food and food products (16.1%), refined petroleum products (12.9%), machinery and equipment (8%), textiles (6.9%), basic metals (5.8%), motor vehicles (4.7%) and furniture (4.3%). Maharashtra is the manufacturing hub for some of the largest public sector industries in India, including Hindustan Petroleum Corporation, Tata Petrodyne and Oil India Ltd.

text: Hindustan Petroleum Corporation

text: Tata Petrodyne

text: and

text: Oil India Ltd

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text: The steady run-up in oil prices after 2003 led to increasing fears that peak oil was imminent, further increasing interest in commercial wind power. Even though wind power generates electricity rather than liquid fuels, and thus is not an immediate substitute for petroleum in most applications (especially transport), fears over petroleum shortages only added to the urgency to expand wind power. Earlier oil crises had already caused many utility and industrial users of petroleum to shift to coal or natural gas. Wind power showed potential for replacing natural gas in electricity generation on a cost basis.

text: The steady run-up in

text: oil prices after 2003

text: led to increasing fears that

text: peak oil

text: was imminent, further increasing interest in commercial wind power. Even though wind power generates electricity rather than liquid fuels, and thus is not an immediate substitute for petroleum in most applications (especially transport), fears over petroleum shortages only added to the urgency to expand wind power. Earlier oil crises had already caused many utility and industrial users of petroleum to shift to

text: coal

text: or

text: natural gas

text: . Wind power showed potential for replacing natural gas in electricity generation on a cost basis.

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text: BP's major subsidiary in the United States is BP America, Inc. based in Houston, Texas, which is the parent company for the BP's operations in the country.  BP Exploration & Production Inc., a 1996 established Houston-based subsidiary, is dealing with oil exploration and production, including Gulf of Mexico activities. BP Corporation North America, Inc., provides petroleum refining services as also transportation fuel, heat and light energy, and petrochemical products. BP Products North America, Inc., a 1954 established Houston-based subsidiary, is engaged in the exploration, development, production, refining, and marketing of oil and natural gas. BP America Production Company, a New Mexico-based subsidiary, engages in oil and gas exploration and development. BP Energy Company, a Houston-based subsidiary, is a provider of natural gas, power, and risk management services to the industrial and utility sectors and a retail electric provider in Texas.

text: BP's major subsidiary in the United States is BP America, Inc. based in

text: Houston, Texas

text: , which is the parent company for the BP's operations in the country.  BP Exploration & Production Inc., a 1996 established Houston-based subsidiary, is dealing with oil exploration and production, including Gulf of Mexico activities. BP Corporation North America, Inc., provides petroleum refining services as also transportation fuel, heat and light energy, and petrochemical products. BP Products North America, Inc., a 1954 established Houston-based subsidiary, is engaged in the exploration, development, production, refining, and marketing of oil and natural gas. BP America Production Company, a

text: New Mexico

text: -based subsidiary, engages in oil and gas exploration and development. BP Energy Company, a Houston-based subsidiary, is a provider of natural gas, power, and risk management services to the industrial and utility sectors and a retail electric provider in Texas.

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text: The chairman of the Knesset Environment and Health Committee urged the government to adopt his recommendation for a revised Petroleum Law and radically alter its approach to fossil fuel-related environmental protection.

text: The chairman of the

text: Knesset

text: Environment and Health Committee urged the government to adopt his recommendation for a revised Petroleum Law and radically alter its approach to fossil fuel-related environmental protection.

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text: Sri Lanka has 62 km of pipelines for crude oil and petroleum products (1987 figures).

text: Sri Lanka has 62 km of pipelines for

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answers: petroleum products

text: The Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975 (EPCA) () is a United States Act of Congress that responded to the 1973 oil crisis by creating a comprehensive approach to federal energy policy. The primary goals of EPCA are to increase energy production and supply, reduce energy demand, provide energy efficiency, and give the executive branch additional powers to respond to disruptions in energy supply.  Most notably, EPCA established the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, the Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products, and Corporate Average Fuel Economy regulations.

text: The Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975 (EPCA) () is a

text: United States

text: Act of Congress

text: that responded to the

text: 1973 oil crisis

text: by creating a comprehensive approach to federal energy policy. The primary goals of EPCA are to increase energy production and supply, reduce energy demand, provide energy efficiency, and give the executive branch additional powers to respond to disruptions in energy supply.  Most notably, EPCA established the

text: Strategic Petroleum Reserve

text: , the

entity_name: Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products

text: Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products

text: , and

text: Corporate Average Fuel Economy

text: regulations.

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answers: oil

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: disruptions in energy supply

text: Natural gas is a major source of electricity generation through the use of cogeneration, gas turbines and steam turbines. Natural gas is also well suited for a combined use in association with renewable energy sources such as wind or solar and for alimenting peak-load power stations functioning in tandem with hydroelectric plants. Most grid peaking power plants and some off-grid engine-generators use natural gas. Particularly high efficiencies can be achieved through combining gas turbines with a steam turbine in combined cycle mode. Natural gas burns more cleanly than other hydrocarbon fuels, such as oil and coal, and produces less carbon dioxide per unit of energy released.  For transportation, burning natural gas produces about 30 percent less carbon dioxide than burning petroleum. For an equivalent amount of heat, burning natural gas produces about 45 percent less carbon dioxide than burning coal for power. The US Energy Information Administration reports the following emissions in million metric tons of carbon dioxide in the world for 2012:

text: Natural gas is a major source of

text: electricity generation

text: through the use of

text: cogeneration

text: gas turbine

text: s and

text: steam turbine

text: s. Natural gas is also well suited for a combined use in association with

text: renewable energy

text: sources such as wind or

text: solar

text: and for alimenting

text: peak-load

text: power stations functioning in tandem with

text: hydroelectric

text: plants. Most grid

text: peaking power plant

text: s and some off-grid

text: engine-generator

text: s use natural gas. Particularly high efficiencies can be achieved through combining gas turbines with a steam turbine in

text: combined cycle

text: mode. Natural gas burns more cleanly than other

text: hydrocarbon fuel

text: s, such as oil and coal, and produces less carbon dioxide per unit of energy released.  For transportation, burning natural gas produces about 30 percent less

text: carbon dioxide

text: than burning

text: petroleum

text: . For an equivalent amount of heat, burning natural gas produces about 45 percent less carbon dioxide than burning

text: coal

text: for power. The US

text: Energy Information Administration

text: reports the following emissions in million

text: metric tons

text: of carbon dioxide in the world for 2012:

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answers: Natural gas

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answers: Petroleum

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answers: Natural gas

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: The United States produces about one-half as much oil as it uses.

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: carbon dioxide

text: Fossil fuel (primary non-renewable fossil) sources burn coal or hydrocarbon fuels, which are the remains of the decomposition of plants and animals. There are three main types of fossil fuels: coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Another fossil fuel, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), is principally derived from the production of natural gas. Heat from burning fossil fuel is used either directly for space heating and process heating, or converted to mechanical energy for vehicles, industrial processes, or electrical power generation.

text: Fossil fuel (primary non-renewable fossil) sources burn

text: coal

text: or

text: hydrocarbon

text: fuels, which are the remains of the decomposition of plants and animals. There are three main types of fossil fuels: coal,

text: petroleum

text: , and

text: natural gas

text: . Another fossil fuel,

text: liquefied petroleum gas

text: (LPG), is principally derived from the production of natural gas. Heat from burning fossil fuel is used either directly for space heating and process heating, or converted to mechanical energy for vehicles,

text: industrial process

text: es, or

text: electrical power generation

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answers: It produces about one-half as much oil as it uses

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text: Orange oil tyres are rubber tyres manufactured by the Yokohama Rubber Company.  The manufacturer claims that the tyres use orange oil in place of part of the petroleum usually used.Yokohama called the compound "Super Nano-Power Rubber Compound (SNPR)".

text: Orange oil tyres are rubber tyres manufactured by the

text: Yokohama Rubber Company

text: .  The manufacturer claims that the tyres use

text: orange oil

text: in place of part of the

text: petroleum

text: usually used.Yokohama called the compound "Super Nano-Power Rubber Compound (SNPR)".

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answers: petroleum usually used

text: Today, about 90% of vehicular fuel needs are met by oil. Petroleum also makes up 40% of total energy consumption in the United States, but is responsible for only 2% of electricity generation. Petroleum's worth as a portable, dense energy source powering the vast majority of vehicles and as the base of many industrial chemicals makes it one of the world's most important commodities.

text: Today, about 90% of vehicular fuel needs are met by oil. Petroleum also makes up 40% of total energy consumption in the United States, but is responsible for only 2% of electricity generation. Petroleum's worth as a portable, dense energy source powering the vast majority of vehicles and as the base of many industrial chemicals makes it one of the world's most important

text: commodities

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answers: vehicular fuel needs

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answers: electricity generation

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: Petroleum also makes up 40% of total energy consumption

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: industrial chemicals

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: energy consumption in the United States

text: Automobile production exploded in the U.S. and in other nations during the 1920s. This, and the increasing use of petroleum derivatives to power factories and industrial equipment, substantially increased worldwide demand for oil.

text: Automobile production exploded in the U.S. and in other nations during the 1920s. This, and the increasing use of petroleum derivatives to power factories and industrial equipment, substantially increased worldwide demand for oil.

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answers: Automobile

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answers: increase worldwide demand

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answers: petroleum derivatives

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answers: Automobile production

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answers: It produces about one-half as much oil as it uses

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answers: oil

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answers: substantially increased worldwide demand for oil

text: In May 2006, with the growing evidence of climate change and rising fossil fuel prices, the Government called for a new in-depth study into the potential for tidal power from the Severn. The Sustainable Development Commission (SDC), the Government’s independent advisory body on sustainable development, was commissioned to look at the issues arising around tidal power, with a particular focus on the Severn Estuary. Their study, 'Turning the Tide: Tidal Power in the UK', concluded that:

text: In May 2006, with the growing evidence of climate change and rising fossil fuel prices, the Government called for a new in-depth study into the potential for tidal power from the Severn. The

text: Sustainable Development Commission

text: (SDC), the Government’s independent advisory body on

text: sustainable development

text: , was commissioned to look at the issues arising around tidal power, with a particular focus on the Severn Estuary. Their study, 'Turning the Tide: Tidal Power in the UK', concluded that:

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answers: United States produces about one-half as much oil as it uses

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answers: climate change

text: According to the composition of the crude oil and depending on the demands of the market, refineries can produce different shares of petroleum products. The largest share of oil products is used as "energy carriers", i.e.  various grades of fuel oil and gasoline.  These fuels include or can be blended to give gasoline, jet fuel, diesel fuel, heating oil, and heavier fuel oils.  Heavier (less volatile) fractions can also be used to produce asphalt, tar, paraffin wax, lubricating and other heavy oils.  Refineries also produce other chemicals, some of which are used in chemical processes to produce plastics and other useful materials.  Since petroleum often contains a few percent sulfur-containing molecules, elemental sulfur is also often produced as a petroleum product.  Carbon, in the form of petroleum coke, and hydrogen may also be produced as petroleum products.  The hydrogen produced is often used as an intermediate product for other oil refinery processes such as hydrocracking and hydrodesulfurization.

text: According to the composition of the crude oil and depending on the demands of the market, refineries can produce different shares of petroleum products. The largest share of oil products is used as "energy carriers", i.e.  various grades of

text: fuel oil

text: and

text: gasoline

text: .  These

text: fuel

text: s include or can be blended to give gasoline,

text: jet fuel

text: diesel fuel

text: heating oil

text: , and heavier fuel oils.  Heavier (less

text: volatile

text: ) fractions can also be used to produce

text: asphalt

text: tar

text: paraffin wax

text: lubricating

text: and other heavy oils.  Refineries also produce other

text: chemicals

text: , some of which are used in

text: chemical process

text: es to produce

text: plastics

text: and other useful materials.  Since petroleum often contains a few percent

text: sulfur

text: -containing molecules, elemental sulfur is also often produced as a petroleum product.

text: Carbon

text: , in the form of

text: petroleum coke

text: , and

text: hydrogen

text: may also be produced as petroleum products.  The hydrogen produced is often used as an intermediate product for other oil refinery processes such as

text: hydrocracking

text: and

text: hydrodesulfurization

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text: Carbon neutral fuel is synthetic fuel—such as methane, gasoline, diesel fuel or jet fuel—produced from renewable or nuclear energy used to hydrogenate waste carbon dioxide recycled from power plant flue exhaust gas or derived from carbonic acid in seawater. Such fuels are potentially carbon neutral because they do not result in a net increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases. To the extent that carbon neutral fuels displace fossil fuels, or if they are produced from waste carbon or seawater carbonic acid, and their combustion is subject to carbon capture at the flue or exhaust pipe, they result in negative carbon dioxide emission and net carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere, and thus constitute a form of greenhouse gas remediation. Such carbon neutral and negative fuels can be produced by the electrolysis of water to make hydrogen used in the Sabatier reaction to produce methane which may then be stored to be burned later in power plants as synthetic natural gas, transported by pipeline, truck, or tanker ship, or be used in gas to liquids processes such as the Fischer–Tropsch process to make traditional transportation or heating fuels.

text: Carbon neutral fuel

text: is

text: synthetic fuel

text: —such as

text: methane

text: gasoline

text: diesel fuel

text: or

text: jet fuel

text: —produced from

text: renewable

text: or

text: nuclear energy

text: used to

text: hydrogenate

text: waste

text: carbon dioxide

text: recycled from

text: power plant flue

text: exhaust gas

text: or derived from

text: carbonic acid

text: in

text: seawater

text: . Such fuels are potentially

text: carbon neutral

text: because they do not result in a net increase in atmospheric

text: greenhouse gas

text: es. To the extent that carbon neutral fuels displace

text: fossil fuel

text: s, or if they are produced from waste carbon or seawater carbonic acid, and their combustion is subject to

text: carbon capture

text: at the flue or exhaust pipe, they result in

text: negative carbon dioxide emission

text: and net

text: carbon dioxide removal

text: from the atmosphere, and thus constitute a form of

text: greenhouse gas remediation

text: . Such carbon neutral and negative fuels can be produced by the

text: electrolysis of water

text: to make

text: hydrogen

text: used in the

text: Sabatier reaction

text: to produce methane which may then be

text: stored

text: to be burned later in

text: power plants

text: as synthetic

text: natural gas

text: , transported by

text: pipeline

text: truck

text: , or

text: tanker ship

text: , or be used in

text: gas to liquids

text: processes such as the

text: Fischer–Tropsch process

text: to make traditional transportation or heating

text: fuel

text: s.

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text: was the fourth nuclear-powered cruiser in the US Navy; the previous three were the ,  and . The second California class cruiser, , was the fifth nuclear-powered cruiser in the US Navy. Other than the four ships of the Soviet Navy's Kirov class, which were actually built with a combination of nuclear and fossil-fuel propulsion, no other country has launched nuclear-powered cruisers.

text: was the fourth

entity_name: Nuclear powered cruisers of the United States Navy

text: nuclear-powered cruiser in the US Navy

text: ; the previous three were the ,  and . The second California class cruiser, , was the fifth nuclear-powered cruiser in the US Navy. Other than the four ships of the

text: Soviet Navy

text: 's

text: Kirov

text: class, which were actually built with a combination of nuclear and fossil-fuel propulsion, no other country has launched nuclear-powered cruisers.

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answers: It produces about one-half as much oil as it uses.

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text: In 1935, he left government service to become the special counsel to the president (Kenneth R. Kingsbury) of Standard Oil of California (now Chevron) in San Francisco, and began his long career as an oilman. Another two years later he became a partner at the firm Pillsbury Madison Sutro (now known as Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman), which was the company's outside counsel. It was at Standard Oil of California that he began a lifelong business association and friendship with his mentor Ralph K. Davies. In 1941, he was called back to Washington, D.C. during the war as Solicitor of the Petroleum Administration for War, helping develop America's energy policy during the war including the Cole Pipeline Act of 1941, and later as a member of the Committee on Reparations, the National Petroleum Council and the American Petroleum Institute. In 1944, after developing a relationship with Paul G. Blazer, he became Vice Chairman and President of Ashland Oil and Refining Co.. (now Ashland Inc.). Later positions included Executive Vice President at Signal Oil & Gas under Samuel B. Mosher (1952), President of Union Texas Petroleum (1960) and Executive Vice President of Allied Signal (all now Honeywell (1967), Union Texas Petroleum Holdings was later sold by Allied Signal to ARCO and merged into BP),until his semi-retirement in 1969.

text: In 1935, he left government service to become the special

text: counsel

text: to the president (

text: Kenneth R. Kingsbury

text: ) of

text: Standard Oil

text: of California (now

text: Chevron

text: ) in San Francisco, and began his long career as an oilman. Another two years later he became a partner at the firm Pillsbury Madison Sutro (now known as

text: Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman

text: ), which was the company's outside counsel. It was at Standard Oil of California that he began a lifelong business association and friendship with his mentor

text: Ralph K. Davies

text: . In 1941, he was called back to Washington, D.C. during the

text: war

text: as Solicitor of the

entity_name: Petroleum Administration for Defense Districts

text: Petroleum Administration for War

text: , helping develop

text: America

text: 's

text: energy policy

text: during the war including the

text: Cole Pipeline Act of 1941

text: , and later as a member of the

text: Committee on Reparations

text: , the

text: National Petroleum Council

text: and the

text: American Petroleum Institute

text: . In 1944, after developing a relationship with

text: Paul G. Blazer

text: , he became Vice Chairman and President of

text: Ashland Oil and Refining Co.

text: . (now

text: Ashland Inc.

text: ). Later positions included Executive Vice President at Signal Oil & Gas under

text: Samuel B. Mosher

text: (1952), President of Union Texas Petroleum (1960) and Executive Vice President of

text: Allied Signal

text: (all now

text: Honeywell

text: (1967), Union Texas Petroleum Holdings was later sold by Allied Signal to

text: ARCO

text: and merged into

text: BP

text: ),until his semi-retirement in 1969.

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answers: NDQ_005519

answers: Gas

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: long career as an oilman

text: Oil companies, both multinational (such as ExxonMobil, Royal Dutch Shell, ConocoPhillips or BP) and national (e.g., Petronas) often adopt a vertically integrated structure, meaning that they are active along the entire supply chain from locating deposits, drilling and extracting crude oil, transporting it around the world, refining it into petroleum products such as petrol/gasoline, to distributing the fuel to company-owned retail stations, for sale to consumers.

text: Oil companies

text: , both multinational (such as

text: ExxonMobil

text: Royal Dutch Shell

text: ConocoPhillips

text: or

text: BP

text: ) and national (e.g.,

text: Petronas

text: ) often adopt a vertically integrated structure, meaning that they are active along the entire supply chain from

text: locating deposits

text: , drilling and extracting

text: crude oil

text: , transporting it around the world,

text: refining

text: it into petroleum products such as

text: petrol/gasoline

text: , to distributing the fuel to company-owned retail stations, for sale to consumers.

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answers: Petronas

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answers: petroleum products such as petrol/gasoline

answers: NDQ_005513

answers: locating deposits

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answers: petroleum products

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answers: drilling and extracting crude oil

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: extracting

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: locating deposits

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: It produces about one-half as much as it uses

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: petrol

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: petrol/gasoline

text: It is important to predict demand as precisely as possible as electricity grids are not capable of storing electricity in large quantities and all power stations have a lead-in time before generation can begin.  Balancing teams attempt to meet short term fluctuations with "fast reserves" that are quick to come online, backed up with longer term fossil fuel-based "balance mechanism units".  The shortest lead-in times are on pumped storage reservoirs, such as the Dinorwig power station that has the fastest response time of any pumped storage station in the world at just 12 seconds to produce 1320 MW.  Once the longer term fossil fuel stations, which have response times around half an hour, and nuclear power stations, which can take even longer, come online then pumped storage stations can be turned off and the water returned to the reservoir.

text: It is important to predict demand as precisely as possible as electricity grids are not capable of storing electricity in large quantities and all power stations have a lead-in time before generation can begin.  Balancing teams attempt to meet short term fluctuations with "fast reserves" that are quick to come online, backed up with longer term

text: fossil fuel

text: -based "balance mechanism units".  The shortest lead-in times are on

text: pumped storage reservoirs

text: , such as the

text: Dinorwig power station

text: that has the fastest response time of any pumped storage station in the world at just 12 seconds to produce 1320 MW.  Once the longer term fossil fuel stations, which have response times around half an hour, and nuclear power stations, which can take even longer, come online then pumped storage stations can be turned off and the water returned to the reservoir.

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text: Crack spread is a term used on the oil industry and futures trading for the differential between the price of crude oil and petroleum products extracted from it. The spread approximates the profit margin that an oil refinery can expect to make by "cracking" the long-chain hydrocarbons of crude oil into useful shorter-chain petroleum products.

text: Crack spread is a term used on the

text: oil industry

text: and

text: futures trading

text: for the differential between the price of

text: crude oil

text: and

text: petroleum product

text: s extracted from it. The spread approximates the profit margin that an

text: oil refinery

text: can expect to make by "

text: cracking

text: " the long-chain hydrocarbons of crude oil into useful shorter-chain petroleum products.

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answers: useful shorter-chain petroleum products

text: It is also used in the petroleum industry as a cross-linking agent to prepare gels for fracturing fluids, fluids whichare pumped into an oil-bearing rock formation to cause cracks in the rock and so to allow the oil to be extracted. It may be prepared by treating zirconium oxide with lactic acid.

text: It is also used in the

text: petroleum industry

text: as a

text: cross-linking agent

text: to prepare

text: gel

text: s for

text: fracturing

text: fluids, fluids whichare pumped into an

text: oil-bearing rock formation

text: to cause cracks in the rock and so to allow the oil to be extracted. It may be prepared by treating

text: zirconium oxide

text: with lactic acid.

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answers: The united states produces about one-half as much oil as it uses

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answers: oil

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: cracks in the rock

text: In some African countries, it is not uncommon for thieves to break electric transformers to steal transformer oil, which is then sold to the operators of roadside food stalls to be used for deep frying. When used for frying, it is reported that transformer oil lasts  much longer than regular cooking oil. The downside of this misuse of the transformer oil is the threat to the health of the consumers, due to the presence of PCBs.

text: In some African countries, it is not uncommon for thieves to break electric

text: transformer

text: s to steal

text: transformer oil

text: , which is then sold to the operators of roadside

text: food stall

text: s to be used for

text: deep frying

text: . When used for frying, it is reported that transformer oil lasts  much longer than regular

text: cooking oil

text: . The downside of this misuse of the transformer oil is the threat to the health of the consumers, due to the presence of PCBs.

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answers: NDQ_005519

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answers: PCBs

text: If energy for hydrogen production were available (from wind, solar, fission or fusion nuclear power etc.), use of the substance for hydrocarbon synfuel production could expand captive use of hydrogen by a factor of 5 to 10. Present U.S. use of hydrogen for hydrocracking is roughly 4 Mt per year. It is estimated that 37.7 Mt/yr of hydrogen would be sufficient to convert enough domestic coal to liquid fuels to end U.S. dependence on foreign oil importation, and less than half this figure to end dependence on Middle East oil. Coal liquefaction would present significantly worse emissions of carbon dioxide than does the current system of burning fossil petroleum, but it would eliminate the political and economic vulnerabilities inherent in US oil importation before the commercialization of tight oil in North America.

text: If energy for hydrogen production were available (from

text: wind

text: solar

text: fission

text: or

text: fusion nuclear power

text: etc.), use of the substance for hydrocarbon

text: synfuel

text: production could expand captive use of hydrogen by a factor of 5 to 10. Present U.S. use of hydrogen for hydrocracking is roughly 4 Mt per year. It is estimated that 37.7 Mt/yr of hydrogen would be sufficient to convert enough domestic coal to liquid fuels to end U.S. dependence on foreign oil importation, and less than half this figure to end dependence on Middle East oil.

text: Coal liquefaction

text: would present significantly worse emissions of carbon dioxide than does the current system of burning fossil petroleum, but it would eliminate the political and economic vulnerabilities inherent in US oil importation before the commercialization of

text: tight oil

text: in North America.

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answers: Hydrogen

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answers: hydrocarbon

answers: NDQ_005513

answers: Hydrogen

answers: NDQ_005514

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answers: NDQ_005515

answers: Coal liquefaction

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: hydrocarbon

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: Middle East

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: Present U.S. use of hydrogen for hydrocracking is roughly 4 Mt per year

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: political and economic vulnerabilities

text: In 2007, the DROC produced 836,000 metric tons of crude petroleum, exported 836,000 metric tons and had a reserve of 25,000,000 metric tons. The DROC had no refining capacity as of January 1, 2005, and must import refined petroleum products. In 2002, imports of refined petroleum products totaled .

text: In 2007, the DROC produced 836,000 metric tons of crude petroleum, exported 836,000 metric tons and had a reserve of 25,000,000 metric tons. The DROC had no refining capacity as of January 1, 2005, and must import refined petroleum products. In 2002, imports of refined petroleum products totaled .

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answers: crude petroleum

answers: NDQ_005512

answers: crude petroleum

answers: NDQ_005513

answers: import refined petroleum products

answers: NDQ_005514

answers: refined petroleum products

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: The DROC had no refining capacity

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: 836,000 metric tons

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: The DROC

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: 25,000,000 metric tons

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: refined petroleum products

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: imports of refined petroleum products

text: LPG is prepared by refining petroleum or "wet" natural gas, and is almost entirely derived from fossil fuel sources, being manufactured during the refining of petroleum (crude oil), or extracted from petroleum or natural gas streams as they emerge from the ground. It was first produced in 1910 by Dr. Walter Snelling, and the first commercial products appeared in 1912. It currently provides about 3% of all energy consumed, and burns relatively cleanly with no soot and very few sulfur emissions. As it is a gas, it does not pose ground or water pollution hazards, but it can cause air pollution. LPG has a typical specific calorific value of 46.1 MJ/kg compared with 42.5 MJ/kg for fuel oil and 43.5 MJ/kg for premium grade petrol (gasoline). However, its energy density per volume unit of 26 MJ/L is lower than either that of petrol or fuel oil, as its relative density is lower (about 0.5–0.58 kg/L, compared to 0.71–0.77 kg/L for gasoline).

text: LPG is prepared by

text: refining

text: petroleum

text: or "wet"

text: natural gas

text: , and is almost entirely derived from

text: fossil fuel

text: sources, being manufactured during the refining of petroleum (crude oil), or extracted from petroleum or natural gas streams as they emerge from the ground. It was first produced in 1910 by

text: Dr. Walter Snelling

text: , and the first commercial products appeared in 1912. It currently provides about 3% of all energy consumed, and burns relatively cleanly with no

text: soot

text: and very few

text: sulfur

text: emissions. As it is a gas, it does not pose ground or

text: water pollution

text: hazards, but it can cause

text: air pollution

text: . LPG has a typical specific

text: calorific value

text: of 46.1 MJ/kg compared with 42.5 MJ/kg for

text: fuel oil

text: and 43.5 MJ/kg for premium grade

text: petrol

text: (gasoline). However, its

text: energy density

text: per volume unit of 26 MJ/L is lower than either that of petrol or fuel oil, as its

text: relative density

text: is lower (about 0.5–0.58 kg/L, compared to 0.71–0.77 kg/L for

text: gasoline

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answers: It currently provides about 3% of all energy consumed

answers: NDQ_005512

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answers: NDQ_005513

answers: emerge from the ground

answers: NDQ_005514

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answers: It provides about 3% of all energy consumed

answers: NDQ_005519

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answers: air pollution

text: Groups:Lubricant base stocks are categorized into five groups by the API. Group I base stocks are composed of fractionally distilled petroleum which is further refined with solvent extraction processes to improve certain properties such as oxidation resistance and to remove wax. Group II base stocks are composed of fractionally distilled petroleum that has been hydrocracked to further refine and purify it. Group III base stocks have similar characteristics to Group II base stocks, except that Group III base stocks have higher viscosity indexes. Group III base stocks are produced by further hydrocracking of either Group II base stocks or hydroisomerized slack wax (a Group I and II dewaxing process by-product). Group IV base stock are polyalphaolefins (PAOs). Group V is a catch-all group for any base stock not described by Groups I to IV. Examples of group V base stocks include polyolesters (POE), polyalkylene glycols (PAG), and perfluoropolyalkylethers (PFPAEs). Groups I and II are commonly referred to as mineral oils, group III is typically referred to as synthetic (except in Germany and Japan, where they must not be called synthetic) and group IV is a synthetic oil. Group V base oils are so diverse that there is no catch-all description.

text: Groups:Lubricant base stocks are categorized into five groups by the API. Group I base stocks are composed of

text: fractionally distilled

text: petroleum

text: which is further refined with solvent extraction processes to improve certain properties such as oxidation resistance and to remove wax. Group II base stocks are composed of

text: fractionally distilled

text: petroleum

text: that has been

text: hydrocracked

text: to further refine and purify it. Group III base stocks have similar characteristics to Group II base stocks, except that Group III base stocks have higher viscosity indexes. Group III base stocks are produced by further hydrocracking of either Group II base stocks or hydroisomerized

text: slack wax

text: (a Group I and II dewaxing process by-product). Group IV base stock are

text: polyalphaolefin

text: s (PAOs). Group V is a catch-all group for any base stock not described by Groups I to IV. Examples of group V base stocks include

text: polyolester

text: s (POE),

text: polyalkylene glycol

text: s (PAG), and

text: perfluoropolyalkylether

text: s (PFPAEs). Groups I and II are commonly referred to as

text: mineral oil

text: s, group III is typically referred to as synthetic (except in Germany and Japan, where they must not be called synthetic) and group IV is a synthetic oil. Group V base oils are so diverse that there is no catch-all description.

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answers: Group I base stocks

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answers: hydrocracked

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answers: oxidation resistance

text: In 1969, the Phillips Petroleum Company discovered petroleum resources at the Ekofisk field west of Norway. In 1973, the Norwegian government founded the State oil company, Statoil. Oil production did not provide net income until the early 1980s because of the large capital investment that was required to establish the country's petroleum industry. Around 1975, both the proportion and absolute number of workers in industry peaked. Since then labour-intensive industries and services like factory mass production and shipping have largely been outsourced.

text: In 1969, the

text: Phillips Petroleum Company

text: discovered

text: petroleum

text: resources at the

text: Ekofisk

text: field west of Norway. In 1973, the Norwegian government founded the State oil company,

text: Statoil

text: . Oil production did not provide net income until the early 1980s because of the large capital investment that was required to establish the country's petroleum industry. Around 1975, both the proportion and absolute number of workers in industry peaked. Since then labour-intensive industries and services like factory mass production and shipping have largely been outsourced.

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answers: labour-intensive industries and services like factory mass production and shipping have largely been outsourced

text: |industry         = Oil and gas|products         = Petroleum, natural gas and other petrochemicals, See Chevron products|revenue          = |operating_income =  US$ 158 million

text: |industry         =

text: Oil and gas

text: |products         =

text: Petroleum

text: natural gas

text: and other

text: petrochemical

text: s,

text: See Chevron products

text: |revenue          = |operating_income =  US$ 158 million

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answers: Chevron produces petroleum, natural gas and other petrochemicals.

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text: In Africa, women have used stripping naked on purpose as a curse, both historically, and in modern times. The idea is that women give life and they can take it away. The curse initiates an extreme form of ostracism, which anthropologist Terisa Turner has likened to "social execution".  The curse extends to foreign men as well, and is believed to cause impotence, madness or other similar harm. The threat has been used successfully in mass protests against the petroleum industry in Nigeria, by Leymah Gbowee and Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace during the Second Liberian Civil War, and against President Laurent Gbagbo of the Ivory Coast. In 2002 in Nigeria, members of the Niger Delta Women for Justice occupied a platform for oil extraction run by Chevron-Texaco in order to protest against negative consequences of oil extraction and missing labor rights. When the military arrived to remove the protestors, the women threatened the soldiers to naked curse them. The soldiers did not touch the women.

text: In Africa, women have used stripping naked on purpose as a curse, both historically, and in modern times. The idea is that women give life and they can take it away. The curse initiates an extreme form of

text: ostracism

text: , which anthropologist

text: Terisa Turner

text: has likened to "

text: social execution

text: ".  The curse extends to foreign men as well, and is believed to cause impotence, madness or other similar harm. The threat has been used successfully in mass protests against the

text: petroleum industry in Nigeria

text: , by

text: Leymah Gbowee

text: and

text: Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace

text: during the

text: Second Liberian Civil War

text: , and against President

text: Laurent Gbagbo

text: of the

text: Ivory Coast

text: . In 2002 in Nigeria, members of the Niger Delta Women for Justice occupied a platform for oil extraction run by Chevron-Texaco in order to protest against negative consequences of oil extraction and missing labor rights. When the military arrived to remove the protestors, the women threatened the soldiers to naked curse them. The soldiers did not touch the women.

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answers: impotence, madness

text: Oils, such as linseed oil, other vegetable oils and marine oils, used to be used as a binder, however due to their increasing cost, they have been mostly phased out. The oil also required careful baking at  to cure (if overheated the oil becomes brittle, wasting the mold).

text: Oils, such as

text: linseed oil

text: , other

text: vegetable oil

text: s and

text: marine oil

text: s, used to be used as a binder, however due to their increasing cost, they have been mostly phased out. The oil also required careful baking at  to cure (if overheated the oil becomes brittle, wasting the mold).

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text: Most lotions are oil-in-water emulsions using a substance such as cetearyl alcohol to keep the emulsion together, but water-in-oil lotions are also formulated. The key components of a skin care lotion, cream or gel emulsion (that is mixtures of oil and water) are the aqueous and oily phases, an emulgent to prevent separation of these two phases, and, if used, the drug substance or substances. A wide variety of other ingredients such as fragrances, glycerol, petroleum jelly, dyes, preservatives, proteins and stabilizing agents are commonly added to lotions.

text: Most lotions are oil-in-water

text: emulsion

text: s using a substance such as

text: cetearyl alcohol

text: to keep the emulsion together, but water-in-oil lotions are also formulated. The key components of a skin care lotion, cream or gel emulsion (that is mixtures of oil and water) are the

text: aqueous

text: and oily phases, an

text: emulgent

text: to prevent separation of these two phases, and, if used, the

text: drug

text: substance or substances. A wide variety of other ingredients such as

text: fragrance

text: s,

text: glycerol

text: petroleum jelly

text: dye

text: s,

text: preservative

text: s,

text: protein

text: s and stabilizing agents are commonly added to lotions.

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answers: Cetearyl alcohol

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answers: Most lotions

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answers: oil

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answers: petroleum jelly

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: skin care lotion, cream or gel emulsion

text: Joseph Jacob Simmons, Jr. (January 17, 1901 – March 24, 1981) was a prominent African-American oilman. He "rose above humble beginnings to become the most successful and most recognizable black entrepreneur in the history of the petroleum industry."As an internationally known oil broker he partnered with Phillips Petroleum Company and Signal Oil and Gas Company to open up African oil fields in Liberia, Nigeria and Ghana.In 1969, he became the first black person to be appointed to the National Petroleum Council.

text: Joseph Jacob Simmons, Jr. (January 17, 1901 – March 24, 1981) was a prominent

text: African-American

text: oilman

text: . He "rose above humble beginnings to become the most successful and most recognizable black entrepreneur in the history of the petroleum industry."As an internationally known oil

text: broker

text: he partnered with

text: Phillips Petroleum Company

text: and

text: Signal Oil and Gas Company

text: to open up

text: Africa

text: n oil fields in

text: Liberia

text: Nigeria

text: and

text: Ghana

text: .In 1969, he became the first black person to be appointed to the

text: National Petroleum Council

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answers: crude oil

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answers: It produces about one-half as much oil as it uses.

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: oil

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answers: He "rose above humble beginnings

text: Fair Air Association of Canada- Fair trade- Fallout shelter- Fauna and Flora Preservation Society- FernGully: The Last Rainforest- Fertilizer- Fire-stick farming- Fish farming- Fish ladder- Fisheries management- Flatulence- Flexible-fuel vehicle- Flotsam and jetsam- Fluorescent lamp recycling- Food miles- Forest gardening- Forest Principles- Forestry- Fossil fuel- Fossil fuel power plant- Fossil water- Founder effect- Founder population- Four-minute warning- Free range- Free run- Freecycle Network- Free-market environmentalism- Free-range eggs- Fresh Air Fund- Fresh Kills Landfill- Friends of the Earth International- Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.- Frontier Organic Research Farm Botanical Garden- Fuel cell- Fuel Cell Bus Club- Fuel cell bus trial- Fuel cell vehicle- Fuel efficiency- Fuel tax- Fuel-efficient- Full Belly Project- Full cost accounting- Full Depth Recycling- Furan- Futurama (New York World's Fair)- Future energy development- FutureGen- Futurewise.org

text: Fair Air Association of Canada

text: Fair trade

text: Fallout shelter

text: Fauna and Flora Preservation Society

text: FernGully: The Last Rainforest

text: Fertilizer

text: Fire-stick farming

text: Fish farming

text: Fish ladder

text: Fisheries management

text: Flatulence

text: Flexible-fuel vehicle

text: Flotsam and jetsam

text: Fluorescent lamp recycling

text: Food miles

text: Forest gardening

text: Forest Principles

text: Forestry

text: Fossil fuel

text: Fossil fuel power plant

text: Fossil water

text: Founder effect

text: Founder population

text: Four-minute warning

text: Free range

text: Free run

text: Freecycle Network

text: Free-market environmentalism

text: Free-range eggs

text: Fresh Air Fund

text: Fresh Kills Landfill

text: Friends of the Earth International

entity_name: Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.

text: Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.

entity_name: Frontier Organic Research Farm Botanical Garden

text: Frontier Organic Research Farm Botanical Garden

text: Fuel cell

text: Fuel Cell Bus Club

text: Fuel cell bus trial

text: Fuel cell vehicle

text: Fuel efficiency

text: Fuel tax

text: Fuel-efficient

text: Full Belly Project

text: Full cost accounting

text: Full Depth Recycling

text: Furan

text: Futurama (New York World's Fair)

text: Future energy development

text: FutureGen

text: Futurewise.org

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text: The petroleum industry generally classifies crude oil by the geographic location it is produced in (e.g. West Texas Intermediate, Brent, or Oman), its API gravity (an oil industry measure of density), and its sulfur content. Crude oil may be considered light if it has low density or heavy if it has high density; and it may be referred to as sweet if it contains relatively little sulfur or sour if it contains substantial amounts of sulfur.

text: The

text: petroleum industry

text: generally classifies crude oil by the geographic location it is produced in (e.g.

text: West Texas Intermediate

text: Brent

text: , or

text: Oman

text: ), its

text: API gravity

text: (an oil industry measure of density), and its sulfur content. Crude oil may be considered

text: light

text: if it has low density or

text: heavy

text: if it has high density; and it may be referred to as

text: sweet

text: if it contains relatively little sulfur or

text: sour

text: if it contains substantial amounts of sulfur.

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answers: Crude oil

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answers: Oman

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answers: sour

text: Although crude petroleum oil has been used for a variety of purposes for thousands of years, the Oil Age is considered to have started in the 1800s with the advance of drilling techniques, as well as the processing of products made use in internal combustion engines. Alternatively, the age of oil can be placed in the first period until the early 1900s, when oil consumption and combustion engines utilization increased. Contemporary industrial society is built largely on petroleum resources, but the future of the Oil Age has become increasingly controversial.

text: Although crude petroleum oil has been used for a variety of purposes for thousands of years, the Oil Age is considered to have started in the 1800s with the advance of drilling techniques, as well as the processing of products made use in internal combustion engines. Alternatively, the age of oil can be placed in the first period until the early 1900s, when oil consumption and combustion engines utilization increased. Contemporary industrial society is built largely on petroleum resources, but the future of the Oil Age has become increasingly controversial.

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answers: the future of the Oil Age has become increasingly controversial

text: Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, fossil fuels have been used as sources of energy. Coal began to be widely used after 1800 and would continue to be the dominant source of energy into the twentieth century. However, two events set the stage for the Age of Oil: The first was in 1846, when Abraham Gesner invented kerosene making coal and petroleum practical raw materials for lighting fuel. The second was in 1859, when Edwin Drake invented the first modern drilling process for deep oil wells. John Davison Rockefeller founded the Standard Oil Company, which dominated the oil industry and was the first great U.S. business trust. In 1870, he founded Standard Oil Company and aggressively ran it until he officially retired in 1897. Karl Friedrich Benz developed a petrol-powered automobiles by 1878 and, in 1879, obtained a patent for the practical automobile. The invention of the internal combustion engine was the major influence in the rise in the importance of petroleum.

text: Since the beginning of the

text: Industrial Revolution

text: fossil fuel

text: s have been used as sources of energy.

text: Coal

text: began to be widely used after 1800 and would continue to be the dominant source of energy into the twentieth century. However, two events set the stage for the Age of Oil: The first was in 1846, when

text: Abraham Gesner

text: invented

text: kerosene

text: making coal and petroleum practical raw materials for lighting fuel. The second was in 1859, when

text: Edwin Drake

text: invented the first modern drilling process for deep oil wells.

text: John Davison Rockefeller

text: founded the

text: Standard Oil

text: Company, which dominated the oil industry and was the first great U.S. business trust. In 1870, he founded Standard Oil Company and aggressively ran it until he officially retired in 1897.

text: Karl Friedrich Benz

text: developed a

text: petrol

text: -powered

text: automobile

text: s by 1878 and, in 1879, obtained a patent for the practical automobile. The invention of the internal combustion engine was the major influence in the rise in the importance of petroleum.

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answers: internal combustion engine

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answers: Petroleum

answers: NDQ_005513

answers: be practical raw materials

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answers: petroleum

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: drilling process for deep oil wells

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: petroleum

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: Coal

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: It produces about one-half as much oil as it uses

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: internal combustion engine

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: the first great U.S. business trust

text: China was self-sufficient in nearly all energy forms. Coal and petroleum were exported since the early 1970s. Its coal reserves were among the world's largest, and mining technology was inadequately developed but steadily improved in the late 1980s. Petroleum reserves were very large at the time but of varying quality and in disparate locations. Suspected oil deposits in the northwest and offshore tracts were believed to be among the world's largest. Exploration and extraction was limited by scarcity of equipment and trained personnel. Twenty-seven contracts for joint offshore exploration and production by Japanese and Western oil companies were signed by 1982, but by the late 1980s only a handful of wells were producing oil. Substantial natural gas reserves were in the north, northwest, and offshore. The hydroelectric potential of the country was the greatest in the world and sixth largest in capacity, and very large hydroelectric projects were under construction, with others were in the planning stage. Thermal power, mostly coal fired, produced approximately 68 percent of generating capacity in 1985, and was increased to 72 percent by 1990. Emphasis on thermal power in the late 1980s was seen by policy makers as a quick, shortterm solution to energy needs, and hydroelectric and nuclear power was seen as a long-term solution. Petroleum production growth continued in order to meet the needs of nationwide mechanization and provided important foreign exchange but domestic use was restricted as much as possible until the end of the decade.

text: China was self-sufficient in nearly all

text: energy

text: forms.

text: Coal

text: and

text: petroleum

text: were exported since the early 1970s. Its coal reserves were among the world's largest, and

text: mining

text: technology was inadequately developed but steadily improved in the late 1980s. Petroleum reserves were very large at the time but of varying quality and in disparate locations. Suspected oil deposits in the northwest and offshore tracts were believed to be among the world's largest. Exploration and extraction was limited by scarcity of equipment and trained personnel. Twenty-seven contracts for joint offshore exploration and production by Japanese and Western oil companies were signed by 1982, but by the late 1980s only a handful of wells were producing oil. Substantial

text: natural gas

text: reserves were in the north, northwest, and offshore. The

text: hydroelectric

text: potential of the country was the greatest in the world and sixth largest in capacity, and very large hydroelectric projects were under construction, with others were in the planning stage. Thermal power, mostly coal fired, produced approximately 68 percent of generating capacity in 1985, and was increased to 72 percent by 1990. Emphasis on thermal power in the late 1980s was seen by policy makers as a quick, shortterm solution to energy needs, and hydroelectric and

text: nuclear power

text: was seen as a long-term solution. Petroleum production growth continued in order to meet the needs of nationwide

text: mechanization

text: and provided important

text: foreign exchange

text: but domestic use was restricted as much as possible until the end of the decade.

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answers: quality and in disparate locations

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answers: equipment and trained personnel

answers: NDQ_005514

answers: natural gas reserves

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: domestic use

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: Suspected oil deposits

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: China

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: Domestic use was restricted

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: natural gas

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: domestic use was restricted as much as possible until the end of the decade

text: The most common type of diesel fuel is a specific fractional distillate of petroleum fuel oil, but alternatives that are not derived from petroleum, such as biodiesel, biomass to liquid (BTL) or gas to liquid (GTL) diesel, are increasingly being developed and adopted. To distinguish these types, petroleum-derived diesel is increasingly called petrodiesel. Ultra-low-sulfur diesel (ULSD) is a standard for defining diesel fuel with substantially lowered sulfur contents. As of 2016, almost all of the petroleum-based diesel fuel available in UK, Europe and North America is of a ULSD type. In the UK, diesel fuel for on-road use is commonly abbreviated DERV, standing for diesel-engined road vehicle, which carries a tax premium over equivalent fuel for non-road use (see ). In Australia diesel fuel is also known as distillate, and in Indonesia, it is known as Solar, a trademarked name by the local oil company Pertamina.

text: The most common type of diesel fuel is a specific

text: fractional distillate

text: of petroleum

text: fuel oil

text: , but alternatives that are not derived from petroleum, such as

text: biodiesel

text: biomass to liquid

text: (BTL) or

text: gas to liquid

text: (GTL) diesel, are increasingly being developed and adopted. To distinguish these types, petroleum-derived diesel is increasingly called petrodiesel.

text: Ultra-low-sulfur diesel

text: (ULSD) is a standard for defining diesel fuel with substantially lowered

text: sulfur

text: contents. As of 2016, almost all of the petroleum-based diesel fuel available in UK, Europe and North America is of a ULSD type. In the UK, diesel fuel for on-road use is commonly abbreviated DERV, standing for diesel-engined road vehicle, which carries a tax premium over equivalent fuel for

text: non-road use

text: (see ). In

text: Australia

text: diesel fuel is also known as distillate, and in

text: Indonesia

text: , it is known as Solar, a trademarked name by the local oil company

text: Pertamina

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answers: diesel fuel

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answers: petroleum

answers: NDQ_005513

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answers: distillate

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: diesel fuel

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: petroleum fuel oil

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: Europe

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: North America

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: diesel fuel

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: tax premium

text: Fossil fuels are nonrenewable energy like burning coal, oil and others that will eventually run out. A large reason that humans are so inclined to use fossil fuels is because of the cost.  It is generally found in massive quantities which makes it much and apart from extraction, there are not many other costs associated with it.  Coal is the largest source of energy for electricity production in the world.  These are the primary factors that lead to the use of coal and other fossil fuels.  Cost is the most important factor to so many people that nothing matters.

text: Fossil fuels are nonrenewable energy like burning coal, oil and others that will eventually run out. A large reason that humans are so inclined to use fossil fuels is because of the cost.  It is generally found in massive quantities which makes it much and apart from extraction, there are not many other costs associated with it.  Coal is the largest source of energy for electricity production in the world.  These are the primary factors that lead to the use of coal and other fossil fuels.  Cost is the most important factor to so many people that nothing matters.

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answers: Fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_005512

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_005513

answers: be found

answers: NDQ_005514

answers: Fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: Coal

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: Fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: Coal is the largest source of energy for electricity production

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: nonrenewable energy

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: will eventually run out

text: Indian Oil Corporation has two major domestic competitors, Bharat Petroleum and Hindustan Petroleum. Both are state-controlled, like Indian Oil Corporation. There are two private competitors: Reliance Industries and Essar Oil.

text: Indian Oil Corporation has two major domestic competitors,

text: Bharat Petroleum

text: and

text: Hindustan Petroleum

text: . Both are state-controlled, like Indian Oil Corporation. There are two private competitors:

text: Reliance Industries

text: and

text: Essar Oil

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text: The price of oil, or the oil price, generally refers to the spot price of a barrel of benchmark crude oil—a reference price for buyers and sellers of crude oil such as West Texas Intermediate (WTI), Brent ICE, Dubai Crude, OPEC Reference Basket, Tapis Crude, Bonny Light, Urals oil, Isthmus and Western Canadian Select (WCS). There is a differential in the price of a barrel of oil based on its grade—determined by factors such as its specific gravity or API and its sulphur content—and its location—for example, its proximity to tidewater and/or refineries. Heavier, sour crude oils lacking in tidewater access—such as Western Canadian Select— are less expensive than lighter, sweeter oil—such as WTI.

text: The price of oil, or the oil price, generally refers to the

text: spot price

text: of a

text: barrel

text: of

text: benchmark crude oil

text: —a reference price for buyers and sellers of crude oil such as

text: West Texas Intermediate

text: (WTI),

text: Brent

text: ICE

text: Dubai Crude

text: OPEC Reference Basket

text: Tapis Crude

text: Bonny Light

text: Urals oil

text: Isthmus

text: and

text: Western Canadian Select

text: (WCS). There is a differential in the price of a

text: barrel

text: of oil based on its grade—determined by factors such as its specific gravity or

text: API

text: and its sulphur content—and its location—for example, its proximity to

text: tidewater

text: and/or refineries. Heavier, sour crude oils lacking in tidewater access—such as Western Canadian Select— are less expensive than lighter, sweeter oil—such as WTI.

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answers: The price of oil

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answers: West Texas Intermediate

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answers: Isthmus

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answers: West Texas Intermediate (WTI)

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: oil

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: sulphur content

text: United Nations Security Council resolution 1281, adopted unanimously on 10 December 1999, after recalling all previous resolutions on Iraq, including resolutions 986 (1995), 1111 (1997),  1129 (1997), 1143 (1997), 1153 (1998), 1175 (1998), 1210 (1998), 1242 (1999), 1266 (1999), 1275 (1999) and 1280 (1999) concerning the Oil-for-Food Programme, the Council extended provisions relating to the export of Iraqi petroleum or petroleum products sufficient to produce up to US$5.256 billion worth of oil for a further 180 days.

text: United Nations Security Council resolution 1281, adopted unanimously on 10 December 1999, after recalling all previous

entity_name: United Nations Security Council resolution

text: resolutions

text: on

text: Iraq

text: , including resolutions

entity_name: United Nations Security Council Resolution 986

entity_name: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1111

entity_name: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1129

entity_name: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1143

entity_name: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1153

entity_name: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1175

entity_name: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1210

entity_name: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1242

entity_name: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1266

entity_name: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1275

text: (1999) and

entity_name: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1280

text: (1999) concerning the

text: Oil-for-Food Programme

text: , the Council extended provisions relating to the export of Iraqi petroleum or petroleum products sufficient to produce up to US$5.256 billion worth of oil for a further 180 days.

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answers: Petroleum

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answers: petroleum products

answers: NDQ_005513

answers: sufficient

answers: NDQ_005514

answers: petroleum products

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: Oil-for-Food Programme

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: Iraqi petroleum

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: Iraq

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: US$5.256 billion

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: oil

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: Oil-for-Food

text: All petroleum products are imported since the country has no known crude oil reserves or refining capacity . Imports and consumption of petroleum in 2002 amounted to 8,870 barrels per day. As for natural gas, Burkina Faso is known to have no natural gas production, consumption, or reserves.

text: All

text: petroleum

text: products are imported since the country has no known crude oil reserves or refining capacity . Imports and consumption of petroleum in 2002 amounted to 8,870 barrels per day. As for natural gas, Burkina Faso is known to have no natural gas production, consumption, or reserves.

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text: Despite the widespread use of petroleum-derived diesel fuels, interest in vegetable oils as fuels for internal combustion engines was reported in several countries during the 1920s and 1930s and later during World War II. Belgium, France, Italy, the United Kingdom, Portugal, Germany, Brazil, Argentina, Japan and China were reported to have tested and used vegetable oils as diesel fuels during this time. Some operational problems were reported due to the high viscosity of vegetable oils compared to petroleum diesel fuel, which results in poor atomization of the fuel in the fuel spray and often leads to deposits and coking of the injectors, combustion chamber and valves. Attempts to overcome these problems included heating of the vegetable oil, blending it with petroleum-derived diesel fuel or ethanol, pyrolysis and cracking of the oils.

text: Despite the widespread use of petroleum-derived diesel fuels, interest in vegetable oils as fuels for internal combustion engines was reported in several countries during the 1920s and 1930s and later during

text: World War II

text: Belgium

text: , France,

text: Italy

text: , the

text: United Kingdom

text: Portugal

text: , Germany,

text: Brazil

text: Argentina

text: Japan

text: and

text: China

text: were reported to have tested and used vegetable oils as diesel fuels during this time. Some operational problems were reported due to the high viscosity of vegetable oils compared to petroleum diesel fuel, which results in poor

text: atomization

text: of the fuel in the fuel spray and often leads to deposits and coking of the injectors, combustion chamber and valves. Attempts to overcome these problems included heating of the vegetable oil, blending it with petroleum-derived diesel fuel or ethanol,

text: pyrolysis

text: and

text: cracking

text: of the oils.

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answers: internal combustion engines

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answers: oils

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answers: petroleum-derived

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answers: deposits and coking

text: Power by the increased use of petroleum, the post–World War II economic expansion was a period of economic prosperity in the mid-20th century which occurred, following the end of World War II in 1945, and lasted until the early 1970s. It ended with the 1973 oil crisis. In 1956, Geophysicist M. King Hubbert deduces that U.S. oil production will peak between 1965 and 1970 (peaked in 1971) and that oil production will peak "within half a century" on the basis of 1956 data. In 1989, another  predicted peak was by Colin Campbell

text: Power by the increased use of petroleum, the

text: post–World War II economic expansion

text: was a period of economic prosperity in the mid-20th century which occurred, following the end of

text: World War II

text: in 1945, and lasted until the early 1970s. It ended with the

text: 1973 oil crisis

text: . In 1956, Geophysicist

text: M. King Hubbert

text: deduces that U.S. oil production will peak between 1965 and 1970 (peaked in 1971) and that oil production will peak "within half a century" on the basis of 1956 data. In 1989, another  predicted peak was by

text: Colin Campbell

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text: In the event of a petroleum shortage (see peak oil for global concerns), organic agriculture can be more attractive than conventional practices that use petroleum-based pesticides, herbicides, or fertilizers. Some studies using modern organic-farming methods have reported yields equal to or higher than those available from conventional farming. In the aftermath of the fall of the Soviet Union, with shortages of conventional petroleum-based inputs, Cuba made use of mostly organic practices, including biopesticides, plant-based pesticides and sustainable cropping practices, to feed its populace. However, organic farming may be more labor-intensive and would require a shift of the workforce from urban to rural areas. The reconditioning of soil to restore organic matter lost during the use of monoculture agriculture techniques is important to provide a reservoir of plant-available nutrients, to maintain texture, and to minimize erosion.

text: In the event of a petroleum shortage (see

text: peak oil

text: for global concerns), organic agriculture can be more attractive than conventional practices that use petroleum-based pesticides, herbicides, or fertilizers. Some studies using modern organic-farming methods have reported yields equal to or higher than those available from conventional farming. In the aftermath of the

text: fall of the Soviet Union

text: , with shortages of conventional petroleum-based inputs, Cuba made use of mostly organic practices, including

text: biopesticides

text: , plant-based pesticides and sustainable cropping practices, to feed its populace. However, organic farming may be more

text: labor

text: -intensive and would require a shift of the workforce from urban to rural areas. The

text: reconditioning of soil

text: to restore organic matter lost during the use of monoculture agriculture techniques is important to provide a reservoir of plant-available nutrients, to maintain texture, and to minimize erosion.

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answers: Cuba

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answers: It produces about one-half as much oil as it uses.

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answers: petroleum

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answers: labor-intensive and would require a shift of the workforce from urban to rural areas

text: The costs of production and transportation of saleable petroleum from oil sands is typically significantly higher than from conventional global sources. Hence the economic viability of oil sands production is more vulnerable to the price of oil. The price of benchmark West Texas Intermediate (WTI) oil at Cushing, Oklahoma above US$100/bbl that prevailed until late 2014 was sufficient to promote active growth in oil sands production. Major Canadian oil companies had announced expansion plans and foreign companies were investing significant amounts of capital, in many cases forming partnerships with Canadian companies. Investment had been shifting towards in-situ steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) projects and away from mining and upgrading projects, as oil sands operators foresee better opportunities from selling bitumen and heavy oil directly to refineries than from upgrading it to synthetic crude oil. Cost estimates for Canada include the effects of the mining when the mines are returned to the environment in "as good as or better than original condition". Cleanup of the end products of consumption are the responsibility of the consuming jurisdictions, which are mostly in provinces or countries other than the producing one.

text: The costs of production and transportation of saleable petroleum from oil sands is typically significantly higher than from conventional global sources. Hence the economic viability of oil sands production is more vulnerable to the price of oil. The price of

text: benchmark

text: West Texas Intermediate

text: (WTI) oil at

text: Cushing, Oklahoma

text: above US$100/bbl that prevailed until late 2014 was sufficient to promote active growth in oil sands production. Major Canadian oil companies had announced expansion plans and foreign companies were investing significant amounts of capital, in many cases forming partnerships with Canadian companies. Investment had been shifting towards

text: in-situ

text: steam assisted gravity drainage

text: (SAGD) projects and away from mining and upgrading projects, as oil sands operators foresee better opportunities from selling bitumen and heavy oil directly to refineries than from upgrading it to

text: synthetic crude oil

text: Cost estimates

text: for Canada include the effects of the mining when the mines are returned to the environment in "as good as or better than original condition". Cleanup of the end products of consumption are the responsibility of the consuming jurisdictions, which are mostly in provinces or countries other than the producing one.

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answers: The price of benchmark West Texas Intermediate

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answers: transport of saleable petroleum

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answers: West Texas Intermediate

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answers: Canada

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answers: The United States produces about one-half as much oil as it uses

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answers: petroleum

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answers: Cleanup of the end products of consumption

text: Renewable energy consumption more than quadrupled from 48 PJ in 1990 to 203 PJ in 2015. Whilst renewable energy consumption was rising between 1990 and 2013 gross energy consumption actually fell by 7%. Most of the fall can be attributed to a great increase in combined power and heat generation (CHP) and the growth in wind power. This has increased energy conversion efficiency, reducing conversion losses by 28% or 7% relative to gross energy consumption. Put simply smaller and decentralised CHP plants use fuels far more efficiently than older centralised power plants, and wind power has no fossil fuel to waste. Thus the growth of these two sources (10% during the period) has displaced fossil fuels by more than a one-to-one ratio. The use of Biofuels in local CHP plants has further displaced fossil fuel consumption. The figures in the table above show that whilst the reduction in fossil fuel use has been most pronounced in coal use, there has also been a significant reduction in oil and natural gas usage since 2000.  Oil has fared better than the other fuels because it still dominates usage in the transport sector and alternative fuels and transport solutions are not yet widely deployed. The Danish Government has introduced the following targets for national energy policy:

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answers: The Danish Government

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answers: The use of Biofuels in local CHP plants has further displaced fossil fuel consumption

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: fossil fuel

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answers: transport sector and alternative fuels and transport solutions are not yet widely deployed

text: OPEC holds meetings with its members in March and September of every year. During these meetings, the members examine the oil market conditions and fix quotas for themselves. The members divide the shares of oil production among the nation states. Based on the quota system, the percentages of oil production are divided according to the stated reserves of each country. Consequently, in order to obtain larger percentage share, member nations often overstate their reserves. Following this system, OPEC endeavours to change the market. This is an indication that the OPEC petroleum traders exercise enough market power to fix the oil prices around the world. They might increase oil prices much higher than the true economic price of the resources and reshape the Megacorpstate .

text: OPEC holds meetings with its members in March and September of every year. During these meetings, the members examine the oil market conditions and fix quotas for themselves. The members divide the shares of oil production among the nation states. Based on the quota system, the percentages of oil production are divided according to the stated reserves of each country. Consequently, in order to obtain larger percentage share, member nations often overstate their reserves. Following this system, OPEC endeavours to change the market. This is an indication that the OPEC petroleum traders exercise enough market power to fix the oil prices around the world. They might increase oil prices much higher than the true economic price of the resources and reshape the Megacorpstate .

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answers: oil

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answers: increase oil prices much higher than the true economic price

text: With  of proven oil reserves in 2004, Venezuela has the largest proven oil reserves in South America and the sixth largest in the world—more than Canada, Mexico, and the United States combined. Venezuela’s 2002 production of  (bbl/d) of crude was a drop of 8.3 percent over 2001 and the country’s lowest production figure since 1994. In 2003, a year in which production was halted for a couple of months by a general strike and further disrupted by the firing of nearly half of the state oil company’s work force, Venezuela's total oil production was an estimated . In 2004 oil production totaled about , according to the government’s estimate. Prior to President Chávez's December 1998 election, Venezuela regularly exceeded its Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)-agreed oil production targets. Hugo Chávez maintained a policy of strict adherence to OPEC quotas and played a leading role in shifting OPEC from a volume-oriented strategy to one of controlling prices. With planned investments of US$26 billion in oil and natural gas exploration and production between 2004 and 2009, Venezuelan Petroleum expects oil production to reach  by 2009.

text: With  of proven

text: oil

text: reserves in 2004, Venezuela has the largest proven oil reserves in South America and the sixth largest in the world—more than

text: Canada

text: Mexico

text: , and the

text: United States

text: combined. Venezuela’s 2002 production of  (bbl/d) of crude was a drop of 8.3 percent over 2001 and the country’s lowest production figure since 1994. In 2003, a year in which production was halted for a couple of months by a general strike and further disrupted by the firing of nearly half of the state oil company’s work force, Venezuela's total oil production was an estimated . In 2004 oil production totaled about , according to the government’s estimate. Prior to President Chávez's December 1998 election, Venezuela regularly exceeded its

text: Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries

text: (OPEC)-agreed oil production targets.

text: Hugo Chávez

text: maintained a policy of strict adherence to OPEC quotas and played a leading role in shifting OPEC from a volume-oriented strategy to one of controlling prices. With planned investments of US$26 billion in oil and natural gas exploration and production between 2004 and 2009, Venezuelan Petroleum expects oil production to reach  by 2009.

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answers: Oil is a source of energy.

answers: NDQ_005512

answers: natural gas

answers: NDQ_005513

answers: OPEC

answers: NDQ_005514

answers: natural gas

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: Venezuelan Petroleum expects oil production

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: (bbl/d)

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: South America

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: The United States produces about one-half as much oil as it uses.

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: oil

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: production was halted for a couple of months by a general strike

text: This is a list of selected petroleum (crude oil) exploration and production companies (petroleum industry) in alphabetical order.  This list does not include companies involved in refining and marketing only.

text: This is a list of selected

text: petroleum

text: (crude oil) exploration and production companies (

text: petroleum industry

text: ) in alphabetical order.  This list does not include companies involved in refining and marketing only.

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text: The ability of bacteria to degrade a variety of organic compounds is remarkable and has been used in waste processing and bioremediation. Bacteria capable of digesting the hydrocarbons in petroleum are often used to clean up oil spills. Fertiliser was added to some of the beaches in Prince William Sound in an attempt to promote the growth of these naturally occurring bacteria after the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill. These efforts were effective on beaches that were not too thickly covered in oil. Bacteria are also used for the bioremediation of industrial toxic wastes. In the chemical industry, bacteria are most important in the production of enantiomerically pure chemicals for use as pharmaceuticals or agrichemicals.

text: The ability of bacteria to degrade a variety of organic compounds is remarkable and has been used in waste processing and

text: bioremediation

text: . Bacteria capable of digesting the

text: hydrocarbon

text: s in

text: petroleum

text: are often used to clean up

text: oil spill

text: s. Fertiliser was added to some of the beaches in

text: Prince William Sound

text: in an attempt to promote the growth of these naturally occurring bacteria after the 1989

text: Exxon Valdez oil spill

text: . These efforts were effective on beaches that were not too thickly covered in oil. Bacteria are also used for the

text: bioremediation

text: of industrial

text: toxic waste

text: s. In the

text: chemical industry

text: , bacteria are most important in the production of

text: enantiomer

text: ically pure chemicals for use as

text: pharmaceuticals

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answers: produces about one-half as much

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answers: oil

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text: ORION GROUP SA, founded by Lucien Ebata, is an international investment and petroleum-trading company. Its core business is the marketing of crude oil and refined oil products.

text: ORION GROUP SA, founded by

text: Lucien Ebata

text: , is an international investment and petroleum-trading company. Its core business is the marketing of crude oil and refined oil products.

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text: Exports - commodities:mostly transshipments of refined petroleum products, construction materials, fish, food and beverage products

text: Exports - commodities:mostly transshipments of refined petroleum products, construction materials, fish, food and beverage products

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text: Indian Oil Corporation Ltd, Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd and Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd are progressively using solar energy for lighting their retail outlets. So far, 2140 of their retail outlets have been powered by solar energy resulting in estimated savings of Rs. 1.92 crore. The target is to increase the number to 7200 retail outlets by 31 March 2017.

text: Indian Oil Corporation Ltd, Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd and Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd are progressively using solar energy for lighting their retail outlets. So far, 2140 of their retail outlets have been powered by solar energy resulting in estimated savings of Rs. 1.92 crore. The target is to increase the number to 7200 retail outlets by 31 March 2017.

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text: Lago Colony was a community located on the east end of the island of Aruba, in the area presently known as Seroe Colorado. This town consisted of about 700 homes, a hospital, club house, bowing alley, and an American School, with first through twelfth grades and approximately 180 students. The population of Lago Colony was primarily from the United States, although there was a large population from England, Ireland, and Scotland who were primarily officers on the lake tanker fleet. In addition there were Dutch, Danish, Spanish and other nationalities represented in the community.  This town was supported by a large oil refinery in the world, which at that time was owned by a subsidiary of Standard Oil of New Jersey, known as Lago Oil and Transport Company. Lago had its beginning in 1924 as a trans-shipping facility for crude oil extracted by the Lago Petroleum Corporation operating in Lake Maracaibo. The crude oil was transported to Aruba in flat bottom, shallow draft, tanker ships, known as lake tankers.  This trans-shipping of the crude oil continued until 1928 when a refinery was built and the crude oil was then refined on the island and shipped all over the world as finished petroleum products. The refinery operated until 1985 when it was shut down. The refinery, now owned by Valero, was later purchased, reopened, then shut down again; in December 2010, Valero announced that the refinery was reopening. , only a few houses of the former Lago Colony remain. Those that remain have been handed over to the Aruban Government or sold to individuals.

text: Lago Colony was a community located on the east end of the island of

text: Aruba

text: , in the area presently known as Seroe Colorado. This town consisted of about 700 homes, a hospital, club house, bowing alley, and an American School, with first through twelfth grades and approximately 180 students. The population of Lago Colony was primarily from the United States, although there was a large population from England, Ireland, and Scotland who were primarily officers on the

text: lake tanker

text: fleet. In addition there were Dutch, Danish, Spanish and other nationalities represented in the community.  This town was supported by a large

text: oil refinery

text: in the world, which at that time was owned by a subsidiary of

text: Standard Oil of New Jersey

text: , known as

text: Lago Oil and Transport Company

text: . Lago had its beginning in 1924 as a trans-shipping facility for crude oil extracted by the

text: Lago Petroleum Corporation

text: operating in

text: Lake Maracaibo

text: . The crude oil was transported to Aruba in flat bottom, shallow draft, tanker ships, known as lake tankers.  This trans-shipping of the crude oil continued until 1928 when a

text: refinery

text: was built and the

text: crude oil

text: was then refined on the island and shipped all over the world as finished

text: petroleum

text: products. The refinery operated until 1985 when it was shut down. The refinery, now owned by

text: Valero

text: , was later purchased, reopened, then shut down again; in December 2010, Valero announced that the refinery was reopening. , only a few houses of the former Lago Colony remain. Those that remain have been handed over to the Aruban Government or sold to individuals.

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text: Consumption of petroleum products account for about half of Taiwan’s energy supply equivalent of 4.5 million kiloliters of oil. Demand for diesel declined 21 percent, while that for gasoline dropped 8.7 percent. Monthly Power consumption is around  20.9 billion kilowatt-hours. Formosa Petrochemical Corp. and CPC Corp are Taiwan’s only oil refiners.

text: Consumption of petroleum products account for about half of Taiwan’s energy supply equivalent of 4.5 million kiloliters of oil. Demand for diesel declined 21 percent, while that for gasoline dropped 8.7 percent. Monthly Power consumption is around  20.9 billion kilowatt-hours.

text: Formosa Petrochemical Corp

text: . and

text: CPC Corp

text: are Taiwan’s only oil refiners.

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answers: Diesel declined 21 percent, while that for gasoline dropped 8.7 percent

text: During his tenure, Galbraith conducted successful negotiations with Australia to produce a new treaty governing the exploitation of oil and gas in the Timor Sea. The resulting Timor Sea Treaty gave East Timor the preponderance of control over the oil and gas resources and 90% of the petroleum, an "enormously favorable" share. Under the previous Timor Gap Treaty—considered illegal by East Timor and the United Nations—Indonesia and Australia had jointly controlled the resources and shared equally the revenues. According to United States Ambassador to the United Nations Samantha Power, "Galbraith secured a deal by which the Timorese and the Australians would create a Joint Petroleum Development Area from which the Timorese would receive 90% of the revenue and the Australians 10%, a dramatic improvement over the unfair 50-50 split that predated UN negotiations. [...] The Galbraith-led negotiations would quadruple the oil available to East Timor for sale." The negotiations are believed to be the first time the United Nations has a negotiated a bilateral treaty on behalf of a state.

text: During his tenure, Galbraith conducted successful negotiations with

text: Australia

text: to produce a new treaty governing the exploitation of oil and gas in the

text: Timor Sea

text: . The resulting

text: Timor Sea Treaty

text: gave East Timor the preponderance of control over the oil and gas resources and 90% of the petroleum, an "enormously favorable" share. Under the previous Timor Gap Treaty—considered illegal by East Timor and the United Nations—

text: Indonesia

text: and

text: Australia

text: had jointly controlled the resources and shared equally the revenues. According to

entity_name: United States Ambassador to the United Nations

text: United States Ambassador to the United Nations

text: Samantha Power

text: , "Galbraith secured a deal by which the Timorese and the Australians would create a Joint Petroleum Development Area from which the Timorese would receive 90% of the revenue and the Australians 10%, a dramatic improvement over the unfair 50-50 split that predated UN negotiations. [...] The Galbraith-led negotiations would quadruple the oil available to East Timor for sale." The negotiations are believed to be the first time the United Nations has a negotiated a bilateral treaty on behalf of a state.

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answers: Timor Sea

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answers: It quadruples the oil available to East Timor for sale

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answers: petroleum

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answers: "enormously favorable" share

text: However, The American Petroleum Institute (API), representing over 500 oil companies, opposed the program because it feared many of its affiliated oil corporations would go out of business. Ultimately, through API’s resistance, Coolidge’s program never gained sufficient power.

text: However,

text: The American Petroleum Institute

text: (API), representing over 500 oil companies, opposed the program because it feared many of its affiliated oil corporations would go out of business. Ultimately, through API’s resistance, Coolidge’s program never gained sufficient power.

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text: Fossil energy is from recovered fossils (like brown coal, hard coal, peat, natural gas and crude oil) and are originated in degradated products of dead plants and animals. These fossil fuels are based on the carbon cycle and thus allow stored (historic solar) energy to be recycled today. In 2005, 81% were of the world's energy needs met from fossil sources. Biomass is also derived from wood and other organic wastes and modern remains. The technical development of fossil fuels in the 18th and 19th Century set the stage for the Industrial Revolution.

text: Fossil energy is from recovered fossils (like

text: brown coal

text: hard coal

text: peat

text: natural gas

text: and

text: crude oil

text: ) and are originated in degradated products of dead plants and animals. These fossil fuels are based on the

text: carbon cycle

text: and thus allow stored (historic solar) energy to be recycled today. In 2005, 81% were of the world's energy needs met from fossil sources.

text: Biomass

text: is also derived from wood and other organic wastes and modern remains. The technical development of fossil fuels in the 18th and 19th Century set the stage for the

text: Industrial Revolution

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answers: Fossil energy

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answers: In 2005, 81% of the world's energy needs met from fossil sources

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answers: carbon cycle and thus allow stored (historic solar) energy to be recycled today

text: Brent Crude is a major trading classification of sweet light crude oil that serves as a major benchmark price for purchases of oil worldwide. This grade is described as light because of its relatively low density, and sweet because of its low sulfur content. Brent Crude is extracted from the North Sea and comprises Brent Blend, Forties Blend, Oseberg and Ekofisk crudes (also known as the BFOE Quotation). The Brent Crude oil marker is also known as Brent Blend, London Brent and Brent petroleum.

text: Brent Crude is a major trading classification of

text: sweet

text: light

text: crude oil

text: that serves as a major

text: benchmark

text: price for purchases of oil worldwide. This grade is described as light because of its relatively low density, and sweet because of its low sulfur content. Brent Crude is extracted from the

text: North Sea

text: and comprises Brent Blend,

text: Forties Blend

text: Oseberg

text: and

text: Ekofisk

text: crudes (also known as the

text: BFOE Quotation

text: ). The Brent Crude

text: oil marker

text: is also known as Brent Blend, London Brent and Brent petroleum.

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answers: Brent Crude is extracted from the North Sea

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answers: It serves as a major benchmark price for purchases of oil worldwide

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text: Some economic historians have observed that Standard Oil was in the process of losing its monopoly at the time of its breakup in 1911. Although Standard had 90 percent of American refining capacity in 1880, by 1911 that had shrunk to between 60 and 65 percent, due to the expansion in capacity by competitors.  Numerous regional competitors (such as Pure Oil in the East, Texaco and Gulf Oil in the Gulf Coast, Cities Service and Sun in the Midcontinent, Union in California, and Shell overseas) had organized themselves into competitive vertically integrated oil companies, the industry structure pioneered years earlier by Standard itself. In addition, demand for petroleum products was increasing more rapidly than the ability of Standard to expand. The result was that although in 1911 Standard still controlled most production in the older regions of the Appalachian Basin (78 percent share, down from 92 percent in 1880), Lima-Indiana (90 percent, down from 95 percent in 1906), and the Illinois Basin (83 percent, down from 100 percent in 1906), its share was much lower in the rapidly expanding new regions that would dominate U.S. oil production in the 20th century. In 1911 Standard controlled only 44 percent of production in the Midcontinent, 29 percent in California, and 10 percent on the Gulf Coast.

text: Some economic historians have observed that Standard Oil was in the process of losing its monopoly at the time of its breakup in 1911. Although Standard had 90 percent of American refining capacity in 1880, by 1911 that had shrunk to between 60 and 65 percent, due to the expansion in capacity by competitors.  Numerous regional competitors (such as

text: Pure Oil

text: in the East,

text: Texaco

text: and

text: Gulf Oil

text: in the Gulf Coast,

text: Cities Service

text: and

text: Sun

text: in the Midcontinent,

text: Union

text: in California, and

text: Shell

text: overseas) had organized themselves into competitive vertically integrated oil companies, the industry structure pioneered years earlier by Standard itself. In addition, demand for petroleum products was increasing more rapidly than the ability of Standard to expand. The result was that although in 1911 Standard still controlled most production in the older regions of the Appalachian Basin (78 percent share, down from 92 percent in 1880), Lima-Indiana (90 percent, down from 95 percent in 1906), and the

text: Illinois Basin

text: (83 percent, down from 100 percent in 1906), its share was much lower in the rapidly expanding new regions that would dominate U.S. oil production in the 20th century. In 1911 Standard controlled only 44 percent of production in the Midcontinent, 29 percent in California, and 10 percent on the Gulf Coast.

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answers: In 1911 Standard controlled only 44 percent of production in the Midcontinent, 29 percent in California, and 10 percent on the Gulf Coast

text: While petroleum is also used as a source for plastics and other chemicals, and powers various industrial processes, today two-thirds of oil consumption in the U.S. is in the form of its derived transportation fuels. Oil's unique qualities for transportation fuels in terms of energy content, cost of production, and speed of refueling all contributed to it being used over other fuels.

text: While petroleum is also used as a source for plastics and other

text: chemicals

text: , and powers various industrial processes, today two-thirds of oil consumption in the U.S. is in the form of its derived transportation fuels. Oil's unique qualities for transportation fuels in terms of energy content, cost of production, and speed of refueling all contributed to it being used over other fuels.

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text: The United States petroleum refining industry, the world’s largest, is most heavily concentrated along the Gulf Coast of Texas and Louisiana. In 2012, US refiners produced 18.5 million barrels per day of refined petroleum products. Of this amount, 15 percent was exported. As of 2012 the US was the world’s second largest net exporter of refined petroleum products.

text: The United States petroleum refining industry, the world’s largest, is most heavily concentrated along the Gulf Coast of Texas and Louisiana. In 2012, US refiners produced 18.5 million barrels per day of refined petroleum products. Of this amount, 15 percent was exported. As of 2012 the US was the world’s second largest net exporter of refined petroleum products.

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answers: NDQ_005515

answers: refiners produced 18.5 million barrels per day

answers: NDQ_005516

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answers: Louisiana

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answers: 18.5 million barrels per day

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: refined petroleum products

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: environmental damage

text: Most petroleum waxes are derived from the by-products of lubricant oils.  Specifically, Group I motor oils result in a waxy distillate formed during the separation and refining of crude oils.  This by-product will typically have a 5-20% oil content.  IGI maintains "de-oiling" refining facilities that are able to remove the oil and be left with a finished wax product.  Trends in industries such as automotive have put increased demand on lubrication oils and thus a trend towards using Group II and III has been seen in recent years.  These types of oils do not contain a waxy by-product and also are not as crude oil dependent as Group I oils.  This has resulted in an overall decrease in the diversity of North American feedstocks suitable for the manufacture of petroleum waxes.

text: Most petroleum waxes are derived from the by-products of lubricant oils.  Specifically, Group I motor oils result in a waxy distillate formed during the separation and refining of crude oils.  This by-product will typically have a 5-20% oil content.  IGI maintains "de-oiling" refining facilities that are able to remove the oil and be left with a finished wax product.  Trends in industries such as automotive have put increased demand on lubrication oils and thus a trend towards using Group II and III has been seen in recent years.  These types of oils do not contain a waxy by-product and also are not as crude oil dependent as Group I oils.  This has resulted in an overall decrease in the diversity of North American

text: feedstock

text: s suitable for the manufacture of petroleum waxes.

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answers: Group I motor oils

answers: NDQ_005512

answers: oils

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answers: crude oil

answers: NDQ_005514

answers: Group I motor oils

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: Group I motor oils

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: lubricant oils

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: Group II and III

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: This by-product will typically have a 5-20% oil content

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: petroleum waxes

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: decrease in the diversity of North American feedstocks

text: The most promising industries are oil production, oil processing, oil and gas chemistry and chemical manufacturing, mechanical engineering and metal working, power industry, forest and timber-processing industry, construction supplies manufacturing, ACI and food industry, shipbuilding and pharmaceuticals industry. The development and building of commercial property is in progress in the region. Over recent years a lot of new investment projects have been implemented; the foundation for creation and development of new industries has been laid, such as oil refining, light hydrocarbons (LPG) advanced refining, metallurgy, glass industry, production of construction materials, oil and gas mechanical engineering, timber processing.

text: The most promising industries are oil production, oil processing, oil and gas chemistry and chemical manufacturing, mechanical engineering and metal working, power industry, forest and timber-processing industry, construction supplies manufacturing, ACI and food industry, shipbuilding and pharmaceuticals industry. The development and building of commercial property is in progress in the region. Over recent years a lot of new investment projects have been implemented; the foundation for creation and development of new industries has been laid, such as oil refining, light hydrocarbons (LPG) advanced refining, metallurgy, glass industry, production of construction materials, oil and gas mechanical engineering, timber processing.

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answers: mechanical engineering

answers: NDQ_005512

answers: oil and gas

answers: NDQ_005513

answers: gas

answers: NDQ_005514

answers: light hydrocarbons

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: power industry

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: oil processing

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: development and building of commercial property

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: oil production

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: chemical manufacturing

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: creation and development of new industries

text: The Ministry of Power (then named Ministry of Fuel and Power) was created on 11 June 1942 from functions separated from the Board of Trade.  It took charge of coal production, allocation of fuel supplies, control of energy prices and petrol rationing.  These had previously been dealt with by the Secretary for Mines and in the case of petroleum since 1940 by the Secretary for Petroleum.  It also took over responsibility for electricity from the Ministry of War Transport.

text: The Ministry of Power (then named Ministry of Fuel and Power) was created on 11 June 1942 from functions separated from the

text: Board of Trade

text: .  It took charge of coal production, allocation of fuel supplies, control of energy prices and petrol rationing.  These had previously been dealt with by the

text: Secretary for Mines

text: and in the case of petroleum since 1940 by the

text: Secretary for Petroleum

text: .  It also took over responsibility for electricity from the

text: Ministry of War Transport

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text: The oil has many non-food uses and, like soybean oil, is often used interchangeably with non-renewable petroleum-based oils in products, including industrial lubricants, biodiesel, candles, lipsticks, and newspaper inks, depending on the price on the spot market.

text: The oil has many non-food uses and, like soybean oil, is often used interchangeably with

text: non-renewable

text: petroleum-based oils in products, including industrial

text: lubricant

text: s,

text: biodiesel

text: candle

text: s,

text: lipstick

text: s, and

text: newspaper

text: ink

text: s, depending on the price on the spot market.

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answers: non-renewable

text: Biodiesel (Fatty acid methyl ester), is commercially available in most oilseed-producing states in the United States. As of 2005, it is somewhat more expensive than fossil diesel, though it is still commonly produced in relatively small quantities (in comparison to petroleum products and ethanol). Many farmers who raise oilseeds use a biodiesel blend in tractors and equipment as a matter of policy, to foster production of biodiesel and raise public awareness. It is sometimes easier to find biodiesel in rural areas than in cities. Biodiesel has lower Energy Density than fossil diesel fuel, so biodiesel vehicles are not quite able to keep up with the fuel economy of a fossil fuelled diesel vehicle, if the diesel injection system is not reset for the new fuel. If the injection timing is changed to take account of the higher Cetane value of biodiesel, the difference in economy is negligible. Because biodiesel contains more oxygen than diesel or vegetable oil fuel, it produces the lowest emissions from diesel engines, and is lower in most emissions than gasoline engines. Biodiesel has a higher lubricity than mineral diesel and is an additive in European pump diesel for lubricity and emissions reduction.

text: Biodiesel

text: (Fatty acid methyl ester), is commercially available in most oilseed-producing states in the United States. As of 2005, it is somewhat more expensive than fossil diesel, though it is still commonly produced in relatively small quantities (in comparison to petroleum products and ethanol). Many farmers who raise oilseeds use a biodiesel blend in tractors and equipment as a matter of policy, to foster production of biodiesel and raise public awareness. It is sometimes easier to find biodiesel in rural areas than in cities. Biodiesel has lower

text: Energy Density

text: than fossil diesel fuel, so biodiesel vehicles are not quite able to keep up with the fuel economy of a fossil fuelled diesel vehicle, if the diesel injection system is not reset for the new fuel. If the injection timing is changed to take account of the higher Cetane value of biodiesel, the difference in economy is negligible. Because biodiesel contains more oxygen than diesel or

text: vegetable oil fuel

text: , it produces the lowest emissions from diesel engines, and is lower in most emissions than gasoline engines. Biodiesel has a higher lubricity than mineral diesel and is an additive in European pump diesel for lubricity and emissions reduction.

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answers: NDQ_005518

answers: Biodiesel (Fatty acid methyl ester)

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: fossil diesel

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: It is sometimes easier to find biodiesel in rural areas than in cities

text: Since the industrial revolution, the burning of coal, oil, natural gas or products derived from them has been a socially significant transformation of chemical energy into other forms of energy. the energy "consumption" (one should really speak of "energy transformation") of a society or country is often quoted in reference to the average energy released by the combustion of these fossil fuels:

text: Since the

text: industrial revolution

text: , the

text: burning

text: of

text: coal

text: oil

text: natural gas

text: or products derived from them has been a socially significant transformation of chemical energy into other forms of energy. the energy "consumption" (one should really speak of "energy transformation") of a society or country is often quoted in reference to the average energy released by the

text: combustion

text: of these

text: fossil fuel

text: s:

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answers: socially significant transformation

text: Latterly, the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration has acknowledged that"hydrogen sulfide in the air is an irritant and a chemical asphyxiant that can alter both oxygen utilization and the (human) central nervous system".  In 2013, Enbridge won the US Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's permission to refuse delivery of any oil with hydrogen sulfide that exceeded 5 parts per million, half the maximum exposure recommended by federal regulators, finding levels as high as 1,200 parts per million in some crude oil shipments from Bakken formation crude oil.

text: Latterly, the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration has acknowledged that"hydrogen sulfide in the air is an irritant and a chemical asphyxiant that can alter both oxygen utilization and the (human) central nervous system".  In 2013,

text: Enbridge

text: won the US

text: Federal Energy Regulatory Commission

text: 's permission to refuse delivery of any oil with hydrogen sulfide that exceeded 5 parts per million, half the maximum exposure recommended by federal regulators, finding levels as high as 1,200 parts per million in some crude oil shipments from

text: Bakken formation

text: crude oil.

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answers: crude oil

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answers: Bakken formation crude oil

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: Bakken formation

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: Bakken formation

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: half the maximum exposure recommended by federal regulators

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: hydrogen sulfide

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: alter both oxygen utilization and the (human) central nervous system

text: Sweet crude oil is a type of petroleum. The New York Mercantile Exchange designates petroleum with less than 0.42% sulfur as sweet. Petroleum containing higher levels of sulfur is called sour crude oil.

text: Sweet crude oil is a type of

text: petroleum

text: . The

text: New York Mercantile Exchange

text: designates petroleum with less than 0.42%

text: sulfur

text: as sweet. Petroleum containing higher levels of sulfur is called

text: sour crude oil

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text: According to the Dutch disease theory, the sudden discovery of oil may cause a decline in the manufacturing sector. The consequences will vary from country to country, depending on the country's economic structure and stage of development. For example, after the oil boom in Gabon, the country showed symptoms of the Dutch disease, while oil-producing Equatorial Guinea did not.

text: According to the

text: Dutch disease

text: theory, the sudden discovery of oil may cause a decline in the manufacturing sector. The consequences will vary from country to country, depending on the country's economic structure and stage of development. For example, after the oil boom in

text: Gabon

text: , the country showed symptoms of the Dutch disease, while oil-producing

text: Equatorial Guinea

text: did not.

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text: Petroleum, natural gas, and coal are exported from various source countries to countries reliant on these fossil fuels.

text: Petroleum

text: natural gas

text: , and

text: coal

text: are exported from various source countries to countries reliant on these fossil fuels.

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text: The Port of Lagos is Nigeria's leading port and one of the largest and busiest in Africa. It is administered by the Nigerian Ports Authority and it is split into three main sections: Lagos port, in the main channel next to Lagos Island, Apapa Port (site of the container terminal) and Tin Can Port, both located in Badagry Creek, which flows into Lagos Harbour from the west. The port features a railhead. The port has seen growing amounts of crude oil exported, with export figures rising between 1997 and 2000. Oil and petroleum products provide 14% of GDP and 90% of foreign exchange earnings in Nigeria as a whole.

text: The

text: Port of Lagos

text: is Nigeria's leading

text: port

text: and one of the largest and busiest in Africa. It is administered by the

text: Nigerian Ports Authority

text: and it is split into three main sections: Lagos port, in the main channel next to Lagos Island,

text: Apapa Port

text: (site of the container terminal) and Tin Can Port, both located in Badagry Creek, which flows into Lagos Harbour from the west. The port features a

text: railhead

text: . The port has seen growing amounts of

text: crude oil

text: exported, with export figures rising between 1997 and 2000. Oil and

text: petroleum

text: products provide 14% of GDP and 90% of

text: foreign exchange

text: earnings in Nigeria as a whole.

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answers: crude oil

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answers: oil

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answers: Oil and petroleum products

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answers: oil and petroleum products

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answers: Nigeria

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: Oil and petroleum products provide 14% of GDP

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: crude oil

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: 90% of foreign exchange earnings in Nigeria

text: The pipeline network in Turkey included  for crude oil,  for petroleum products, and  for natural gas in 1999. The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline, the second-longest oil pipeline in the world, was inaugurated on May 10, 2005. The pipeline delivers crude oil from the Caspian Sea basin to the port of Ceyhan on Turkey's Mediterranean coast, from where it is distributed with oil tankers to the world's markets. The planned Nabucco Pipeline will also pass from Turkey and provide the European Union member states with natural gas from the Caspian Sea basin. The Blue Stream, a major trans-Black Sea gas pipeline, is operational since November 17, 2005, and delivers natural gas from Russia to Turkey. The Tabriz–Ankara pipeline is a  natural gas pipeline, which runs from Tabriz in northwestern Iran to Ankara in Turkey. The pipeline was commissioned on July 26, 2001. In Erzurum, the South Caucasus Pipeline, which was commissioned on May 21, 2006, is linked to the Iran-Turkey pipeline. In the future, these two pipelines will be among the main supply routes for the planned Nabucco Pipeline from Turkey to Europe.

text: The pipeline network in Turkey included  for crude oil,  for petroleum products, and  for natural gas in 1999. The

text: Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline

text: , the second-longest

text: oil pipeline

text: in the world, was inaugurated on May 10, 2005. The pipeline delivers

text: crude oil

text: from the

text: Caspian Sea

text: basin to the port of

text: Ceyhan

text: on Turkey's

text: Mediterranean

text: coast, from where it is distributed with oil tankers to the world's markets. The planned

text: Nabucco Pipeline

text: will also pass from Turkey and provide the

text: European Union

text: member states with

text: natural gas

text: from the Caspian Sea basin. The

text: Blue Stream

text: , a major trans-

text: Black Sea

text: gas pipeline, is operational since November 17, 2005, and delivers natural gas from

text: Russia

text: to Turkey. The

text: Tabriz–Ankara pipeline

text: is a  natural gas pipeline, which runs from

text: Tabriz

text: in northwestern

text: Iran

text: to

text: Ankara

text: in Turkey. The pipeline was commissioned on July 26, 2001. In

text: Erzurum

text: , the

text: South Caucasus Pipeline

text: , which was commissioned on May 21, 2006, is linked to the Iran-Turkey pipeline. In the future, these two pipelines will be among the main supply routes for the planned

text: Nabucco Pipeline

text: from Turkey to Europe.

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answers: natural gas

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answers: petroleum products

answers: NDQ_005513

answers: Caspian Sea

answers: NDQ_005514

answers: petroleum products

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: The Tabriz–Ankara pipeline

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: The pipeline delivers crude oil

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: Tabriz in northwestern Iran

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: The pipeline network in Turkey included for crude oil, for petroleum products, and for natural gas in 1999

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: natural gas

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: natural gas pipeline

text: At Kern River Oil Field, there are no currently active seeps. However, oil-stained formations in the outcrops remain from previously active seeps. Petroleum seeps may be a significant source of pollution.

text: At

text: Kern River Oil Field

text: , there are no currently active seeps. However, oil-stained formations in the outcrops remain from previously active seeps. Petroleum seeps may be a significant source of

text: pollution

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answers: produces about one-half as much oil as it uses

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answers: significant source of pollution

text: According to Canada's Energy Outlook, the Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) report, NRCan estimates that Canada's GHG emissions will increase by 139 million tonnes between 2004 and 2020, with more than a third of the total coming from petroleum production and refining. Upstream emissions will decline slightly, primarily from gas field depletion and from increasing production of coalbed methane, which requires less processing than conventional natural gas. Meanwhile, emissions from unconventional resources and refining will soar.

text: According to Canada's Energy Outlook, the

text: Natural Resources Canada

text: (NRCan) report, NRCan estimates that Canada's GHG emissions will increase by 139 million tonnes between 2004 and 2020, with more than a third of the total coming from

text: petroleum

text: production and refining. Upstream emissions will decline slightly, primarily from gas field depletion and from increasing production of

text: coalbed methane

text: , which requires less processing than conventional

text: natural gas

text: . Meanwhile, emissions from unconventional resources and refining will soar.

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answers: Canada

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answers: Canada's GHG emissions will increase by 139 million tonnes

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answers: GHG emissions

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answers: GHG emissions

text: In 1956 crude oil was discovered in commercial quantities at Oloibiri, and Port Harcourt's economy turned to petroleum when the first shipment of Nigerian crude oil was exported through the city in 1958. Through the benefits of the Nigerian petroleum industry, Port Harcourt was further developed, with aspects of modernisation such as overpasses and city blocks. Oil firms that currently have offices in the city include Royal Dutch Shell and Chevron.

text: In 1956

text: crude oil

text: was discovered in commercial quantities at

text: Oloibiri

text: , and Port Harcourt's economy turned to petroleum when the first shipment of Nigerian crude oil was exported through the city in 1958. Through the benefits of the

text: Nigerian petroleum industry

text: , Port Harcourt was further developed, with aspects of modernisation such as

text: overpasses

text: and

text: city blocks

text: . Oil firms that currently have offices in the city include

text: Royal Dutch Shell

text: and

text: Chevron

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answers: Port Harcourt

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answers: It produces about one-half as much oil as it uses

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answers: oil

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answers: Port Harcourt was further developed

text: In the 19th century, refineries in the U.S. processed crude oil primarily to recover the kerosene. There was no market for the more volatile fraction, including gasoline, which was considered waste and was often dumped directly into the nearest river. The invention of the automobile shifted the demand to gasoline and diesel, which remain the primary refined products today. Today, national and state legislation requires refineries to meet stringent air and water cleanliness standards. In fact, oil companies in the U.S. perceive obtaining a permit to build a modern refinery to be so difficult and costly that no new refineries were built (though many have been expanded) in the U.S. from 1976 until 2014, when the small Dakota Prairie Refinery in North Dakota is set to begin operation. More than half the refineries that existed in 1981 are now closed due to low utilization rates and accelerating mergers. As a result of these closures total US refinery capacity fell between 1981 and 1995, though the operating capacity stayed fairly constant in that time period at around . Increases in facility size and improvements in efficiencies have offset much of the lost physical capacity of the industry. In 1982 (the earliest data provided), the United States operated 301 refineries with a combined capacity of  of crude oil each calendar day. In 2010, there were 149 operable U.S. refineries with a combined capacity of  per calendar day. By 2014 the number of refinery had reduced to 140 but the total capacity increased to  per calendar day. Indeed, in order to reduce operating costs and depreciation, refining is operated in less sites but of bigger capacity.

text: In the 19th century, refineries in the U.S. processed crude oil primarily to recover the

text: kerosene

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text: Nighttime wind power is considered the most economical form of electrical power with which to synthesize fuel, because the load curve for electricity peaks sharply during the warmest hours of the day, but wind tends to blow slightly more at night than during the day. Therefore, the price of nighttime wind power is often much less expensive than any alternative. Off-peak wind power prices in high wind penetration areas of the U.S. averaged 1.64 cents per kilowatt-hour in 2009, but only 0.71 cents/kWh during the least expensive six hours of the day. Typically, wholesale electricity costs 2 to 5 cents/kWh during the day. Commercial fuel synthesis companies suggest they can produce gasoline for less than petroleum fuels when oil costs more than $55 per barrel.

text: Nighttime

text: wind power

text: is considered the most economical form of electrical power with which to synthesize fuel, because the

text: load curve

text: for electricity peaks sharply during the warmest hours of the day, but wind tends to blow slightly more at night than during the day. Therefore, the price of nighttime wind power is often much less expensive than any alternative. Off-peak wind power prices in high wind penetration areas of the U.S. averaged 1.64 cents per

text: kilowatt-hour

text: in 2009, but only 0.71 cents/kWh during the least expensive six hours of the day. Typically,

text: wholesale

text: electricity costs 2 to 5 cents/kWh during the day. Commercial fuel synthesis companies suggest they can produce gasoline for less than

text: petroleum

text: fuels when oil costs more than $55 per barrel.

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answers: high wind penetration areas

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answers: Off-peak wind power prices in high wind penetration areas

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: electricity

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: gasoline for less than petroleum fuels

text: The upstream sector includes the searching for potential underground or underwater crude oil and natural gas fields, drilling of exploratory wells, and subsequently drilling and operating the wells that recover and bring the crude oil and/or raw natural gas to the surface. With the development of methods for extracting methane from coal seams, there has been a significant shift toward including unconventional gas as a part of the upstream sector, and corresponding developments in liquified natural gas (LNG) processing and transport. The upstream sector of the petroleum industry includes Extraction of petroleum, Oil production plant, Oil refinery and Oil well.

text: The upstream sector includes the searching for potential underground or underwater

text: crude oil

text: and

text: natural gas

text: fields, drilling of exploratory wells, and subsequently drilling and operating the wells that recover and bring the crude oil and/or raw natural gas to the surface. With the development of methods for extracting

text: methane

text: from

text: coal

text: seams, there has been a significant shift toward including

text: unconventional gas

text: as a part of the upstream sector, and corresponding developments in

text: liquified natural gas (LNG)

text: processing and transport. The upstream sector of the petroleum industry includes

text: Extraction of petroleum

text: Oil production plant

text: Oil refinery

text: and

text: Oil well

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answers: recover and bring the crude oil

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answers: Oil production plant

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: natural gas

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: Oil production plant

text: The origin of American economic involvement in the Middle East, particularly with regards to oil, dates back to 1928 with the singing of the Red Line Agreement. This was preceded by the founding of the Turkish Petroleum Company, which was created with the intention of exploring and extracting oil within the Ottoman Empire. Eventually, after the discovery of a large oil field in Iraq in 1928, the issue of distribution arose. Each of the large powers – France, the United Kingdom, and the United States – worried about being edged out by the other two. The Red Line Agreement was eventually signed, giving the Near East Development Corporation, the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, Royal Dutch/Shell, and the Compagnie Française des Pétroles each 23.75% of any oil that was produced by the Turkish Petroleum Company. The Near East Development Corporation represented American interests and included Jersey Standard Oil, Socony-Vacuum Oil Company, Gulf Oil, the Pan-American Petroleum and Transport Company, and Atlantic Refining. The remaining 5% share went to an Armenian businessman, Calouste Gulbenkian, who had previously owned shares within TPC. The more important provision of the Red Line Agreement was that none of the four parties could develop any oilfields from the Suez Canal to the Iran, with the exception of Kuwait (the area that the TPC had jurisdiction over), unless that party gained support and approval from the other three. Thus, the United States broke into the oil market in Iraq and later into the rest of the Middle East.Eventually, due to the aligning of Prime Minister Rashid al-Gilani with Germany, the West, particularly Great Britain, gained open access to Iraq. However, WWII left the UK weakened and unable to retain its dominance in the region, and as such the Truman and Roosevelt administrations were able to achieve their top priority, monopolizing oil in the region.

text: The origin of American economic involvement in the Middle East, particularly with regards to oil, dates back to 1928 with the singing of the Red Line Agreement. This was preceded by the founding of the Turkish Petroleum Company, which was created with the intention of exploring and extracting oil within the Ottoman Empire. Eventually, after the discovery of a large oil field in Iraq in 1928, the issue of distribution arose. Each of the large powers – France, the United Kingdom, and the United States – worried about being edged out by the other two. The Red Line Agreement was eventually signed, giving the Near East Development Corporation, the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, Royal Dutch/Shell, and the Compagnie Française des Pétroles each 23.75% of any oil that was produced by the Turkish Petroleum Company. The Near East Development Corporation represented American interests and included Jersey Standard Oil, Socony-Vacuum Oil Company, Gulf Oil, the

text: Pan-American Petroleum and Transport Company

text: , and Atlantic Refining. The remaining 5% share went to an Armenian businessman, Calouste Gulbenkian, who had previously owned shares within TPC. The more important provision of the Red Line Agreement was that none of the four parties could develop any oilfields from the Suez Canal to the Iran, with the exception of Kuwait (the area that the TPC had jurisdiction over), unless that party gained support and approval from the other three. Thus, the United States broke into the oil market in Iraq and later into the rest of the Middle East.Eventually, due to the aligning of Prime Minister Rashid al-Gilani with Germany, the West, particularly Great Britain, gained open access to Iraq. However, WWII left the UK weakened and unable to retain its dominance in the region, and as such the Truman and Roosevelt administrations were able to achieve their top priority, monopolizing oil in the region.

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answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracies.

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answers: NDQ_005511

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answers: NDQ_005512

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answers: NDQ_005513

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answers: NDQ_005514

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answers: NDQ_005515

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answers: NDQ_005516

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answers: NDQ_005517

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answers: NDQ_005518

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005511

answers: Oil

answers: NDQ_005512

answers: Oil

answers: NDQ_005513

answers: support and approval from the other three

answers: NDQ_005514

answers: oilfields

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: the formation of the Turkish Petroleum Company

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: Turkish Petroleum Company

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: Iraq

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: The Red Line Agreement was eventually signed

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: oil

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: monopolizing oil in the region

text: Saudi Arabia covers a large part of the Persian Basin which is the primary producer of oil and gas.The basement structures beneath the Persian Basin have controlled sediment deposition and structural growth of the basin. The main petroleum system of the Safaniya reservoir is the Mesozoic Petroleum System. The Mesozoic Petroleum System can be divided into two smaller petroleum systems, the Jurassic Petroleum System and Cretaceous Petroleum System. These small systems have generated hydrocarbons from the Jurassic to Cretaceous time period and largely contributed to the oil and gas production in the world's largest offshore field in Saudi Arabia the Safaniya Fields. The Jurassic Petroleum System consists of the Tuwaiq Mountain and Hanifa formations which are thick laminated organic rich lime mudstone units from the Jurassic period and contain a type II kerogen that has excellent source rock potential. The carbon isotope ratios between the oils (avg. δ 13C = - 26.6‰) and the kerogen (avg. δ 13C = - 26.4‰) and bitumen (avg. δ 13C = - 27.1‰)  The typical seal rock in the Mesozoic petroleum system that separates the Jurassic oils from mixing with the Cretaceous oils is a permeable evaporites anhydrite with a thickness reaching up to 287 m. The seal is not well developed along the eastern and northeastern part of Saudi Arabia. This allows Jurassic oils to mix with Cretaceous oils and causes the production of Cretaceous oils with a Jurassic oils to be limited to the eastern and northeastern part of Saudi Arabia. The Cretaceous Petroleum System consists of the main reservoir in the Safaniya fields, the Safaniya member. The Safaniya member is a thick sequence of sandstone, siltstone and shale with thin intervals of limestone, coal and varying amounts of ironstone. The Mauddud Formation is intra-formational shales and tight carbonates that seals the reservoirs within the Safaniya Formation.

text: Saudi Arabia covers a large part of the Persian Basin which is the primary producer of oil and gas.The basement structures beneath the Persian Basin have controlled sediment deposition and structural growth of the basin. The main petroleum system of the Safaniya reservoir is the Mesozoic Petroleum System. The

text: Mesozoic Petroleum System

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answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracy.

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answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracy.

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answers: NDQ_005520

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answers: NDQ_005511

answers: Jurassic Petroleum System consists of the Tuwaiq Mountain and Hanifa formations

answers: NDQ_005512

answers: hydrocarbons

answers: NDQ_005513

answers: offshore

answers: NDQ_005514

answers: oils

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: Safaniya Fields

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: Safaniya

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: Persian Basin

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: The Safaniya member

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: bitumen

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: structural growth of the basin

text: Petroleum and gas supermajors are sometimes collectively referred to as "Big oil", a term that emphasizes their economic power and perceived influence on politics, particularly in the United States. Big oil is often associated with the fossil fuels lobby.

text: Petroleum and

text: gas

text: supermajors are sometimes collectively referred to as "Big oil", a term that emphasizes their economic power and perceived influence on politics, particularly in the United States. Big oil is often associated with the

text: fossil fuels lobby

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answers: The United States produces about one-half as much oil as it uses

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answers: Oil

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answers: influence on politics

text: The total production from ANWR would be between 0.4 and 1.2 percent of total world oil consumption in 2030. Consequently, ANWR oil production is not projected to have any significant impact on world oil prices. Furthermore, the Energy Information Administration does not feel ANWR will affect the global price of oil when past behaviors of the oil market are considered. "The opening of ANWR is projected to have its largest oil price reduction impacts as follows: a reduction in low-sulfur, light crude oil prices of $0.41 per barrel (2006 dollars) in 2026 for the low oil resource case, $0.75 per barrel in 2025 for the mean oil resource case, and $1.44 per barrel in 2027 for the high oil resource case, relative to the reference case." "Assuming that world oil markets continue to work as they do today, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) could neutralize any potential price impact of ANWR oil production by reducing its oil exports by an equal amount."

text: The total production from ANWR would be between 0.4 and 1.2 percent of total world oil consumption in 2030. Consequently, ANWR oil production is not projected to have any significant impact on world oil prices. Furthermore, the

text: Energy Information Administration

text: does not feel ANWR will affect the global price of oil when past behaviors of the oil market are considered. "The opening of ANWR is projected to have its largest oil price reduction impacts as follows: a reduction in low-sulfur, light crude oil prices of $0.41 per barrel (2006 dollars) in 2026 for the low oil resource case, $0.75 per barrel in 2025 for the mean oil resource case, and $1.44 per barrel in 2027 for the high oil resource case, relative to the reference case." "Assuming that world oil markets continue to work as they do today, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) could neutralize any potential price impact of ANWR oil production by reducing its oil exports by an equal amount."

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answers: NDQ_005512

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answers: reducing its oil exports

answers: NDQ_005516

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answers: NDQ_005518

answers: 0.4 and 1.2 percent of total world oil consumption

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: oil

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: oil price reduction impacts

text: Petroleum is the second largest energy fuel in Nepal after firewood and accounts for 11% of primary energy consumption in the country. All petroleum products are imported from India. At the moment, the import of petroleum products is transacted exclusively between the Nepal Oil Corporation and the Indian Oil Corporation. 75% of the imports are diesel, kerosene and gasoline. Due to the high energy demand in the country, the dependence on petroleum imports is increasing. More than 62% of the petroleum products are used in the transportation sector. Besides that, petroleum products constitute important energy sources for cooking purposes in households.

text: Petroleum

text: is the second largest energy fuel in Nepal after firewood and accounts for 11% of primary energy consumption in the country. All petroleum products are imported from

text: India

text: . At the moment, the import of petroleum products is transacted exclusively between the

text: Nepal Oil Corporation

text: and the

text: Indian Oil Corporation

text: . 75% of the imports are

text: diesel

text: kerosene

text: and

text: gasoline

text: . Due to the high energy demand in the country, the dependence on petroleum imports is increasing. More than 62% of the petroleum products are used in the transportation sector. Besides that, petroleum products constitute important energy sources for cooking purposes in households.

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answers: Nepal

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answers: petroleum products constitute important energy sources for cooking purposes in households

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: fuel

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: dependence on petroleum imports is increasing

text: Approximately half of the produced associated gas is used for enhanced oil recovery of the field. Another half of natural gas is exported through the West of Shetland pipeline to the Sullom Voe Terminal. Some of the exported gas is used as fuel in the Fortum operated Sullom Voe power station. The remainder is enriched with liquefied petroleum gas and exported to the Magnus platform for enhanced oil recovery in Magnus field.

text: Approximately half of the produced associated gas is used for enhanced oil recovery of the field. Another half of natural gas is exported through the

text: West of Shetland pipeline

text: to the

text: Sullom Voe Terminal

text: . Some of the exported gas is used as fuel in the

text: Fortum

text: operated Sullom Voe power station. The remainder is enriched with

text: liquefied petroleum gas

text: and exported to the Magnus platform for enhanced oil recovery in Magnus field.

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answers: NDQ_005515

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answers: NDQ_005518

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005511

answers: gas is used as fuel

answers: NDQ_005512

answers: natural gas

answers: NDQ_005513

answers: produced associated gas

answers: NDQ_005514

answers: liquefied petroleum gas

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: Sullom Voe power station

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: liquefied petroleum gas

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: Shetland

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: Approximately half of the produced associated gas

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: fuel

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: fuel in the Fortum operated Sullom Voe power station

text: During the financial year 2012–13, the production of crude oil is 37.86 million tons and 40,679 million standard cubic meters (nearly 26.85 million tons) natural gas. The net import of crude oil  & petroleum products is 146.70 million tons worth of Rs 5611.40 billions. This includes 9.534 million tons of LNG imports worth of Rs. 282.15 billions. Internationally, LNG price  (One mmBtu of LNG = 0.1724 barrels of crude oil (boe) = 24.36 cubic meters of natural gas = 29.2 litres diesel) is fixed below crude oil price in terms of heating value. LNG is slowly gaining its role as direct use fuel in road  and marine transport without regasification. By the end of June 2016, LNG price has fallen by nearly 50% below its oil parity price making it more economical fuel than diesel/gas oil in transport sector.  In 2012-13, India consumed 15.744 million tons petrol and 69.179 million tons diesel which are mainly produced from imported crude oil at huge foreign exchange out go. Use of natural gas  for heating, cooking and electricity generation is not economical as more and more locally produced natural gas will be converted into LNG for use in transport sector to reduce crude oil imports. In addition to the conventional natural gas production, coal gasification, coal bed methane, coal mine methane and Biogas digesters / Renewable natural gas will also become source of LNG forming decentralised base for production of LNG to cater to the widely distributed demand. There is possibility to convert most of the heavy duty vehicles  (including diesel driven rail engines) into  LNG fuelled vehicles to reduce diesel consumption drastically with operational cost and least pollution benefits. Also, the break even price at user end for switching from imported coal to LNG in electricity generation is estimated near 6 US$/mmBtu.

text: During the financial year 2012–13, the production of crude oil is 37.86 million tons and 40,679 million standard cubic meters (nearly 26.85 million tons)

text: natural gas

text: . The net import of crude oil  & petroleum products is 146.70 million tons worth of Rs 5611.40 billions. This includes 9.534 million tons of

text: LNG

text: imports worth of Rs. 282.15 billions. Internationally, LNG price  (One

text: mmBtu

text: of LNG = 0.1724 barrels of crude oil (boe) = 24.36 cubic meters of natural gas = 29.2 litres

text: diesel

text: ) is fixed below crude oil price in terms of heating value. LNG is slowly gaining its role as direct use fuel in road  and marine transport without

text: regasification

text: . By the end of June 2016, LNG price has fallen by nearly 50% below its

text: oil parity

text: price making it more economical fuel than diesel/gas oil in transport sector.  In 2012-13, India consumed 15.744 million tons petrol and 69.179 million tons diesel which are mainly produced from imported crude oil at huge foreign exchange out go. Use of natural gas  for heating, cooking and electricity generation is not economical as more and more locally produced natural gas will be converted into LNG for use in transport sector to reduce crude oil imports. In addition to the conventional natural gas production,

text: coal gasification

text: coal bed methane

text: coal mine methane

text: and

text: Biogas digesters

text: Renewable natural gas

text: will also become source of LNG forming decentralised base for production of LNG to cater to the widely distributed demand. There is possibility to convert most of the heavy duty vehicles  (including diesel driven rail engines) into

text: LNG fuelled vehicles

text: to reduce diesel consumption drastically with operational cost and least pollution benefits. Also, the break even price at user end for switching from imported coal to LNG in electricity generation is estimated near 6 US$/mmBtu.

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answers: diesel

answers: NDQ_005512

answers: natural gas

answers: NDQ_005513

answers: produce crude oil

answers: NDQ_005514

answers: petroleum products

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: petrol and 69.179 million tons diesel

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: imports

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: India

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: production of crude oil is 37.86 million tons

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: diesel

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: pollution

text: Fossil fuels include natural gas and propane.

text: Fossil fuels include natural gas and propane.

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text: Waste oil is defined as any petroleum-based or synthetic oil that, through contamination,actually use or has become unsuitable for its original purpose due to the presence of impurities or loss of original properties.

text: Waste oil is defined as any

text: petroleum

text: -based or

text: synthetic oil

text: that, through contamination,actually use or has become unsuitable for its original purpose due to the presence of impurities or loss of original properties.

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text: In 1970, responding to concern about oil spills such as the Torrey Canyon, two Royal Commissions were ordered "into exploratory and production drilling for petroleum in the area of the Great Barrier Reef".  After the Royal Commissions, the federal and state governments ceased allowing petroleum drilling on the Great Barrier Reef. A study in 1990 concluded that the reef is too young to contain oil reserves. Oil drilling remains prohibited on the Great Barrier Reef, yet oil spills due to shipping routes are still a threat to the reef system, with a total of 282 oil spills between 1987-2002.

text: In 1970, responding to concern about

text: oil spill

text: s such as the

text: Torrey Canyon

text: , two

text: Royal Commission

text: s were ordered "into exploratory and production drilling for petroleum in the area of the Great Barrier Reef".  After the Royal Commissions, the federal and state governments ceased allowing petroleum drilling on the Great Barrier Reef. A study in 1990 concluded that the reef is too young to contain

text: oil reserves

text: . Oil drilling remains prohibited on the Great Barrier Reef, yet oil spills due to shipping routes are still a threat to the reef system, with a total of 282 oil spills between 1987-2002.

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answers: 282 oil spills

text: Crude oil 666 km; petroleum products 596 km; natural gas 460 km

text: Crude oil

text: 666 km;

text: petroleum

text: products 596 km;

text: natural gas

text: 460 km

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answers: 3: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracies.

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answers: natural gas 460 km

text: crude oil 5,432 km; natural gas 2,455 km; refined products 1,637 km; liquid petroleum gas 913 km

text: crude oil 5,432 km; natural gas 2,455 km; refined products 1,637 km; liquid petroleum gas 913 km

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answers: natural gas 2,455 km

text: "Prime neatsfoot oil" or "neatsfoot oil compound" are terms used for a blend of pure neatsfoot oil and non-animal oils, generally mineral or other petroleum-based oils.

text: "Prime neatsfoot oil" or "neatsfoot oil compound" are terms used for a blend of pure neatsfoot oil and non-animal oils, generally mineral or other petroleum-based oils.

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text: England is highly industrialised, but since the 1970s there has been a decline in traditional heavy and manufacturing industries, and an increasing emphasis on a more service industry oriented economy. Tourism has become a significant industry, attracting millions of visitors to England each year. The export part of the economy is dominated by pharmaceuticals, cars (although many English marques are now foreign-owned, such as Land Rover, Lotus, Jaguar and Bentley), crude oil and petroleum from the English parts of North Sea oil along with Wytch Farm, aircraft engines and alcoholic beverages.

text: England is highly industrialised, but since the 1970s there has been a decline in traditional heavy and

text: manufacturing

text: industries, and an increasing emphasis on a more

text: service industry

text: oriented economy. Tourism has become a significant industry, attracting millions of visitors to England each year. The export part of the economy is dominated by

text: pharmaceuticals

text: , cars (although many English

text: marque

text: s are now foreign-owned, such as

text: Land Rover

text: Lotus

text: Jaguar

text: and

text: Bentley

text: crude oil

text: and

text: petroleum

text: from the English parts of

text: North Sea oil

text: along with

text: Wytch Farm

text: aircraft engine

text: s and alcoholic beverages.

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text: Studies have determined that replacing fossil fuels with renewable energy sources, such as biofuels, have the capability of reducing  emissions by up to 80%.  An algae-based system could capture approximately 80% of the  emitted from a power plant when sunlight is available.  Although this  will later be released into the atmosphere when the fuel is burned, this  would have entered the atmosphere regardless.  The possibility of reducing total  emissions therefore lies in the prevention of the release of  from fossil fuels.  Furthermore, compared to fuels like diesel and petroleum, and even compared to other sources of biofuels, the production and combustion of algal biofuel does not produce any sulfur oxides or nitrous oxides, and produces a reduced amount of carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and reduced emission of other harmful pollutants. Since terrestrial plant sources of biofuel production simply do not have the production capacity to meet current energy requirements, microalgae may be one of the only options to approach complete replacement of fossil fuels.

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text: NASA Climate scientist James Hansen discusses the problem with rapid phase out of fossil fuels and said that while it is conceivable in places such as New Zealand and Norway, "suggesting that renewables will let us phase rapidly off fossil fuels in the United States, China, India, or the world as a whole is almost the equivalent of believing in the Easter Bunny and Tooth Fairy." In 2013, Smil analyzed proposals to depend on wind and solar-generated electricity including the proposals of Jacobson and colleagues, and writing in an issue of Spectrum prepared by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, he identified numerous points of concern, such as cost, intermittent power supply, growing NIMBYism, and a lack of infrastructure as negative factors and said that "History and a consideration of the technical requirements show that the problem is much greater than these advocates have supposed." Smil and Hansen are concerned about the variable output of solar and wind power, but many other scientists and engineers have analysed this situation and said that the electricity grid can cope, just as it routinely backs up nonworking coal-fired and nuclear plants with working ones.

text: NASA

text: Climate scientist

text: James Hansen

text: discusses the problem with rapid

text: phase out of fossil fuels

text: and said that while it is conceivable in places such as New Zealand and Norway, "suggesting that renewables will let us phase rapidly off fossil fuels in the United States, China, India, or the world as a whole is almost the equivalent of believing in the

text: Easter Bunny

text: and

text: Tooth Fairy

text: ." In 2013, Smil analyzed proposals to depend on wind and solar-generated electricity including the proposals of Jacobson and colleagues, and writing in an issue of Spectrum prepared by the

entity_name: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

text: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

text: , he identified numerous points of concern, such as cost, intermittent power supply, growing

text: NIMBY

text: ism, and a lack of infrastructure as negative factors and said that "History and a consideration of the technical requirements show that the problem is much greater than these advocates have supposed." Smil and Hansen are concerned about the

text: variable output

text: of solar and wind power, but many other scientists and engineers have analysed this situation and said that the

text: electricity grid

text: can cope, just as it routinely backs up nonworking coal-fired and nuclear plants with working ones.

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answers: The United States produces about one-half as much oil as it uses

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text: Unconventional oil is petroleum produced or extracted using techniques other than the conventional (oil well) method. Oil industries and governments across the globe are investing in unconventional oil sources due to the increasing scarcity of conventional oil reserves.

text: Unconventional oil is

text: petroleum

text: produced or extracted using techniques other than the conventional (

text: oil well

text: ) method. Oil industries and governments across the globe are investing in unconventional oil sources due to the increasing scarcity of conventional

text: oil reserves

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answers: increasing scarcity

text: On August 8, 1944, the Anglo-American Petroleum Agreement was signed, dividing Middle Eastern oil between the United States and Britain. Consequently, political scholar Fred H. Lawson remarks, that by the mid-1944, U.S. officials had buttressed their country's position on the peninsula by concluding an Anglo-American Petroleum Agreement that protected "all valid concession contracts and lawfully acquired rights" belonging to the signatories and established a principle of "equal opportunity" in those areas where no concession had yet been assigned. Furthermore, political scholar Irvine Anderson summarises American interests in the Middle East in the late 19th century and the early 20th century noting that, "the most significant event of the period was the transition of the United States from the position of net exporter to one of net importer of petroleum."

text: On August 8, 1944, the Anglo-American Petroleum Agreement was signed, dividing Middle Eastern oil between the United States and Britain. Consequently, political scholar Fred H. Lawson remarks, that by the mid-1944, U.S. officials had buttressed their country's position on the peninsula by concluding an Anglo-American Petroleum Agreement that protected "all valid concession contracts and lawfully acquired rights" belonging to the signatories and established a principle of "equal opportunity" in those areas where no concession had yet been assigned. Furthermore, political scholar Irvine Anderson summarises American interests in the Middle East in the late 19th century and the early 20th century noting that, "the most significant event of the period was the transition of the United States from the position of net exporter to one of net importer of petroleum."

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answers: Petroleum

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answers: no concession had yet been assigned

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answers: established a principle of "equal opportunity"

text: Mineral oil term is used to encompass lubricating base oil derived from crude oil. The American Petroleum Institute (API) designates several types of lubricant base oil:

text: Mineral oil term is used to encompass lubricating base oil derived from

text: crude oil

text: . The

text: American Petroleum Institute

text: (API) designates several types of lubricant base oil:

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answers: crude oil

answers: NDQ_005514

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answers: NDQ_005515

answers: Lubricating

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: lubricating base oil

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: Mineral oil

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answers: It produces about one-half as much oil as it uses

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: Oil

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: Lubricating base oil

text: Some oils burn in liquid or aerosol form, generating light, and heat which can be used directly or converted into other forms of energy such as electricity or mechanical work. To obtain many fuel oils, crude oil is pumped from the ground and is shipped via oil tanker or a pipeline to an oil refinery. There, it is converted from crude oil to diesel fuel (petrodiesel), ethane (and other short-chain alkanes), fuel oils (heaviest of commercial fuels, used in ships/furnaces), gasoline (petrol), jet fuel, kerosene, benzene (historically), and liquefied petroleum gas. A 42-gallon barrel (U.S.) of crude oil produces approximately 10 gallons of diesel, 4 gallons of jet fuel, 19 gallons of gasoline, 7 gallons of other products, 3 gallons split between heavy fuel oil and liquified petroleum gases, and 2 gallons of heating oil. The total production of a barrel of crude into various products results in an increase to 45 gallons. Not all oils used as fuels are mineral oils, see biodiesel and vegetable oil fuel.

text: Some oils

text: burn

text: in liquid or

text: aerosol

text: form, generating

text: light

text: , and

text: heat

text: which can be used directly or converted into other forms of energy such as electricity or mechanical work. To obtain many fuel oils,

text: crude oil

text: is pumped from the ground and is shipped via

text: oil tanker

text: or a

text: pipeline

text: to an

text: oil refinery

text: . There, it is converted from crude oil to

text: diesel fuel

text: (petrodiesel),

text: ethane

text: (and other short-chain

text: alkanes

text: fuel oil

text: s (heaviest of commercial fuels, used in ships/furnaces),

text: gasoline

text: (petrol),

text: jet fuel

text: kerosene

text: benzene

text: (historically), and

text: liquefied petroleum gas

text: . A 42-gallon barrel (U.S.) of crude oil produces approximately 10 gallons of diesel, 4 gallons of jet fuel, 19 gallons of gasoline, 7 gallons of other products, 3 gallons split between heavy fuel oil and liquified petroleum gases, and 2 gallons of heating oil. The total production of a barrel of crude into various products results in an increase to 45 gallons. Not all oils used as fuels are mineral oils, see

text: biodiesel

text: and

text: vegetable oil fuel

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answers: gasoline (petrol)

answers: NDQ_005512

answers: oils

answers: NDQ_005513

answers: pump from the ground

answers: NDQ_005514

answers: fuel oils

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: diesel fuel

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: is pumped from the ground

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: biodiesel

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answers: A 42-gallon barrel

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: diesel fuel

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: electricity or mechanical work

text: Oil prices have now passed the previous peak in 1980, and 95% of all energy used in transport is oil.  Vehicle travel in the United States, which has been rising steadily since records began, started to level out before the fuel price increases and is now in decline.  Part of this decline is likely to be people making fewer trips, with potentially far-reaching economic and social consequences.  Countries and cities where the car is one of many travel choices are more likely to prosper, as people can choose to drive less but are still able to travel by transit, cycle safely, walk to local shops and facilities, or choose to work or study from home.

text: Oil prices

text: have now passed the previous peak in 1980, and 95% of all energy used in transport is oil.  Vehicle travel in the United States, which has been rising steadily since records began, started to level out before the fuel price increases and is now in decline.  Part of this decline is likely to be people making fewer trips, with potentially far-reaching economic and social consequences.  Countries and cities where the car is one of many travel choices are more likely to prosper, as people can choose to drive less but are still able to travel by transit, cycle safely, walk to local shops and facilities, or choose to work or study from home.

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answers: NDQ_005511

answers: Gasoline

answers: NDQ_005512

answers: oil

answers: NDQ_005513

answers: pass the previous peak

answers: NDQ_005514

answers: Oil prices

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: transport

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: 95% of all energy

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: Countries and cities

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: 95% of all energy used in transport is oil

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: Oil

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: economic and social consequences

text: The geographic location is important because it affects transportation costs to the refinery. Light crude oil is more desirable than heavy oil since it produces a higher yield of gasoline, while sweet oil commands a higher price than sour oil because it has fewer environmental problems and requires less refining to meet sulfur standards imposed on fuels in consuming countries. Each crude oil has unique molecular characteristics which are revealed by the use of Crude oil assay analysis in petroleum laboratories.

text: The geographic location is important because it affects transportation costs to the refinery. Light crude oil is more desirable than heavy oil since it produces a higher yield of gasoline, while sweet oil commands a higher price than sour oil because it has fewer environmental problems and requires less refining to meet sulfur standards imposed on fuels in consuming countries. Each crude oil has unique molecular characteristics which are revealed by the use of

text: Crude oil assay

text: analysis in petroleum laboratories.

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answers: environmental problems

text: Although petroleum, oil and gas, and hydrocarbons are not technically mineral resources, the term mineral rights is used to denote rights to exploit oil and gas resources from the underground. Onshore, in United States, the landowner possesses exclusive rights for mineral rights, elsewhere generally the state does. For this reason, the fiscal regime of US is divergent from that  of other countries.The petroleum licensing system of a country may be considered interwoven with the fiscal regime,  however, a licensing system has its distinct function: to grant rights for petroleum exploration and production to commercial entities.

text: Although

text: petroleum

text: oil and gas

text: , and

text: hydrocarbons

text: are not technically

text: mineral

text: resources, the term

text: mineral rights

text: is used to denote rights to exploit oil and gas resources from the underground. Onshore, in

text: United States

text: , the landowner possesses exclusive rights for mineral rights, elsewhere generally the state does. For this reason,

text: the fiscal regime of US

text: is divergent from that  of other countries.The

text: petroleum licensing system

text: of a country may be considered interwoven with the fiscal regime,  however, a licensing system has its distinct function: to grant rights for petroleum exploration and production to commercial entities.

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answers: hydrocarbons

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answers: Onshore

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answers: petroleum, oil and gas

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answers: hydrocarbons

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answers: fiscal regime

text: China and Syria have significant trade relations. In 2009, mutual trade between the two countries was worth nearly $2.2 billion according to figures from the International Monetary Fund, and similar trade volumes were expected by the Syrian Ministry of Economy for 2010. The trade, however, is almost entirely one way. Exports from Syria to China made up less than 1 percent of the total trade volume at $5.6 million, while exports from China to Syria were worth $2.2 billion making China Syria's main importer. China is actively involved in Syria's oil industry. China National Petroleum Corporation is a joint venture partner with Syria's national oil company and Royal Dutch Shell in the Al-Furat Petroleum Company, the main oil producing consortium in the country. The Al-Furat consortium produces some 100,000 barrels per day (bpd). Sinochem is another Chinese oil company that has been very active in recent oil exploration tenders. China's CNPC and Sinopec are helping to revive output under rehabilitation contracts for small mature oil fields in Syria.

text: China and Syria have significant trade relations. In 2009, mutual trade between the two countries was worth nearly $2.2 billion according to figures from the

text: International Monetary Fund

text: , and similar trade volumes were expected by the Syrian Ministry of Economy for 2010. The trade, however, is almost entirely one way. Exports from Syria to China made up less than 1 percent of the total trade volume at $5.6 million, while exports from China to Syria were worth $2.2 billion making China Syria's main importer. China is actively involved in Syria's oil industry.

text: China National Petroleum Corporation

text: is a joint venture partner with

text: Syria's national oil company

text: and

text: Royal Dutch Shell

text: in the Al-Furat Petroleum Company, the main oil producing consortium in the country. The Al-Furat consortium produces some 100,000 barrels per day (bpd).

text: Sinochem

text: is another Chinese oil company that has been very active in recent oil exploration tenders. China's CNPC and Sinopec are helping to revive output under rehabilitation contracts for small mature oil fields in Syria.

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answers: China Syria's main importer

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text: Commercial exploitation of petroleum, largely as a replacement for oils from animal sources (notably whale oil), for use in oil lamps began in the 19th century.

text: Commercial exploitation of

text: petroleum

text: , largely as a replacement for oils from animal sources (notably

text: whale oil

text: ), for use in

text: oil lamp

text: s began in the 19th century.

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answers: It produces about one-half as much as it uses

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text: Oil is refined into fuel oil, diesel and gasoline. The refined products are primarily consumed by cars, trucks, trains, planes and ships for transportation. Popular alternatives are public transport or electric vehicles, which use electricity that may be sourced from renewables or fossil fuels. Biofuels produce similar air pollution to fossil fuels and may increase atmospheric methane, a more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.

text: Oil is refined into

text: fuel oil

text: diesel

text: and

text: gasoline

text: . The refined products are primarily consumed by cars, trucks, trains, planes and ships for transportation. Popular alternatives are

text: public transport

text: or

text: electric vehicle

text: s, which use electricity that may be sourced from renewables or fossil fuels.

text: Biofuels

text: produce similar air pollution to fossil fuels and may increase atmospheric

text: methane

text: , a more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.

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answers: Fuel oil, diesel and gasoline

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text: Bypassing the petroleum era and embracing new technologies: No fossil fuels will be used for normal operations of the new "Matthew Turner”. Wind Power will provide basic propulsion.  Wind Power will also generate power for the DC electric motors to be used when winds are insufficient. The new "Matthew Turner" will be the "greenest" wooden tall ship ever built.  Every aspect of construction, from the FSC certified lumber to the latest non-toxic paints, has been scrutinized to minimize negative environmental impacts.

text: Bypassing the petroleum era and embracing new technologies: No fossil fuels will be used for normal operations of the new "Matthew Turner”. Wind Power will provide basic propulsion.  Wind Power will also generate power for the DC electric motors to be used when winds are insufficient. The new "Matthew Turner" will be the "greenest" wooden tall ship ever built.  Every aspect of construction, from the FSC certified lumber to the latest non-toxic paints, has been scrutinized to minimize negative environmental impacts.

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answers: Wind Power

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answers: No fossil fuels will be used

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text: James S. Robbins has argued that the advent of petroleum-refined kerosene saved some species of great whales from extinction by providing an inexpensive substitute for whale oil, thus eliminating the economic imperative for open-boat whaling.

text: James S. Robbins has argued that the advent of petroleum-refined kerosene saved some species of great whales from

text: extinction

text: by providing an inexpensive substitute for

text: whale oil

text: , thus eliminating the economic imperative for open-boat

text: whaling

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answers: It produces about one-half as much oil as it uses

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answers: extinction

text: Tengchong's industry and handicraft work were fostered during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, nearly 400 years ago. Factories and workshops were set up first by importing equipment from abroad. Earlier products included textile goods, leather, soaps, battery, cigarettes, matches, etc. They found market in West Yunnan and Burma and Southeast Asian countries. Since the founding of the People's Republic, a more complete industrial system was formed, comprising 32 departments like power generating, metallurgy, machinery, paper making, textile industry, matches production, pharmacy, tanning, chemical industry, sugar refining, tea leaves refining, food processing, etc. The major products include refined tin, pig iron, crude lead, timber, plywood, cement, refractory, diatomite filtration promoter, sulphuric acid, caustic soda, hydrochlorite potassium chlorate, calcium phdrogen phosphate, paper, canesugar, refined tea leaves, preserved fruits, edible oil, matches, Chinese medicine, etc. The matches, Chinese medicine, refined tin, refined tea leaves and the "xuanzhi" (a high quality writing paper originally produced in Xuancheng) enjoy high reputation abroad.

text: Tengchong's industry and handicraft work were fostered during the

text: Ming

text: and

text: Qing

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text: Aiteo owns and operates petroleum storage facilities in Lagos and Port Harcourt., including the Abonnema Storage Terminal (“Port Harcourt Tank Farm”), with total capacity of over 110 Million Liters. It constructed a jetty to accommodate growing vessel traffic to the Port Harcourt Terminal, which accommodates up to 30,000 metric tons dead weight. in the first quarter of 2011, Aiteo was one of the 32 companies issued permits to import petrol, under the Refined Products Exchange Agreement. Aiteo Group was among the Nigerian companies awarded oil lifting contracts, in the Federal Government's bid, through the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, to award nearly half of 2012/2013 oil lifting contracts worth $40 billion  to indigenous companies and in the process, promoting local content on one hand and "downsizing contracts awarded to international oil traders. In its own right and also at the request of Duke Oil, the company entered into a Management and Operation Agreement with Duke Oil ”to operate and manage its Crude and Product Exchange Agreement" with NNPC and Pipelines Product Marketing Company (PPMC) from February 2011; an operation which lasted until December 2014. These were landmark transactions in the Nigerian Oil sector.

text: Aiteo owns and operates petroleum storage facilities in

text: Lagos

text: and

text: Port Harcourt

text: ., including the Abonnema Storage Terminal (“Port Harcourt Tank Farm”), with total capacity of over 110 Million Liters. It constructed a jetty to accommodate growing vessel traffic to the Port Harcourt Terminal, which accommodates up to 30,000 metric tons dead weight. in the first quarter of 2011, Aiteo was one of the 32 companies issued permits to import petrol, under the Refined Products Exchange Agreement. Aiteo Group was among the Nigerian companies awarded oil lifting contracts, in the Federal Government's bid, through the

text: Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation

text: , to award nearly half of 2012/2013 oil lifting contracts worth $40 billion  to indigenous companies and in the process, promoting local content on one hand and "downsizing contracts awarded to international oil traders. In its own right and also at the request of Duke Oil, the company entered into a Management and Operation Agreement with Duke Oil ”to operate and manage its Crude and Product Exchange Agreement" with NNPC and Pipelines Product Marketing Company (PPMC) from February 2011; an operation which lasted until December 2014. These were landmark transactions in the Nigerian Oil sector.

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answers: promoting local content

text: Another option to handle the increase in domestic oil consumption besides increasing oil production is to switch power stations from oil-fired to natural gas-fired. Proven natural gas reserves, approximately three-quarters of which are owned by the Syrian Petroleum Company, were estimated at 2.6 trillion cubic meters (9.1 trillion cubic feet) in 2010. A major challenge for the natural gas industry is logistics: reserves are located mainly in northeastern Syria, whereas the population is concentrated in the west and south.

text: Another option to handle the increase in domestic oil consumption besides increasing oil production is to switch

text: power station

text: s from oil-fired to

text: natural gas

text: -fired. Proven natural gas reserves, approximately three-quarters of which are owned by the Syrian Petroleum Company, were estimated at 2.6 trillion cubic meters (9.1 trillion cubic feet) in 2010. A major challenge for the natural gas industry is logistics: reserves are located mainly in northeastern Syria, whereas the population is concentrated in the west and south.

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answers: increase in domestic oil consumption

text: Crude oil is composed of more than 17,000 compounds. Among these 17,000 compounds are PAHs, which are considered the most toxic components of oil. PAHs are formed by pyrogenic and petrogenic processes. Petrogenic PAHs are formed by the elevated pressure of organic material. In contrast, pyrogenic PAHs are formed through the incomplete combustion of organic material. Crude oil naturally contains petrogenic PAHs and these PAH levels are increased significantly through the burning of oil which creates pyrogenic PAHs. The level of PAHs found in crude oil differs with the type of crude oil. For example, crude oil from the Exxon Valdez oil spill had PAH concentrations of 1.47%, while PAH concentrations from the North Sea have much lower PAH concentrations of 0.83%.

text: Crude oil

text: is composed of more than 17,000 compounds. Among these 17,000 compounds are PAHs, which are considered the most toxic components of oil. PAHs are formed by

text: pyrogenic

text: and petrogenic processes. Petrogenic PAHs are formed by the elevated pressure of organic material. In contrast, pyrogenic PAHs are formed through the incomplete combustion of organic material. Crude oil naturally contains petrogenic PAHs and these PAH levels are increased significantly through the burning of oil which creates pyrogenic PAHs. The level of PAHs found in crude oil differs with the type of crude oil. For example, crude oil from the Exxon Valdez oil spill had PAH concentrations of 1.47%, while PAH concentrations from the North Sea have much lower PAH concentrations of 0.83%.

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answers: Petrogenic PAHs

answers: NDQ_005512

answers: compounds

answers: NDQ_005513

answers: elevated pressure of organic material

answers: NDQ_005514

answers: PAHs

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: Crude oil naturally contains petrogenic PAHs

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: is composed of more than 17,000 compounds

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: the North Sea

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: The level of PAHs found in crude oil

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: pyrogenic PAHs

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: toxic components of oil

text: Offshore petroleum activity included exploration on Block 1711 by the joint venture of Z.A.O. Sintezneftegas of Russia (70%), Petroleum, Oil & Gas Corp. of South Africa (PetroSA) (10%), EnerGulf Resources Inc. of the United States (10%), and the National Petroleum Corporation of Namibia (NAMCOR) (7%). Onshore exploration included that of the joint venture of Circle Oil Namibia Ltd. (90%) and NAMCOR (10%). In 2006, Mitusi Atlantic Energy BV (15%) joined the joint venture of BHP Billiton Ltd. of Australia (75%) and PetroSA (10%), which held Blocks 2813A, 2814B, and 2914.

text: Offshore petroleum activity included exploration on Block 1711 by the joint venture of Z.A.O.

text: Sintezneftegas

text: of Russia (70%), Petroleum, Oil & Gas Corp. of South Africa (

text: PetroSA

text: ) (10%),

text: EnerGulf

text: Resources Inc. of the United States (10%), and the

text: National Petroleum Corporation of Namibia

text: (NAMCOR) (7%). Onshore exploration included that of the joint venture of Circle Oil Namibia Ltd. (90%) and NAMCOR (10%). In 2006, Mitusi Atlantic Energy BV (15%) joined the joint venture of

text: BHP Billiton

text: Ltd. of Australia (75%) and PetroSA (10%), which held Blocks 2813A, 2814B, and 2914.

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answers: petroleum

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: petroleum activity

text: Recharging with non-fossil fuel electricity sources such as hydroelectric, solar power, wind or nuclear, the petroleum equivalent efficiency can be even higher as fossil fuel is not directly used in refueling.

text: Recharging with non-fossil fuel electricity sources such as

text: hydroelectric

text: solar power

text: wind

text: or

text: nuclear

text: , the petroleum equivalent efficiency can be even higher as fossil fuel is not directly used in refueling.

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answers: The petroleum equivalent efficiency can be even higher

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: efficiency can be even higher

text: The total consumption of crude oil in India rose from 130.11 MMT in 2005-06 to 223.24 MMT in 2014-15 with a CAGR of 5.55%. High speed diesel oil accounted for 37.99% of total consumption of all types of petroleum products in 2014-15, followed by Petrol (10.44%),  LPG (9.86%), Refinery (9.67), Petroleum Coke (7.88%) and Naphtha (5.98%). The two largest consumers of natural gas are the fertilizer industry  (29.71%) and power generation (20.97%). Use of natural gas as a domestic fuel accounted for 0.07% of total consumption.

text: The total consumption of crude oil in India rose from 130.11 MMT in 2005-06 to 223.24 MMT in 2014-15 with a CAGR of 5.55%. High speed diesel oil accounted for 37.99% of total consumption of all types of petroleum products in 2014-15, followed by Petrol (10.44%),  LPG (9.86%), Refinery (9.67), Petroleum Coke (7.88%) and Naphtha (5.98%). The two largest consumers of natural gas are the fertilizer industry  (29.71%) and power generation (20.97%). Use of natural gas as a domestic fuel accounted for 0.07% of total consumption.

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answers: NDQ_005519

answers: natural gas

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answers: Use of natural gas as a domestic fuel

text: SOCAR has two oil refineries and one gas processing plant. Azerneftyagh Oil Refinery specializes in the production of fuels and oils, producing gasoline, kerosene and diesel distillates, various oils (industrial, motor, transformer etc.) and asphalt. All fuel distillates produced there are sent to Heydar Aliyev Baku Oil Refinery for redistillation. The refinery processes 21 out of 24 grades of the Azerbaijani crude. It meets the country's entire demand for petroleum products and 45% of its petroleum products are exported. The Gas Processing Plant produces processed gas, liquefied gas and natural gasoline. In 2010, the plant produced 4 bcm of processed gas, 24,800 tons of liquefied gas and 26,700 tons of natural gasoline.

text: SOCAR has two oil refineries and one gas processing plant. Azerneftyagh Oil Refinery specializes in the production of fuels and oils, producing gasoline, kerosene and diesel distillates, various oils (industrial, motor, transformer etc.) and asphalt. All fuel distillates produced there are sent to Heydar Aliyev Baku Oil Refinery for redistillation. The refinery processes 21 out of 24 grades of the Azerbaijani crude. It meets the country's entire demand for petroleum products and 45% of its petroleum products are exported. The Gas Processing Plant produces processed gas, liquefied gas and natural gasoline. In 2010, the plant produced 4 bcm of processed gas, 24,800 tons of liquefied gas and 26,700 tons of natural gasoline.

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answers: natural gasoline

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answers: kerosene and diesel distillates

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answers: Azerneftyagh Oil Refinery

answers: NDQ_005516

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answers: Azerbaijan

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: It meets the country's entire demand

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: diesel

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: 45% of its petroleum products are exported

text: Fossil fuels are fuels formed by natural processes such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms, containing energy originating in ancient photosynthesis. The age of the organisms and their resulting fossil fuels is typically millions of years, and sometimes exceeds 650 million years. Fossil fuels contain high percentages of carbon and include petroleum, coal, and natural gas.  Other commonly used derivatives include kerosene and propane. Fossil fuels range from volatile materials with low carbon:hydrogen ratios like methane, to liquids like petroleum, to nonvolatile materials composed of almost pure carbon, like anthracite coal. Methane can be found in hydrocarbon fields either alone, associated with oil, or in the form of methane clathrates.

text: Fossil fuels are

text: fuel

text: s formed by natural processes such as

text: anaerobic decomposition

text: of buried dead

text: organism

text: s, containing energy originating in ancient

text: photosynthesis

text: . The age of the organisms and their resulting fossil fuels is typically millions of years, and sometimes exceeds 650 million years. Fossil fuels contain high percentages of

text: carbon

text: and include

text: petroleum

text: coal

text: , and

text: natural gas

text: .  Other commonly used derivatives include

text: kerosene

text: and

text: propane

text: . Fossil fuels range from

text: volatile

text: materials with low

text: carbon

text: hydrogen

text: ratios like

text: methane

text: , to liquids like petroleum, to nonvolatile materials composed of almost pure carbon, like

text: anthracite

text: coal. Methane can be found in

text: hydrocarbon

text: fields either alone, associated with

text: oil

text: , or in the form of

text: methane clathrates

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answers: Fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_005512

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_005513

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_005514

answers: petroleum, coal, and natural gas

answers: NDQ_005515

answers: kerosene

answers: NDQ_005516

answers: Fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_005517

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_005518

answers: Fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_005519

answers: kerosene

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: high percentages of carbon

text: Under Section 9601(14) of CERCLA, hazardous waste definitions exclude crude petroleum, including crude oil, natural gas liquids, and any of their component fractions. Included in the exemption are refined petroleum products, such as gasoline and diesel fuel, insofar as their content of naturally occurring petroleum compounds. If any spills that would be otherwise classified under the Superfund contain only petroleum compounds, they are exempt from the cleanup process associated with CERCLA. The petroleum exemption does not extend to hazardous contaminants such as PCBs or pesticides, which are sometimes mixed with petroleum product. “Moreover, if the petroleum product and an added hazardous substance are so commingled that, as a practical matter, they cannot be separated, then the entire oil spill is subject to CERCLA response authority.” As of 1987, there were at least 153 CERCLA Superfund sites that included waste oil.

text: Under Section 9601(14) of CERCLA, hazardous waste definitions exclude crude petroleum, including crude oil, natural gas liquids, and any of their component fractions. Included in the exemption are refined petroleum products, such as gasoline and diesel fuel, insofar as their content of naturally occurring petroleum compounds. If any spills that would be otherwise classified under the Superfund contain only petroleum compounds, they are exempt from the cleanup process associated with CERCLA. The petroleum exemption does not extend to hazardous contaminants such as PCBs or pesticides, which are sometimes mixed with petroleum product. “Moreover, if the petroleum product and an added hazardous substance are so commingled that, as a practical matter, they cannot be separated, then the entire oil spill is subject to CERCLA response authority.” As of 1987, there were at least 153 CERCLA Superfund sites that included waste oil.

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answers: hazardous waste definitions

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answers: As of 1987, there were at least 153 CERCLA Superfund sites

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answers: diesel fuel

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answers: PCBs or pesticides

text: Unlike navies, whose ships can berth for extended periods at their bases, merchant ships have shorter port stays, during which they sustain electrical loads through on-board fossil fuel powered electrical generators (auxiliary engines).  Oceangoing ships have generally not been subject to emissions controls, so merchant vessels throughout the world have been using Bunker Fuel or HFO – which is residual petroleum – as the optimal choice of fuel. This fuel has high particulate matter. Studies show that a single ship can produce particulate emissions equal to the same amount as 50 million cars annually.

text: Unlike navies, whose ships can berth for extended periods at their bases,

text: merchant ships

text: have shorter port stays, during which they sustain electrical loads through on-board fossil fuel powered electrical generators (auxiliary engines).  Oceangoing ships have generally not been subject to emissions controls, so

text: merchant vessel

text: s throughout the world have been using

text: Bunker Fuel or HFO

text: – which is residual petroleum – as the optimal choice of fuel. This fuel has high

text: particulate matter

text: . Studies show that a single ship can produce particulate emissions equal to the same amount as 50 million cars annually.

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answers: Oceangoing ships have generally not been subject to emissions controls

answers: NDQ_005514

answers: Residual petroleum

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answers: auxiliary engines

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answers: Residual petroleum

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answers: merchant vessels throughout the world

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answers: 50 million cars annually

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answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_005520

answers: high particulate matter

text: Phillips Petroleum rapidly became a fully integrated oil company that included oil and gas production, crude oil pipelines and refineries, and marketing of petroleum products.

text: Phillips Petroleum rapidly became a fully integrated oil company that included oil and gas production, crude oil pipelines and refineries, and marketing of petroleum products.

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text: After his graduate studies, he was hired in 1920 as a geologist for the American Oil Engineering Corporation, and in 1921 he conducted the first surveys of the potential for oil exploration in eastern Ecuador with Joseph Sinclair, a consulting geologist. He was hired as the chief geologist with the Pure Oil Company in 1922, a position he held until 1952, when he became a senior geologist for that company. He worked for Pure Oil in Tulsa, OK, Columbus, OH, and finally in Chicago, IL. He excelled at finding new oil and gas fields—he was called "Pure's top oil hunter"—and was one of the first petroleum geologists to use geophysical survey data. He was credited with finding major oil fields in Venezuela in 1922, in Michigan in 1927, in southern Illinois in 1936, and the Cumberland Field in Oklahoma in 1940. In 1927, he and his staff used geophysical data to find the large Van oil field in Texas, and in 1937 it was also used by him and his staff (working with Superior Oil) to find the Creole field in Louisiana in the Gulf of Mexico, which was the first offshore oil well in the world in tidal waters; see also Offshore oil and gas in the Gulf of Mexico and Oil platform history. He was profiled in National Petroleum News in 1929, was called "one of the leading geologists of the world" in a 1940 article about oil reserves, and was quoted as an "authority on oil reserves" in Popular Mechanics in 1944. He spoke regularly at regional and national conferences about oil discoveries.

text: After his graduate studies, he was hired in 1920 as a geologist for the American Oil Engineering Corporation, and in 1921 he conducted the first surveys of the potential for oil exploration in eastern Ecuador with Joseph Sinclair, a consulting geologist. He was hired as the chief geologist with the

text: Pure Oil Company

text: in 1922, a position he held until 1952, when he became a senior geologist for that company. He worked for Pure Oil in Tulsa, OK, Columbus, OH, and finally in Chicago, IL. He excelled at finding new oil and gas fields—he was called "Pure's top oil hunter"—and was one of the first petroleum geologists to use geophysical survey data. He was credited with finding major oil fields in Venezuela in 1922, in Michigan in 1927, in southern Illinois in 1936, and the Cumberland Field in Oklahoma in 1940. In 1927, he and his staff used geophysical data to find the large Van oil field in Texas, and in 1937 it was also used by him and his staff (working with Superior Oil) to find the Creole field in Louisiana in the Gulf of Mexico, which was the first offshore oil well in the world in tidal waters; see also

entity_name: Offshore oil and gas in the Gulf of Mexico (United States)

text: Offshore oil and gas in the Gulf of Mexico

text: and

text: Oil platform history

text: . He was profiled in National Petroleum News in 1929, was called "one of the leading geologists of the world" in a 1940 article about oil reserves, and was quoted as an "authority on oil reserves" in Popular Mechanics in 1944. He spoke regularly at regional and national conferences about oil discoveries.

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answers: He excelled at finding new oil and gas fields

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answers: He excelled at finding new oil and gas fields

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answers: Oil platform history

text: The concept of constructing such a pipeline was first proposed in 1940 by the Secretary of the Interior, Harold Ickes, who argued that "the building of a crude oil pipeline from Texas to the East might not be economically sound; but that in the event of an emergency it might be absolutely necessary". A consortium led by Standard Oil put forward a bid to build one in spring 1941, but the plan failed, due to concerns over the amount of steel that would be required for such a project. In May 1941, Ickes was appointed as the Petroleum Coordinator for National Defense, and in December 1942 became the administrator of the Petroleum Administration for War. New laws were passed to enable the building of pipelines necessary for the war effort, including the compulsory purchasing of land under the right of eminent domain.

text: The concept of constructing such a pipeline was first proposed in 1940 by the

text: Secretary of the Interior

text: Harold Ickes

text: , who argued that "the building of a crude oil pipeline from Texas to the East might not be economically sound; but that in the event of an emergency it might be absolutely necessary". A consortium led by

text: Standard Oil

text: put forward a bid to build one in spring 1941, but the plan failed, due to concerns over the amount of steel that would be required for such a project. In May 1941, Ickes was appointed as the Petroleum Coordinator for National Defense, and in December 1942 became the administrator of the Petroleum Administration for War. New laws were passed to enable the building of pipelines necessary for the war effort, including the compulsory purchasing of land under the right of

text: eminent domain

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text: 3.)  U.S. electric generation capacity (only fossil fuels): Natural gas = 415 GW, Coal= 318 GW & Petroleum = 51 GW

text: 3.)  U.S. electric generation capacity (only fossil fuels): Natural gas = 415 GW, Coal= 318 GW & Petroleum = 51 GW

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text: The economy of Hirono was formerly heavily dependent on agriculture. The fossil-fuel powered Hirono Power Station located directly at the Pacific Ocean about 3 km north of the town was also a major employer. Although damaged by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Tepco managed to return the power station to operation four months later.

text: The economy of Hirono was formerly heavily dependent on agriculture. The

text: fossil-fuel powered

text: Hirono Power Station

text: located directly at the Pacific Ocean about 3 km north of the town was also a major employer. Although damaged by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami

text: Tepco

text: managed to return the power station to operation four months later.

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