text: Longer periods of SWS occur in the first part of the night, primarily in the first two sleep cycles (roughly three hours). Children and young adults will have more total SWS in a night than older adults. The elderly may not go into SWS at all during many nights of sleep.

text: Longer periods of SWS occur in the first part of the night, primarily in the first two sleep cycles (roughly three hours). Children and young adults will have more total SWS in a night than older adults. The elderly may not go into SWS at all during many nights of sleep.

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text: Polar motion is the movement of Earth's rotation axis across its surface. The axis of the Earth's rotation tends, as the axis of a gyroscope, to maintain its orientation  to inertial space. The Conventional International Origin is used to measure this movement.

entity_name: Polar motion

text: Polar motion

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text: . The Conventional International Origin is used to measure this movement.

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text: Foucault's Pendulum also bears a number of similarities to Eco's own experiences and writing. The character of Belbo was brought up in, and refers to many times, the region of Piedmont in Northern Italy. In an article compiled in Faith In Fakes, Eco refers to his own visit to a Candomblé ceremony in Brazil, reminiscent of the episode in the novel, and also describes a French ethnologist, Roger Bastide who bears resemblance to the character of Agliè.

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text: in Northern

entity_name: Italy

text: Italy

text: . In an article compiled in

entity_name: Faith in Fakes

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entity_name: Ethnology

text: ethnologist

entity_name: Roger Bastide

text: Roger Bastide

text: who bears resemblance to the character of Agliè.

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text: Jean Bernard Léon Foucault () (18 September 1819 – 11 February 1868) was a French physicist best known for his demonstration of the Foucault pendulum, a device demonstrating the effect of the Earth's rotation. He also made an early measurement of the speed of light, discovered eddy currents, and is credited with naming the gyroscope (although he did not invent it).

text: Jean Bernard Léon Foucault () (18 September 1819 – 11 February 1868) was a

entity_name: France

text: French

entity_name: Physics

text: physicist

text: best known for his demonstration of the

entity_name: Foucault pendulum

text: Foucault pendulum

text: , a device demonstrating the effect of the Earth's rotation. He also made an early measurement of the

entity_name: Speed of light

text: speed of light

text: , discovered

entity_name: Eddy current

text: eddy current

text: s, and is credited with naming the

entity_name: Gyroscope

text: gyroscope

text: (although he did not invent it).

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text: According to radiometric dating and other sources of evidence, Earth formed about 4.54 billion years ago. Earth gravitationally interacts with other objects in space, especially the Sun and the Moon. During one orbit around the Sun, Earth rotates about its axis 366.26 times, creating 365.26 solar days or one sidereal year. Earth's axis of rotation is tilted 23.4° away from the perpendicular of its orbital plane, producing seasonal variations on the planet's surface within a period of one tropical year (365.24 solar days). The Moon is the Earth's only permanent natural satellite; their gravitational interaction causes ocean tides, stabilizes the orientation of Earth's rotational axis, and gradually slows Earth's rotational rate.

text: According to

entity_name: Radiometric dating

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text: and other sources of evidence, Earth formed about 4.54 billion years ago.

entity_name: Gravity of Earth

text: Earth gravitationally

text: interacts with other objects in space, especially the Sun and the

entity_name: Moon

text: Moon

text: . During one orbit around the Sun, Earth rotates about its axis 366.26 times, creating 365.26

entity_name: Solar time

text: solar days

text: or one

entity_name: Sidereal year

text: sidereal year

text: . Earth's axis of rotation is tilted 23.4° away from the perpendicular of its

entity_name: Orbital plane (astronomy)

text: orbital plane

text: , producing seasonal variations on the planet's surface within a period of one

entity_name: Tropical year

text: tropical year

text: (365.24 solar days). The Moon is the Earth's only permanent

entity_name: Natural satellite

text: natural satellite

text: ; their gravitational interaction causes ocean tides, stabilizes the orientation of Earth's rotational axis, and gradually slows Earth's rotational rate.

method: UvABottomUpChangeOrder

method: UNH-qee

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answers: sidereal year

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answers: Earth rotates about its axis 366.26 times

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answers: Earth gravitationally interacts with other objects in space, especially the Sun and the Moon

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: Earth gravitationally interacts with other objects in space

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answers: Earth

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answers: 366.26 times

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answers: the Moon

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answers: Earth rotates about its axis 366.26 times

text: As Earth spins daily on its axis, the stars appear to rotate in circular paths around one of the celestial poles (the north celestial pole for observers in the northern hemisphere, or the south celestial pole for observers in the southern hemisphere). Stars far from a celestial pole appear to rotate in large circles; stars located very close to a celestial pole rotate in small circles and hence hardly seem to engage in any diurnal motion at all. Depending on the observer's latitude on Earth, some stars — the circumpolar ones — are close enough to the celestial pole to remain continuously above the horizon, while other stars dip below the horizon for some portion of their daily circular path (and others remain permanently below the horizon).

text: As Earth spins daily on its axis, the stars appear to rotate in circular paths around one of the celestial poles (the

entity_name: Celestial pole

text: north celestial pole

text: for observers in the

entity_name: Northern Hemisphere

text: northern hemisphere

text: , or the south celestial pole for observers in the

entity_name: Southern Hemisphere

text: southern hemisphere

text: ). Stars far from a celestial pole appear to rotate in large circles; stars located very close to a celestial pole rotate in small circles and hence hardly seem to engage in any

entity_name: Diurnal motion

text: diurnal motion

text: at all. Depending on the observer's latitude on Earth, some stars — the circumpolar ones — are close enough to the celestial pole to remain continuously above the horizon, while other stars dip below the

entity_name: Horizon

text: horizon

text: for some portion of their daily circular path (and others remain permanently below the horizon).

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answers: a pendulum

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answers: daily

answers: NDQ_005784

answers: Earth spins daily on its axis

answers: NDQ_005785

answers: stars located very close to a celestial pole rotate in small circles

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: Stars far from a celestial pole appear to rotate in large circles

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: Earth

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answers: Earth spins daily

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answers: Earth spins daily on its axis

text: On Earth, the terminator is a circle with a diameter that is approximately that of the Earth. The terminator passes through any point on the Earth's surface twice a day,  at sunrise and once at sunset, apart from polar regions where this only occurs when the point is not experiencing midnight sun or polar night. The circle separates the portion of the Earth experiencing daylight from that experiencing darkness (night). While a little over one half of the Earth is illuminated at any point in time (with exceptions during eclipses), the terminator path varies by time of day due to the rotation of the Earth on its axis. The terminator path also varies by time of year due to the revolution of the Earth around the Sun: the plane of the terminator is nearly parallel to planes created by lines of longitude during the equinoxes, and at its maximum angle of approximately 23.5 degrees to the equator during the solstices.

text: On Earth, the terminator is a circle with a diameter that is approximately that of the Earth. The terminator passes through any point on the Earth's surface twice a day,  at

entity_name: Sunrise

text: sunrise

text: and once at

entity_name: Sunset

text: sunset

text: , apart from

entity_name: Polar regions of Earth

text: polar region

text: s where this only occurs when the point is not experiencing

entity_name: Midnight sun

text: midnight sun

text: or

entity_name: Polar night

text: polar night

text: . The circle separates the portion of the Earth experiencing daylight from that experiencing darkness (night). While a little over one half of the Earth is illuminated at any point in time (with exceptions during

entity_name: Solar eclipse

text: eclipse

text: s), the terminator path varies by time of day due to the rotation of the Earth on its axis. The terminator path also varies by time of year due to the revolution of the Earth around the Sun: the plane of the terminator is nearly parallel to planes created by

entity_name: Longitude

text: lines of longitude

text: during the

entity_name: Equinox

text: equinox

text: es, and at its maximum angle of approximately 23.5 degrees to the

entity_name: Equator

text: equator

text: during the

entity_name: Solstice

text: solstice

text: s.

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answers: NDQ_005782

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answers: NDQ_005784

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answers: NDQ_005785

answers: rotating of the Earth on its axis

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: The terminator path also varies by time of year due to the revolution of the Earth around the Sun

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: the terminator

answers: NDQ_005788

answers: that of the Earth

answers: NDQ_005789

answers: at sunrise and once at sunset

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: rotation of the Earth on its axis

text: An example is the calculation of the rotational kinetic energy of the Earth. As the Earth has a period of about 23.93 hours, it has an angular velocity of 7.29×10 rad/s. The Earth has a moment of inertia, I = 8.04×10 kg·m. Therefore, it has a rotational kinetic energy of 2.138×10 J.

text: An example is the calculation of the rotational kinetic energy of the Earth. As the Earth has a period of about 23.93 hours, it has an angular velocity of 7.29×10 rad/s. The Earth has a moment of inertia, I = 8.04×10 kg·m. Therefore, it has a rotational kinetic energy of 2.138×10 J.

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answers: the Earth has a period of about 23.93 hours

answers: NDQ_005782

answers: arc

answers: NDQ_005783

answers: 23.93 hours

answers: NDQ_005784

answers: 23.93 hours

answers: NDQ_005785

answers: 7.29 10 rad/s

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: The Earth has a period of about 23.93 hours

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: angular velocity

answers: NDQ_005788

answers: 7.29 10 rad/s

answers: NDQ_005789

answers: angular velocity

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: 7.29 10 rad/s

text: To demonstrate rotation directly rather than indirectly via the swinging pendulum,  Foucault used a gyroscope in an 1852 experiment.  The inner gimbal of Foucault gyroscope was balanced on knife edge bearings on the outer gimbal and the outer gimbal was suspended by a fine, torsion-free thread in such a manner that the lower pivot point carried almost no weight.   The gyro was spun to 9000-12000 revolutions per minute with an arrangement of gears before being placed into position, which was sufficient time to balance the gyroscope and carry out 10 minutes of experimentation.  The instrument could be observed either with a microscope viewing a tenth of a degree scale or by a long pointer. At least three more copies of a Foucault gyro were made in convenient travelling and demonstration boxes and copies survive in the UK, France, and the USA.

text: To demonstrate rotation directly rather than indirectly via the swinging pendulum,  Foucault used a

text: gyroscope

text: in an 1852 experiment.  The inner gimbal of Foucault gyroscope was balanced on knife edge bearings on the outer gimbal and the outer gimbal was suspended by a fine, torsion-free thread in such a manner that the lower pivot point carried almost no weight.   The gyro was spun to 9000-12000 revolutions per minute with an arrangement of gears before being placed into position, which was sufficient time to balance the gyroscope and carry out 10 minutes of experimentation.  The instrument could be observed either with a microscope viewing a tenth of a degree scale or by a long pointer. At least three more copies of a Foucault gyro were made in convenient travelling and demonstration boxes and copies survive in the UK, France, and the USA.

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text: ESA has a fleet of different launch vehicles in service with which it competes in all sectors of the launch market. ESA's fleet consists of three major rocket designs: Ariane 5, Soyuz-2 and Vega. Rocket launches are carried out by Arianespace, which has 23 shareholders representing the industry that manufactures the Ariane 5 as well as CNES, at ESA's Guiana Space Centre. Because many communication satellites have equatorial orbits, launches from French Guiana are able to take larger payloads into space than from spaceports at higher latitudes. In addition, equatorial launches give spacecraft an extra 'push' of nearly 500 m/s due to the higher rotational velocity of the Earth at the equator compared to near the Earth's poles where rotational velocity approaches zero.

text: ESA has a fleet of different launch vehicles in service with which it competes in all sectors of the launch market. ESA's fleet consists of three major rocket designs:

entity_name: Ariane 5

text: Ariane 5

text: and

entity_name: Vega (rocket)

text: Vega

text: . Rocket launches are carried out by

entity_name: Arianespace

text: Arianespace

text: , which has 23 shareholders representing the industry that manufactures the Ariane 5 as well as

entity_name: CNES

text: CNES

text: , at ESA's

entity_name: Guiana Space Centre

text: Guiana Space Centre

text: . Because many communication satellites have equatorial orbits, launches from French Guiana are able to take larger payloads into space than from spaceports at higher

entity_name: Latitude

text: latitude

text: s. In addition, equatorial launches give spacecraft an extra 'push' of nearly 500 m/s due to the higher

entity_name: Rotational speed

text: rotational velocity

text: of the Earth at the equator compared to near the Earth's poles where rotational velocity approaches zero.

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text: At a fundamental level, marine life helps determine the very nature of our planet. Marine life resources provide food (especially food fish), medicines, and raw materials. It is also becoming understood that the well-being of marine organisms and other organisms are linked in very fundamental ways. The human body of knowledge regarding the relationship between life in the sea and important cycles is rapidly growing, with new discoveries being made nearly every day. These cycles include those of matter (such as the carbon cycle) and of air (such as Earth's respiration, and movement of energy through ecosystems including the ocean). Marine organisms contribute significantly to the oxygen cycle, and are involved in the regulation of the Earth's climate. Shorelines are in part shaped and protected by marine life, and some marine organisms even help create new land.

text: At a fundamental level, marine life helps determine the very nature of our planet. Marine life resources provide food (especially

entity_name: Fishery

text: food fish

text: ), medicines, and raw materials. It is also becoming understood that the well-being of marine organisms and other organisms are linked in very fundamental ways. The human body of knowledge regarding the relationship between life in the sea and important cycles is rapidly growing, with new discoveries being made nearly every day. These cycles include those of matter (such as the

entity_name: Carbon cycle

text: carbon cycle

text: ) and of air (such as

entity_name: General circulation model

text: Earth's respiration

text: , and movement of energy through

entity_name: Ecosystem

text: ecosystem

text: s including the ocean). Marine organisms contribute significantly to the

entity_name: Oxygen cycle

text: oxygen cycle

text: , and are involved in the regulation of the Earth's

entity_name: Climate

text: climate

entity_name: Shore

text: Shoreline

text: s are in part shaped and protected by marine life, and some marine organisms even help create new land.

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text: IGBP aimed to describe and understand how the physical, chemical and biological processes regulate the Earth system.  It also seeks to increase knowledge of how humans are influencing the global processes, such as the carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, sulfur cycle, water cycle and phosphorus cycle. "It delivers scientific knowledge to help human societies develop in harmony with Earth's environment."

text: IGBP aimed to describe and understand how the physical, chemical and biological processes regulate the Earth system.  It also seeks to increase knowledge of how humans are influencing the global processes, such as the

text: carbon cycle

entity_name: Nitrogen cycle

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entity_name: Sulfur cycle

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entity_name: Water cycle

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entity_name: Phosphorus cycle

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text: . "It delivers scientific knowledge to help human societies develop in harmony with Earth's environment."

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answers: Earths rotation

text: The verge escapement consists of a wheel shaped like a crown, with sawtooth-shaped teeth protruding axially toward the front, and with its axis oriented horizontally.  In front of it is a vertical rod, the verge, with two metal plates, the pallets, that engage the teeth at opposite sides of the crown wheel. The pallets are not parallel, but are oriented with an angle in between them so only one catches the teeth at a time. The balance wheel (or the pendulum) is mounted at the end of the verge rod.   As the clock's gears turn the crown wheel, one of its teeth pushes on a pallet, rotating the verge in one direction, and rotating the second pallet into the path of the teeth on the opposite side of the wheel, until the tooth pushes past the first pallet.  Then a tooth on the wheel's opposite side contacts the second pallet, rotating the verge back the other direction, and the cycle repeats.  The result is to change the rotary motion of the wheel to an oscillating motion of the verge.  Each swing of the foliot or pendulum thus allows one tooth of the escape wheel to pass, advancing the wheel train of the clock by a fixed amount, moving the hands forward at a constant rate.

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answers: The verge escapement

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answers: The verge escapement

text: The cylinders rotate to provide artificial gravity on their inner surface. At the radius described by O'Neill, the habitats would have to rotate about twenty-eight times an hour to simulate a standard Earth gravity. Research on human factors in rotating reference framesindicate that, at such low rotation speeds, few people would experience motion sickness due to coriolis forces acting on the inner ear. People would, however, be able to detect spinward and antispinward directions by turning their heads, and any dropped items would appear to be deflected by a few centimetres. The central axis of the habitat would be a zero-gravity region, and it was envisaged that recreational facilities could be located there.

text: The cylinders rotate to provide

text: artificial gravity

text: on their inner surface. At the radius described by O'Neill, the habitats would have to rotate about twenty-eight times an hour to simulate a standard Earth

text: gravity

text: . Research on human factors in rotating reference framesindicate that, at such low rotation speeds, few people would experience

text: motion sickness

text: due to

text: coriolis forces

text: acting on the inner ear. People would, however, be able to detect spinward and antispinward directions by turning their heads, and any dropped items would appear to be deflected by a few centimetres. The central axis of the habitat would be a

text: zero-gravity

text: region, and it was envisaged that recreational facilities could be located there.

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answers: low rotation speeds

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answers: turning their heads

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answers: antispinward directions

text: The time of sunset varies throughout the year, and is determined by the viewer's position on Earth, specified by longitude and latitude, and elevation. Small daily changes and noticeable semi-annual changes in the timing of sunsets are driven by the axial tilt of Earth, daily rotation of the Earth, the planet's movement in its annual elliptical orbit around the Sun, and the Earth and Moon's paired revolutions around each other. During winter and spring, the days get longer and sunsets occur later every day until the day of the latest sunset, which occurs after the summer solstice. In the Northern Hemisphere, the latest sunset occurs late in June or in early July, but not on the summer solstice of June 21. This date depends on the viewer's latitude (connected with the Earth's slower movement around the aphelion around July 4). Likewise, the earliest sunset does not occur on the winter solstice, but rather about two weeks earlier, again depending on the viewer's latitude. In the Northern Hemisphere, it occurs in early December or late November (influenced by the Earth's faster movement near its perihelion, which occurs around January 3).

text: The time of sunset varies throughout the year, and is determined by the viewer's position on Earth, specified by longitude and latitude, and elevation. Small daily changes and noticeable semi-annual changes in the timing of sunsets are driven by the axial tilt of Earth, daily rotation of the Earth, the planet's movement in its annual elliptical orbit around the Sun, and the Earth and Moon's paired revolutions around each other. During winter and spring, the days get longer and sunsets occur later every day until the day of the latest sunset, which occurs after the summer solstice. In the

text: Northern Hemisphere

text: , the latest sunset occurs late in June or in early July, but not on the summer solstice of June 21. This date depends on the viewer's latitude (connected with the Earth's slower movement around the

text: aphelion

text: around July 4). Likewise, the earliest sunset does not occur on the winter solstice, but rather about two weeks earlier, again depending on the viewer's latitude. In the Northern Hemisphere, it occurs in early December or late November (influenced by the Earth's faster movement near its

text: perihelion

text: , which occurs around January 3).

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answers: Earth's rotation

text: Because Ariel, like Uranus, orbits the Sun almost on its side relative to its rotation, its northern and southern hemispheres face either directly towards or directly away from the Sun at the solstices. This means it is subject to an extreme seasonal cycle; just as Earth's poles see permanent night or daylight around the solstices, so Ariel's poles see permanent night or daylight for half a Uranian year (42 Earth years), with the Sun rising close to the zenith over one of the poles at each solstice. The Voyager 2 flyby coincided with the 1986 southern summer solstice, when nearly the entire northern hemisphere was dark. Once every 42 years, when Uranus has an equinox and its equatorial plane intersects the Earth, mutual occultations of Uranus's moons become possible. A number of such events occurred in 2007–2008, including an occultation of Ariel by Umbriel on 19 August 2007.

text: Because Ariel, like Uranus, orbits the

text: Sun

text: almost on its side

text: relative to its rotation, its northern and southern hemispheres face either directly towards or directly away from the Sun at the

text: solstice

text: s. This means it is subject to an extreme seasonal cycle; just as Earth's poles see

text: permanent night

text: or

text: daylight

text: around the solstices, so Ariel's poles see permanent night or daylight for half a Uranian year (42 Earth years), with the Sun rising close to the

text: zenith

text: over one of the poles at each solstice. The Voyager 2 flyby coincided with the 1986 southern summer solstice, when nearly the entire northern hemisphere was dark. Once every 42 years, when Uranus has an

text: equinox

text: and its equatorial plane intersects the Earth, mutual

text: occultation

text: s of Uranus's moons become possible. A number of such events occurred in 2007–2008, including an occultation of Ariel by Umbriel on 19 August 2007.

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answers: Voyager 2

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answers: solstices

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answers: 42 Earth years

answers: NDQ_005784

answers: Earth's poles face either directly towards or directly away from the Sun at the solstices

answers: NDQ_005785

answers: This means it is subject to an extreme seasonal cycle; just as Earth's poles see permanent night or daylight around the solstices

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: its northern and southern hemispheres face either directly towards or directly away from the Sun at the solstices

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: Ariel

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answers: 42 Earth years

answers: NDQ_005789

answers: Uranus

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answers: Earth's poles see permanent night or daylight around the solstices

text: The main reason for the slowing down of the Earth's rotation is tidal friction, which alone would lengthen the day by 2.3 ms/century. Other contributing factors are the movement of the Earth's crust relative to its core, changes in mantle convection, and any other events or processes that cause a significant redistribution of mass. These processes change the Earth's moment of inertia, affecting the rate of rotation due to conservation of angular momentum, sometimes increasing earth's rotational speed (decreasing the solar day and opposing tidal friction). For example, glacial rebound shortens the solar day by 0.6 ms/century and the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake is thought to have shortened it by 2.68 microseconds.  It is evident from the figure that the Earth has actually sped up since the initiation of the current system in 1971, and the rate of leap second insertions has therefore been decreasing.

text: The main reason for the slowing down of the Earth's rotation is

text: tidal friction

text: , which alone would lengthen the day by 2.3 ms/century. Other contributing factors are the movement of the Earth's

text: crust

text: relative to its

text: core

text: , changes in

text: mantle convection

text: , and any other events or processes that cause a significant redistribution of mass. These processes change the Earth's

text: moment of inertia

text: , affecting the rate of rotation due to conservation of

text: angular momentum

text: , sometimes increasing earth's rotational speed (decreasing the solar day and opposing tidal friction). For example,

text: glacial rebound

text: shortens the solar day by 0.6 ms/century and the

entity_name: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami

text: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake

text: is thought to have shortened it by 2.68 microseconds.  It is evident from the figure that the Earth has actually sped up since the initiation of the current system in 1971, and the rate of leap second insertions has therefore been decreasing.

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answers: 2.3 ms/century

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answers: Earth's rotation

text: The trainsets are designed for high-speed services on Iberian gauge () and high-speed () lines; they can change gauge at low speed without stopping using Talgo's RD variable gauge system. The carriages are constructed from aluminium and incorporate the Talgo Pendular passive pendulum tilting system, are sealed against pressure differences for tunnel travel, and have underframe air conditioning, individual audio systems and video displays, rotating and reclining seats and power outlets.

text: The trainsets are designed for high-speed services on

text: Iberian gauge

text: () and high-speed () lines; they can change gauge at low speed without stopping using Talgo's RD

text: variable gauge

text: system. The carriages are constructed from aluminium and incorporate the Talgo Pendular passive pendulum tilting system, are sealed against pressure differences for tunnel travel, and have underframe air conditioning, individual audio systems and video displays, rotating and reclining seats and power outlets.

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answers: Earth rotates on its axis

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answers: Earths rotation

text: In astronomy, axial precession is a gravity-induced, slow, and continuous change in the orientation of an astronomical body's rotational axis. In particular, it can refer to the gradual shift in the orientation of Earth's axis of rotation, which, similar to a wobbling top, traces out a pair of cones joined at their apices in a cycle of approximately 26,000 years. The term "precession" typically refers only to this largest part of the motion; other changes in the alignment of Earth's axis—nutation and polar motion—are much smaller in magnitude.

text: In

text: astronomy

text: , axial precession is a gravity-induced, slow, and continuous change in the orientation of an astronomical body's

text: rotational axis

text: . In particular, it can refer to the gradual shift in the orientation of

text: Earth

text: 's axis of rotation, which, similar to a wobbling top, traces out a pair of

text: cones

text: joined at their

text: apices

text: in a cycle of approximately 26,000 years. The term "precession" typically refers only to this largest part of the motion; other changes in the alignment of Earth's axis—

text: nutation

text: and

text: polar motion

text: —are much smaller in magnitude.

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text: We will consider here a gyrocompass, as a gyroscope which is free to rotate about one of its symmetry axis, and the whole rotating gyroscope is also free to rotate on the horizontal plane, about the local vertical, the zenith. Therefore there are two independent local rotations. In addition to these rotations we will also consider the rotation of the Earth about its North-South (NS) axis, and we will model the planet as a perfect sphere. We will neglect friction and the rotation of the Earth about the Sun.

text: We will consider here a gyrocompass, as a gyroscope which is free to rotate about one of its symmetry axis, and the whole rotating gyroscope is also free to rotate on the horizontal plane, about the local vertical, the zenith. Therefore there are two independent local rotations. In addition to these rotations we will also consider the rotation of the Earth about its North-South (NS) axis, and we will model the planet as a perfect sphere. We will neglect friction and the rotation of the Earth about the Sun.

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answers: gyrocompass

answers: NDQ_005782

answers: NS axis

answers: NDQ_005783

answers: Earth rotates on its axis

answers: NDQ_005784

answers: Earth about its North-South (NS) axis

answers: NDQ_005785

answers: Rotation about one of its symmetry axis

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: horizontal plane, about the local vertical

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: gyrocompass

answers: NDQ_005788

answers: about the local vertical

answers: NDQ_005789

answers: rotating on the horizontal plane

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: North-South (NS) axis

text: Illuminatus! has been adapted for the stage and has influenced several modern writers, musicians, and games-makers. The popularity of the word "fnord" and the 23 enigma can both be attributed to the trilogy.  It remains a seminal work of conspiracy fiction, predating by years such novels as Foucault's Pendulum and The Da Vinci Code.

text: Illuminatus! has been adapted for the stage and has influenced several modern writers, musicians, and games-makers. The popularity of the word "

text: fnord

text: " and the

text: 23 enigma

text: can both be attributed to the trilogy.  It remains a

text: seminal work

text: of

text: conspiracy fiction

text: , predating by years such novels as

text: Foucault's Pendulum

text: and

text: The Da Vinci Code

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answers: Foucault

answers: NDQ_005782

answers: Pendulum

answers: NDQ_005783

answers: Earth rotates on its axis

answers: NDQ_005784

answers: Illuminatus!

answers: NDQ_005785

answers: Pendulum

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: It remains a seminal work of conspiracy fiction

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: The Da Vinci Code

answers: NDQ_005788

answers: 23

answers: NDQ_005789

answers: Pendulum

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: Earths rotation

text: Titan orbits Saturn once every 15 days and 22 hours. Like the Moon and many of the satellites of the giant planets, its rotational period (its day) is identical to its orbital period; Titan is thus tidally locked in synchronous rotation with Saturn, and permanently shows one face to the planet, hence, Titan's "day" is equal to its orbit period. Because of this, there is a sub-Saturnian point on its surface, from which the planet would always appear to hang directly overhead. Longitudes on Titan are measured westward, starting from the meridian passing through this point. Its orbital eccentricity is 0.0288, and the orbital plane is inclined 0.348 degrees relative to the Saturnian equator. Viewed from Earth, Titan reaches an angular distance of about 20 Saturn radii (just over ) from Saturn and subtends a disk 0.8 arcseconds in diameter.

text: Titan orbits Saturn once every 15 days and 22 hours. Like the

text: Moon

text: and many of the satellites of the

text: giant planet

text: s, its

text: rotational period

text: (its day) is identical to its orbital period; Titan is thus

text: tidally locked

text: in

text: synchronous rotation

text: with Saturn, and permanently shows one face to the planet, hence, Titan's "day" is equal to its orbit period. Because of this, there is a sub-Saturnian point on its surface, from which the planet would always appear to hang directly overhead. Longitudes on Titan are measured westward, starting from the meridian passing through this point. Its orbital eccentricity is 0.0288, and the orbital plane is inclined 0.348 degrees relative to the Saturnian equator. Viewed from Earth, Titan reaches an angular distance of about 20 Saturn radii (just over ) from Saturn and subtends a disk 0.8

text: arcsecond

text: s in diameter.

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answers: Mercator

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answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005784

answers: Longitudes on Titan are measured westward, starting from the meridian passing through this point

answers: NDQ_005785

answers: Because of this, there is a sub-Saturnian point on its surface

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: Because of this, there is a sub-Saturnian point on its surface

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: Titan

answers: NDQ_005788

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005789

answers: the Moon

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: Earth's rotation

text: A neighbor who had participated in setting up the wheel said it was "so delicately balanced that it could be started rotating by the touch of a matchstick and continue to turn in the opposite direction to the rotation of the earth."

text: A neighbor who had participated in setting up the wheel said it was "so delicately balanced that it could be started rotating by the touch of a matchstick and continue to turn in the opposite direction to the rotation of the earth."

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answers: rotation of the earth

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answers: rotation of the earth

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answers: The wheel

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answers: the wheel

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answers: the wheel

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answers: rotation of the earth

text: In three dimensions we can distinguish cylindrical symmetry and spherical symmetry (no change when rotating about one axis, or for any rotation). That is, no dependence on the angle using cylindrical coordinates and no dependence on either angle using spherical coordinates. The fundamental domain is a half-plane through the axis, and a radial half-line, respectively. Axisymmetric or axisymmetrical are adjectives which refer to an object having cylindrical symmetry, or axisymmetry. An example of approximate spherical symmetry is the Earth (with respect to density and other physical and chemical properties).

text: In three dimensions we can distinguish cylindrical symmetry and spherical symmetry (no change when rotating about one axis, or for any rotation). That is, no dependence on the angle using

text: cylindrical coordinates

text: and no dependence on either angle using

text: spherical coordinates

text: . The fundamental domain is a

text: half-plane

text: through the axis, and a radial half-line, respectively. Axisymmetric or axisymmetrical are

text: adjective

text: s which refer to an object having cylindrical symmetry, or axisymmetry. An example of approximate spherical symmetry is the Earth (with respect to density and other physical and chemical properties).

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answers: no change when rotating about one axis, or for any rotation

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answers: spherical coordinates

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answers: no change when rotating about one axis, or for any rotation

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answers: spherical symmetry

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answers: about one axis

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answers: rotating about one axis

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: axis

text: An equatorial bulge is a difference between the equatorial and polar diameters of a planet, due to the force exerted by its rotation.  A rotating body tends to form an oblate spheroid rather than a sphere.  The Earth has an equatorial bulge of : that is, its diameter measured across the equatorial plane () is 42.77 km more than that measured between the poles (). An observer standing at sea level on either pole, therefore, is 21.36 km closer to Earth's centrepoint than if standing at sea level on the equator. The value of Earth's radius may be approximated by the average of these radii.

text: An equatorial bulge is a difference between the equatorial and polar

text: diameter

text: s of a planet, due to the force exerted by its

text: rotation

text: .  A rotating body tends to form an

text: oblate spheroid

text: rather than a

text: sphere

text: .  The

text: Earth

text: has an equatorial bulge of : that is, its diameter measured across the equatorial plane () is 42.77 km more than that measured between the poles (). An observer standing at sea level on either pole, therefore, is 21.36 km closer to

text: Earth's centrepoint

text: than if standing at sea level on the equator. The value of Earth's radius may be approximated by the average of these radii.

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answers: Earth's rotation

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answers: Earth has an equatorial plane

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text: The gravitational attraction between Earth and the Moon causes tides on Earth. The same effect on the Moon has led to its tidal locking: its rotation period is the same as the time it takes to orbit Earth. As a result, it always presents the same face to the planet. As the Moon orbits Earth, different parts of its face are illuminated by the Sun, leading to the lunar phases; the dark part of the face is separated from the light part by the solar terminator.

text: The gravitational attraction between Earth and the Moon causes

text: tide

text: s on Earth. The same effect on the Moon has led to its

text: tidal locking

text: : its rotation period is the same as the time it takes to orbit Earth. As a result, it always presents the same face to the planet. As the Moon orbits Earth, different parts of its face are illuminated by the Sun, leading to the

text: lunar phase

text: s; the dark part of the face is separated from the light part by the

text: solar terminator

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text: Since the Earth is constantly rotating, telescopes and equipment are rotated in the opposite direction to follow the apparent motion of the stars overhead (called diurnal motion).  This is accomplished by using either equatorial or computer-controlled altazimuth telescope mounts to keep celestial objects centered while the earth rotates. All telescope mount systems suffer from induced tracking error due to imperfect motor drives and mechanical sag of the telescope. Tracking errors are corrected by keeping a selected aiming point, usually a bright guide star, centered during the entire exposure. Sometimes (as in the case of comets) the object to be imaged is moving, so the telescope has to be kept constantly centered on that object. This guiding is done through a second co-mounted telescope called a "guide scope" or via some type of "off-axis guider", a device with a prism or optical beam splitter that allows the observer to view the same image in the telescope that is taking the picture. Guiding was formerly done manually throughout the exposure with an observer standing at (or riding inside) the telescope making corrections to keep a cross hair on the guide star. Since the advent of computer-controlled systems this is accomplished by an automated systems in professional and even amateur equipment.

text: Since the Earth is constantly rotating, telescopes and equipment are rotated in the opposite direction to follow the apparent motion of the stars overhead (called

text: diurnal motion

text: ).  This is accomplished by using either

text: equatorial

text: or computer-controlled

text: altazimuth

text: telescope mounts to keep celestial objects centered while the earth rotates. All

text: telescope mount

text: systems suffer from induced tracking error due to imperfect motor drives and mechanical sag of the telescope. Tracking errors are corrected by keeping a selected aiming point, usually a bright

text: guide star

text: , centered during the entire exposure. Sometimes (as in the case of

text: comet

text: s) the object to be imaged is moving, so the telescope has to be kept constantly centered on that object. This guiding is done through a second co-mounted telescope called a "guide scope" or via some type of "off-axis guider", a device with a prism or optical

text: beam splitter

text: that allows the observer to view the same image in the telescope that is taking the picture. Guiding was formerly done manually throughout the exposure with an observer standing at (or riding inside) the telescope making corrections to keep a

text: cross hair

text: on the guide star. Since the advent of computer-controlled systems this is accomplished by an automated systems in professional and even amateur equipment.

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text: Haumea is a plutoid, a dwarf planet beyond Neptune's orbit. Its classification as a dwarf planet means it is presumed to be massive enough to have been rounded by its own gravity into a shape in hydrostatic equilibrium, but not massive enough to have cleared its neighbourhood of similar objects.  Haumea appears to have a triaxial ellipsoid shape resulting its rapid rotation complicated by tidal interactions with its moons.  This contrasts with the simpler oblate shape typically assumed by less rapidly rotating astronomical bodies such as the Earth, Jupiter (or a water balloon tossed with moderate spin).  Like the earth, Haumea is flattened at the poles (indeed much more so), but its equator, instead of being round like the Earth's, is elliptical, with two big bulges 180 degrees apart in longitude, buoyed up, as it were, by the greater centrifugal force they experience by virtue of being farther from the axis of rotation.  In other words, Haumea is spinning so fast that if it spun much faster these bulges would distort into a dumbbell shape and split the planet in two. Haumea was initially listed as a classical Kuiper belt object in 2006 by the Minor Planet Center, but no longer. The nominal trajectory suggests that it is in the weak 7:12 resonance with Neptune (orbiting the Sun 7 times for every 12 orbits of Neptune), because its perihelion distance of 35 AU is near the limit of stability with Neptune. There are precovery images of Haumea dating back to March 22, 1955 from the Palomar Mountain Digitized Sky Survey. Further observations of the orbit will be required to verify its dynamic status.

text: Haumea is a

text: plutoid

text: , a

text: dwarf planet

text: beyond Neptune's orbit. Its classification as a dwarf planet means it is presumed to be massive enough to have been rounded by its own gravity into a shape in hydrostatic equilibrium, but not massive enough to have

text: cleared its neighbourhood

text: of similar objects.  Haumea appears to have a triaxial

text: ellipsoid

text: shape resulting its rapid

text: rotation

text: complicated by tidal interactions with its moons.  This contrasts with the simpler

text: oblate

text: shape typically assumed by less rapidly rotating astronomical bodies such as the Earth, Jupiter (or a

text: water balloon

text: tossed with moderate spin).  Like the earth, Haumea is flattened at the poles (indeed much more so), but its equator, instead of being round like the Earth's, is elliptical, with two big bulges 180 degrees apart in longitude, buoyed up, as it were, by the greater centrifugal force they experience by virtue of being farther from the axis of rotation.  In other words, Haumea is spinning so fast that if it spun much faster these bulges would distort into a dumbbell shape and split the planet in two. Haumea was initially listed as a classical Kuiper belt object in 2006 by the

text: Minor Planet Center

text: , but no longer. The nominal trajectory suggests that it is in the weak 7:12

text: resonance with Neptune

text: (orbiting the Sun 7 times for every 12 orbits of Neptune), because its

text: perihelion

text: distance of 35 AU is near the

text: limit of stability

text: with Neptune. There are

text: precovery

text: images of Haumea dating back to March 22, 1955 from the

text: Palomar Mountain

text: Digitized Sky Survey

text: . Further observations of the orbit will be required to verify its dynamic status.

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text: The notional tidal bulges are carried ahead of the Earth–Moon axis by the continents as a result of Earth's rotation. The eccentric mass of each bulge exerts a small amount of gravitational attraction on the Moon, with the bulge on the side of Earth closest to the Moon pulling in a direction slightly forward along the Moon's orbit (because Earth's rotation has carried the bulge forward). The bulge on the side furthest from the Moon has the opposite effect, but because the gravitational attraction varies inversely with the square of distance, the effect is stronger for the near-side bulge. As a result, some of Earth's angular (or rotational) momentum is gradually being transferred to the rotation of the Earth–Moon pair around their mutual centre of mass, called the barycentre. This slightly faster rotation causes the Earth–Moon distance to increase at approximately 38 millimetres per year. Conservation of angular momentum means that Earth's axial rotation is gradually slowing, and because of this its day lengthens by approximately 23 microseconds every year (excluding glacial rebound). Both figures are valid only for the current configuration of the continents. Tidal rhythmites from 620 million years ago show that, over hundreds of millions of years, the Moon receded at an average rate of  per year and the day lengthened at an average rate of 12 microseconds per year, both about half of their current values. See tidal acceleration for a more detailed description and references.

text: The notional tidal bulges are carried ahead of the Earth–Moon axis by the continents as a result of Earth's rotation. The eccentric mass of each bulge exerts a small amount of gravitational attraction on the Moon, with the bulge on the side of Earth closest to the Moon pulling in a direction slightly forward along the Moon's orbit (because Earth's rotation has carried the bulge forward). The bulge on the side furthest from the Moon has the opposite effect, but because the gravitational attraction varies inversely with the square of distance, the effect is stronger for the near-side bulge. As a result, some of Earth's angular (or rotational) momentum is gradually being transferred to the rotation of the Earth–Moon pair around their mutual centre of mass, called the barycentre. This slightly faster rotation causes the Earth–Moon distance to increase at approximately 38 millimetres per year.

text: Conservation of angular momentum

text: means that Earth's axial rotation is gradually slowing, and because of this its day lengthens by approximately 23 microseconds every year (excluding

text: glacial rebound

text: ). Both figures are valid only for the current configuration of the continents.

text: Tidal rhythmites

text: from 620 million years ago show that, over hundreds of millions of years, the Moon receded at an average rate of  per year and the day lengthened at an average rate of 12 microseconds per year, both about half of their current values. See

text: tidal acceleration

text: for a more detailed description and references.

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text: As fiction in the genre of literature, the tract was further analyzed by Umberto Eco in his novel Foucault's Pendulum in 1988 (English translation in 1989), in 1994 in chapter 6, "Fictional Protocols", of his Six Walks in the Fictional Woods and in his 2010 novel The Prague Cemetery.

text: As fiction in the genre of literature, the tract was further analyzed by

text: Umberto Eco

text: in his novel

text: Foucault's Pendulum

text: in 1988 (English translation in 1989), in 1994 in chapter 6, "Fictional Protocols", of his

text: Six Walks in the Fictional Woods

text: and in his 2010 novel

text: The Prague Cemetery

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text: The projected rotational velocity of this star is 181 km/s, making it a fast rotator. This is the velocity component of the star's equatorial rotation along the line of sight to the Earth. The estimated inclination of the star's pole is , giving it a true equatorial rotational velocity of . The rapid rotation rate of this star flattens the poles and stretch the equator. This makes the surface gravity of the star non-uniform and causes temperature variation. This effect is known as gravity darkening, because it results in a variation of radiation by latitude. The rapid rotation extends the life span of the star by increasing the core density and reducing the radiation output.

text: The

text: projected rotational velocity

text: of this star is 181 km/s, making it a fast rotator. This is the velocity component of the star's equatorial rotation along the line of sight to the Earth. The estimated inclination of the star's pole is , giving it a true equatorial rotational velocity of . The rapid rotation rate of this star flattens the poles and stretch the equator. This makes the surface gravity of the star non-uniform and causes temperature variation. This effect is known as

text: gravity darkening

text: , because it results in a variation of radiation by latitude. The rapid rotation extends the life span of the star by increasing the core density and reducing the radiation output.

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text: Harned Hall, named for alumnus and local real estate developer H.C. "Joe" Harned, was dedicated on September 29, 2006. The building is  and cost $25 million to construct. It was designed and built to meet the US Green Building Council's LEED Silver Standard. The building features labs for biology, geology, chemistry, environmental science, and physics, a  courtyard with a crystalline glass gazebo in the center, a Foucault pendulum designed by Alan Thorndike, as well as Gray whale skeleton named Willy.

text: Harned Hall, named for alumnus and local real estate developer H.C. "Joe" Harned, was dedicated on September 29, 2006. The building is  and cost $25 million to construct. It was designed and built to meet the

text: US Green Building Council

text: 's

entity_name: Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design

text: LEED

text: Silver Standard. The building features labs for

text: biology

text: geology

text: chemistry

text: environmental science

text: , and

text: physics

text: , a  courtyard with a crystalline glass gazebo in the center, a

text: Foucault pendulum

text: designed by Alan Thorndike, as well as

text: Gray whale

text: skeleton named Willy.

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text: A related problem is that of centrifugal forces for the Earth-Moon-Sun system, where three rotations appear: the daily rotation of the Earth about its axis, the lunar-month rotation of the Earth-Moon system about their center of mass, and the annual revolution of the Earth-Moon system about the Sun. These three motions influence the tides.

text: A related problem is that of centrifugal forces for the Earth-Moon-Sun system, where three rotations appear: the daily rotation of the Earth about its axis, the lunar-month rotation of the Earth-Moon system about their center of mass, and the annual revolution of the Earth-Moon system about the Sun. These three motions influence the

text: tides

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text: Aryabhata correctly insisted that the earth rotates about its axis daily, and that the apparent movement of the stars is a relative motion caused by the rotation of the earth, contrary to the then-prevailing view, that the sky rotated. This is indicated in the first chapter of the Aryabhatiya, where he gives the number of rotations of the earth in a yuga, and made more explicit in his gola chapter:

text: Aryabhata correctly insisted that the earth rotates about its axis daily, and that the apparent movement of the stars is a relative motion caused by the rotation of the earth, contrary to the then-prevailing view, that the sky rotated. This is indicated in the first chapter of the Aryabhatiya, where he gives the number of rotations of the earth in a yuga, and made more explicit in his gola chapter:

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text: Lunar distance is commonly used to express the distance to near-Earth object encounters. Lunar distance is also an important astronomical datum; the precision of this measurement to a few part in a trillion has useful implications for testing gravitational theories such as general relativity, and for refining other astronomical values such as Earth mass, Earth radius, and Earth's rotation. The measurement is also useful in characterizing the lunar radius, the mass of the Sun and the distance to the Sun.

text: Lunar distance is commonly used to express the distance to

text: near-Earth object

text: encounters. Lunar distance is also an important astronomical datum; the precision of this measurement to a few part in a trillion has useful implications for testing gravitational theories such as

text: general relativity

text: , and for refining other astronomical values such as

text: Earth mass

text: Earth radius

text: , and Earth's rotation. The measurement is also useful in characterizing the

text: lunar radius

text: , the

text: mass of the Sun

text: and the

text: distance to the Sun

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text: The pendulum is usually adjusted by moving the moment of inertia adjustment weights in or out equal amounts on each side, until the rotational frequency is close to the translational frequency, so the alternation period will be slow enough to allow the change between the two modes to be clearly seen.

text: The pendulum is usually adjusted by moving the moment of inertia adjustment weights in or out equal amounts on each side, until the rotational frequency is close to the translational frequency, so the alternation period will be slow enough to allow the change between the two modes to be clearly seen.

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text: Galileo Galilei first studied and discovered concepts involving the pendulum in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. In 1696, Etienne Loulié first successfully used an adjustable pendulum to make the first mechanical metronome—however, his design produced no sound, and did not have an escapement to keep the pendulum in motion. To get the correct pulse with this kind of visual devices, the musician watches the pendulum as if watching a conductor's baton.

text: Galileo Galilei first studied and discovered concepts involving the

text: pendulum

text: in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. In 1696,

text: Etienne Loulié

text: first successfully used an adjustable pendulum to make the first mechanical metronome—however, his design produced no sound, and did not have an

text: escapement

text: to keep the pendulum in motion. To get the correct pulse with this kind of visual devices, the musician watches the pendulum as if watching a conductor's baton.

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text: The Hexaemeron interprets the Genesis with reference to Plato's "Timaeus". The text serves as a reasoned defense of God's existence, by relying on Platonic natural philosophy and Aristotelian logic to explain the creation of the world. Thierry establishes that the moment of divine creation was the very beginning of time, and following that, creation evolved naturally through combinations of the four elements (fire, air, water, and earth). According to Thierry, God created the four elements in the first moment. Fire, which is constantly moving, rotated and lit up the air, causing the first night and day. On the second day, fire warmed the water, causing it to rise into the heavens and form clouds. Because of the reduction of water, land emerged on the third day. The continued heating of the waters above the firmament caused the water to create the heavenly bodies on the fourth day. The continued warming of land caused the plant, animal, and human life to arise on the fifth and sixth days.

text: The Hexaemeron interprets the

text: Genesis

text: with reference to

text: Plato

text: 's "

text: Timaeus

text: ". The text serves as a reasoned defense of God's existence, by relying on Platonic natural philosophy and Aristotelian logic to explain the creation of the world. Thierry establishes that the moment of divine creation was the very beginning of time, and following that, creation evolved naturally through combinations of the four elements (fire, air, water, and earth). According to Thierry, God created the four elements in the first moment. Fire, which is constantly moving, rotated and lit up the air, causing the first night and day. On the second day, fire warmed the water, causing it to rise into the heavens and form clouds. Because of the reduction of water, land emerged on the third day. The continued heating of the waters above the firmament caused the water to create the heavenly bodies on the fourth day. The continued warming of land caused the plant, animal, and human life to arise on the fifth and sixth days.

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answers: Fire, which is constantly moving

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answers: Earths rotation

text: The axial tilt of Neptune is 28.32°, which is similar to the tilts of Earth (23°) and Mars (25°). As a result, this planet experiences similar seasonal changes. The long orbital period of Neptune means that the seasons last for forty Earth years. Its sidereal rotation period (day) is roughly 16.11 hours. Because its axial tilt is comparable to Earth's, the variation in the length of its day over the course of its long year is not any more extreme.

text: The axial tilt of Neptune is 28.32°, which is similar to the tilts of Earth (23°) and Mars (25°). As a result, this planet experiences similar seasonal changes. The long orbital period of Neptune means that the seasons last for forty Earth years. Its sidereal rotation period (day) is roughly 16.11 hours. Because its axial tilt is comparable to Earth's, the variation in the length of its day over the course of its long year is not any more extreme.

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answers: sidereal rotation period

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answers: Because its axial tilt is comparable to Earth's, the variation in the length of its day over the course of its long year is not any more extreme

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answers: seasons last for forty Earth years

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text: That a given frame is non-inertial can be detected by its need for fictitious forces to explain observed motions. For example, the rotation of the Earth can be observed using a Foucault pendulum.  The rotation of the Earth seemingly causes the pendulum to change its plane of oscillation because the surroundings of the pendulum move with the Earth. As seen from an Earth-bound (non-inertial) frame of reference, the explanation of this apparent change in orientation  requires the introduction of the fictitious Coriolis force.

text: That a given frame is non-inertial can be detected by its need for fictitious forces to explain observed motions. For example, the rotation of the

text: Earth

text: can be observed using a

text: Foucault pendulum

text: .  The rotation of the Earth seemingly causes the pendulum to change its plane of oscillation because the surroundings of the pendulum move with the Earth. As seen from an Earth-bound (non-inertial) frame of reference, the explanation of this apparent change in orientation  requires the introduction of the fictitious

text: Coriolis force

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answers: Earth-bound

text: During this first broadcast, the crew gave a tour of the spacecraft and attempted to show how the Earth appeared from space. However, difficulties aiming the narrow-angle lens without the aid of a monitor to show what it was looking at made showing the Earth impossible. Additionally, the Earth image became saturated by any bright source without proper filters. In the end, all the crew could show the people watching back on Earth was a bright blob. After broadcasting for 17 minutes, the rotation of the spacecraft took the high-gain antenna out of view of the receiving stations on Earth and they ended the transmission with Lovell wishing his mother a happy birthday.

text: During this first broadcast, the crew gave a tour of the spacecraft and attempted to show how the Earth appeared from space. However, difficulties aiming the narrow-angle lens without the aid of a monitor to show what it was looking at made showing the Earth impossible. Additionally, the Earth image became saturated by any bright source without proper

text: filters

text: . In the end, all the crew could show the people watching back on Earth was a bright blob. After broadcasting for 17 minutes, the rotation of the spacecraft took the

text: high-gain antenna

text: out of view of the receiving stations on Earth and they ended the transmission with Lovell wishing his mother a happy birthday.

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text: The Moon and Earth orbit a common barycenter every 27.32 days relative to the background stars. When combined with the Earth–Moon system's common orbit around the Sun, the period of the synodic month, from new moon to new moon, is 29.53 days. Viewed from the celestial north pole, the motion of Earth, the Moon, and their axial rotations are all counterclockwise. Viewed from a vantage point above the north poles of both the Sun and Earth, Earth orbits in a counterclockwise direction about the Sun. The orbital and axial planes are not precisely aligned: Earth's axis is tilted some 23.44 degrees from the perpendicular to the Earth–Sun plane (the ecliptic), and the Earth–Moon plane is tilted up to ±5.1 degrees against the Earth–Sun plane. Without this tilt, there would be an eclipse every two weeks, alternating between lunar eclipses and solar eclipses.

text: The Moon and Earth orbit a common

text: barycenter

text: every 27.32 days relative to the background stars. When combined with the Earth–Moon system's common orbit around the Sun, the period of the

text: synodic month

text: , from new moon to new moon, is 29.53 days. Viewed from the

text: celestial north pole

text: , the motion of Earth, the Moon, and their axial rotations are all

text: counterclockwise

text: . Viewed from a vantage point above the north poles of both the Sun and Earth, Earth orbits in a counterclockwise direction about the Sun. The orbital and axial planes are not precisely aligned: Earth's

text: axis is tilted

text: some 23.44 degrees from the perpendicular to the Earth–Sun plane (the

text: ecliptic

text: ), and the Earth–Moon plane is tilted up to ±5.1 degrees against the Earth–Sun plane. Without this tilt, there would be an eclipse every two weeks, alternating between

text: lunar eclipse

text: s and

text: solar eclipse

text: s.

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text: Day & Night follows two characters, Day and Night. Inside Day is a day scene with a sun in the center, and inside Night is a night scene with a moon in the center.  Whatever goes on inside of Day or Night expresses normal events that typically occur within a day or night, respectively, and these events often correspond with actions or emotions or actions that Day or Night express. For example, when Day is happy he will have a rainbow inside him, and when Night is happy he will have fireworks inside him.

text: Day & Night follows two characters, Day and Night. Inside Day is a day scene with a sun in the center, and inside Night is a night scene with a moon in the center.  Whatever goes on inside of Day or Night expresses normal events that typically occur within a day or night, respectively, and these events often correspond with actions or emotions or actions that Day or Night express. For example, when Day is happy he will have a rainbow inside him, and when Night is happy he will have fireworks inside him.

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answers: Earths rotation

text: In 1831, Faraday (and independently Joseph Henry) discovered the reverse effect, the production of an electric potential or current through magnetism – known as electromagnetic induction; these two discoveries are the basis of the electric motor and the electric generator, respectively. In 1834, Carl Jacobi discovered his uniformly rotating self-gravitating ellipsoids. In 1834, John Russell observed a nondecaying solitary water wave (soliton) in the Union Canal near Edinburgh and used a water tank to study the dependence of solitary water wave velocities on wave amplitude and water depth. In 1835, William Hamilton stated Hamilton's canonical equations of motion. In the same year, Gaspard Coriolis examined theoretically the mechanical efficiency of waterwheels, and deduced the Coriolis effect. In 1841, Julius Robert von Mayer, an amateur scientist, wrote a paper on the conservation of energy but his lack of academic training led to its rejection. In 1842, Christian Doppler proposed the Doppler effect. In 1847, Hermann von Helmholtz formally stated the law of conservation of energy. In 1851, Léon Foucault showed the Earth's rotation with a huge pendulum (Foucault pendulum).

text: In 1831, Faraday (and independently

text: Joseph Henry

text: ) discovered the reverse effect, the production of an electric potential or current through magnetism – known as

text: electromagnetic induction

text: ; these two discoveries are the basis of the electric motor and the electric generator, respectively. In 1834,

text: Carl Jacobi

text: discovered his uniformly rotating self-gravitating

text: ellipsoid

text: s. In 1834,

text: John Russell

text: observed a nondecaying solitary water wave (

text: soliton

text: ) in the

text: Union Canal

text: near

text: Edinburgh

text: and used a water tank to study the dependence of solitary water wave velocities on wave amplitude and water depth. In 1835, William Hamilton stated

text: Hamilton's canonical equations of motion

text: . In the same year,

text: Gaspard Coriolis

text: examined theoretically the mechanical efficiency of waterwheels, and deduced the

text: Coriolis effect

text: . In 1841,

text: Julius Robert von Mayer

text: , an

text: amateur

text: scientist, wrote a paper on the conservation of energy but his lack of academic training led to its rejection. In 1842,

text: Christian Doppler

text: proposed the

text: Doppler effect

text: . In 1847,

text: Hermann von Helmholtz

text: formally stated the law of conservation of energy. In 1851,

text: Léon Foucault

text: showed the Earth's rotation with a huge

text: pendulum

text: Foucault pendulum

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answers: Earth's rotation

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answers: 180 km/s

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answers: NDQ_005790

answers: Earth's rotation

text: "The duration of the material universe is limited. It is manifested in cycles of kalpas. A kalpa is a day of Brahmā, and one day of Brahmā consists of a thousand cycles of four yugas, or ages: Satya Yuga, Treta Yuga, Dvapara Yuga and Kali Yuga. The cycle of Satya is characterized by virtue, wisdom and religion, there being practically no ignorance and vice, and the yuga lasts 1,728,000 years. In the Tretā-yuga vice is introduced, and this yuga lasts 1,296,000 years. In the Dvāpara-yuga there is an even greater decline in virtue and religion, vice increasing, and this yuga lasts 864,000 years. And finally in Kali-yuga (the yuga we have now been experiencing over the past 5,000 years) there is an abundance of strife, ignorance, irreligion and vice, true virtue being practically nonexistent, and this yuga lasts 432,000 years. In Kali-yuga vice increases to such a point that at the termination of the yuga the Supreme Lord Himself appears as the Kalki avatāra, vanquishes the demons, saves His devotees, and commences another Satya-yuga. Then the process is set rolling again. These four yugas, rotating a thousand times, comprise one day of Brahmā, and the same number comprise one night. Brahmā lives one hundred of such "years" and then dies. These "hundred years" total 311 trillion 40 billion (311,040,000,000,000) earth years. By these calculations the life of Brahmā seems fantastic and interminable, but from the viewpoint of eternity it is as brief as a lightning flash. In the Causal Ocean there are innumerable Brahmās rising and disappearing like bubbles in the Atlantic. Brahmā and his creation are all part of the material universe, and therefore they are in constant flux."(Bhagavad-gītā As It Is 8.17)

text: "The duration of the material universe is limited. It is manifested in cycles of kalpas. A kalpa is a day of Brahmā, and one day of Brahmā consists of a thousand cycles of four yugas, or ages:

text: Satya Yuga

text: Treta Yuga

text: Dvapara Yuga

text: and

text: Kali Yuga

text: . The cycle of Satya is characterized by virtue, wisdom and religion, there being practically no ignorance and vice, and the yuga lasts 1,728,000 years. In the Tretā-yuga vice is introduced, and this yuga lasts 1,296,000 years. In the Dvāpara-yuga there is an even greater decline in virtue and religion, vice increasing, and this yuga lasts 864,000 years. And finally in Kali-yuga (the yuga we have now been experiencing over the past 5,000 years) there is an abundance of strife, ignorance, irreligion and vice, true virtue being practically nonexistent, and this yuga lasts 432,000 years. In Kali-yuga vice increases to such a point that at the termination of the yuga the Supreme Lord Himself appears as the

text: Kalki

text: avatāra, vanquishes the demons, saves His devotees, and commences another Satya-yuga. Then the process is set rolling again. These four yugas, rotating a thousand times, comprise one day of Brahmā, and the same number comprise one night. Brahmā lives one hundred of such "years" and then dies. These "hundred years" total 311 trillion 40 billion (311,040,000,000,000) earth years. By these calculations the life of Brahmā seems fantastic and interminable, but from the viewpoint of eternity it is as brief as a lightning flash. In the

text: Causal Ocean

text: there are innumerable Brahmās rising and disappearing like bubbles in the Atlantic. Brahmā and his creation are all part of the material universe, and therefore they are in constant flux."(Bhagavad-gītā As It Is 8.17)

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answers: Yuga

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answers: Causal Ocean

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answers: Earth years

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answers: Satya Yuga

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answers: Earth years

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answers: In the Causal Ocean

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: Brahm

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answers: 311 trillion 40 billion

answers: NDQ_005789

answers: demons

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: Earths rotation

text: Diagrams are provided to illustrate a pendulum located at the North Pole, equator, and 45 degrees N to show how the rotation of Earth in relation to the pendulum is observed, or not, at these locations. This is not a rigorous evaluation but is intended to convey information regarding the interaction of the two moving objects, the swinging pendulum and the rotating Earth. One of the great insights by Léon Foucault is that the time to observe a full rotation of the Earth increased by the inverse of the sine of the latitude.

text: Diagrams are provided to illustrate a

text: pendulum

text: located at the

text: North Pole

text: equator

text: , and

text: 45 degrees N

text: to show how the rotation of Earth in relation to the pendulum is observed, or not, at these locations. This is not a rigorous evaluation but is intended to convey information regarding the interaction of the two moving objects, the swinging pendulum and the rotating Earth. One of the great insights by

text: Léon Foucault

text: is that the time to observe a full rotation of the Earth increased by the inverse of the sine of the latitude.

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answers: Léon Foucault

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answers: equator

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answers: Earth

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answers: rotating Earth

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answers: equator

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answers: time to observe a full rotation of the Earth increased by the inverse of the sine of the latitude

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: Léon Foucault

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answers: 45 degrees N

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answers: the swinging pendulum

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answers: inverse of the sine of the latitude

text: The rotation of the Earth causes day and night. It is day on the part of the globe that is currently visible.The places on earth that pass under the fixed meridian (the golden belt running from the North Pole  to the South Pole) have noon at the same time. The globe rotates once every 24 hours.

text: The

text: rotation of the Earth

text: causes day and night. It is day on the part of the globe that is currently visible.The places on earth that pass under the fixed

text: meridian

text: (the golden belt running from the

text: North Pole

text: to the

text: South Pole

text: ) have noon at the same time. The globe rotates once every 24 hours.

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answers: fixed meridian

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answers: fixed meridian

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answers: once every 24 hours

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answers: fixed meridian

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answers: The golden belt running from the North Pole to the South Pole

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answers: It is day on the part of the globe that is currently visible

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answers: day and night

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answers: once every 24 hours

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answers: the Earth

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answers: fixed meridian

text: Umberto Eco, in response to an offer from Kubrick regarding a film adaptation of Eco's 1988 novel Foucault's Pendulum, declined due to his dissatisfaction with the film adaptation of his earlier novel The Name of the Rose. Additionally, Eco sought the role of screenwriter but Kubrick was unwilling to co-operate. Following Kubrick's death, Eco stated that he regretted his initial decision.

text: Umberto Eco

text: , in response to an offer from Kubrick regarding a film adaptation of Eco's 1988 novel

text: Foucault's Pendulum

text: , declined due to his dissatisfaction with the film adaptation of his earlier novel

text: The Name of the Rose

text: . Additionally, Eco sought the role of screenwriter but Kubrick was unwilling to co-operate. Following Kubrick's death, Eco stated that he regretted his initial decision.

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answers: Foucault

answers: NDQ_005782

answers: Pendulum

answers: NDQ_005783

answers: Earth rotates on its axis

answers: NDQ_005784

answers: Pendulum

answers: NDQ_005785

answers: The South Pole

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: Foucault

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answers: about

answers: NDQ_005789

answers: film

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: Earths rotation

text: Rav Judah said in Rav's name that ten things were created on the first day: (1) heaven, (2) earth, (3) chaos (, tohu), (4) desolation or void (, bohu), (5) light, (6) darkness, (7) wind, (8) water, (9) the length of a day, and (10) the length of a night. The Gemara cited verses to support Rav Judah's proposition: heaven and earth, as  says, "In the beginning God created heaven and earth"; tohu and bohu, as  says, "and the earth was tohu and bohu"; darkness, as  says, "and darkness was upon the face of the deep; light, as  says, "And God said, ‘Let there be light'"; wind and water, as  says, "and the wind of God hovered over the face of the waters"; and the length of a day and the length of a night, as  says, "And there was evening and there was morning, one day." A Baraita taught that tohu (chaos) is a green line that encompasses the world, out of which darkness proceeds, as  says, "He made darkness His hiding-place round about Him"; and bohu (desolation) means the slimy stones in the deep out of which the waters proceed, as  says, "He shall stretch over it the line of confusion (tohu) and the plummet of emptiness (bohu)." The Gemara questioned Rav Judah's assertion that light was created on the first day, as  reports that "God made the two great lights . . . and God set them in the firmament of the heaven," and  reports that God did so on the fourth day. The Gemara explained that the light of which Rav Judah taught was the light of which Rabbi Eleazar spoke when he said that by the light that God created on the first day, one could see from one end of the world to the other; but as soon as God saw the corrupt generations of the Flood and the Dispersion, God hid the light from them, as  says, "But from the wicked their light is withheld." Rather, God reserved the light of the first day for the righteous in the time to come, as  says, "And God saw the light, that it was good." The Gemara noted a dispute among the Tannaim over this interpretation. Rabbi Jacob agreed with the view that by the light that God created on the first day one could see from one end of the world to the other. But the Sages equated the light created on the first day with the lights of which  speaks, which God created on the first day, but placed in the heavens on the fourth day.

text: Rav Judah

text: said in Rav's name that ten things were created on the first day: (1) heaven, (2) earth, (3) chaos (, tohu), (4) desolation or void (, bohu), (5) light, (6) darkness, (7) wind, (8) water, (9) the length of a day, and (10) the length of a night. The Gemara cited verses to support Rav Judah's proposition: heaven and earth, as  says, "In the beginning God created heaven and earth"; tohu and bohu, as  says, "and the earth was

text: tohu and bohu

text: the Flood

text: and the Dispersion, God hid the light from them, as  says, "But from the wicked their light is withheld." Rather, God reserved the light of the first day for the righteous in the time to come, as  says, "And God saw the light, that it was good." The Gemara noted a dispute among the Tannaim over this interpretation. Rabbi Jacob agreed with the view that by the light that God created on the first day one could see from one end of the world to the other. But the Sages equated the light created on the first day with the lights of which  speaks, which God created on the first day, but placed in the heavens on the fourth day.

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answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: 2: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with significant gaps or inaccuracies.

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answers: 0: The answer is not relevant or complete at all.

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answers: Earth

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answers: tohu

answers: NDQ_005783

answers: day

answers: NDQ_005784

answers: The Gemara

answers: NDQ_005785

answers: universe to the other

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: the length of a day and the length of a night

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: the length of a night

answers: NDQ_005788

answers: one day

answers: NDQ_005789

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: Earths rotation

text: Because the length of the average day is currently 0.002 seconds more than 24 hours of atomic time, leap seconds are periodically inserted into Coordinated Universal Time to make it approximate to UT1. Because the Earth's rotation is gradually slowing, leap seconds will need to be added more frequently in the future. However, from one year to the next the rotation rate is slightly irregular, so leap seconds are not added unless observations of Earth's rotation show that one is needed. In this way, local times will continue to stay close to mean solar time and the effects of variations in Earth's rotation rate will be confined to simple step changes relative to the uniform time scale (International Atomic Time or TAI). All local times differ from TAI by an integral number of seconds. With the implementation of UTC, nations began to use it in the definition of their time zones. As of 2005, most nations had altered the definition of local time in this way. British Summer Time (BST) is still one hour in advance of Greenwich Mean Time and is therefore approximately equal to UTC+1. Thus Greenwich Mean Time is the local time at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich between 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in October and 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in March. Similar circumstances apply in many other places.

text: Because the length of the average day is currently 0.002 seconds more than 24 hours of atomic time, leap seconds are periodically inserted into Coordinated Universal Time to make it approximate to UT1. Because the Earth's rotation is gradually slowing, leap seconds will need to be added more frequently in the future. However, from one year to the next the rotation rate is slightly irregular, so leap seconds are not added unless observations of Earth's rotation show that one is needed. In this way, local times will continue to stay close to mean solar time and the effects of variations in Earth's rotation rate will be confined to simple step changes relative to the uniform time scale (

text: International Atomic Time

text: or TAI). All local times differ from TAI by an integral number of seconds. With the implementation of UTC, nations began to use it in the definition of their time zones. As of 2005, most nations had altered the definition of local time in this way. British Summer Time (BST) is still one hour in advance of Greenwich Mean Time and is therefore approximately equal to UTC+1. Thus Greenwich Mean Time is the local time at the

text: Royal Observatory, Greenwich

text: between 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in October and 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in March. Similar circumstances apply in many other places.

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answers: Greenwich Mean Time

answers: NDQ_005782

answers: Mean Time

answers: NDQ_005783

answers: Sunday

answers: NDQ_005784

answers: Earth's rotation

answers: NDQ_005785

answers: Earth's rotation is gradually slowing

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: local times will continue to stay close to mean solar time

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: UTC

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answers: slowing

answers: NDQ_005789

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: Earth's rotation

text: The satellite was initially spin-stabilised, rotating 1.4 times per minute. After about 500 days, the rotation had slowed to about 0.6 rpm and the spin-stabilisation failed at this point. It was then possible to determine the satellite's orientation only by readings from a magnetometer and from temperature sensors on the upper and lower heat shields. The orientation determinations obtained this way were only accurate to within 10 degrees. It is likely that gravitational gradients had caused the longest antenna to point towards the Earth.

text: The satellite was initially

text: spin-stabilised

text: , rotating 1.4 times per minute. After about 500 days, the rotation had slowed to about 0.6

text: rpm

text: and the spin-stabilisation failed at this point. It was then possible to determine the satellite's orientation only by readings from a magnetometer and from temperature sensors on the upper and lower

text: heat shield

text: s. The orientation determinations obtained this way were only accurate to within 10 degrees. It is likely that gravitational gradients had caused the longest antenna to point towards the Earth.

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answers: gravitational gradients

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answers: Earth

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answers: minute

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answers: Earth

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answers: rotation had slowed to about 0.6 rpm

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: The orientation determinations obtained this way were only accurate to within 10 degrees

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: the longest antenna to point towards the Earth

answers: NDQ_005788

answers: 0.6 rpm

answers: NDQ_005789

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: Earth's rotation

text: The surface velocity due to the Earth's rotation is a maximum at the Equator and is equal to the circumference (pi × the diameter of the Earth) per 24 hours (or 3.14159 × 12,756 ÷ 24 = 1670 km/h = 1 equatorial velocity unit, EVU). The time of an Earth's rotation is inversely related to the angular velocity and the surface velocity (T = 1 day for 2 pi radians, or at the equator, 1 circumferential unit per 1 EVU = 40,075 km ÷ 1670 km/h ÷ 24 h/day = 1 day).

text: The surface velocity due to the Earth's rotation is a maximum at the Equator and is equal to the circumference (pi × the diameter of the Earth) per 24 hours (or 3.14159 × 12,756 ÷ 24 = 1670 km/h = 1 equatorial velocity unit, EVU). The time of an Earth's rotation is inversely related to the angular velocity and the surface velocity (T = 1 day for 2 pi radians, or at the equator, 1 circumferential unit per 1 EVU = 40,075 km ÷ 1670 km/h ÷ 24 h/day = 1 day).

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answers: 1670 km/h

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answers: T = 1 day for 2 pi radians

text: The support-point of the connection turns with the Earth and is depicted as freely suspended above the Earth. The plane of the pendulum swing does not turn with the support point and is not affected by the turning of the support point. The bob is free to swing in any direction in relation to the support (refer to a Charron chuck). For a pendulum at the pole, the plane of swing remains aligned with a star that the bob is swinging toward. A spot on the bob, however, turns with the support since the bob is not independent of the support point. The spot on the bob does not remain aligned with a star that the bob is swinging toward. This occurs whether the pendulum is swinging or not. If the bob is not allowed to turn with the support-point one twist of the connecting wire will occur in one day at the pole. If the connection apparatus of the pendulum to the bob and to the support were in a fixed relationship (and the connection not allowed to twist, for example, using a rigid rod pinned into place between two sides of the support), then once the plane of the pendulum swing is established in one direction, that plane would be forced to turn with the support and connection. The Earth's rotation would not be observable in relation to the pendulum swing with this type of connection.

text: The support-point of the connection turns with the Earth and is depicted as freely suspended above the Earth. The plane of the pendulum swing does not turn with the support point and is not affected by the turning of the support point. The bob is free to swing in any direction in relation to the support (refer to a

text: Charron chuck

text: ). For a pendulum at the pole, the plane of swing remains aligned with a star that the bob is swinging toward. A spot on the bob, however, turns with the support since the bob is not independent of the support point. The spot on the bob does not remain aligned with a star that the bob is swinging toward. This occurs whether the pendulum is swinging or not. If the bob is not allowed to turn with the support-point one twist of the connecting wire will occur in one day at the pole. If the connection apparatus of the pendulum to the bob and to the support were in a fixed relationship (and the connection not allowed to twist, for example, using a rigid rod pinned into place between two sides of the support), then once the plane of the pendulum swing is established in one direction, that plane would be forced to turn with the support and connection. The Earth's rotation would not be observable in relation to the pendulum swing with this type of connection.

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text: K-type main-sequence stars are smaller than the Sun and live longer, remaining on the main sequence 15 to 30 billion years compared to the Sun's estimated 10 billion. Despite these properties, the small M-type and K-type stars can pose a threat to life. Because of their high stellar activity at the beginning of their lives, they emit strong solar winds. The duration of this period is inversely linked to the size of the star. However, because of the uncertainty of the age of Kepler-442, it is likely it may have passed this stage, making Kepler-442b potentially more suitable for habitability. Because it is closer to its star than Earth is to the Sun, the planet will probably rotate much more slowly than Earth; its day could be weeks or months long (see Tidal effects on rotation rate, axial tilt and orbit). This is reflected on its orbital distance just outside of the point where the tidal interactions from its star would be strong enough to tidally locked.

text: K-type main-sequence stars are smaller than the Sun and live longer, remaining on the

text: main sequence

text: 15 to 30 billion years compared to the Sun's estimated 10 billion. Despite these properties, the small M-type and K-type stars can pose a threat to life. Because of their high stellar activity at the beginning of their lives, they emit strong solar winds. The duration of this period is inversely linked to the size of the star. However, because of the uncertainty of the age of Kepler-442, it is likely it may have passed this stage, making Kepler-442b potentially more suitable for habitability. Because it is closer to its star than Earth is to the Sun, the planet will probably rotate much more slowly than Earth; its day could be weeks or months long (see

entity_section: Tidal effects on rotation rate, axial tilt and orbit

text: Tidal effects on rotation rate, axial tilt and orbit

text: ). This is reflected on its orbital distance just outside of the point where the tidal interactions from its star would be strong enough to tidally locked.

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answers: Because it is closer to its star than Earth is

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text: Milanković proposed a revised Julian calendar in 1923. It made centennial years leap years if division by 900 left a remainder of 200 or 600, unlike the Gregorian rule which required that division by 400 left no remainder. In May 1923 a congress of some Eastern Orthodox churches adopted the calendar; however, only the removal of 1–13 October 1923 and the revised leap year algorithm were adopted by a number of Eastern Orthodox churches. The dates of Easter and related holy days are still computed using the Julian calendar. At the time of Milanković's proposal, it was suspected the period of rotation of Earth might not be constant, but it was not until the development of quartz and atomic clocks beginning in the 1930s that this could be proven and quantified. The variation in the period of rotation of Earth is the chief cause of long-term inaccuracy in both the Gregorian and Revised Julian calendars.

text: Milanković proposed a revised Julian calendar in 1923. It made centennial years leap years if division by 900 left a remainder of 200 or 600, unlike the Gregorian rule which required that division by 400 left no remainder. In May 1923 a congress of some

text: Eastern Orthodox church

text: es adopted the calendar; however, only the

text: removal of 1–13 October 1923

text: and the revised leap year algorithm were adopted by a number of Eastern Orthodox churches. The dates of Easter and related holy days are still computed using the Julian calendar. At the time of Milanković's proposal, it was suspected the period of rotation of Earth might not be constant, but it was not until the development of

text: quartz

text: and

text: atomic

text: clocks beginning in the 1930s that this could be proven and quantified. The variation in the period of rotation of Earth is the chief cause of long-term inaccuracy in both the Gregorian and Revised Julian calendars.

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text: Perhaps the most commonly encountered rotating reference frame is the Earth. Moving objects on the surface of the Earth experience a Coriolis force, and appear to veer to the right in the northern hemisphere, and to the left in the southern. Movements of air in the atmosphere and water in the ocean are notable examples of this behavior: rather than flowing directly from areas of high pressure to low pressure, as they would on a non-rotating planet, winds and currents tend to flow to the right of this direction north of the equator, and to the left of this direction south of the equator. This effect is responsible for the rotation of large cyclones (see Coriolis effects in meteorology).

text: Perhaps the most commonly encountered rotating reference frame is the

text: Earth

text: . Moving objects on the surface of the Earth experience a Coriolis force, and appear to veer to the right in the

text: northern hemisphere

text: , and to the left in the

text: southern

text: . Movements of air in the atmosphere and water in the ocean are notable examples of this behavior: rather than flowing directly from areas of high pressure to low pressure, as they would on a non-rotating planet, winds and currents tend to flow to the right of this direction north of the

text: equator

text: , and to the left of this direction south of the equator. This effect is responsible for the rotation of large

text: cyclones

text: (see

text: Coriolis effects in meteorology

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text: The Coriolis effect causes subtle trajectory variations caused by a rotating reference frame.The coordinate system that is used to specify the location of the point of firing and the location of the target is the system of latitudes and longitudes, which is in fact a rotating coordinate system, since the planet Earth is a rotating sphere. During its flight, the projectile moves in a straight line (not counting gravitation and air resistance for now). Since the target is co-rotating with the Earth, it is in fact a moving target, relative to the projectile, so in order to hit it the gun must be aimed to the point where the projectile and the target will arrive simultaneously.When the straight path of the projectile is plotted in the rotating coordinate system that is used, then this path appears as curvilinear. The fact that the coordinate system is rotating must be taken into account, and this is achieved by adding terms for a "centrifugal force" and a "Coriolis effect" to the equations of motion. When the appropriate Coriolis term is added to the equation of motion the predicted path with respect to the rotating coordinate system is curvilinear, corresponding to the actual straight line motion of the projectile.For an observer with his frame of reference in the northern hemisphere Coriolis makes the projectile appear to curve over to the right. Actually it is not the projectile swinging to the right but the earth (frame of reference) rotating to the left which produces this result. The opposite will seem to happen in the southern hemisphere.

text: The

text: Coriolis effect

text: causes subtle trajectory variations caused by a

text: rotating reference frame

text: .The

text: coordinate system

text: that is used to specify the location of the point of firing and the location of the target is the system of latitudes and longitudes, which is in fact a rotating coordinate system, since the planet Earth is a rotating sphere. During its flight, the projectile moves in a straight line (not counting gravitation and air resistance for now). Since the target is co-rotating with the Earth, it is in fact a

text: moving target

text: , relative to the projectile, so in order to hit it the gun must be aimed to the point where the projectile and the target will arrive simultaneously.When the straight path of the projectile is plotted in the rotating coordinate system that is used, then this path appears as

text: curvilinear

text: . The fact that the coordinate system is rotating must be taken into account, and this is achieved by adding terms for a "centrifugal force" and a "

text: Coriolis effect

text: " to the

text: equations of motion

text: . When the appropriate Coriolis term is added to the equation of motion the predicted path with respect to the rotating coordinate system is curvilinear, corresponding to the actual straight line motion of the projectile.For an observer with his frame of reference in the northern hemisphere Coriolis makes the projectile appear to curve over to the right. Actually it is not the projectile swinging to the right but the earth (frame of reference) rotating to the left which produces this result. The opposite will seem to happen in the southern hemisphere.

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text: Motion along the line of latitude is parameterized by the passage of time, and the Foucault pendulum's plane of oscillation appears to rotate about the local vertical axis as time passes.  The angle of rotation of this plane at a time t with respect to the initial orientation is the anholonomy of the system.  The anholonomy induced by a complete circuit of latitude is proportional to the solid angle subtended by that circle of latitude.  The path need not be constrained to latitude circles.  For example, the pendulum might be mounted in an airplane.  The anholonomy is still proportional to the solid angle subtended by the path, which may now be quite irregular.  The Foucault pendulum is a physical example of parallel transport.

text: Motion along the line of latitude is parameterized by the passage of time, and the Foucault pendulum's plane of oscillation appears to rotate about the local vertical axis as time passes.  The angle of rotation of this plane at a time t with respect to the initial orientation is the anholonomy of the system.  The anholonomy induced by a complete circuit of latitude is proportional to the

text: solid angle

text: subtended by that circle of latitude.  The path need not be constrained to latitude circles.  For example, the pendulum might be mounted in an airplane.  The anholonomy is still proportional to the solid angle subtended by the path, which may now be quite irregular.  The Foucault pendulum is a physical example of

text: parallel transport

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text: Besides the IAU list of units and constants, also the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service defines constants relevant to the orientation and rotation of the Earth, in its technical notes .

text: Besides the IAU list of units and constants, also the

entity_name: International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service

text: International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service

text: defines constants relevant to the orientation and rotation of the Earth, in its technical notes .

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text: Being tidally locked to a giant planet or sub-brown dwarf would allow for more moderate climates on a moon than there would be if the moon were a similar-sized planet orbiting in locked rotation in the habitable zone of the star.  This is especially true of red dwarf systems, where comparatively high gravitational forces and low luminosities leave the habitable zone in an area where tidal locking would occur. If tidally locked, one rotation about the axis may take a long time relative to a planet (for example, ignoring the slight axial tilt of Earth's moon and topographical shadowing, any given point on it has two weeks – in Earth time – of sunshine and two weeks of night in its lunar day) but these long periods of light and darkness are not as challenging for habitability as the eternal days and eternal nights on a planet tidally locked to its star.

text: Being tidally locked to a giant planet or

text: sub-brown dwarf

text: would allow for more moderate climates on a moon than there would be if the moon were a similar-sized planet orbiting in locked rotation in the habitable zone of the star.  This is especially true of

text: red dwarf

text: systems, where comparatively high gravitational forces and low luminosities leave the habitable zone in an area where tidal locking would occur. If tidally locked, one rotation about the axis may take a long time relative to a planet (for example, ignoring the slight axial tilt of Earth's moon and topographical shadowing, any given point on it has two weeks – in Earth time – of sunshine and two weeks of night in its lunar day) but these long periods of light and darkness are not as challenging for habitability as the eternal days and eternal nights on a planet tidally locked to its star.

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text: The non-rotating skyhook is not the same as a surface to geostationary orbit space elevator. The non-rotating skyhook is a much shorter version that would not touch the surface of the Earth and would be much lighter in mass. It would work by hanging a cable from a relatively low altitude orbit to just above the Earth's atmosphere. Since the lower end of the cable would be moving at less than orbital velocity for its altitude, a launch vehicle flying to the bottom of the skyhook would  be able to carry a larger payload while being assisted into orbit by the device. This type of skyhook would start out as short as 200 km and grow to over 4,000 km in length using a bootstrap method that would take advantage of the reduction in launch costs that come with increases in tether length.  With a long enough cable, single-stage to skyhook flight with a reusable launch vehicle would become possible.

text: The non-rotating skyhook is not the same as a surface to geostationary orbit

text: space elevator

text: . The non-rotating skyhook is a much shorter version that would not touch the surface of the Earth and would be much lighter in mass. It would work by hanging a cable from a relatively low altitude orbit to just above the Earth's atmosphere. Since the lower end of the cable would be moving at less than

text: orbital velocity

text: for its altitude, a launch vehicle flying to the bottom of the skyhook would  be able to carry a larger payload while being assisted into orbit by the device. This type of skyhook would start out as short as 200 km and grow to over 4,000 km in length using a bootstrap method that would take advantage of the reduction in launch costs that come with increases in tether length.  With a long enough cable, single-stage to skyhook flight with a reusable launch vehicle would become possible.

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text: Foucault's Pendulum is divided into ten segments represented by the ten Sefiroth. The novel is full of esoteric references to Kabbalah, alchemy and conspiracy theory—so many, that critic and novelist Anthony Burgess suggested that it needed an index. The pendulum of the title refers to an actual pendulum designed by the French physicist Léon Foucault to demonstrate Earth's rotation, and has symbolic significance within the novel. Some believe it refers to the philosopher Michel Foucault, noting Eco's friendship with the French philosopher, but the author "specifically rejects any intentional reference to Michel Foucault"—this is regarded as one of his subtle literary jokes.

text: Foucault's Pendulum is divided into ten segments represented by the ten

text: Sefiroth

text: . The novel is full of

text: esoteric

text: references to

text: Kabbalah

text: alchemy

text: and

text: conspiracy theory

text: —so many, that critic and novelist

text: Anthony Burgess

text: suggested that it needed an index. The pendulum of the title refers to

text: an actual pendulum

text: designed by the French physicist

text: Léon Foucault

text: to demonstrate Earth's rotation, and has symbolic significance within the novel. Some believe it refers to the philosopher

text: Michel Foucault

text: , noting Eco's friendship with the French philosopher, but the author "specifically rejects any intentional reference to Michel Foucault"—this is regarded as one of his subtle literary jokes.

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text: The experiment has also been carried out at the South Pole, where it was assumed that the rotation of the earth would have maximum effect. The South Pole Pendulum Project (as discussed in The New York Times and excerpted from Seven Tales of the Pendulum) was constructed and tested by adventurous experimenters John Bird, Jennifer McCallum, Michael Town, and Alan Baker at the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station. Their measurement is probably the closest ever made to one of the earth's poles. The pendulum was erected in a six-story staircase of a new station that was under construction near the pole. Conditions were challenging; the altitude was about 3,300 m (atmospheric pressure only about 65% that at sea level) and the temperature in the unheated staircase was about . The pendulum had a length of 33 m and the bob weighed 25 kg. The new station offered an ideal venue for the Foucault pendulum; its height ensured an accurate result, no moving air could disturb it, and low air pressure reduced air resistance. The researchers confirmed about 24 hours as the rotation period of the plane of oscillation.

text: The experiment has also been carried out at the

text: South Pole

text: , where it was assumed that the rotation of the earth would have maximum effect. The South Pole Pendulum Project (as discussed in

text: The New York Times

text: and excerpted from Seven Tales of the Pendulum) was constructed and tested by adventurous experimenters John Bird, Jennifer McCallum, Michael Town, and Alan Baker at the

text: Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station

text: . Their measurement is probably the closest ever made to one of the earth's poles. The pendulum was erected in a six-story staircase of a new station that was under construction near the pole. Conditions were challenging; the altitude was about 3,300 m (atmospheric pressure only about 65% that at sea level) and the temperature in the unheated staircase was about . The pendulum had a length of 33 m and the bob weighed 25 kg. The new station offered an ideal venue for the Foucault pendulum; its height ensured an accurate result, no moving air could disturb it, and low air pressure reduced air resistance. The researchers confirmed about 24 hours as the rotation period of the plane of oscillation.

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text: In 1851, he provided an experimental demonstration of the rotation of the Earth on its axis (diurnal motion). This experimental setup had been used by Vincenzo Viviani as early as 1661, but became well known to the public by Foucault's work. Foucault achieved the demonstration by showing the rotation of the plane of oscillation of a long and heavy pendulum suspended from the roof of the Panthéon, Paris. The experiment caused a sensation in both the learned and popular worlds, and "Foucault pendulums" were suspended in major cities across Europe and America and attracted crowds. In the following year he used (and named) the gyroscope as a conceptually simpler experimental proof. In 1855, he received the Copley Medal of the Royal Society for his 'very remarkable experimental researches'. Earlier in the same year he was made physicien (physicist) at the imperial observatory at Paris.

text: In 1851, he provided an experimental demonstration of the rotation of the Earth on its axis (

text: diurnal motion

text: ). This experimental setup had been used by

text: Vincenzo Viviani

text: as early as 1661, but became well known to the public by Foucault's work. Foucault achieved the demonstration by showing the rotation of the plane of oscillation of a long and heavy pendulum suspended from the roof of the

text: Panthéon, Paris

text: . The experiment caused a sensation in both the learned and popular worlds, and "

text: Foucault pendulum

text: s" were suspended in major cities across Europe and America and attracted crowds. In the following year he used (and named) the

text: gyroscope

text: as a conceptually simpler experimental proof. In 1855, he received the

text: Copley Medal

text: of the

text: Royal Society

text: for his 'very remarkable experimental researches'. Earlier in the same year he was made physicien (physicist) at the imperial observatory at Paris.

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text: UTC divides time into days, hours, minutes and seconds. Days are conventionally identified using the Gregorian calendar, but Julian day numbers can also be used. Each day contains 24 hours and each hour contains 60 minutes. The number of seconds in a minute is usually 60, but with an occasional leap second, it may be 61 or 59 instead. Thus, in the UTC time scale, the second and all smaller time units (millisecond, microsecond, etc.) are of constant duration, but the minute and all larger time units (hour, day, week, etc.) are of variable duration. Decisions to introduce a leap second are announced at least six months in advance in "Bulletin C" produced by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service. The leap seconds cannot be predicted far in advance due to the unpredictable rate of rotation of the Earth.

text: UTC divides time into days, hours, minutes and seconds. Days are conventionally identified using the

text: Gregorian calendar

text: , but

text: Julian day numbers

text: can also be used. Each day contains 24 hours and each hour contains 60 minutes. The number of seconds in a minute is usually 60, but with an occasional leap second, it may be 61 or 59 instead. Thus, in the UTC time scale, the second and all smaller time units (millisecond, microsecond, etc.) are of constant duration, but the minute and all larger time units (hour, day, week, etc.) are of variable duration. Decisions to introduce a leap second are announced at least six months in advance in "Bulletin C" produced by the

text: International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service

text: . The leap seconds cannot be predicted far in advance due to the unpredictable rate of rotation of the Earth.

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text: Lee Yun-gi was born in Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea, on May 5, 1947. Although Lee Yun-gi (1947~ ) made his official literary debut in 1977 and published his first collection of short stories, White Helicopter in 1988, it was not until the mid-1990s that he gained recognition as a fiction writer. For the first twenty years of his career, Lee was better known as a prolific translator and by the time his first novel, The Gates of Heaven, appeared in 1994, he had translated and published over 150 works including Umberto Eco’s The Name of the Rose and Foucault’s Pendulum.

text: Lee Yun-gi was born in

text: Gyeongsangbuk-do

text: Korea

text: , on May 5, 1947. Although Lee Yun-gi (1947~ ) made his official literary debut in 1977 and published his first collection of short stories, White Helicopter in 1988, it was not until the mid-1990s that he gained recognition as a fiction writer. For the first twenty years of his career, Lee was better known as a prolific translator and by the time his first novel, The Gates of Heaven, appeared in 1994, he had translated and published over 150 works including

text: Umberto Eco

text: ’s

text: The Name of the Rose

text: and

text: Foucault’s Pendulum

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text: In 1979 and a 1980, Konopka and Dominic Orr tested whether mutations in per mutations effected the period of the entire circadian cycle or just a portion of it. By comparing the light responses of per eclosion rhythm to that of wild type flies, Konopka and Orr found that light pulses reset the mutant clock to a greater extent than the wild type clock (about 10 hours for per compared to 3 hours for wild type flies). They also observed that the while duration of the light-sensitive part of the day (subjective night) was found to be similar between per and wild type flies, the duration of the light-insensitive part of the cycle (subjective day) was 5 hours shorter in mutant flies than in wild type flies. They concluded that differences in period length between mutant and wild type flies could be accounted for by a shortening of the subjective day, or the active part of the circadian cycle, in per mutants. From this, Konopka concluded that separate molecular processes correspond to the subjective night and subjective day and that the per allele acts by shortening the subjective day while leaving the subjective night unchanged. Based on these findings, Konopka and Orr constructed a model for the action of the per gene. The oscillation is interpreted in terms of a membrane gradient that is established during the subjective day and dissipates during the subjective night. The model predicts that the per gene product is active during the subjective day and functions like a pump to establish the gradient. Once a high threshold is reached, the pump shuts off and light-sensitive channels open to dissipate the gradient. A light pulse during the subjective night closes the channels and starts the pump; the value of the gradient when the channels close is the same as the value when the pump starts, and thus a reset in the cycle is produced and an oscillation results.  This model has been replaced with a transcription translation negative feedback model involving timeless, clock, and cycle.

text: In 1979 and a 1980, Konopka and

text: Dominic Orr

text: timeless

text: clock

text: , and

text: cycle

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text: Although a short day plant cannot flower during the long days of summer, it is not actually the period of light exposure that limits flowering.  Rather, a short day plant requires a minimal length of uninterrupted darkness in each 24-hour period (a short daylength) before floral development can begin.  It has been determined experimentally that a short day plant (long night) does not flower if a flash of phytochrome activating light is used on the plant during the night.

text: Although a short day plant cannot flower during the long days of summer, it is not actually the period of light exposure that limits flowering.  Rather, a short day plant requires a minimal length of uninterrupted darkness in each 24-hour period (a short daylength) before floral development can begin.  It has been determined experimentally that a short day plant (long night) does not flower if a flash of phytochrome activating light is used on the plant during the night.

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answers: NDQ_005785

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answers: NDQ_005786

answers: It has been determined experimentally that a short day plant (long night) does not flower

answers: NDQ_005787

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answers: 24 hours

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answers: Earths rotation

text: Near the poles, which coincide with the rotational axis of the Earth as it passes through the surface, the seasonal variations in the length of daytime are extreme. In fact, within 23.5° latitude of the poles, there will be at least some days each year during which the sun never goes below the horizon. There will also be days when the sun never rises above the horizon. This number will be fewer, but close to the number of days in the summer where the sun doesn't set (for example the sunrise is usually a few days before the spring equinox and extends a few days past the fall equinox). This phenomenon of more daylight than night is not unique to the poles. In fact, at any given time slightly more than half of the earth is in daylight. The 24 hours of summer daylight is known as the midnight sun that is famous in some northern and southern countries. To the north, the Arctic Circle marks this 23.5° boundary. To the south, the Antarctic Circle marks the boundary. These boundaries correspond to 66.5° north or south latitude, respectively. Because the Sun's disc itself is about half a degree in diameter and is very bright, truly dark days during which the sun never seems to rise are only seen beyond 72° north or south latitude.

text: Near the poles, which coincide with the rotational axis of the Earth as it passes through the surface, the seasonal variations in the length of daytime are extreme. In fact, within 23.5° latitude of the poles, there will be at least some days each year during which the sun never goes below the horizon. There will also be days when the sun never rises above the horizon. This number will be fewer, but close to the number of days in the summer where the sun doesn't set (for example the sunrise is usually a few days before the spring equinox and extends a few days past the fall equinox). This phenomenon of more daylight than night is not unique to the poles. In fact, at any given time slightly more than half of the earth is in daylight. The 24 hours of summer daylight is known as the

text: midnight sun

text: that is famous in some northern and southern countries. To the north, the

text: Arctic Circle

text: marks this 23.5° boundary. To the south, the

text: Antarctic Circle

text: marks the boundary. These boundaries correspond to 66.5° north or south latitude, respectively. Because the Sun's disc itself is about half a degree in diameter and is very bright, truly dark days during which the sun never seems to rise are only seen beyond 72° north or south latitude.

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answers: NDQ_005784

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answers: NDQ_005786

answers: This phenomenon of more daylight than night is not unique to the poles

answers: NDQ_005787

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answers: NDQ_005790

answers: rotational axis

text: Universal Time is a time scale based on the Earth's rotation, which is somewhat irregular over short periods (days up to a century), thus any time based on it cannot have an accuracy better than 1 in 10. But the principal effect is over the long term: over many centuries tidal friction inexorably slows Earth's rate of rotation by about  ms/cy, or  ms/day/cy.  During one day, this results in a very small fractional change of .  However, there are other forces changing the rotation rate of the Earth.  The most important one is believed to be a result of the melting of continental ice sheets at the end of the last glacial period.  This removed their tremendous weight, allowing the land under them to begin to rebound upward in the polar regions, which has been continuing and will continue until isostatic equilibrium is reached.  This "post-glacial rebound" brings mass closer to the rotation axis of the Earth, which makes the Earth spin faster, according to the law of conservation of angular momentum,: the rate derived from models is about −0.6 ms/day/cy. So the net acceleration (actually a deceleration) of the rotation of the Earth, or the change in the length of the mean solar day (LOD), is +1.7 ms/day/cy.  This is indeed the average rate as observed over the past 27 centuries.

text: Universal Time is a time scale based on the

text: Earth's rotation

text: , which is somewhat irregular over short periods (days up to a century), thus any time based on it cannot have an accuracy better than 1 in 10. But the principal effect is over the long term: over many centuries

text: tidal friction

text: inexorably slows Earth's rate of rotation by about  ms/cy, or  ms/day/cy.  During one day, this results in a very small fractional change of .  However, there are other forces changing the rotation rate of the Earth.  The most important one is believed to be a result of the melting of continental ice sheets at the end of the

text: last glacial period

text: .  This removed their tremendous weight, allowing the land under them to begin to rebound upward in the polar regions, which has been continuing and will continue until isostatic equilibrium is reached.  This "

text: post-glacial rebound

text: " brings mass closer to the rotation axis of the Earth, which makes the Earth spin faster, according to the law of

text: conservation of angular momentum

text: ,: the rate derived from models is about −0.6 ms/day/cy. So the net acceleration (actually a deceleration) of the rotation of the Earth, or the change in the length of the mean solar day (LOD), is +1.7 ms/day/cy.  This is indeed the average rate as observed over the past 27 centuries.

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answers: tidal friction

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answers: Earth's rotation

answers: NDQ_005785

answers: During one day, this results in a very small fractional change of

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: The principal effect is over the long term

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: Universal Time

answers: NDQ_005788

answers: ms/cy

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answers: NDQ_005790

answers: Universal Time

text: Earthships rely on a balance between the solar heat gain and the ability of the tire walls and subsoil to transport and store heat. They are designed to use the properties of thermal mass and with the intent that the exterior earth-rammed tire walls provide thermal mass that will soak up heat during the day and radiate heat during the night, keeping the interior climate relatively comfortable all day. In addition to the exterior tire walls, some Earthships are sunk into the earth to take advantage of earth-sheltering to reduce temperature fluctuations.

text: Earthships rely on a balance between the solar heat gain and the ability of the tire walls and subsoil to transport and store heat. They are designed to use the properties of thermal mass and with the intent that the exterior earth-rammed tire walls provide

text: thermal mass

text: that will soak up heat during the day and radiate heat during the night, keeping the interior climate relatively comfortable all day. In addition to the exterior tire walls, some Earthships are sunk into the earth to take advantage of

text: earth-sheltering

text: to reduce temperature fluctuations.

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answers: day

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answers: Earthships

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answers: Temperature fluctuations

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answers: Some Earthships are sunk into the earth to take advantage of earth-sheltering to reduce temperature fluctuations

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: Earthships

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answers: Earthships

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answers: Earths rotation

text: This mechanism has been working for 4.5 billion years, since oceans first formed on Earth. There is geological and paleontological evidence that Earth rotated faster and that the Moon was closer to Earth in the remote past. Tidal rhythmites are alternating layers of sand and silt laid down offshore from estuaries having great tidal flows.  Daily, monthly and seasonal cycles can be found in the deposits. This geological record is consistent with these conditions 620 million years ago: the day was 21.9±0.4 hours, and there were 13.1±0.1 synodic months/year and 400±7 solar days/year.  The average recession rate of the Moon between then and now has been 2.17±0.31 cm/year, which is about half the present rate.

text: This mechanism has been working for 4.5 billion years, since oceans first formed on Earth. There is geological and paleontological evidence that Earth rotated faster and that the Moon was closer to Earth in the remote past.

text: Tidal rhythmites

text: are alternating layers of sand and silt laid down offshore from

text: estuaries

text: having great tidal flows.  Daily, monthly and seasonal cycles can be found in the deposits. This geological record is consistent with these conditions 620 million years ago: the day was 21.9±0.4 hours, and there were 13.1±0.1 synodic months/year and 400±7 solar days/year.  The average recession rate of the Moon between then and now has been 2.17±0.31 cm/year, which is about half the present rate.

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answers: Earth rotated faster and that the Moon was closer to Earth in the remote past

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answers: Daily, monthly and seasonal cycles

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answers: Earth rotates

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answers: Earth rotates faster

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answers: Earth rotated faster and that the Moon was closer to Earth in the remote past

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answers: Tidal rhythmites

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answers: 4.5 billion years

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answers: the Moon

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answers: Earth rotates

text: The Clock Tower destroyed in 1945 was restored to the roof of the main building on the 13th of May 2012. The tower is 18m high, weighs 15 tons and is crowned with a gilded image of the Allegory of Science. The main building encloses inner courtyards covered by glass domes designed by W. Czabański and Z. Wilk and installed in 2004. In 2012 the South Courtyard was officially renamed in honour of Johannes Hevelius. The Foucault pendulum is designed to show the rotation of the Earth on its axis.  It is named after the French physicist who first performed a similar experiment at the Paris Pantheon in 1851. The machine that made its appearance in 2005 in the South Courtyard of Gdansk University of Technology is a 64 kg metal disc suspended on a 26m arm. The movement of the pendulum is easy to follow because of a laser beam. An electromagnet fixed at the point of suspension powers the movement of the pendulum that would have otherwise stopped. Reliefs in the window niches above the Foucault pendulum show Johannes Hevelius, a design of a reflective sundial (on the left) and a rotating map of the sky with a sextant. These stainless steel reliefs have been made by Robert Kaja. A relief of a well-known Gdańsk resident D.G. Fahrenheit was unveiled in the North Courtyard in October 2013. Fahrenheit was a physicist, engineer, inventor and the creator of a mercury thermometer temperature scale. There are two portraits of the great physicist. The first can be found in a window niche. The other is covered with a thick glass pane. Its upper section looks like a network of blood vessels, while the blue-tinted section at the bottom shows crystal-like structures that can often be seen on glass when temperature is lower than 0oC or 32oF. In the middle there is an image of a Fahrenheit thermometer.

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answers: Rotating map of the sky

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text: Video Columnist, Robert J. Hawkins, penned a story about Full Cycle in The San Diego Union-Tribune Sunday supplement called Night & Day, saying

text: Video Columnist, Robert J. Hawkins, penned a story about Full Cycle in

text: The San Diego Union-Tribune

text: Sunday supplement called Night & Day, saying

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answers: Night & Day

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answers: The equator rotates extremely fast.

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answers: San Diego Union-Tribune

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answers: Full Cycle

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answers: Earth's rotational speed is about

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answers: Full Cycle

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answers: Earth rotates on its axis.

text: The effect of long-period tides on lunar orbit is a controversial topic, some literatures conclude the long-period tides accelerate the moon and slow down the earth. However Cheng  found that dissipation of the long-period tides brakes the moon and actually accelerates the earth's rotation. To explain this, they assumed the earth's rotation depends not directly on the derivation of the forcing potential for the long period tides, so the form and period of the long-period constituents is independent of the rotation rate. For these constituents, the moon (or sun) can be thought of as orbiting a non-rotating earth in a plane with the appropriate inclination to the equator. Then the tidal "bulge" lags behind the orbiting moon thus decelerating it in its orbit (bringing it closer to the earth), and by angular momentum conservation, the earth's rotation must accelerate. But this argument is qualitative, and a quantitative resolution of the conflicting conclusions is still needed.

text: The effect of long-period tides on lunar orbit is a controversial topic, some literatures conclude the long-period tides accelerate the moon and slow down the earth. However Cheng  found that dissipation of the long-period tides brakes the moon and actually accelerates the earth's rotation. To explain this, they assumed the earth's rotation depends not directly on the derivation of the forcing potential for the long period tides, so the form and period of the long-period constituents is independent of the rotation rate. For these constituents, the moon (or sun) can be thought of as orbiting a non-rotating earth in a plane with the appropriate inclination to the equator. Then the tidal "bulge" lags behind the orbiting moon thus decelerating it in its orbit (bringing it closer to the earth), and by angular momentum conservation, the earth's rotation must accelerate. But this argument is qualitative, and a quantitative resolution of the conflicting conclusions is still needed.

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answers: Earth's rotation

answers: NDQ_005784

answers: Earth's rotation

answers: NDQ_005785

answers: Tides accelerate the moon and slow down the earth

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: the form and period of the long-period constituents is independent of the rotation rate

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: long-period tides

answers: NDQ_005788

answers: depends not directly on the derivation of the forcing potential

answers: NDQ_005789

answers: the moon

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: angular momentum conservation

text: Improved multi-course crop-rotations began slowly to be introduced on mir arable in the late 19th century.  The early experiments were mainly on the non-Black-earth lands, especially the Central-Industrial, West and North-West regions.  Flax was the first `new' crop to be introduced into the rotation.  But within the three-course system flax exhausted the soil's fertility; peasants learned to replenish it by planting clover.  Multi-course systems with sown fodder grasses and clover (travopolye (Травополье), travoseyanie) allowed more cattle and other livestock to be kept, who in turn provided more manure to increase soil fertility.  This `fodder-crop revolution' had earlier been central to the 18th-century agricultural revolution in Western Europe.  By 1924 multi-crop rotations covered 7.2% of the sown area of the Russian Federation.  But these improvements were largely confined to the Central-Industrial, Western and North-Western regions.  Moscow province was at the forefront; there the three-field system was almost eliminated by the end of 1926.  But, up to the mid-1920s, such progress was largely confined to the Central-Industrial, Western and North-Western regions.  The grain-surplus areas had as yet seen little progress.  In 1924 multi-course systems covered just 3% of arable in the Central Black-Earth region, and the situation was even worse elsewhere.  But thereafter rapid progress was made in the grain-surplus areas.  It also continued in the grain-deficit areas.  By 1927 multi-course rotations covered 17.3% of the sown area in the Russian Federation as a whole.  And `[b]y 1928 grass had almost everywhere replaced fallow, the most important exception being the Central Black-Earth region'.

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answers: NDQ_005783

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005784

answers: Black-earth

answers: NDQ_005785

answers: by 1928 grass had almost everywhere replaced fallow

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: In 1924 multi-course systems covered just 3% of arable in the Central Black-Earth region, and the situation was even worse elsewhere

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: Fodder-crop revolution

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answers: Black-earth

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answers: Black-earth

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: Earths rotation

text: When the 19-year intercalary cycle was finalised in the 4th century, the earliest Passover (in year 16 of the cycle) coincided with the northward equinox, which means that Passover fell near the first full moon after the northward equinox, or that the northward equinox landed within one lunation before 16 days after the molad of Nisan. This is still the case in about 80% of years; but, in about 20% of years, Passover is a month late by these criteria (as it was in AM 5765 and 5768, the 8th and 11th years of the 19-year cycle = Gregorian 2005 and 2008 CE). Presently, this occurs after the "premature" insertion of a leap month in years 8, 11, and 19 of each 19-year cycle, which causes the northward equinox to land on exceptionally early Hebrew dates in such years. This problem will get worse over time, and so beginning in AM 5817 (2057 CE), year 3 of each 19-year cycle will also be a month late. If the calendar is not amended, then Passover will start to land on or after the summer solstice around AM 16652 (12892 CE). (The exact year when this will begin to occur depends on uncertainties in the future tidal slowing of the Earth rotation rate, and on the accuracy of predictions of precession and Earth axial tilt.)

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answers: Earth axial tilt

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answers: NDQ_005783

answers: Earth rotation

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answers: Earth rotation

answers: NDQ_005785

answers: Earth rotation rate

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answers: Earth rotation rate

answers: NDQ_005789

answers: full moon

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: Earth axial tilt

text: The surface velocity vectors underneath the swing of the pendulum can be separated into three components (x, y, and z) for the 3-dimensional system in order to evaluate the vectors on opposite sides of the pendulum. The evaluation is to identify whether the vectors on each side of the pendulum swing are 1) balanced in the same direction, 2) acting in the same plane, or 3) unbalanced or in opposing directions. If the vector components on opposite sides of the pendulum swing are balanced in the same direction or act in the same plane of the pendulum then the rotation of the Earth will not be observable in relation to the swing of the pendulum. If the plane of the pendulum swing establishes the x-y plane then the z-component determines when the Earth's rotation will be observable and only if the z-component is not balanced in the same direction on each side. The magnitude of the opposing component is proportional to how long it takes for one full turn of the Earth to be observed in relation to the plane of the pendulum. The length of time is a minimum of one day at the poles, increases from the pole to the equator, and is not visible at the equator (infinitely long).

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answers: The magnitude of the opposing component is proportional to how long it takes for one full turn of the Earth to be observed in relation to the plane of the pendulum

answers: NDQ_005782

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_005783

answers: day

answers: NDQ_005784

answers: Earth's rotation will not be observable

answers: NDQ_005785

answers: The length of time is a minimum of one day at the poles

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: The magnitude of the opposing component is proportional to how long it takes for one full turn of the Earth to be observed in relation to the plane of the pendulum

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: Earth's rotation

answers: NDQ_005788

answers: one day

answers: NDQ_005789

answers: pendulum

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: Earth's rotation

text: Because regions are bound to a specific orientation, a ninety degree rotation of a region would require both detailed reverse engineering of the structure and extensive coding. A general rotation is impractical when compared to rotating the original source boundary description and simply creating a new region. However, the API includes conversion routines to and from BitMaps. (Bitmaps may also be rotated using well known methods, but with various degrees of image degradation depending upon angle chosen, the storage and processor cycles available to the operation, and the complexity of the algorithm.)

text: Because regions are bound to a specific orientation, a ninety degree rotation of a region would require both detailed

text: reverse engineering

text: of the structure and extensive coding. A general rotation is impractical when compared to rotating the original source boundary description and simply creating a new region. However, the API includes conversion routines to and from BitMaps. (Bitmaps may also be rotated using well known methods, but with various degrees of image degradation depending upon angle chosen, the storage and processor cycles available to the operation, and the complexity of the algorithm.)

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answers: a ninety degree rotation

answers: NDQ_005782

answers: ninety degree

answers: NDQ_005783

answers: ninety degree

answers: NDQ_005784

answers: rotation

answers: NDQ_005785

answers: regions are bound to a specific orientation

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: angle chosen, the storage and processor cycles available to the operation, and the complexity of the algorithm

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: Bitmaps

answers: NDQ_005788

answers: 90 degrees

answers: NDQ_005789

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answers: ninety degree

text: Earth's rotation period relative to the Sun—its mean solar day—is 86,400 seconds of mean solar time (86,400.0025 SI seconds). Because Earth's solar day is now slightly longer than it was during the 19th century due to tidal deceleration, each day varies between 0 and 2 SI ms longer.

text: Earth's rotation period relative to the Sun—its mean solar day—is 86,400 seconds of mean solar time (86,400.0025

text: SI

text: seconds). Because Earth's solar day is now slightly longer than it was during the 19th century due to

text: tidal deceleration

text: , each day varies between 0 and 2 SI

text: ms

text: longer.

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answers: Earth's rotation period

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answers: Earth's rotation period relative to the Sun

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answers: Earth's rotation

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answers: 86,400.0025 SI seconds

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answers: Earth

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answers: Earth's rotation

text: The angle of Earth's axial tilt is relatively stable over long periods of time. Its axial tilt does undergo nutation; a slight, irregular motion with a main period of 18.6 years. The orientation (rather than the angle) of Earth's axis also changes over time, precessing around in a complete circle over each 25,800 year cycle; this precession is the reason for the difference between a sidereal year and a tropical year. Both of these motions are caused by the varying attraction of the Sun and the Moon on Earth's equatorial bulge. The poles also migrate a few meters across Earth's surface. This polar motion has multiple, cyclical components, which collectively are termed quasiperiodic motion. In addition to an annual component to this motion, there is a 14-month cycle called the Chandler wobble. Earth's rotational velocity also varies in a phenomenon known as length-of-day variation.

text: The angle of Earth's axial tilt is relatively stable over long periods of time. Its axial tilt does undergo

text: nutation

text: ; a slight, irregular motion with a main period of 18.6 years. The orientation (rather than the angle) of Earth's axis also changes over time,

text: precessing

text: around in a complete circle over each 25,800 year cycle; this precession is the reason for the difference between a sidereal year and a

text: tropical year

text: . Both of these motions are caused by the varying attraction of the Sun and the Moon on Earth's equatorial bulge. The poles also migrate a few meters across Earth's surface. This

text: polar motion

text: has multiple, cyclical components, which collectively are termed

text: quasiperiodic motion

text: . In addition to an annual component to this motion, there is a 14-month cycle called the

text: Chandler wobble

text: . Earth's rotational velocity also varies in a phenomenon known as length-of-day variation.

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answers: Chandler wobble

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answers: annual

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answers: The poles also migrate a few meters across Earth's surface

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answers: The poles also migrate a few meters across Earth's surface

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answers: sidereal year and a tropical year

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answers: length of day variation

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answers: the Moon

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answers: Earth's rotational velocity

text: Rare Earth's assertion that the Moon's stabilization of Earth's obliquity and spin is a requirement for complex life has been questioned. Kasting argues that a moonless Earth would still possess habitats with climates suitable for complex life and questions whether the spin rate of a moonless Earth can be predicted. Although the giant impact theory posits that the impact forming the Moon increased Earth's rotational speed to make a day about 5 hours long, the Moon has slowly "stolen" much of this speed to reduce Earth's solar day since then to about 24 hours and continues to do so: in 100 million years Earth's solar day will be roughly 24 hours 38 minutes (the same as Mars's solar day); in 1 billion years, 30 hours 23 minutes. Larger secondary bodies would exert proportionally larger tidal forces that would in turn decelerate their primaries faster and potentially increase the solar day of a planet in all other respects like earth to over 120 hours within a few billion years. This long solar day would make effective heat dissipation for organisms in the tropics and subtropics extremely difficult in a similar manner to tidal locking to a red dwarf star. Short days (high rotation speed) causes high wind speeds at ground level. Long days (slow rotation speed) cause the day and night temperatures to be too extreme.

text: Rare Earth's assertion that the Moon's stabilization of Earth's obliquity and spin is a requirement for complex life has been questioned. Kasting argues that a moonless Earth would still possess habitats with climates suitable for complex life and questions whether the spin rate of a moonless Earth can be predicted. Although the

text: giant impact theory

text: posits that the impact forming the Moon increased Earth's rotational speed to make a day about 5 hours long, the Moon has slowly "

text: stolen

text: " much of this speed to reduce Earth's solar day since then to about 24 hours and continues to do so: in 100 million years Earth's solar day will be roughly 24 hours 38 minutes (the same as Mars's solar day); in 1 billion years, 30 hours 23 minutes. Larger secondary bodies would exert proportionally larger tidal forces that would in turn decelerate their primaries faster and potentially increase the solar day of a planet in all other respects like earth to over 120 hours within a few billion years. This long solar day would make effective heat dissipation for organisms in the tropics and subtropics extremely difficult in a similar manner to tidal locking to a red dwarf star. Short days (high rotation speed) causes high wind speeds at ground level. Long days (slow rotation speed) cause the day and night temperatures to be too extreme.

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answers: day

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answers: Earth's

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answers: Long days (slow rotation speed) cause the day and night temperatures to be too extreme

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answers: This long solar day would make effective heat dissipation for organisms in the tropics and subtropics extremely difficult

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answers: the Moon

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answers: 5 hours long

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answers: the Moon

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answers: obliquity

text: Richard Christopher Carrington determined the solar rotation rate from low latitude sunspots in the 1850s and arrived at 25.38 days for the sidereal rotation period. Sidereal rotation is measured relative to the stars, but because the Earth is orbiting the Sun, we see this period as 27.2753 days.

text: Richard Christopher Carrington

text: determined the solar rotation rate from low latitude sunspots in the 1850s and arrived at 25.38 days for the sidereal rotation period. Sidereal rotation is measured relative to the stars, but because the Earth is orbiting the Sun, we see this period as 27.2753 days.

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answers: Richard Christopher Carrington

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answers: 27.2753

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answers: latitude

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answers: 27.2753 days

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answers: the Earth

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answers: Earth is orbiting the Sun

text: Agliè's group are, or have deluded themselves to be, the Tres society in the Plan. Angry that Belbo knows more about The Plan than they do, they try to force him to reveal the secrets he knows, even going so far as to try to coerce him using Lorenza. Refusing to satisfy them or reveal that the Plan was a nonsensical concoction, his refusal incites a riot during which Lorenza is stabbed and Belbo is hanged by wire connected to Foucault's Pendulum. (The act of his hanging actually changes the arc of the pendulum, causing it to oscillate from his neck instead of the fixed point above him)

text: Agliè's group are, or have deluded themselves to be, the Tres society in the Plan. Angry that Belbo knows more about The Plan than they do, they try to force him to reveal the secrets he knows, even going so far as to try to coerce him using Lorenza. Refusing to satisfy them or reveal that the Plan was a nonsensical concoction, his refusal incites a riot during which Lorenza is stabbed and Belbo is hanged by wire connected to Foucault's Pendulum. (The act of his hanging actually changes the arc of the pendulum, causing it to oscillate from his neck instead of the fixed point above him)

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text: The Moon is in synchronous rotation with Earth, always showing the same face, with its near side marked by dark volcanic maria that fill the spaces between the bright ancient crustal highlands and the prominent impact craters. It is the second-brightest regularly visible celestial object in Earth's sky, after the Sun, as measured by illuminance on Earth's surface. Its surface is actually dark, although compared to the night sky it appears very bright, with a reflectance just slightly higher than that of worn asphalt. Its prominence in the sky and its regular cycle of phases have made the Moon an important cultural influence since ancient times on language, calendars, art, mythology, and, it is often speculated, the menstrual cycles of the female of the human species.

text: The Moon is in

text: synchronous rotation

text: with Earth, always showing the same face, with its

text: near side

text: marked by dark volcanic

text: maria

text: that fill the spaces between the bright ancient crustal highlands and the prominent

text: impact crater

text: s. It is the second-brightest regularly visible

text: celestial object

text: in Earth's sky, after the Sun, as measured by

text: illuminance

text: on Earth's surface. Its surface is actually dark, although compared to the night sky it appears very bright, with a

text: reflectance

text: just slightly higher than that of worn

text: asphalt

text: . Its prominence in the sky and its regular cycle of

text: phases

text: have made the Moon an important cultural influence since ancient times on

text: language

text: calendar

text: s,

text: art

text: mythology

text: , and, it is often speculated, the menstrual cycles of the female of the human species.

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text: .  However, velocity at the surface is equal to the product of radius and rotational velocity, and therefore the force is directly proportional to radius.  Viewing the globe as a series of rotating discs, the radius R toward the poles gets very small and thus a smaller force is produced for the same rotational velocity (approaching zero at the pole). Moving towards the equator, v^2 increases much faster than R, thus producing the greatest force at the equator.  In addition, because the Earth’s dense core is included in the cross sectional disc at the equator, it contributes more to the mass of the disc.  Similarly, there is a bulge in the water envelope of the oceans surrounding Earth;  this bulge is created by the greater centrifugal force at the equator and is independent of tides. Sea level at the equator is 21.36 km higher than sea level at the poles, in terms of distance from the center of the planet.

text: .  However, velocity at the surface is equal to the product of radius and rotational velocity, and therefore the force is directly proportional to radius.  Viewing the globe as a series of rotating discs, the radius R toward the poles gets very small and thus a smaller force is produced for the same rotational velocity (approaching zero at the pole). Moving towards the equator, v^2 increases much faster than R, thus producing the greatest force at the equator.  In addition, because the Earth’s dense core is included in the cross sectional disc at the equator, it contributes more to the mass of the disc.  Similarly, there is a bulge in the water envelope of the oceans surrounding Earth;  this bulge is created by the greater centrifugal force at the equator and is independent of tides. Sea level at the equator is 21.36 km higher than sea level at the poles, in terms of distance from the center of the planet.

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text: Seiken Densetsu 3 also employs a calendar function into its gameplay. A week cycles much more quickly than an actual one, with a day passing in a matter of minutes. Each day of the week is represented by a different elemental spirit. On that spirit's day, magic of that element will be slightly stronger. An in-game day is also divided into day and night. Certain events only happen during certain times of day, such as a nighttime-only black market selling particularly rare items. Enemies encountered in the field also change during certain time periods, and some may be sleeping if the characters approach them at night. In addition, the character Kevin transforms into a werewolf when he fights at night, greatly increasing his attack power. Using an inn's services allows the player to "skip" the game's clock to that day's evening, or the following morning.

text: Seiken Densetsu 3 also employs a calendar function into its gameplay. A week cycles much more quickly than an actual one, with a day passing in a matter of minutes. Each day of the week is represented by a different

text: elemental spirit

text: . On that spirit's day, magic of that element will be slightly stronger. An in-game day is also divided into day and night. Certain events only happen during certain times of day, such as a nighttime-only black market selling particularly rare items. Enemies encountered in the field also change during certain time periods, and some may be sleeping if the characters approach them at night. In addition, the character Kevin transforms into a werewolf when he fights at night, greatly increasing his attack power. Using an inn's services allows the player to "skip" the game's clock to that day's evening, or the following morning.

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answers: day

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answers: In-game day is also divided into day and night

answers: NDQ_005785

answers: week cycles much more quickly than an actual one

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answers: Earths rotation

text: Jens then continues his way  through another hall where a Foucault pendulum is swinging from the ceiling. He walks past an open door where he watches a couple fight with soft foam bars and proceeds through the door of the rock self-help class. Only as he enters the room the song begins to play. All the other participants are already there, and Horst (played by Rodrigo González) looks at his wrist watch, shaking his head, while the very handsome teacher smiles at Jens. The teacher starts the classes, playing music from an LP. The group comments this with shocked looks and one man (played by Bela B.) breaks down on the floor, with a fit of coughing. The teacher begs Jens to help him, starting an apparent romance between Jens and the teacher.

text: Jens then continues his way  through another hall where a

text: Foucault pendulum

text: is swinging from the ceiling. He walks past an open door where he watches a couple fight with soft foam bars and proceeds through the door of the rock self-help class. Only as he enters the room the song begins to play. All the other participants are already there, and Horst (played by

text: Rodrigo González

text: ) looks at his wrist watch, shaking his head, while the very handsome teacher smiles at Jens. The teacher starts the classes, playing music from an LP. The group comments this with shocked looks and one man (played by

text: Bela B.

text: ) breaks down on the floor, with a fit of coughing. The teacher begs Jens to help him, starting an apparent romance between Jens and the teacher.

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text: is the angular speed of the Earth's rotation, and

text: is the angular speed of the Earth's rotation, and

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answers: the direction that the stars appear to move across the sky

text: Foucault's Pendulum (original title: Il pendolo di Foucault ) is a novel by Italian writer and philosopher Umberto Eco. It was first published in 1988, and an English translation by William Weaver appeared a year later.

text: Foucault's Pendulum (original title: Il pendolo di Foucault ) is a novel by

text: Italian

text: writer and philosopher

text: Umberto Eco

text: . It was first published in 1988, and an English translation by

text: William Weaver

text: appeared a year later.

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text: A day is a unit of time. In common usage, it is either an interval equal to 24 hours or daytime, the consecutive period of time during which the Sun is above the horizon.  The period of time during which the Earth completes one rotation with respect to the Sun is called a solar day. Several definitions of this universal human concept are used according to context, need and convenience. In 1960, the second was redefined in terms of the orbital motion of the Earth, and was designated the SI base unit of time. The unit of measurement "day", redefined in 1960 as 86 400 SI seconds and symbolized d, is not an SI unit, but is accepted for use with SI. A civil day is usually 86 400 seconds, plus or minus a possible leap second in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), and occasionally plus or minus an hour in those locations that change from or to daylight saving time.  The word day may also refer to a day of the week or to a calendar date, as in answer to the question "On which day?" The life patterns of humans and many other species are related to Earth's solar day and the day-night cycle (see circadian rhythms).

text: A day is a unit of

text: time

text: . In common usage, it is either an interval equal to 24

text: hour

text: s or

text: daytime

text: , the consecutive period of time during which the Sun is above the horizon.  The period of time during which the Earth completes one rotation with respect to the Sun is called a

text: solar day

text: . Several definitions of this universal human concept are used according to context, need and convenience. In 1960, the

text: second

text: was redefined in terms of the orbital motion of the Earth, and was designated the

text: SI base unit

text: of

text: time

text: . The

text: unit of measurement

text: "day", redefined in 1960 as 86 400 SI seconds and symbolized d, is not an

text: SI

text: unit, but is accepted for use with SI. A civil day is usually 86 400 seconds, plus or minus a possible

text: leap second

text: in

text: Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)

text: , and occasionally plus or minus an hour in those locations that change from or to

text: daylight saving time

text: .  The word day may also refer to a day of the

text: week

text: or to a

text: calendar date

text: , as in answer to the question "On which day?" The life patterns of humans and many other species are related to Earth's solar day and the day-night cycle (see

text: circadian rhythm

text: s).

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answers: day of the week or to a calendar date

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: A solar day

answers: NDQ_005788

answers: 86 400 seconds

answers: NDQ_005789

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: Earth's solar day

text: The rotation axis of the Earth describes, over a period of 25,700 years, a small circle (blue) among the stars, centered on the ecliptic north pole (the blue E) and with an angular radius of about 23.4°, an angle known as the obliquity of the ecliptic.  The direction of precession is opposite to the daily rotation of the Earth on its axis.   The orange axis was the Earth's rotation axis 5,000 years ago, when it pointed to the star Thuban. The yellow axis, pointing to Polaris, marks the axis now.

text: The rotation axis of the Earth describes, over a period of 25,700 years, a small circle (blue) among the stars, centered on the

text: ecliptic

text: north pole (the blue E) and with an angular radius of about 23.4°, an angle known as the

text: obliquity of the ecliptic

text: .  The direction of precession is opposite to the daily rotation of the Earth on its axis.   The orange axis was the Earth's rotation axis 5,000 years ago, when it pointed to the star Thuban. The yellow axis, pointing to Polaris, marks the axis now.

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answers: NDQ_005785

answers: The direction of precession is opposite to the daily rotation

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: The direction of precession is opposite to the daily rotation of the Earth on its axis

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answers: The direction of precession

answers: NDQ_005788

answers: daily

answers: NDQ_005789

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: direction of precession

text: The following are some of the secret and not-so-secret groups that appear in Foucault's Pendulum:

text: The following are some of the secret and not-so-secret

text: groups

text: that appear in Foucault's Pendulum:

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answers: NDQ_005782

answers: Pendulum

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answers: Earth rotates on its axis

answers: NDQ_005784

answers: Pendulum

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answers: Pendulum

answers: NDQ_005786

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answers: NDQ_005787

answers: not-so-secret groups

answers: NDQ_005788

answers: Earth rotational speed is about

answers: NDQ_005789

answers: groups

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: Pendulum

text: The Serenade for Tenor, Horn and Strings (1943) sets verses by a variety of poets, all on the theme of night-time. Though Britten described the cycle as "not important stuff, but quite pleasant, I think", it was immediately greeted as a masterpiece, and together with Peter Grimes it established him as one of the leading composers of his day. Mason calls it "a beautifully unified work on utterly dissimilar poems, held together by the most superficial but most effective, and therefore most suitable symphonic method. Some of the music is pure word-painting, some of it mood-painting, of the subtlest kind." Two years later, after witnessing the horrors of Belsen, Britten composed The Holy Sonnets of John Donne, a work whose bleakness was not matched until his final tenor and piano cycle a quarter of a century later. Britten's technique in this cycle ranges from atonality in the first song to firm tonality later, with a resolute B major chord at the climax of "Death, be not proud".

text: The

text: Serenade for Tenor, Horn and Strings

text: (1943) sets verses by a variety of poets, all on the theme of night-time. Though Britten described the cycle as "not important stuff, but quite pleasant, I think", it was immediately greeted as a masterpiece, and together with Peter Grimes it established him as one of the leading composers of his day. Mason calls it "a beautifully unified work on utterly dissimilar poems, held together by the most superficial but most effective, and therefore most suitable symphonic method. Some of the music is pure

text: word-painting

text: , some of it mood-painting, of the subtlest kind." Two years later, after witnessing the horrors of Belsen, Britten composed

text: The Holy Sonnets of John Donne

text: , a work whose bleakness was not matched until his final tenor and piano cycle a quarter of a century later. Britten's technique in this cycle ranges from atonality in the first song to firm tonality later, with a resolute B major chord at the climax of "Death, be not proud".

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answers: Earth rotational speed is about

answers: NDQ_005789

answers: night-time

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: Earths rotation

text: York employs a unique seven-day rotating schedule of A through G days that allows students to take a maximum of seven classes. There are only six periods each day though, as each class only meets six times during the seven-day rotation. Additionally, the order of the classes rotates such that no class meets at the same time of the day during a given cycle.

text: York employs a unique seven-day rotating schedule of A through G days that allows students to take a maximum of seven classes. There are only six periods each day though, as each class only meets six times during the seven-day rotation. Additionally, the order of the classes rotates such that no class meets at the same time of the day during a given cycle.

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answers: rotation

answers: NDQ_005785

answers: rotation

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answers: no class meets at the same time of the day

answers: NDQ_005788

answers: seven-day rotating

answers: NDQ_005789

answers: students

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: Earths rotation

text: In the second half of the 20th century, Postmodern authors subverted serious debate with playfulness, claiming that art could never be original, that it always plays with existing materials. The idea that language is self-referential was already an  accepted truth in the world of pulp fiction. A postmodernist re-reads popular literature as an essential cultural production. Novels from Thomas Pynchon's The Crying of Lot 49 (1966), to Umberto Eco's The Name of the Rose (1980) and Foucault's Pendulum (1989) made use of intertextual references

text: In the second half of the 20th century,

text: Postmodern

text: authors subverted serious debate with playfulness, claiming that art could never be original, that it always plays with existing materials. The idea that language is self-referential was already an  accepted truth in the world of

text: pulp fiction

text: . A postmodernist re-reads popular literature as an essential cultural production. Novels from

text: Thomas Pynchon

text: 's

text: The Crying of Lot 49

text: (1966), to

text: Umberto Eco

text: 's

text: The Name of the Rose

text: (1980) and

text: Foucault's Pendulum

text: (1989) made use of

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text: RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 includes new gameplay features such as the CoasterCam, which allows players to "ride" roller coasters and other rides, and the MixMaster, which allows the player to coordinate firework shows and time them to in-game music. Unlike the two previous versions of the game, RollerCoaster Tycoon and RollerCoaster Tycoon 2, the guests, called "peeps", arrive in groups and show variation in gender and age, including children, teenagers and adults. A day/night cycle changes the demographics of the park's peeps; rides at night appeal to teenagers, while the daytime attracts families with children. Peeps can be harmed and injured by crashing vehicles, but will never die as they did in the previous titles, and if placed in water they will swim out. When cars derail from the tracks, they explode after a short period, whereas in the older games, they exploded on contact. Furthermore, a new feature was added in which, after a cheat code was entered, people could utilize the Peep Cam from which they could see the park through a peeps' eyes.  Parks now have opening and closing times, and the time of day is displayed. Scenery is divided into themes to customize parks, with western-, spooky-, science fiction-, prehistoric-, tropic (Paradise Island)- atlantis- and adventure-themed pieces. Another feature is the ability to import coasters from previous games in the series into RCT3.The game uses full 3D graphics instead of the isometric viewpoint of the previous games; this means that players can rotate and zoom the view of the park to any degree. However, there is an option to fix the camera's rotation to a preset angle, as in the previous games. 3D land shaping is also available for creating mountains and hills inside the park, as well as the ability to change portions of the land into water.

text: RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 includes new gameplay features such as the CoasterCam, which allows players to "ride" roller coasters and other rides, and the MixMaster, which allows the player to coordinate

text: firework

text: shows and time them to in-game music. Unlike the two previous versions of the game,

text: RollerCoaster Tycoon

text: and

text: RollerCoaster Tycoon 2

text: , the guests, called "peeps", arrive in groups and show variation in gender and age, including children, teenagers and adults. A day/night cycle changes the demographics of the park's peeps; rides at night appeal to teenagers, while the daytime attracts families with children. Peeps can be harmed and injured by crashing vehicles, but will never die as they did in the previous titles, and if placed in water they will swim out. When cars

text: derail

text: from the tracks, they explode after a short period, whereas in the older games, they exploded on contact. Furthermore, a new feature was added in which, after a cheat code was entered, people could utilize the Peep Cam from which they could see the park through a peeps' eyes.  Parks now have opening and closing times, and the time of day is displayed. Scenery is divided into themes to customize parks, with western-, spooky-, science fiction-, prehistoric-, tropic (Paradise Island)- atlantis- and adventure-themed pieces. Another feature is the ability to import coasters from previous games in the series into RCT3.The game uses full

text: 3D graphics

text: instead of the

text: isometric

text: viewpoint of the previous games; this means that players can rotate and zoom the view of the park to any degree. However, there is an option to fix the camera's rotation to a preset angle, as in the previous games. 3D land shaping is also available for creating mountains and hills inside the park, as well as the ability to change portions of the land into water.

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text: For a planet, angular momentum is distributed between the spin of the planet and its revolution in its orbit, and these are often exchanged by various mechanisms. The conservation of angular momentum in the Earth–Moon system results in the transfer of angular momentum from Earth to Moon, due to tidal torque the Moon exerts on the Earth. This in turn results in the slowing down of the rotation rate of Earth, at about 65.7 nanoseconds per day, and in gradual increase of the radius of Moon's orbit, at about 3.82 centimeters per year.

text: For a planet, angular momentum is distributed between the spin of the planet and its revolution in its orbit, and these are often exchanged by various mechanisms. The conservation of angular momentum in the

text: Earth–Moon system

text: results in the transfer of angular momentum from Earth to Moon, due to

text: tidal torque

text: the Moon exerts on the Earth. This in turn results in the slowing down of the rotation rate of Earth, at about 65.7 nanoseconds per day, and in gradual increase of the radius of Moon's orbit, at about 3.82 centimeters per year.

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answers: This in turn results in the slowing down of the rotation rate

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text: The Earth's rate of rotation is slowing down mainly because of tidal interactions with the Moon and the Sun. Since the solid parts of the Earth are ductile, the Earth's equatorial bulge has been decreasing in step with the decrease in the rate of rotation.

text: The Earth's rate of rotation is slowing down mainly because of tidal interactions with the Moon and the Sun. Since the solid parts of the Earth are

text: ductile

text: , the Earth's equatorial bulge has been decreasing in step with the decrease in the rate of rotation.

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text: Timekeeping on Mars can be more complex, since the planet has a solar day of approximately 24 hours and 39 minutes, known as a sol. Earth controllers for some Mars missions have synchronized their sleep/wake cycles with the Martian day, because solar-powered rover activity on the surface was tied to periods of light and dark. The difference in day length caused the sleep/wake cycles to slowly drift with respect to the day/night cycles on Earth, repeating approximately once every 36 days.

text: Timekeeping on Mars

text: can be more complex, since the planet has a solar day of approximately 24 hours and 39 minutes, known as a

text: sol

text: . Earth controllers for some Mars missions have synchronized their sleep/wake cycles with the Martian day, because solar-powered rover activity on the surface was tied to periods of light and dark. The difference in day length caused the sleep/wake cycles to slowly drift with respect to the day/night cycles on Earth, repeating approximately once every 36 days.

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text: This equation resembles the simple nonlinear pendulum equation, because it can swing through the vertical axis, with an additional term to account for the rotation about the vertical axis (the constant  is related to the angular momentum ).

text: This equation resembles the simple nonlinear

text: pendulum equation

text: , because it can swing through the vertical axis, with an additional term to account for the rotation about the vertical axis (the constant  is related to the angular momentum ).

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text: While interviewing Umberto Eco in a 2008 issue of The Paris Review, Lila Azam Zanganeh characterized The Da Vinci Code as "a bizarre little offshoot" of Eco's novel, Foucault’s Pendulum. In response, Eco remarked, "Dan Brown is a character from Foucault's Pendulum! I invented him. He shares my characters’ fascinations—the world conspiracy of Rosicrucians, Masons, and Jesuits. The role of the Knights Templar. The hermetic secret. The principle that everything is connected. I suspect Dan Brown might not even exist."

text: While interviewing

text: Umberto Eco

text: in a 2008 issue of

text: The Paris Review

text: , Lila Azam Zanganeh characterized The Da Vinci Code as "a bizarre little offshoot" of Eco's novel,

text: Foucault’s Pendulum

text: . In response, Eco remarked, "Dan Brown is a character from Foucault's Pendulum! I invented him. He shares my characters’ fascinations—the world conspiracy of Rosicrucians, Masons, and Jesuits. The role of the Knights Templar. The hermetic secret. The principle that everything is connected. I suspect Dan Brown might not even exist."

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text: These alternating high and low sea level stands repeat at several time scales.  The smallest of these cycles is approximately 20,000 years, and corresponds to the rate of precession of the Earth's rotational axis (see Milankovitch cycles) and are commonly referred to as '5th order' cycles.  The next larger cycle ('4th order') is about 40,000 years and approximately matches the rate at which the Earth's inclination to the Sun varies (again explained by Milankovitch).  The next larger cycle ('3rd order') is about 110,000 years and corresponds to the rate at which the Earth's orbit oscillates from elliptical to circular.  Lower order cycles are recognized, which seem to result from plate tectonic events like the opening of new ocean basins by splitting continental masses.

text: These alternating high and low sea level stands repeat at several time scales.  The smallest of these cycles is approximately 20,000 years, and corresponds to the rate of precession of the

text: Earth

text: 's rotational axis (see

text: Milankovitch cycles

text: ) and are commonly referred to as '5th order' cycles.  The next larger cycle ('4th order') is about 40,000 years and approximately matches the rate at which the Earth's inclination to the

text: Sun

text: varies (again explained by Milankovitch).  The next larger cycle ('3rd order') is about 110,000 years and corresponds to the rate at which the Earth's orbit oscillates from elliptical to circular.  Lower order cycles are recognized, which seem to result from

text: plate tectonic

text: events like the opening of new ocean basins by splitting continental masses.

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text: Additionally, some large scale events, such as the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, have caused the rotation to speed up by around 3 microseconds by affecting the Earth's moment of inertia. Post-glacial rebound, ongoing since the last Ice age, is also changing the distribution of the Earth's mass thus affecting the moment of inertia of the Earth and, by the conservation of angular momentum, the Earth's rotation period.

text: Additionally, some large scale events, such as the

text: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake

text: , have caused the rotation to speed up by around 3 microseconds by affecting the Earth's moment of inertia.

text: Post-glacial rebound

text: , ongoing since the last

text: Ice age

text: , is also changing the distribution of the Earth's mass thus affecting the

text: moment of inertia

text: of the Earth and, by the

text: conservation of angular momentum

text: , the Earth's rotation period.

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text: In fiction it is mentioned in the novel The Lost Symbol by Dan Brown, "Foucault's Pendulum" by Umberto Eco, was the inspiration for the Unseen University in the works of Terry Pratchett, and was one of the main reference points for Grant Morrison's The Invisibles comic book series.

text: In fiction it is mentioned in the novel

text: The Lost Symbol

text: by Dan Brown, "

text: Foucault's Pendulum

text: " by Umberto Eco, was the inspiration for the

text: Unseen University

text: in the works of

text: Terry Pratchett

text: , and was one of the main reference points for

text: Grant Morrison

text: 's

text: The Invisibles

text: comic book series.

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text: According to special relativity, the rate of a clock is greatest according to an observer who is at rest with respect to the clock. In a frame of reference in which the clock is not at rest, the clock runs more slowly, as expressed by the Lorentz factor. This effect, called time dilation, has been confirmed in many tests of special relativity, such as the Ives–Stilwell experiment and time dilation of moving particles. Considering the Hafele–Keating experiment in a frame of reference at rest with respect to the center of the earth, a clock aboard the plane moving eastward, in the direction of the Earth's rotation, had a greater velocity (resulting in a relative time loss) than one that remained on the ground, while a clock aboard the plane moving westward, against the Earth's rotation, had a lower velocity than one on the ground.

text: According to

text: special relativity

text: , the rate of a clock is greatest according to an observer who is at rest with respect to the clock. In a frame of reference in which the clock is not at rest, the clock runs more slowly, as expressed by the

text: Lorentz factor

text: . This effect, called

text: time dilation

text: , has been confirmed in many

text: tests of special relativity

text: , such as the

text: Ives–Stilwell experiment

text: and

text: time dilation of moving particles

text: . Considering the Hafele–Keating experiment in a frame of reference at rest with respect to the center of the earth, a clock aboard the plane moving eastward, in the direction of the Earth's rotation, had a greater velocity (resulting in a relative time loss) than one that remained on the ground, while a clock aboard the plane moving westward, against the Earth's rotation, had a lower velocity than one on the ground.

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text: Historically, time standards were often based on the Earth's rotational period.  From the late 17th century to the 19th century it was assumed that the Earth's daily rotational rate was constant.  Astronomical observations of several kinds, including eclipse records, studied in the 19th century, raised suspicions that the rate at which Earth rotates is gradually slowing and also shows small-scale irregularities, and this was confirmed in the early twentieth century. Time standards based on Earth rotation were replaced (or initially supplemented) for astronomical use from 1952 onwards by an ephemeris time standard based on the Earth's orbital period and in practice on the motion of the Moon.  The invention in 1955 of the caesium atomic clock has led to the replacement of older and purely astronomical time standards, for most practical purposes, by newer time standards based wholly or partly on atomic time.

text: Historically, time standards were often based on the Earth's rotational period.  From the late 17th century to the 19th century it was assumed that the Earth's daily rotational rate was constant.  Astronomical observations of several kinds, including eclipse records, studied in the 19th century, raised suspicions that the rate at which Earth rotates is gradually slowing and also shows small-scale irregularities, and this was confirmed in the early twentieth century. Time standards based on Earth rotation were replaced (or initially supplemented) for astronomical use from 1952 onwards by an

text: ephemeris time

text: standard based on the Earth's orbital period and in practice on the motion of the Moon.  The invention in 1955 of the caesium

text: atomic clock

text: has led to the replacement of older and purely astronomical time standards, for most practical purposes, by newer time standards based wholly or partly on

text: atomic time

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text: Many of the usual units displayed on clocks, such as hours and calendar dates, may have little meaning after 10,000 years. However, every human culture counts days, months (in some form), and years, all of which are based on lunar and solar cycles. There are also longer natural cycles, such as the 25,765-year precession of Earth's axis. On the other hand, the clock is a product of our time, and it seems appropriate to pay some homage to our current arbitrary systems of time measurement. In the end, it seemed best to display both the natural cycles and some of the current cultural cycles.

text: Many of the usual units displayed on clocks, such as hours and

text: calendar

text: dates, may have little meaning after 10,000 years. However, every human culture counts days, months (in some form), and years, all of which are based on lunar and solar cycles. There are also longer natural cycles, such as the 25,765-year

text: precession of Earth's axis

text: . On the other hand, the clock is a product of our time, and it seems appropriate to pay some homage to our current arbitrary systems of time measurement. In the end, it seemed best to display both the natural cycles and some of the current cultural cycles.

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text: It has an activity cycle that is much more pronounced than the solar sunspot cycle. This is a complex activity cycle that varies with a period of about 7.5±1.7 years. (An earlier estimate gave a period of 7.3 years.) The combination of starspot activity combined with rotation and chromospheric activity is characteristic of a BY Draconis variable. Because of differential rotation, this star's surface rotation period varies by latitude from 27 to 45 days, with an average period of 35 days.

text: It has an

text: activity cycle

text: that is much more pronounced than the solar

text: sunspot

text: cycle. This is a complex activity cycle that varies with a period of about 7.5±1.7 years. (An earlier estimate gave a period of 7.3 years.) The combination of starspot activity combined with rotation and chromospheric activity is characteristic of a BY Draconis variable. Because of differential rotation, this star's surface rotation period varies by latitude from 27 to 45 days, with an average period of 35 days.

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text: Venus has been the subject of a number of terraforming proposals. The proposals seek to remove or convert the dense carbon dioxide atmosphere, reduce Venus's  surface temperature, and establish a day/night light cycle closer to that of Earth. On the other hand, research has demonstrated that the planet's 243-day rotation period is actually an advantage in preserving Earth-like conditions on Venus if the planet is successfully terraformed.

text: Venus has been the subject of a number of

text: terraforming

text: proposals. The proposals seek to remove or convert the dense carbon dioxide atmosphere, reduce Venus's  surface temperature, and establish a day/night light cycle closer to that of Earth. On the other hand, research has demonstrated that the planet's 243-day rotation period is actually an advantage in preserving Earth-like conditions on Venus if the planet is successfully terraformed.

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text: Contemporary responsa deal with both traditional questions and phenomena associated with modern social, religious, medical and technological developments. For example, Israeli astronaut Ilan Ramon noted that, while orbiting the earth, the space shuttle experiences a day/night cycle approximately every ninety minutes. Thus, Ramon asked whether he should keep the Sabbath according to Earth time, or mark it once every seven day/night cycles (ten and a half hours). And if according to Earth time, then what location on Earth should this be based upon? The rabbis concluded that he was to celebrate the Sabbath in accordance with Earth time, based on the place of his departure – Cape Canaveral.

text: Contemporary responsa deal with both traditional questions and phenomena associated with modern social, religious, medical and technological developments. For example, Israeli astronaut

text: Ilan Ramon

text: noted that, while orbiting the earth, the space shuttle experiences a day/night cycle approximately every ninety minutes. Thus, Ramon asked whether he should keep the Sabbath according to Earth time, or mark it once every seven day/night cycles (ten and a half hours). And if according to Earth time, then what location on Earth should this be based upon? The rabbis concluded that he was to celebrate the Sabbath in accordance with Earth time, based on the place of his departure – Cape Canaveral.

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text: The experiment was arranged so that if the two types of masses were different, the two forces will not act in exactly the same way on the two bodies, and over time the rod will rotate. As seen from the rotating "lab frame", the string tension plus the (much smaller) centrifugal force cancels the weight (as vectors), while as seen from any inertial frame the (vector) sum of the weight and the tension makes the object rotate along with the earth.

text: The experiment was arranged so that if the two types of masses were different, the two forces will not act in exactly the same way on the two bodies, and over time the rod will rotate. As seen from the rotating "lab frame", the string tension plus the (much smaller) centrifugal force cancels the weight (as vectors), while as seen from any inertial frame the (vector) sum of the weight and the tension makes the object rotate along with the earth.

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text: Astronomer Mike Brown notes that if this object's orbit were as described, it would only have lasted in the Solar System for a million years or so before Jupiter expelled it, and that there is no way another object's magnetic field could have such an effect on Earth. Lieder's assertions that the approach of Nibiru would cause the Earth's rotation to stop or its axis to shift violate the laws of physics. In his rebuttal of Immanuel Velikovsky's Worlds in Collision, which made the same claim that the Earth's rotation could be stopped and then restarted, Carl Sagan noted that, "the energy required to brake the Earth is not enough to melt it, although it would result in a noticeable increase in temperature: The oceans would [be] raised to the boiling point of water ... [Also,] how does the Earth get started up again, rotating at approximately the same rate of spin? The Earth cannot do it by itself, because of the law of the conservation of angular momentum."

text: Astronomer

text: Mike Brown

text: notes that if this object's orbit were as described, it would only have lasted in the Solar System for a million years or so before Jupiter expelled it, and that there is no way another object's magnetic field could have such an effect on Earth. Lieder's assertions that the approach of Nibiru would cause the Earth's rotation to stop or its axis to shift violate the laws of physics. In his rebuttal of

text: Immanuel Velikovsky

text: 's

text: Worlds in Collision

text: , which made the same claim that the Earth's rotation could be stopped and then restarted,

text: Carl Sagan

text: noted that, "the energy required to brake the Earth is not enough to melt it, although it would result in a noticeable increase in temperature: The oceans would [be] raised to the boiling point of water ... [Also,] how does the Earth get started up again, rotating at approximately the same rate of spin? The Earth cannot do it by itself, because of the law of the

text: conservation of angular momentum

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text: Every Thursday inside the Church, demonstrations are held of the longest Foucault pendulum in Poland (46,5 m), suspended for the popular display of the Earth's rotation. Named after the French physicist Léon Foucault, the experimental apparatus consists of a tall pendulum free to swing in any vertical plane. The actual path of the swing appears to rotate; while in fact the plane is fixed in space, but the Earth rotates under the pendulum once a sidereal day. It is a simple and easy-to-see proof of the Earth's movement.  The pendulum weights 25 kg and is fitted with the red laser marking a clock face at the floor. It takes about an hour to notice a significant difference in its path, and the explanation is provided in Polish.

text: Every Thursday inside the Church, demonstrations are held of the longest

text: Foucault pendulum

text: in Poland (46,5 m), suspended for the popular display of the

text: Earth's rotation

text: . Named after the French physicist

text: Léon Foucault

text: , the experimental apparatus consists of a tall

text: pendulum

text: free to swing in any vertical plane. The actual path of the swing appears to rotate; while in fact the plane is fixed in space, but the Earth rotates under the pendulum once a sidereal day. It is a simple and easy-to-see proof of the Earth's movement.  The pendulum weights 25 kg and is fitted with the red laser marking a clock face at the floor. It takes about an hour to notice a significant difference in its path, and the explanation is provided in Polish.

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text: Venus is the second planet from the Sun, orbiting it every 224.7 Earth days. It has the longest rotation period (243 days) of any planet in the Solar System and rotates in the opposite direction to most other planets. It has no natural satellite. It is named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty. It is the second-brightest natural object in the night sky after the Moon, reaching an apparent magnitude of −4.6, bright enough to cast shadows. Because Venus orbits within Earth's orbit it is an inferior planet and never appears to venture far from the Sun; its maximum angular distance from the Sun (elongation) is 47.8°.

text: Venus is the second

text: planet

text: from the

text: Sun

text: , orbiting it every 224.7

text: Earth

text: days. It has the longest

text: rotation period

text: (243 days) of any planet in the

text: Solar System

text: and

text: rotates

text: in the opposite direction to most other planets. It has no

text: natural satellite

text: . It is named after the

text: Roman goddess of love and beauty

text: . It is the second-brightest natural object in the night sky after the

text: Moon

text: , reaching an

text: apparent magnitude

text: of −4.6, bright enough to cast shadows. Because Venus orbits within Earth's orbit it is an

text: inferior planet

text: and never appears to venture far from the Sun; its maximum angular distance from the Sun (

text: elongation

text: ) is 47.8°.

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text: In 1673, Christiaan Huygens published his theory of the pendulum, Horologium Oscillatorium sive de motu pendulorum.  Marin Mersenne and René Descartes had discovered around 1636 that the pendulum was not quite isochronous; its period increased somewhat with its amplitude.  Huygens analyzed this problem by determining what curve an object must follow to descend by gravity to the same point in the same time interval, regardless of starting point; the so-called tautochrone curve. By a complicated method that was an early use of calculus, he showed this curve was a cycloid, rather than the circular arc of a pendulum, confirming that the pendulum was not isochronous and Galileo's observation of isochronism was accurate only for small swings.  Huygens also solved the problem of how to calculate the period of an arbitrarily shaped pendulum (called a compound pendulum), discovering the center of oscillation, and its interchangeability with the pivot point.

text: In 1673,

text: Christiaan Huygens

text: published his theory of the pendulum,

text: Horologium Oscillatorium sive de motu pendulorum

text: Marin Mersenne

text: and

text: René Descartes

text: had discovered around 1636 that the pendulum was not quite isochronous; its period increased somewhat with its amplitude.  Huygens analyzed this problem by determining what curve an object must follow to descend by gravity to the same point in the same time interval, regardless of starting point; the so-called

text: tautochrone curve

text: . By a complicated method that was an early use of

text: calculus

text: , he showed this curve was a

text: cycloid

text: , rather than the circular arc of a pendulum, confirming that the pendulum was not isochronous and Galileo's observation of isochronism was accurate only for small swings.  Huygens also solved the problem of how to calculate the period of an arbitrarily shaped pendulum (called a compound pendulum), discovering the

text: center of oscillation

text: , and its interchangeability with the pivot point.

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text: Venus is similar to Earth in size and density, and so probably also in bulk composition, but it does not have a significant magnetic field. Earth's magnetic field is produced by what is known as the core dynamo, consisting of an electrically conducting liquid, the nickel-iron outer core that rotates and is convecting. Venus is expected to have an electrically conductive core of similar composition, and although its rotation period is very long (243.7 Earth days), simulations show that this is adequate to produce a dynamo. This implies that Venus lacks convection in its outer core. Convection occurs when there is a large difference in temperature between the inner and outer part of the core, but since Venus has no plate tectonics to let off heat from the mantle, it is possible that outer core convection is being suppressed by a warm mantle. It's also possible that Venus may lack a solid inner core for the same reason, if the core is either too hot or is not under enough pressure to allow molten nickel-iron to freeze there.

text: Venus is similar to Earth in size and density, and so probably also in bulk composition, but it does not have a significant

text: magnetic field

text: . Earth's magnetic field is produced by what is known as the

text: core dynamo

text: , consisting of an electrically conducting liquid, the nickel-iron outer core that rotates and is

text: convecting

text: . Venus is expected to have an electrically conductive core of similar composition, and although its rotation period is very long (243.7 Earth days), simulations show that this is adequate to produce a dynamo. This implies that Venus lacks convection in its outer core. Convection occurs when there is a large difference in temperature between the inner and outer part of the core, but since Venus has no plate tectonics to let off heat from the mantle, it is possible that outer core convection is being suppressed by a warm mantle. It's also possible that Venus may lack a solid inner core for the same reason, if the core is either too hot or is not under enough pressure to allow molten nickel-iron to freeze there.

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text: The concept of polhode motion dates back to the 17th century, and Corollary 21 to Proposition 66 in Section 11, Book 1, ofIsaac Newton's Principia.  Later Leonhard Euler derived a set of equations that described the dynamics of rigid bodies in torque-free motion. In particular, Euler and his contemporaries Jean d’Alembert, Louis Lagrange, and others noticed small variations in latitude due to wobbling of the Earth around its polar spin axis. A portion of this wobble (later to be called the Earth’s polhode motion) was due to the natural, torque-free behavior of the rotating Earth. Incorrectly assuming that the Earth was a completely rigid body, they calculated the period of Earth’s polhode wobble to be about 9–10 months.

text: The concept of polhode motion dates back to the 17th century, and Corollary 21 to Proposition 66 in Section 11, Book 1, of

text: Isaac Newton

text: 's Principia.  Later

text: Leonhard Euler

text: derived a

text: set of equations

text: that described the

text: dynamics of rigid bodies

text: in torque-free motion. In particular, Euler and his contemporaries

text: Jean d’Alembert

text: Louis Lagrange

text: , and others noticed small variations in

text: latitude

text: due to wobbling of the

text: Earth

text: around its

text: polar

text: spin axis

text: . A portion of this wobble (later to be called the Earth’s polhode motion) was due to the natural,

text: torque

text: -free behavior of the rotating Earth. Incorrectly assuming that the Earth was a completely

text: rigid body

text: , they calculated the

text: period

text: of Earth’s polhode wobble to be about 9–10

text: month

text: s.

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answers: wobbling of the Earth

text: Varying on whichever character is being played, 'journal entries', which appear every day-night cycle for the first in-game fortnight, detail different happenings. For example, the journal of the Human tells that he was the captain of the ship, and details his experience on board the spacecraft; while the journal of the Android states that he was the ship's mechanic and goes into his point of view over the same proceedings. Other plot points outside of journal entries are triggered by entering certain locales, or completing an objective.

text: Varying on whichever character is being played, 'journal entries', which appear every day-night cycle for the first in-game

text: fortnight

text: , detail different happenings. For example, the journal of the Human tells that he was the captain of the ship, and details his experience on board the spacecraft; while the journal of the Android states that he was the ship's

text: mechanic

text: and goes into his point of view over the same proceedings. Other plot points outside of journal entries are triggered by entering certain locales, or completing an objective.

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answers: Earths rotation

text: Tabor Rotation is intended to optimize the student-teacher ratio and utilize collaborative and cooperative learning. It naturally and purposefully differentiates instruction while various learning styles and addressing multiple intelligences. A key to Tabor Rotation's effectiveness is that it  spirals a concept through multiple stations and reviews it periodically when a game or activity is cycled back into the rotation or into whole-group mini-lessons.

text: Tabor Rotation is intended to optimize the student-teacher ratio and utilize collaborative and cooperative learning. It naturally and purposefully differentiates instruction while various learning styles and addressing multiple intelligences. A key to Tabor Rotation's effectiveness is that it  spirals a concept through multiple stations and reviews it periodically when a game or activity is cycled back into the rotation or into whole-group mini-lessons.

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text: In the first half of the 1st century AD, acupuncturists began promoting the belief that acupuncture's effectiveness was influenced by the time of day or night, the lunar cycle, and the season. The Science of the Yin-Yang Cycles (Yün Chhi Hsüeh) was a set of beliefs that curing diseases relied on the alignment of both heavenly (thien) and earthly (ti) forces that were attuned to cycles like that of the sun and moon. There were several different belief systems that relied on a number of celestial and earthly bodies or elements that rotated and only became aligned at certain times. According to Needham and Gwei-djen, these "arbitrary predictions" were depicted by acupuncturists in complex charts and through a set of special terminology.

text: In the first half of the 1st century AD, acupuncturists began promoting the belief that acupuncture's effectiveness was influenced by the time of day or night, the lunar cycle, and the season. The Science of the Yin-Yang Cycles (Yün Chhi Hsüeh) was a set of beliefs that curing diseases relied on the alignment of both heavenly (thien) and earthly (ti) forces that were attuned to cycles like that of the sun and moon. There were several different belief systems that relied on a number of celestial and earthly bodies or elements that rotated and only became aligned at certain times. According to Needham and Gwei-djen, these "arbitrary predictions" were depicted by acupuncturists in complex charts and through a set of special terminology.

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text: The rotation of the Earth affects the direction ocean currents take, and explains which way the large circular ocean gyres rotate in the image above left. Suppose a current at the equator is heading north. The Earth rotates eastward, so the water possesses that rotational momentum. But the further the water moves north, the slower the earth moves eastward. If the current could get to the North Pole, the earth wouldn't be moving eastward at all. To conserve its rotational momentum, the further the current travels north the faster it must move eastward. So the effect is that the current curves to the right. This is the Coriolis effect. It is weakest at the equator and strongest at the poles. The effect is opposite south of the equator, where currents curve left.

text: The rotation of the Earth affects the direction ocean currents take, and explains which way the large circular

text: ocean gyre

text: s rotate in the image above left. Suppose a current at the equator is heading north. The Earth rotates eastward, so the water possesses that rotational momentum. But the further the water moves north, the slower the earth moves eastward. If the current could get to the North Pole, the earth wouldn't be moving eastward at all. To conserve its rotational momentum, the further the current travels north the faster it must move eastward. So the effect is that the current curves to the right. This is the

text: Coriolis effect

text: . It is weakest at the equator and strongest at the poles. The effect is opposite south of the equator, where currents curve left.

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text: Foucault was also active in anti-racist campaigns; in November 1971, he was a leading figure in protests following the perceived racist killing of Arab migrant Dejellali Ben Ali. In this he worked alongside his old rival Sartre, the journalist Claude Mauriac, and one of his literary heroes, Jean Genet. This campaign was formalised as the Committee for the Defence of the Rights of Immigrants, but there was tension at their meetings as Foucault opposed the anti-Israeli sentiment of many Arab workers and Maoist activists. At a December 1972 protest against the police killing of Algerian worker Mohammad Diab, both Foucault and Genet were arrested, resulting in widespread publicity. Foucault was also involved in founding the Agence de Press-Libération (APL), a group of leftist journalists who intended to cover news stories neglected by the mainstream press. In 1973, they established the daily newspaper Libération, and Foucault suggested that they establish committees across France to collect news and distribute the paper, and advocated a column known as the "Chronicle of the Workers' Memory" to allow workers' to express their opinions. Foucault wanted an active journalistic role in the paper,  but this proved untenable, and he soon became disillusioned with Libération, believing that it distorted the facts; he would not publish in it until 1980.

text: Foucault was also active in

text: anti-racist

text: campaigns; in November 1971, he was a leading figure in protests following the perceived racist killing of Arab migrant Dejellali Ben Ali. In this he worked alongside his old rival Sartre, the journalist

text: Claude Mauriac

text: , and one of his literary heroes, Jean Genet. This campaign was formalised as the Committee for the Defence of the Rights of Immigrants, but there was tension at their meetings as Foucault opposed the anti-Israeli sentiment of many Arab workers and Maoist activists. At a December 1972 protest against the police killing of Algerian worker Mohammad Diab, both Foucault and Genet were arrested, resulting in widespread publicity. Foucault was also involved in founding the Agence de Press-Libération (APL), a group of leftist journalists who intended to cover news stories neglected by the mainstream press. In 1973, they established the daily newspaper

text: Libération

text: , and Foucault suggested that they establish committees across France to collect news and distribute the paper, and advocated a column known as the "Chronicle of the Workers' Memory" to allow workers' to express their opinions. Foucault wanted an active journalistic role in the paper,  but this proved untenable, and he soon became disillusioned with Libération, believing that it distorted the facts; he would not publish in it until 1980.

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answers: Earths rotation

text: The International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS), formerly the International Earth Rotation Service, is the body responsible for maintaining global time and reference frame standards, notably through its Earth Orientation Parameter (EOP) and International Celestial Reference System (ICRS) groups.

text: The International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS), formerly the International Earth Rotation Service, is the body responsible for maintaining global

text: time

text: and

text: reference frame

text: standards, notably through its

text: Earth Orientation Parameter

text: (EOP) and

entity_name: International Celestial Reference System

text: International Celestial Reference System

text: (ICRS) groups.

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answers: Earth

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answers: Earth Rotation

text: The Foucault pendulum ( ; ), or Foucault's pendulum, named after the French physicist Léon Foucault, is a simple device conceived as an experiment to demonstrate the rotation of the Earth. While it had long been known that the Earth rotates, the introduction of the Foucault pendulum in 1851 was the first simple proof of the rotation in an easy-to-see experiment. Today, Foucault pendulums are popular displays in science museums and universities.

text: The Foucault pendulum ( ; ), or Foucault's pendulum, named after the French physicist

text: Léon Foucault

text: , is a simple device conceived as an experiment to demonstrate the

text: rotation of the Earth

text: . While it had long been known that the Earth rotates, the introduction of the Foucault

text: pendulum

text: in 1851 was the first simple proof of the rotation in an easy-to-see experiment. Today, Foucault pendulums are popular displays in

text: science museum

text: s and universities.

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text: The Cospas-Sarsat system was made possible by Doppler processing.  LUTs detecting non-geostationary satellites perform mathematical calculations based on the Doppler-induced frequency shift received by LEOSAR and MEOSAR satellites as they pass over a beacon transmitting at a fixed frequency.  From the mathematical calculations, it is possible to determine both bearing and range with respect to the satellite.  The range and bearing are measured from the rate of change of the received frequency, which varies both according to the path of the satellite in space and the rotation of the earth. This allows a computer algorithm to triangulate the position of the beacon. A faster change in the received frequency indicates that the beacon is closer to the satellite's ground track.  When the beacon is moving toward or away from the satellite track due to the earth's rotation, that Doppler shift also can be used in the calculation.

text: The Cospas-Sarsat system was made possible by

text: Doppler

text: processing.  LUTs detecting non-geostationary satellites perform mathematical calculations based on the

text: Doppler

text: -induced frequency shift received by LEOSAR and MEOSAR satellites as they pass over a beacon transmitting at a fixed frequency.  From the mathematical calculations, it is possible to determine both bearing and range with respect to the satellite.  The range and bearing are measured from the rate of change of the received frequency, which varies both according to the path of the satellite in space and the rotation of the earth. This allows a computer algorithm to

text: triangulate

text: the position of the beacon. A faster change in the received frequency indicates that the beacon is closer to the satellite's

text: ground track

text: .  When the beacon is moving toward or away from the satellite track due to the earth's rotation, that Doppler shift also can be used in the calculation.

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text: The Chandler wobble or variation of latitude is a small deviation in the Earth's axis of rotation relative to the solid earth, which was discovered by American astronomer Seth Carlo Chandler in 1891. It amounts to change of about  in the point at which the axis intersects the Earth's surface and has a period of 433 days. This wobble, which is a nutation, combines with another wobble with a period of one year, so that the total polar motion varies with a period of about 7 years.

text: The Chandler wobble or variation of latitude is a small deviation in the

text: Earth

text: 's axis of

text: rotation

text: relative to the solid earth, which was discovered by

text: American

text: astronomer

text: Seth Carlo Chandler

text: in 1891. It amounts to change of about  in the point at which the axis intersects the Earth's surface and has a period of 433 days. This wobble, which is a

text: nutation

text: , combines with another wobble with a period of one year, so that the total

text: polar motion

text: varies with a period of about 7 years.

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text: In deciding certain scientific questions connected with Jewish matters, Slonimski at times found himself at variance with other Jewish scholars. Thus, despite his conservatism, he admitted that an error of four days' excess had crept into the Hebrew calendar cycle as compared with the true solar cycle; in this view he was opposed especially by Joseph Perles, the controversy being carried on for thirty years. Slonimski likewise discussed the question of the so-called "Jewish date-line" for deciding on which days Shabbat and holy days should be observed by Jews in the Far East and in Australasia. He argued that for them the line must be fixed not from Greenwich, but from Jerusalem, the center of the earth according to the Talmud. This calculation would make the dividing line pass between China and Japan, the former with the Philippines being included in the Far East, and the latter in the West .

text: In deciding certain scientific questions connected with Jewish matters, Slonimski at times found himself at variance with other Jewish scholars. Thus, despite his conservatism, he admitted that an error of four days' excess had crept into the

text: Hebrew calendar

text: cycle as compared with the true solar cycle; in this view he was opposed especially by

text: Joseph Perles

text: , the controversy being carried on for thirty years. Slonimski likewise discussed the question of the so-called "Jewish date-line" for deciding on which days

text: Shabbat

text: and holy days should be observed by Jews in the Far East and in

text: Australasia

text: . He argued that for them the line must be fixed not from

text: Greenwich

text: , but from

text: Jerusalem

text: , the center of the earth according to the

text: Talmud

text: . This calculation would make the dividing line pass between China and Japan, the former with the

text: Philippines

text: being included in the Far East, and the latter in the West .

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answers: the true solar cycle

text: The song "Cloudbusting" by British singer Kate Bush describes Reich's arrest and incarceration through the eyes of his son, Peter.  The 1985 video, in which Donald Sutherland plays Wilhelm Reich during his research and subsequent arrest, features a Foucault pendulum as an alternative method of demonstrating the rotational motion of the earth to prove the heretical view that the Earth was not the centre of the Universe. The Foucault pendulum in this video simultaneously connects and contrasts the disgraced Wilhelm Reich to both of the respected Foucaults,  the scientist, Jean Bernard Léon Foucault and the philosopher, Michel Foucault, who had died one year prior to the video in 1984.

text: The song "

text: Cloudbusting

text: " by

text: British

text: singer

text: Kate Bush

text: describes Reich's arrest and incarceration through the eyes of his son, Peter.  The 1985 video, in which Donald Sutherland plays Wilhelm Reich during his research and subsequent arrest, features a

text: Foucault pendulum

text: as an alternative method of demonstrating the

text: rotational

text: motion of the earth

text: to prove the

text: heretical

text: view that the

text: Earth

text: was not the centre of the

text: Universe

text: . The Foucault pendulum in this video simultaneously connects and contrasts the disgraced

text: Wilhelm Reich

text: to both of the respected Foucaults,  the scientist,

text: Jean Bernard Léon Foucault

text: and the philosopher,

text: Michel Foucault

text: , who had died one year prior to the video in 1984.

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answers: rotational motion

text: Universal time (UT1) tracks the Earth's rotation in time, which performs one revolution in about 24 hours. The Earth's rotation is uneven, so UT is not linear with respect to atomic time. It is practically proportional to the sidereal time, which is also a direct measure of Earth rotation. The excess revolution time is called length of day (LOD).

text: Universal time

text: ) tracks the Earth's rotation in time, which performs one revolution in about 24 hours. The Earth's rotation is uneven, so UT is not linear with respect to

text: atomic time

text: . It is practically proportional to the

text: sidereal time

text: , which is also a direct measure of Earth rotation. The excess revolution time is called

text: length of day (LOD)

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text: Tidal locking (also called gravitational locking or captured rotation) occurs when, over the course of an orbit, there is no net transfer of angular momentum between an astronomical body and its gravitational partner. This state can result from the gravitational gradient (tidal force) between two co-orbiting bodies, acting over a sufficiently long period of time. In the case where the orbital eccentricity is exactly zero, tidal locking results in one hemisphere of the revolving object constantly facing its partner, an effect known as synchronous rotation. For example, the same side of the Moon always faces the Earth, although there is some libration because the Moon's orbit is not perfectly circular. A tidally locked body in synchronous rotation takes just as long to rotate around its own axis as it does to revolve around its partner.

text: Tidal locking (also called gravitational locking or captured rotation) occurs when, over the course of an orbit, there is no net transfer of

text: angular momentum

text: between an

text: astronomical body

text: and its gravitational partner. This state can result from the

text: gravitational gradient

text: (tidal force) between two co-orbiting bodies, acting over a sufficiently long period of time. In the case where the

text: orbital eccentricity

text: is exactly zero, tidal locking results in one hemisphere of the revolving object constantly facing its partner, an effect known as synchronous rotation. For example, the same side of the

text: Moon

text: always faces the

text: Earth

text: , although there is some

text: libration

text: because the Moon's orbit is not perfectly circular. A tidally locked body in synchronous rotation takes just as long to rotate around its own axis as it does to revolve around its partner.

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answers: Tidal gradient

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answers: axis

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answers: Earth

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answers: the same side of the Moon always faces the Earth

answers: NDQ_005785

answers: It takes just as long to rotate around its own axis as it does to revolve around its partner

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: For example, the same side of the Moon always faces the Earth

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: Tidal locking

answers: NDQ_005788

answers: takes just as long

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answers: the Earth

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answers: the same side of the Moon always faces the Earth

text: More plausibly, however, radio-quiet neutron stars may simply be pulsars which do not pulse in our direction. As pulsars spin, it is theorized they emit radiation from their magnetic poles. When the magnetic poles do not lie on the axis of rotation, and cross the line of sight of the observer, one can detect radio emission emitted near the star's magnetic poles. Due to the star's rotation this radiation appears to pulse, colloquially called the "lighthouse effect". Radio-quiet neutron stars may be neutron stars whose magnetic poles do not point towards the Earth during their rotation.

text: More plausibly, however, radio-quiet neutron stars may simply be pulsars which do not pulse in our direction. As pulsars spin, it is theorized they emit radiation from their

text: magnetic poles

text: . When the magnetic poles do not lie on the

text: axis of rotation

text: , and cross the line of sight of the observer, one can detect radio emission emitted near the star's magnetic poles. Due to the star's rotation this radiation appears to pulse, colloquially called the "lighthouse effect". Radio-quiet neutron stars may be neutron stars whose magnetic poles do not point towards the Earth during their rotation.

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text: When an object is in hydrostatic equilibrium, a global layer of liquid covering its surface would form a liquid surface of the same shape as the body, apart from small-scale surface features such as craters and fissures. If the body does not rotate, it will be a sphere, but the faster it does rotate, the more oblate or even scalene it becomes. However, if such a rotating body were to be heated until it melted, its overall shape would not change when liquid. The extreme example of a non-spherical body in hydrostatic equilibrium is , which is twice as long along its major axis as it is at the poles. If the body has a massive nearby companion, then tidal forces come into effect as well, distorting it into a prolate spheroid. An example of this is Jupiter's moon Io, which is the most volcanically active body in the Solar System due to effects of tidal heating. Tidal forces also cause a body's rotation to gradually become tidally locked, such that it always presents the same face to its companion. An extreme example of this is the Pluto–Charon system, where both bodies are tidally locked to each other. Earth's Moon is also tidally locked, as are many satellites of the gas giants.

text: When an object is in hydrostatic equilibrium, a global layer of liquid covering its surface would form a liquid surface of the same shape as the body, apart from small-scale surface features such as craters and fissures. If the body does not rotate, it will be a sphere, but the faster it does rotate, the more

text: oblate

text: or even

text: scalene

text: it becomes. However, if such a rotating body were to be heated until it melted, its overall shape would not change when liquid. The extreme example of a non-spherical body in hydrostatic equilibrium is , which is twice as long along its major axis as it is at the poles. If the body has a massive nearby companion, then tidal forces come into effect as well, distorting it into a

text: prolate spheroid

text: . An example of this is Jupiter's moon

text: Io

text: , which is the most volcanically active body in the Solar System due to effects of

text: tidal heating

text: . Tidal forces also cause a body's rotation to gradually become

text: tidally locked

text: , such that it always presents the same face to its companion. An extreme example of this is the Pluto–Charon system, where both bodies are tidally locked to each other. Earth's

text: Moon

text: is also tidally locked, as are many satellites of the gas giants.

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text: If the bob is displaced from the central axis of the pendulum in preparation for swinging and held in place, then the bob is still rotating (turning) with the Earth with the same angular velocity equal to that of the Earth's angular velocity. This is the same angular velocity when at rest. Since the central axis of the pendulum is perpendicular with the axis of rotation of the Earth this is not the same as the North Pole where the central axis is aligned with the axis of the Earth. The bob is not revolving about the axis of the pendulum when held in place.

text: If the bob is displaced from the central axis of the pendulum in preparation for swinging and held in place, then the bob is still rotating (turning) with the Earth with the same angular velocity equal to that of the Earth's angular velocity. This is the same angular velocity when at rest. Since the central axis of the pendulum is perpendicular with the axis of rotation of the Earth this is not the same as the North Pole where the central axis is aligned with the axis of the Earth. The bob is not revolving about the axis of the pendulum when held in place.

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text: is the vector pointing to the point considered straight from the Earth's rotational axis. It can be shown that this pseudo-force field, in a reference frame co-rotating with the Earth, has a potential associated with it that looks like this:

text: is the vector pointing to the point considered straight from the Earth's rotational axis. It can be shown that this pseudo-force field, in a reference frame co-rotating with the Earth, has a potential associated with it that looks like this:

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answers: Earth's rotational axis

text: Beta Cassiopeiae, or Caph (meaning "hand"), is a white-hued star of magnitude 2.3, 54.7 ± 0.3 light-years from Earth. Around 1.2 billion years old, it has used up its core hydrogen and begun expanding and cooling off the main sequence. It is around 1.9 times as massive as the Sun, and around 21.3 times as luminous. Rotating at about 92% of its critical speed, Caph completes a full rotation every 1.12 days. This is giving the star an oblate spheroid shape with an equatorial bulge that is 24% larger than the polar radius. It is a Delta Scuti variable with a small amplitude and period of 2.5 hours.

text: Beta Cassiopeiae

text: , or Caph (meaning "hand"), is a white-hued star of magnitude 2.3, 54.7 ± 0.3 light-years from Earth. Around 1.2 billion years old, it has used up its core hydrogen and begun expanding and cooling off the main sequence. It is around 1.9 times as massive as the Sun, and around 21.3 times as luminous. Rotating at about 92% of its

text: critical speed

text: , Caph completes a full rotation every 1.12 days. This is giving the star an

text: oblate spheroid

text: shape with an equatorial bulge that is 24% larger than the polar radius. It is a

text: Delta Scuti variable

text: with a small amplitude and period of 2.5 hours.

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answers: Scuti variable

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answers: 1.12 days

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answers: 1.12 days

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answers: Rotating at about 92%

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answers: Rotating at about 92% of its critical speed

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answers: 1.12 days

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text: The use of Earth rotation was discussed in detail in the 1950 paper A preliminary survey of the radio stars in the Northern Hemisphere. Some instruments use artificial rotation of the interferometer array instead of Earth rotation, such as in aperture masking interferometry.

text: The use of Earth rotation was discussed in detail in the 1950 paper A preliminary survey of the radio stars in the Northern Hemisphere. Some instruments use artificial rotation of the interferometer array instead of Earth rotation, such as in

text: aperture masking interferometry

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answers: A preliminary survey of the radio stars

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answers: Earth rotation

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answers: Earth rotation

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text: In 1995, the Hubble Space Telescope's Faint Object Camera captured an ultraviolet image with a resolution superior to that obtained by ground-based interferometers—the first conventional-telescope image (or "direct-image" in NASA terminology) of the disk of another star. Because ultraviolet light is absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, observations at these wavelengths are best performed by space telescopes. Like earlier pictures, this image contained a bright patch indicating a region in the southwestern quadrant  hotter than the stellar surface. Subsequent ultraviolet spectra taken with the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph suggested that the hot spot was one of Betelgeuse's poles of rotation. This would give the rotational axis an inclination of about 20° to the direction of Earth, and a position angle from celestial North of about 55°.

text: In 1995, the

text: Hubble Space Telescope

text: 's

text: Faint Object Camera

text: captured an

text: ultraviolet image

text: with a resolution superior to that obtained by ground-based interferometers—the first conventional-telescope image (or "direct-image" in NASA terminology) of the disk of another star. Because

text: ultraviolet

text: light is absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, observations at these wavelengths are best performed by

text: space telescopes

text: . Like earlier pictures, this image contained a bright patch indicating a region in the southwestern quadrant  hotter than the stellar surface. Subsequent ultraviolet spectra taken with the

text: Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph

text: suggested that the hot spot was one of Betelgeuse's poles of rotation. This would give the rotational axis an inclination of about 20° to the direction of Earth, and a

text: position angle

text: from

text: celestial North

text: of about 55°.

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answers: 55°

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answers: 20°

text: A geosynchronous orbit (sometimes abbreviated GSO) is an orbit about the Earth of a satellite with an orbital period that matches the rotation of the Earth on its axis (one sidereal day) of  approximately 23 hours 56 minutes and 4 seconds. The synchronization of rotation and orbital period means that, for an observer on the surface of the Earth, an object in geosynchronous orbit returns to exactly the same position in the sky after a period of one sidereal day. Over the course of a day, the object's position in the sky traces out a path, typically in a figure-8 form, whose precise characteristics depend on the orbit's inclination and eccentricity. Satellites are typically launched in an eastward direction. Those that obit closer to the Earth orbit faster than the Earth rotates and so from the Earth they appear to move in a eastward direction while those that orbit beyond geosynchronous orbit distances will appear to move in a westward direction.

text: A geosynchronous orbit (sometimes abbreviated GSO) is an

text: orbit

text: about the

text: Earth

text: of a satellite with an

text: orbital period

text: that matches the rotation of the Earth on its axis (one

text: sidereal day

text: ) of  approximately 23 hours 56 minutes and 4 seconds. The synchronization of rotation and orbital period means that, for an observer on the surface of the Earth, an object in geosynchronous orbit returns to exactly the same position in the sky after a period of one sidereal day. Over the course of a day, the object's position in the sky traces out a path, typically in a figure-8 form, whose precise characteristics depend on the orbit's

text: inclination

text: and

text: eccentricity

text: . Satellites are typically launched in an eastward direction. Those that obit closer to the Earth orbit faster than the Earth rotates and so from the Earth they appear to move in a eastward direction while those that orbit beyond geosynchronous orbit distances will appear to move in a westward direction.

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answers: sidereal day

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answers: sidereal day

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answers: sidereal day

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answers: so from the Earth they appear to move in a eastward direction

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answers: Those that obit closer to the Earth orbit faster than the Earth rotates

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: A geosynchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_005788

answers: 23 hours 56 minutes

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answers: the Earth

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answers: eastward direction

text: Because this is the period of rotation in a precessing reference frame, it is not directly related to the mean rotation rate of Earth in an inertial frame, which is given by ω =  where T is the slightly longer stellar day given by Aoki et al. as 86  s. This can be calculated by noting that ω is the magnitude of the vector sum of the rotations leading to the sidereal day and the precession of that rotation vector. In fact, the period of Earth's rotation varies on hourly to interannual timescales by around 1 millisecond, together with a secular increase in length of day of about 2.3 ms per century, mostly from tidal friction slowing Earth's rotation.

text: Because this is the period of rotation in a precessing reference frame, it is not directly related to the mean rotation rate of Earth in an inertial frame, which is given by ω =  where T is the slightly longer stellar day given by Aoki et al. as 86  s. This can be calculated by noting that ω is the magnitude of the vector sum of the rotations leading to the sidereal day and the precession of that rotation vector. In fact, the period of Earth's rotation varies on hourly to interannual timescales by around 1

text: millisecond

text: , together with a secular increase in length of day of about 2.3 ms per century, mostly from

text: tidal friction

text: slowing Earth's rotation.

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answers: Earth in an inertial frame

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answers: Earth's rotation

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answers: 86 s

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answers: Tidal friction

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answers: Earth's rotation

text: is the rotation rate of the Earth, and

text: is the

text: rotation rate of the Earth

text: , and

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answers: Earth rotates on its axis every

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answers: is the rotation rate of the Earth

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answers: Earth's rotation

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answers: is the direction that the stars move across the sky

text: Each night the positions of the stars appear to change as the Earth rotates. However, when a star is located along the Earth's axis of rotation, it will remain in the same position and thus is called a pole star. The direction of the Earth's axis of rotation gradually changes over time in a process known as the precession of the equinoxes. A complete precession cycle requires 25,770 years, during which time the pole of the Earth's rotation follows a circular path across the celestial sphere that passes near several prominent stars. At present the pole star is Polaris, but around 12,000 BC the pole was pointed only five degrees away from Vega. Through precession, the pole will again pass near Vega around AD 14,000. It is the brightest of the successive northern pole stars.

text: Each night the positions of the stars appear to change as the Earth rotates. However, when a star is located along the Earth's axis of rotation, it will remain in the same position and thus is called a

text: pole star

text: . The direction of the Earth's axis of rotation gradually changes over time in a process known as the

text: precession of the equinoxes

text: . A complete precession cycle requires 25,770 years, during which time the pole of the Earth's rotation follows a circular path across the

text: celestial sphere

text: that passes near several prominent stars. At present the pole star is

text: Polaris

text: , but around 12,000 BC the pole was pointed only five degrees away from Vega. Through precession, the pole will again pass near Vega around AD 14,000. It is the brightest of the successive northern pole stars.

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answers: 25,770 years

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answers: Each night the positions of the stars appear to change

text: For the sake of simplicity, assume that all emitted photons are emitted in a direction parallel to the ring. Fig. 7 illustrates the effect of the ring laser's rotation. In a linear laser, an integer multiple of the wavelength fits the length of the laser cavity. This means that in traveling back and forth the laser light goes through an integer number of cycles of its frequency. In the case of a ring laser the same applies: the number of cycles of the laser light's frequency is the same in both directions. This quality of the same number of cycles in both directions is preserved when the ring laser setup is rotating. The image illustrates that there is wavelength shift (hence a frequency shift) in such a way that the number of cycles is the same in both directions of propagation.

text: For the sake of simplicity, assume that all emitted photons are emitted in a direction parallel to the ring. Fig. 7 illustrates the effect of the ring laser's rotation. In a linear laser, an integer multiple of the wavelength fits the length of the laser cavity. This means that in traveling back and forth the laser light goes through an integer number of cycles of its frequency. In the case of a ring laser the same applies: the number of cycles of the laser light's frequency is the same in both directions. This quality of the same number of cycles in both directions is preserved when the ring laser setup is rotating. The image illustrates that there is wavelength shift (hence a frequency shift) in such a way that the number of cycles is the same in both directions of propagation.

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answers: Fig. 7 illustrates the effect of the ring laser's rotation

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answers: in traveling back and forth the laser light goes through an integer number of cycles of its frequency

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answers: the number of cycles of the laser light's frequency

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answers: Earth rotational speed is about

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answers: Earth's rotation

text: Within this view of physics, any other phenomenon that is usually attributed to centrifugal force can be used to identify absolute rotation. For example, the oblateness of a sphere of freely flowing material is often explained in terms of centrifugal force. The oblate spheroid shape reflects, following Clairaut's theorem, the balance between containment by gravitational attraction and dispersal by centrifugal force. That the Earth is itself an oblate spheroid, bulging at the equator where the radial distance and hence the centrifugal force is larger, is taken as one of the evidences for its absolute rotation.

text: Within this view of physics, any other phenomenon that is usually attributed to centrifugal force can be used to identify absolute rotation. For example, the oblateness of a sphere of freely flowing material is often explained in terms of centrifugal force. The

text: oblate spheroid

text: shape reflects, following

text: Clairaut's theorem

text: , the balance between containment by gravitational attraction and dispersal by centrifugal force. That the Earth is itself an oblate spheroid, bulging at the equator where the radial distance and hence the centrifugal force is larger, is taken as one of the evidences for its absolute rotation.

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answers: Earth rotating on its axis

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answers: absolute rotation

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answers: The oblate spheroid shape

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answers: bulging at the equator where the radial distance and hence the centrifugal force is larger

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answers: oblate spheroid

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answers: absolute rotation

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answers: centrifugal force

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answers: Absolute rotation

text: The rotational angular momentum of Earth decreases and consequently the length of the day increases. The net tide raised on Earth by the Moon is dragged ahead of the Moon by Earth's much faster rotation. Tidal friction is required to drag and maintain the bulge ahead of the Moon, and it dissipates the excess energy of the exchange of rotational and orbital energy between Earth and the Moon as heat. If the friction and heat dissipation were not present, the Moon's gravitational force on the tidal bulge would rapidly (within two days) bring the tide back into synchronization with the Moon, and the Moon would no longer recede. Most of the dissipation occurs in a turbulent bottom boundary layer in shallow seas such as the European Shelf around the British Isles, the Patagonian Shelf off Argentina, and the Bering Sea.

text: The rotational angular momentum of Earth decreases and consequently the length of the day increases. The net tide raised on Earth by the Moon is dragged ahead of the Moon by Earth's much faster rotation. Tidal friction is required to drag and maintain the bulge ahead of the Moon, and it dissipates the excess energy of the exchange of rotational and orbital energy between Earth and the Moon as heat. If the friction and heat dissipation were not present, the Moon's gravitational force on the tidal bulge would rapidly (within two days) bring the tide back into synchronization with the Moon, and the Moon would no longer recede. Most of the dissipation occurs in a turbulent bottom boundary layer in shallow seas such as the

text: European Shelf

text: around the

text: British Isles

text: , the

text: Patagonian Shelf

text: off

text: Argentina

text: , and the

text: Bering Sea

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answers: day

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answers: Earth's

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answers: Tidal friction

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answers: Most of the dissipation occurs in a turbulent bottom boundary layer in shallow seas

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answers: the Moon

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answers: faster

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answers: the Moon

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answers: Earth's

text: In 1836, Sang explained how a spinning top could be used to demonstrate the rotation of the Earth, anticipating Foucault's pendulum. (see Johann G. Hagen: La rotation de la terre, ses preuves mécaniques anciennes et nouvelles, 1911)

text: In 1836, Sang explained how a spinning top could be used to demonstrate the rotation of the Earth, anticipating

text: Foucault's pendulum

text: . (see

text: Johann G. Hagen

text: : La rotation de la terre, ses preuves mécaniques anciennes et nouvelles, 1911)

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answers: the Earth

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answers: Earth

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answers: Rotation

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answers: The rotation of the Earth

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answers: Rotation of the Earth

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answers: the rotation of the Earth

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answers: 110 km/s

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answers: spinning top

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answers: Rotation

text: The phenomenon of day and night is due to the rotation of a celestial body about its axis, creating an illusion of the sun rising and setting. Different bodies spin at very different rates, however. Some may spin much faster than Earth, while others spin extremely slowly, leading to very long days and nights. The planet Venus rotates once every 224.7 days – by far the slowest rotation period of any of the major planets. In contrast, the gas giant Jupiter's sidereal day is only 9 hours and 56 minutes. However, it is not just the sidereal rotation period which determines the length of a planet's day-night cycle but the length of its orbital period as well - Venus has a rotation period of 224.7 days, but a day-night cycle just 116.75 days long due to its retrograde rotation and orbital motion around the Sun. Mercury has the longest day-night cycle as a result of its 3:2 resonance between its orbital period and rotation period - this resonance gives it a day-night cycle 176 days long. A planet may experience large temperature variations between day and night, such as Mercury, the planet closest to the sun. This is one consideration in terms of planetary habitability or the possibility of extraterrestrial life.

text: The phenomenon of day and night is due to the rotation of a

text: celestial body

text: about its axis, creating an illusion of the sun rising and setting. Different bodies spin at very different rates, however. Some may spin much faster than

text: Earth

text: , while others spin extremely slowly, leading to very long days and nights. The planet

text: Venus

text: rotates once every 224.7 days – by far the slowest rotation period of any of the major planets. In contrast, the gas giant

text: Jupiter

text: 's

text: sidereal day

text: is only 9 hours and 56 minutes. However, it is not just the sidereal rotation period which determines the length of a planet's day-night cycle but the length of its orbital period as well - Venus has a rotation period of 224.7 days, but a day-night cycle just 116.75 days long due to its

text: retrograde

text: rotation and orbital motion around the Sun. Mercury has the longest day-night cycle as a result of its 3:2 resonance between its orbital period and rotation period - this resonance gives it a day-night cycle 176 days long. A planet may experience large temperature variations between day and night, such as

text: Mercury

text: , the planet closest to the sun. This is one consideration in terms of

text: planetary habitability

text: or the possibility of

text: extraterrestrial life

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answers: The planet Venus rotates once every 224.7 days – by far the slowest rotation period

answers: NDQ_005782

answers: axis

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answers: day

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answers: rotating about its axis

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answers: Some may spin much faster than Earth

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answers: Some may spin much faster than Earth

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answers: extraterrestrial life

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answers: Earth

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answers: a celestial body

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answers: about its axis

text: This is a list of Foucault pendulums in the world:

text: This is a list of

text: Foucault pendulum

text: s in the world:

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text: For the 45° North pendulum with latitudinal swing (Figure 3B) the support point of the pendulum swing is moving along with the direction of rotation and the surface velocity vectors on either side of the swing are not balanced. The rotation of the Earth is observable in relation to the pendulum swing because a change in relationship to the surface occurs. On one side of the pendulum swing the surface velocity vectors are angled upwards and to the side but on the other side the vectors are angled downwards and to the opposite side. Since these vectors are not all in the same plane as the pendulum swing and are not balanced in the same direction there is a change in relationship between the surface and the plane of the pendulum swing.

text: For the 45° North pendulum with latitudinal swing (Figure 3B) the support point of the pendulum swing is moving along with the direction of rotation and the surface velocity vectors on either side of the swing are not balanced. The rotation of the Earth is observable in relation to the pendulum swing because a change in relationship to the surface occurs. On one side of the pendulum swing the surface velocity vectors are angled upwards and to the side but on the other side the vectors are angled downwards and to the opposite side. Since these vectors are not all in the same plane as the pendulum swing and are not balanced in the same direction there is a change in relationship between the surface and the plane of the pendulum swing.

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text: Scientists living in a rotating box can measure the speed and direction of their rotation by measuring these fictitious forces.  For example, Léon Foucault was able to show the Coriolis force that results from the Earth's rotation using the Foucault pendulum.  If the Earth were to rotate many times faster, these fictitious forces could be felt by humans, as they are when on a spinning carousel.

text: Scientists living in a rotating box can measure the speed and direction of their rotation by measuring these

text: fictitious force

text: s.  For example,

text: Léon Foucault

text: was able to show the

text: Coriolis force

text: that results from the Earth's rotation using the

text: Foucault pendulum

text: .  If the Earth were to rotate many times faster, these fictitious forces could be felt by humans, as they are when on a spinning

text: carousel

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text: Ceccoli is an Italian surname popular in San Marino it was popularized by books such as Foucault's Pendulum.

text: Ceccoli is an

text: Italian

text: surname popular in

text: San Marino

text: it was popularized by books such as

text: Foucault's Pendulum

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text: To put it in different words, there are no inertial forces that could make the pendulum precess, so the precession (relative to the direction of motion of the path along which the pendulum is carried) is entirely due to the turning of this path. Thus the orientation of the pendulum undergoes parallel transport. For the original Foucault pendulum, the path is a circle of latitude, and by the Gauss–Bonnet theorem, the phase shift is given by the enclosed solid angle.

text: To put it in different words, there are no inertial forces that could make the pendulum precess, so the precession (relative to the direction of motion of the path along which the pendulum is carried) is entirely due to the turning of this path. Thus the orientation of the pendulum undergoes

text: parallel transport

text: . For the original Foucault pendulum, the path is a circle of latitude, and by the

text: Gauss–Bonnet theorem

text: , the phase shift is given by the enclosed solid angle.

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text: The Earth is not a perfect sphere but an oblate spheroid, with an equatorial diameter about 43 kilometers larger than its polar diameter. Because of the Earth's axial tilt, during most of the year the half of this bulge that is closest to the Sun is off-center, either to the north or to the south, and the far half is off-center on the opposite side. The gravitational pull on the closer half is stronger, since gravity decreases with distance, so this creates a small torque on the Earth as the Sun pulls harder on one side of the Earth than the other.  The axis of this torque is roughly perpendicular to the axis of the Earth's rotation so the axis of rotation precesses. If the Earth were a perfect sphere, there would be no precession.

text: The Earth is not a perfect sphere but an

text: oblate spheroid

text: , with an equatorial diameter about 43 kilometers larger than its polar diameter. Because of the Earth's

text: axial tilt

text: , during most of the year the half of this bulge that is closest to the Sun is off-center, either to the north or to the south, and the far half is off-center on the opposite side. The gravitational pull on the closer half is stronger, since gravity decreases with distance, so this creates a small torque on the Earth as the Sun pulls harder on one side of the Earth than the other.  The axis of this torque is roughly perpendicular to the axis of the Earth's rotation so the axis of rotation

text: precesses

text: . If the Earth were a perfect sphere, there would be no precession.

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text: The expectation was that the effect would be graphable as a sine wave with two peaks and two troughs per rotation of the device. This result could have been expected because during each full rotation, each arm would be parallel to the wind twice (facing into and away from the wind giving identical readings) and perpendicular to the wind twice. Additionally, due to the Earth's rotation, the wind would be expected to show periodic changes in direction and magnitude during the course of a sidereal day.

text: The expectation was that the effect would be graphable as a sine wave with two peaks and two troughs per rotation of the device. This result could have been expected because during each full rotation, each arm would be parallel to the wind twice (facing into and away from the wind giving identical readings) and perpendicular to the wind twice. Additionally, due to the Earth's rotation, the wind would be expected to show periodic changes in direction and magnitude during the course of a

text: sidereal day

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answers: due to the Earth's rotation

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answers: Additionally, due to the Earth's rotation, the wind would be expected to show periodic changes in direction and magnitude

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text: For a pendulum swing at the North Pole it is shown that the surface velocity vectors of the Earth underneath one side of the pendulum swing are directed in opposition to the velocity vectors underneath the other side of the swing (see Figure 1). The Earth's rotation can then be observed in relation to the pendulum swing. At the North Pole the support-point of the pendulum swing is located on the axis of rotation of the Earth. No matter what vertical orientation is established by the plane of the swing, the relative velocity vectors of the Earth's surface on opposite sides and equidistant from the center point of the swing will be in opposition. The Earth turns underneath the plane of the pendulum swing that is established.

text: For a pendulum swing at the North Pole it is shown that the surface velocity vectors of the Earth underneath one side of the pendulum swing are directed in opposition to the velocity vectors underneath the other side of the swing (see Figure 1). The Earth's rotation can then be observed in relation to the pendulum swing. At the North Pole the support-point of the pendulum swing is located on the axis of rotation of the Earth. No matter what vertical orientation is established by the plane of the swing, the relative velocity vectors of the Earth's surface on opposite sides and equidistant from the center point of the swing will be in opposition. The Earth turns underneath the plane of the pendulum swing that is established.

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answers: The Earth turns underneath the plane of the pendulum swing that is established

text: is the latitude, ω is the angular speed of the Earth's rotation, and a is the mean radius of the Earth.

text: is the latitude, ω is the

text: angular speed

text: of the

text: Earth's rotation

text: , and a is the mean

text: radius of the Earth

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answers: angular speed

text: The rapid rotation rate of this star, approximately once every nine days, is indicative of a relatively youthful body several hundred million years in age. Due to starspots, the star varies slightly over the approximately the same period. The variations in period are thought to be caused by differential rotation at various latitudes, similar to what happens on the surface of the Sun. The star spots on Kappa Ceti range in latitude from 10° to 75° The magnetic properties of this star make it "an excellent match for the Sun at a key point in the Earth's past".

text: The rapid rotation rate of this star, approximately once every nine days, is indicative of a relatively youthful body several hundred million years in age. Due to

text: starspots

text: , the star varies slightly over the approximately the same period. The variations in period are thought to be caused by differential rotation at various latitudes, similar to what happens on the surface of the Sun. The star spots on Kappa Ceti range in latitude from 10° to 75° The magnetic properties of this star make it "an excellent match for the Sun at a key point in the Earth's past".

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answers: The rapid rotation rate of this star

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answers: latitude

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answers: once every nine days

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answers: Rotation

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answers: latitude

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answers: The rapid rotation rate

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answers: Kappa Ceti

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answers: once every nine days

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answers: Earth

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answers: latitude

text: A synodic day is the period it takes for a planet to rotate once in relation to the body it is orbiting. For Earth, the synodic day is known as a solar day, and is about 24 hours long.

text: A synodic day is the period it takes for a

text: planet

text: to rotate once in relation to the

text: body

text: it is

text: orbit

text: ing. For

text: Earth

text: , the synodic day is known as a

text: solar day

text: , and is about 24 hours long.

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answers: A synodic day

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answers: solar day

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answers: Earth

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answers: Synodic day

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answers: Earth, the synodic day is known as a solar day

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answers: A synodic day

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answers: about 24 hours

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answers: a planet

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answers: Earth

text: on one end. For a low friction pivot he used a pair of short triangular 'knife' blades attached to the rod. In use the pendulum was hung from a bracket on the wall, supported by the edges of the knife blades resting on flat agate plates. The pendulum had two of these knife blade pivots

text: on one end. For a low friction pivot he used a pair of short triangular 'knife' blades attached to the rod. In use the pendulum was hung from a bracket on the wall, supported by the edges of the knife blades resting on flat agate plates. The pendulum had two of these knife blade pivots

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answers: Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

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answers: Earth revolves around the sun

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answers: The pendulum had two of these knife blade pivots

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answers: The pendulum had two of these knife blade pivots

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answers: The pendulum had two of these knife blade pivots

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answers: The pendulum had two of these knife blade pivots

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answers: about

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answers: pendulum

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answers: Earths rotation

text: Alpha Ophiuchi A is a rapidly rotating star with a projected rotational velocity of 240 km s. It is spinning at a rate of about 88.5% of the velocity that would cause the star to break up. The resulting equatorial bulge is about 20% larger than the polar radius, giving the star the shape of an oblate spheroid. Because of this distorted shape, the poles have an effective temperature about 1,840 K greater than along the equator. The axis of rotation of the star is inclined about  to the line of sight from the Earth, so that it is being observed from nearly equator-on.

text: Alpha Ophiuchi A is a rapidly rotating star with a

text: projected rotational velocity

text: of 240 km s. It is spinning at a rate of about 88.5% of the velocity that would cause the star to break up. The resulting equatorial bulge is about 20% larger than the polar radius, giving the star the shape of an

text: oblate spheroid

text: . Because of this distorted shape, the poles have an effective temperature about 1,840 K greater than along the equator. The axis of rotation of the star is inclined about  to the line of sight from the Earth, so that it is being observed from nearly equator-on.

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answers: equator

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answers: Earth

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answers: The axis of rotation of the star is inclined about to the line of sight

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answers: The resulting equatorial bulge is about 20% larger than the polar radius

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answers: poles have an effective temperature about 1,840 K greater than along the equator

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answers: Alpha Ophiuchi A

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answers: 240 km s

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answers: Earth

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answers: equator-on

text: A planetarium will show the orbital period of each planet and the rotation rate, as shown in the table above. A tellurion will show the earth with the moon revolving around the sun. It will use the angle of inclination of the equator from the table above to show how it rotates around its own axis. It will show the earth's moon, rotating around the earth. A lunarium is designed to show the complex motions of the moon as it revolves around the earth.

text: A planetarium will show the orbital period of each planet and the rotation rate, as shown in the table above. A tellurion will show the

text: earth with the moon

text: revolving around the sun. It will use the angle of inclination of the equator from the table above to show how it rotates around its own axis. It will show the earth's moon, rotating around the earth. A lunarium is designed to show the

text: complex motions of the moon

text: as it revolves around the earth.

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text: Torque can be defined as the rate of change of angular momentum, analogous to force. The conservation of angular momentum helps explain many observed phenomena, for example the increase in rotational speed of a spinning figure skater as the skater's arms are contracted, the high rotational rates of neutron stars, the falling cat problem, and precession of tops and gyros. Applications include the gyrocompass, control moment gyroscope, inertial guidance systems, reaction wheels, flying discs or Frisbees and Earth's rotation to name a few. In general, conservation does limit the possible motion of a system, but does not uniquely determine what the exact motion is.

text: Torque can be defined as the rate of change of angular momentum, analogous to

text: force

text: . The conservation of angular momentum helps explain many observed phenomena, for example the increase in rotational speed of a spinning

text: figure skater

text: as the skater's arms are contracted, the high rotational rates of

text: neutron star

text: s, the

text: falling cat problem

text: , and

text: precession

text: of tops and gyros. Applications include the

text: gyrocompass

text: control moment gyroscope

text: inertial guidance systems

text: reaction wheel

text: s,

text: flying discs or Frisbees

text: and

text: Earth's rotation

text: to name a few. In general, conservation does limit the possible motion of a system, but does not uniquely determine what the exact motion is.

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answers: Applications include the gyrocompass

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text: An orbital ring is a concept for a space elevator that consists of an artificial ring placed around the Earth that rotates at an angular rate that is faster than the rotation of the Earth. It is a giant formation of astroengineering proportions.

text: An orbital ring is a concept for a

text: space elevator

text: that consists of an artificial ring placed around the Earth that rotates at an angular rate that is faster than the rotation of the Earth. It is a giant formation of

text: astroengineering proportions

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text: In most pendulum clocks the rate is adjusted by moving the bob up or down on the pendulum rod. Moving it up shortens the pendulum, making it beat more quickly, and causing the clock to gain time.  In the most common arrangement, the bob is attached to the pendulum with an adjustment nut at the bottom, on the threaded end of the pendulum rod.  Turning the nut adjusts the height of the bob.  But some bobs have levers or dials to adjust the height.  In some precision clocks there is a smaller auxiliary weight on a threaded shaft to allow more fine adjustment.  Tower clocks sometimes have a tray mounted on the pendulum rod, to which small weights can be added or removed, to adjust the rate without stopping the clock.

text: In most pendulum clocks the rate is adjusted by moving the bob up or down on the pendulum rod. Moving it up shortens the pendulum, making it beat more quickly, and causing the clock to gain time.  In the most common arrangement, the bob is attached to the pendulum with an adjustment nut at the bottom, on the threaded end of the pendulum rod.  Turning the nut adjusts the height of the bob.  But some bobs have levers or dials to adjust the height.  In some precision clocks there is a smaller auxiliary weight on a threaded shaft to allow more fine adjustment.

text: Tower clock

text: s sometimes have a tray mounted on the pendulum rod, to which small weights can be added or removed, to adjust the rate without stopping the clock.

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answers: Tower clocks sometimes have a tray mounted on the pendulum rod, to which small weights can be added or removed, to adjust the rate without stopping the clock

answers: NDQ_005787

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answers: Earths rotation

text: In the absence of external torques, the vector of the angular momentum M of a rotating system remains constant and is directed toward a fixed point in space. In the case of the Earth, it is almost identical with its axis of rotation. The vector of the figure axis F of the system wobbles around M. This motion is called Euler's free nutation. For a rigid Earth which is an oblate spheroid to a good approximation, the figure axis F is its geometric axis defined by the geographic north and south pole. It is identical with the axis of its polar moment of inertia. The Euler period of free nutation is

text: In the absence of external torques, the vector of the

text: angular momentum

text: M of a rotating system remains constant and is directed toward a fixed point in space. In the case of the Earth, it is almost identical with its

text: axis of rotation

text: . The vector of the

text: figure axis

text: F of the system wobbles around M. This motion is called

text: Euler

text: 's

text: free nutation

text: . For a rigid Earth which is an oblate

text: spheroid

text: to a good approximation, the figure axis F is its geometric axis defined by the geographic north and south pole. It is identical with the axis of its polar moment of inertia. The Euler period of free nutation is

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text: An area of active discussion in the Maragheh school, and later the Samarkand and Istanbul observatories, was the possibility of the Earth's rotation. Supporters of this theory included Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī, Nizam al-Din al-Nisaburi (c. 1311), al-Sayyid al-Sharif al-Jurjani (1339–1413), Ali Qushji (d. 1474), and Abd al-Ali al-Birjandi (d. 1525). Al-Tusi was the first to present empirical observational evidence of the Earth's rotation, using the location of comets relevant to the Earth as evidence, which Qushji elaborated on with further empirical observations while rejecting Aristotelian natural philosophy altogether. Both of their arguments were similar to the arguments later used by Nicolaus Copernicus in 1543 to explain the Earth's rotation (see Astronomical physics and Earth's motion section below).

text: An area of active discussion in the Maragheh school, and later the

text: Samarkand

text: and

text: Istanbul

text: observatories, was the possibility of the

text: Earth's rotation

text: . Supporters of this theory included

text: Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī

text: , Nizam al-Din al-Nisaburi (c. 1311), al-Sayyid al-Sharif al-Jurjani (1339–1413), Ali Qushji (d. 1474), and Abd al-Ali

text: al-Birjandi

text: (d. 1525). Al-Tusi was the first to present empirical observational evidence of the Earth's rotation, using the location of

text: comet

text: s relevant to the Earth as evidence, which Qushji elaborated on with further empirical observations while rejecting Aristotelian

text: natural philosophy

text: altogether. Both of their arguments were similar to the arguments later used by

text: Nicolaus Copernicus

text: in 1543 to explain the Earth's rotation (see

text: Astronomical physics and Earth's motion

text: section below).

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text: This plan was once common in the pulp and paper industry in the Western United States but has been largely replaced by an 8 days, 8 swing, 5 nights, 9 off, 8-hour rotation.

text: This plan was once common in the pulp and paper industry in the Western United States but has been largely replaced by an 8 days, 8 swing, 5 nights, 9 off, 8-hour rotation.

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text: The changes in the distribution of masses inside the Earth due to the earthquake had several consequences. It displaced the North Pole by 2.5 cm. It also changed slightly the shape of the Earth, more specifically it decreased Earth's oblateness by about one part in 10 billion, consequentially increasing Earth's rotation a little and thus shortening the length of the day by 2.68 microseconds.

text: The changes in the distribution of masses inside the Earth due to the earthquake had several consequences. It

text: displaced the North Pole

text: by 2.5

text: cm

text: . It also changed slightly the shape of the Earth, more specifically it decreased Earth's oblateness by about one part in 10 billion, consequentially increasing

text: Earth's rotation

text: a little and thus shortening the length of the day by 2.68 microseconds.

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answers: It displaced the North Pole by 2.5 cm

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text: The Coriolis effect caused by the rotation of the Earth can be seen indirectly through the motion of a Foucault pendulum.

text: The Coriolis effect caused by the rotation of the Earth can be seen indirectly through the motion of a

text: Foucault pendulum

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text: The ITRS and ITRF solutions are maintained by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS). GTRF is defined by the European Space Agency (ESA).

text: The ITRS and ITRF solutions are maintained by the

text: International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service

text: IERS

text: ). GTRF is defined by the

text: European Space Agency

text: (ESA).

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text: Pluto's rotation period, its day, is equal to 6.39 Earth days. Like Uranus, Pluto rotates on its "side" in its orbital plane, with an axial tilt of 120°, and so its seasonal variation is extreme; at its solstices, one-fourth of its surface is in continuous daylight, whereas another fourth is in continuous darkness. The reason for this unusual orientation has been debated. Research from University of Arizona has suggested that it may be due to the way that a body's spin will always adjust to minimise energy. This could mean a body reorienting itself to put extraneous mass near the equator and regions lacking mass tend towards the poles. This is called polar wander. According to a paper released from the University of Arizona, this could be caused by masses of frozen nitrogen building up in shadowed areas of the dwarf planet. These masses would cause the body to reorientate itself, leading to its unusual axial tilt of 120°. The buildup of Nitrogen is due to Pluto's vast distance from the Sun. At the equator, temperatures can drop to , causing nitrogen to freeze as water would freeze on Earth. The same effect seen on Pluto would be observed on Earth if the Antarctic ice sheet was several times larger.

text: Pluto's

text: rotation period

text: , its day, is equal to 6.39

text: Earth

text: days. Like

text: Uranus

text: , Pluto rotates on its "side" in its orbital plane, with an axial tilt of 120°, and so its seasonal variation is extreme; at its

text: solstice

text: s, one-fourth of its surface is in continuous daylight, whereas another fourth is in continuous darkness. The reason for this unusual orientation has been debated. Research from

text: University of Arizona

text: has suggested that it may be due to the way that a body's spin will always adjust to minimise energy. This could mean a body reorienting itself to put extraneous mass near the equator and regions lacking mass tend towards the poles. This is called

text: polar wander

text: . According to a paper released from the University of Arizona, this could be caused by masses of frozen nitrogen building up in shadowed areas of the dwarf planet. These masses would cause the body to reorientate itself, leading to its unusual axial tilt of 120°. The buildup of Nitrogen is due to Pluto's vast distance from the Sun. At the equator, temperatures can drop to , causing nitrogen to freeze as water would freeze on Earth. The same effect seen on Pluto would be observed on Earth if the

text: Antarctic ice sheet

text: was several times larger.

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text: The surface of the Earth is a rotating reference frame. To solve classical mechanics problems exactly in an Earth-bound reference frame, three fictitious forces must be introduced, the Coriolis force, the centrifugal force (described below) and the Euler force. The Euler force is typically ignored because the variations in the angular velocity of the rotating Earth surface are usually insignificant. Both of the other fictitious forces are weak compared to most typical forces in everyday life, but they can be detected under careful conditions. For example, Léon Foucault was able to show that the Coriolis force results from the Earth's rotation using the Foucault pendulum. If the Earth were to rotate a thousand times faster (making each day only ≈86 seconds long), people could easily get the impression that such fictitious forces are pulling on them, as on a spinning carousel.

text: The surface of the Earth is a

text: rotating reference frame

text: . To solve

text: classical mechanics

text: problems exactly in an Earth-bound reference frame, three fictitious forces must be introduced, the

text: Coriolis force

text: , the

text: centrifugal force

text: (described below) and the

text: Euler force

text: . The Euler force is typically ignored because the variations in the angular velocity of the rotating Earth surface are usually insignificant. Both of the other fictitious forces are weak compared to most typical forces in everyday life, but they can be detected under careful conditions. For example,

text: Léon Foucault

text: was able to show that the

text: Coriolis force

text: results from the Earth's rotation using the

text: Foucault pendulum

text: . If the Earth were to rotate a thousand times faster (making each day only ≈86 seconds long), people could easily get the impression that such fictitious forces are pulling on them, as on a spinning carousel.

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text: On 23 April 2008 it was announced that motorbikes and night-day cycles would appear in the Bikes Pack (originally codenamed the "Davis" update), along with tailored locations, challenges and game modes. Criterion Games announced on 5 August 2008 that the update would also feature a new dynamic weather system, two starter bikes in the player's junkyard, 70 new bike-only challenges, and special "Midnight Rides" challenges that appear only at night. The Bikes pack was released on 18 September 2008 on both the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360.

text: On 23 April 2008 it was announced that motorbikes and night-day cycles would appear in the Bikes Pack (originally codenamed the "Davis" update), along with tailored locations, challenges and game modes. Criterion Games announced on 5 August 2008 that the update would also feature a new dynamic weather system, two starter bikes in the player's junkyard, 70 new bike-only challenges, and special "Midnight Rides" challenges that appear only at night. The Bikes pack was released on 18 September 2008 on both the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360.

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text: In lines 1-8 the poet wonders how he could possibly return to a happy from his travels as he is oppressed by the toil of work during the day, while emotionally and psychologically tortured by visions of the beloved by night. The cycle of misery is represented by the repetition of 'day…oppression…night…day…night…night…day…oppressed' in lines 3-4. Day and night are, in effect, "tyrants ruling his own kingdom, each the enemy of the other, and encroaching on the other's boundaries." This personification of tyranny is exhibited when the two kings "shake hands" in line 6; they make a truce to join in torturing the poet. Day tortures the poet "by the toil of travel (27.1), and night tortures him to moan that the farther he goes as he toils, the farther he is from his beloved."

text: In lines 1-8 the poet wonders how he could possibly return to a happy from his travels as he is oppressed by the toil of work during the day, while emotionally and psychologically tortured by visions of the beloved by night. The cycle of misery is represented by the repetition of 'day…oppression…night…day…night…night…day…oppressed' in lines 3-4. Day and night are, in effect, "tyrants ruling his own kingdom, each the enemy of the other, and encroaching on the other's boundaries." This personification of tyranny is exhibited when the two kings "shake hands" in line 6; they make a truce to join in torturing the poet. Day tortures the poet "by the toil of travel (27.1), and night tortures him to moan that the farther he goes as he toils, the farther he is from his beloved."

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text: Heaven & Earth is an integrated triad of toy, puzzle, and game all based on a single fantasy legend. With the animated cards in a solitaire-like game, the player tries to score tricks of the highest value, working against a random draw. There are also a dozen options for puzzles to manipulate, from sliders and mazes to 3-D illusions. The "toy" aspect of the game involves picking off gems with a swinging pendulum.

text: Heaven & Earth is an integrated triad of toy, puzzle, and game all based on a single fantasy legend. With the animated cards in a solitaire-like game, the player tries to score tricks of the highest value, working against a random draw. There are also a dozen options for puzzles to manipulate, from sliders and mazes to 3-D illusions. The "toy" aspect of the game involves picking off gems with a swinging pendulum.

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text: The clock has a pendulum, a swinging weight, as its time-keeping element and runs on weight-driven mechanism. The internal mechanism consists of six iron plates tied to a metal rope, which are connected to a chain of wheels. As the wheels rotate, they move the iron plates down, moving the brass pointer on the dial. The clock stops working, however, once the plates hit the floor. The plates are lifted manually once a week by keying it.

text: The clock has a

text: pendulum

text: , a swinging weight, as its time-keeping element and runs on weight-driven mechanism. The internal mechanism consists of six iron plates tied to a metal rope, which are connected to a chain of wheels. As the wheels rotate, they move the iron plates down, moving the brass pointer on the dial. The clock stops working, however, once the plates hit the floor. The plates are lifted manually once a week by keying it.

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text: The Knights Templar have become associated with legends concerning secrets and mysteries handed down to the select from ancient times. Rumors circulated even during the time of the Templars themselves. Masonic writers added their own speculations in the 18th century, and further fictional embellishments have been added in popular novels such as Ivanhoe, Foucault's Pendulum, and The Da Vinci Code, modern movies such as National Treasure and Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, as well as video games such as Broken Sword and Assassin's Creed.

text: The Knights Templar have become associated with

text: legend

text: s concerning

text: secrets and mysteries

text: handed down to the select from ancient times. Rumors circulated even during the time of the Templars themselves. Masonic writers added their own speculations in the 18th century, and further fictional embellishments have been added in popular novels such as

text: Ivanhoe

text: Foucault's Pendulum

text: , and

text: The Da Vinci Code

text: , modern movies such as

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text: , as well as video games such as

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text: In order to observe the rotation of the Earth in relation to the plane of the pendulum swing there must be a basic difference in the two types of motion that are being compared. This basic difference is then manifested as (1) being able to 'observe' the change in position of the Earth in relation to the pendulum swing and (2) the time to observe a complete 'relative rotation' decreases with the sine of the latitude (decreases with an increase in the angle of alignment with the Earth's axis of rotation).

text: In order to observe the rotation of the Earth in relation to the plane of the pendulum swing there must be a basic difference in the two types of motion that are being compared. This basic difference is then manifested as (1) being able to 'observe' the change in position of the Earth in relation to the pendulum swing and (2) the time to observe a complete 'relative rotation' decreases with the sine of the latitude (decreases with an increase in the angle of alignment with the Earth's axis of rotation).

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text: Most stackers are electrically powered by way of a trailing cable. There are basically two types of cable trailing: power cord rotating drum (PCRD) and control cable rotating drum (CCRD). Pendulum adjustments are made to ensure the proper alignment of these cables while the stacker is travelling.

text: Most stackers are electrically powered by way of a trailing cable. There are basically two types of cable trailing: power cord rotating drum (PCRD) and control cable rotating drum (CCRD). Pendulum adjustments are made to ensure the proper alignment of these cables while the stacker is travelling.

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text: The main lobby of the building is noted for its Foucault pendulum.  It also houses a student-run restaurant, the Pendulum Court, during the fall and winter semesters.

text: The main lobby of the building is noted for its

text: Foucault pendulum

text: .  It also houses a student-run restaurant, the Pendulum Court, during the fall and winter semesters.

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text: Researchers have placed volunteers in caves or special apartments for several weeks without clocks or other time cues. Without time cues, the volunteers tended to go to bed an hour later and to get up about an hour later each day. These experiments appeared to demonstrate that the "free-running" circadian rhythm in humans was about 25 hours long. However, these volunteers were allowed to control artificial lighting and the light in the evening caused a phase delay. More recent research shows that adults of all ages free-run at an average of 24 hours and 11 minutes. To maintain a 24-hour day/night cycle, the biological clock needs regular environmental time cues or zeitgebers, e.g., sunrise, sunset, and daily routine. Time cues keep the normal human circadian clock aligned with the rest of the world.

text: Researchers have placed volunteers in caves or special apartments for several weeks without clocks or other time cues. Without time cues, the volunteers tended to go to bed an hour later and to get up about an hour later each day. These experiments appeared to demonstrate that the "free-running" circadian rhythm in humans was about 25 hours long. However, these volunteers were allowed to control artificial lighting and the light in the evening caused a phase delay. More recent research shows that adults of all ages free-run at an average of 24 hours and 11 minutes. To maintain a 24-hour day/night cycle, the biological clock needs regular environmental time cues or

text: zeitgeber

text: s, e.g., sunrise, sunset, and daily routine. Time cues keep the normal human circadian clock aligned with the rest of the world.

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answers: 24-hour day/night cycle

text: The cut resistance is evaluated by the EN388:2003 or the ISO 13997 standard. The EN388 use a circular rotating blade of 40mm diameter that rotates against the direction of movement. The blade is moving back and forth over a small distance of about 50mm with load of 5N. The numbers of cut cycles are recorded and compared to a cotton control fabric. The cut resistance is rated between 0–5 depending on the number of cycles; "0"=0-1,2,  "1"=1,2-2,5,  "2"=2,5-5,0,  "3"=5,0-10,0,  "4"=10,0-20,0, "5"=20,0.

text: The cut resistance is evaluated by the EN388:2003 or the ISO 13997 standard. The EN388 use a circular rotating blade of 40mm diameter that rotates against the direction of movement. The blade is moving back and forth over a small distance of about 50mm with load of 5N. The numbers of cut cycles are recorded and compared to a cotton control fabric. The cut resistance is rated between 0–5 depending on the number of cycles; "0"=0-1,2,  "1"=1,2-2,5,  "2"=2,5-5,0,  "3"=5,0-10,0,  "4"=10,0-20,0, "5"=20,0.

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answers: Jean-Louis Poincaré

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answers: polar

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answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005784

answers: EN388:2003 or the ISO 13997 standard

answers: NDQ_005785

answers: 0–5 depending on the number of cycles

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: cut resistance is rated between 0–5 depending on the number of cycles

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: EN388:2003

answers: NDQ_005788

answers: about

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answers: the EN388

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answers: The EN388 use a circular rotating blade

text: The Foucault pendulum is an example from classical mechanics that is sometimes used to illustrate the Berry phase.

text: The

text: Foucault pendulum

text: is an example from

text: classical mechanics

text: that is sometimes used to illustrate the Berry phase.

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answers: Foucault

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answers: Earth rotating on its axis

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answers: Foucault pendulum

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answers: It is not possible to tell

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answers: Berry phase

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answers: about

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answers: Foucault pendulum

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answers: Earths rotation

text: The circadian rhythms of humans can be entrained to slightly shorter and longer periods than the Earth's 24 hours. Researchers at Harvard have shown that human subjects can at least be entrained to a 23.5-hour cycle and a 24.65-hour cycle (the latter being the natural solar day-night cycle on the planet Mars).

text: The circadian rhythms of humans can be entrained to slightly shorter and longer periods than the Earth's 24 hours. Researchers at Harvard have shown that human subjects can at least be entrained to a 23.5-hour cycle and a 24.65-hour cycle (the latter being the natural solar day-night cycle on the planet

text: Mars

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answers: Earth

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answers: circadian rhythms

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answers: 24.65

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answers: humans

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answers: Earth's

text: Titan's orbital tilt with respect to the sun is very close to Saturn's axial tilt (about 27°), and its axial tilt with respect to its orbit is zero.  This means that the direction of incoming sunlight is driven almost entirely by Titan's day-night cycle and Saturn's year cycle.  The day cycle on Titan lasts 15.9 Earth days, which is how long it takes Titan to orbit Saturn.  Titan is tidally locked, so the same part of Titan always faces Saturn, and there is no separate "month" cycle.

text: Titan's orbital tilt with respect to the sun is very close to Saturn's axial tilt (about 27°), and its axial tilt with respect to its orbit is zero.  This means that the direction of incoming sunlight is driven almost entirely by Titan's day-night cycle and Saturn's year cycle.  The day cycle on Titan lasts 15.9 Earth days, which is how long it takes Titan to orbit Saturn.  Titan is

text: tidally locked

text: , so the same part of Titan always faces Saturn, and there is no separate "month" cycle.

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answers: Day cycle on Titan lasts 15.9 Earth days

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answers: Earth

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answers: Earth

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answers: direction of incoming sunlight

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answers: day cycle on Titan lasts 15.9 Earth days

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answers: Titan is tidally locked, so the same part of Titan always faces Saturn

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answers: Titan

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answers: Earth days

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answers: direction of incoming sunlight

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answers: direction of incoming sunlight

text: The Cospas-Sarsat system was made possible by Doppler processing.  Local unit terminals (LUTs) detecting non-geostationary satellites interpret the Doppler frequency shift heard by LEOSAR and MEOSAR satellites as they pass over a beacon transmitting at a fixed frequency.  The interpretation determines both bearing and range.  The range and bearing are measured from the rate of change of the heard frequency, which varies both according to the path of the satellite in space and the rotation of the earth. This triangulates the position of the beacon. A faster change in the doppler indicates that the beacon is closer to the satellite's orbit.  If the beacon is moving toward or away from the satellite track due to the Earth's rotation, it is on one side or other of the satellite's path. Doppler shift is zero at the closest point of approach between the beacon and the orbit.

text: The Cospas-Sarsat system was made possible by

text: Doppler

text: processing.  Local unit terminals (LUTs) detecting non-geostationary satellites interpret the

text: Doppler

text: frequency shift heard by LEOSAR and MEOSAR satellites as they pass over a beacon transmitting at a fixed frequency.  The interpretation determines both bearing and range.  The range and bearing are measured from the rate of change of the heard frequency, which varies both according to the path of the satellite in space and the rotation of the earth. This

text: triangulate

text: s the position of the beacon. A faster change in the doppler indicates that the beacon is closer to the satellite's

text: orbit

text: .  If the beacon is moving toward or away from the satellite track due to the Earth's rotation, it is on one side or other of the satellite's path. Doppler shift is zero at the

text: closest point of approach

text: between the beacon and the orbit.

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answers: Cospas

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answers: orbit

answers: NDQ_005783

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005784

answers: Earth's rotation

answers: NDQ_005785

answers: Doppler shift is zero

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: A faster change in the doppler indicates that the beacon is closer to the satellite's orbit

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: Sarsat

answers: NDQ_005788

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_005789

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: Earth's rotation

text: Because the Earth's tides are ultimately due to gravitational interaction with the Moon and Sun and the Earth's rotation, tidal power is practically inexhaustible and classified as a renewable energy resource. Movement of tides causes a loss of mechanical energy in the Earth–Moon system: this is a result of pumping of water through natural restrictions around coastlines and consequent viscous dissipation at the seabed and in turbulence. This loss of energy has caused the rotation of the Earth to slow in the 4.5 billion years since its formation. During the last 620 million years the period of rotation of the earth (length of a day) has increased from 21.9 hours to 24 hours; in this period the Earth has lost 17% of its rotational energy. While tidal power will take additional energy from the system, the effect is negligible and would only be noticed over millions of years.

text: Because the Earth's tides are ultimately due to gravitational interaction with the Moon and Sun and the Earth's rotation, tidal power is practically inexhaustible and classified as a

text: renewable energy

text: resource. Movement of tides causes a

text: loss of mechanical energy

text: in the Earth–Moon system: this is a result of pumping of water through natural restrictions around coastlines and consequent

text: viscous

text: dissipation at the

text: seabed

text: and in

text: turbulence

text: . This loss of energy has caused the rotation of the Earth to slow in the 4.5 billion years since its formation. During the last 620 million years the period of rotation of the earth (length of a day) has increased from 21.9 hours to 24 hours; in this period the Earth has lost 17% of its rotational energy. While tidal power will take additional energy from the system, the effect is negligible and would only be noticed over millions of years.

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answers: Gravitational interaction

answers: NDQ_005782

answers: Earth–Moon system

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answers: day

answers: NDQ_005784

answers: Earth's rotation

answers: NDQ_005785

answers: This loss of energy has caused the rotation of the Earth to slow

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: movement of tides causes a loss of mechanical energy

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: tidal power

answers: NDQ_005788

answers: 24 hours

answers: NDQ_005789

answers: Moon

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: Earth's rotation

text: In graphical terms, the Earth behaves like a spinning top, and tops tend to wobble as they spin. The spin of the Earth is its daily (diurnal) rotation. The spinning Earth slowly wobbles over a period slightly less than 26,000 years. From our perspective on Earth, the stars are ever so slightly 'moving' from west to east at the rate of one degree approximately every 72 years. One degree is about twice the diameter of the Sun or Moon as viewed from Earth. The easiest way to notice this slow movement of the stars is at any fixed time each year. The most common fixed time is at the vernal equinox around 21 March each year.

text: In graphical terms, the Earth behaves like a spinning top, and tops tend to wobble as they spin. The spin of the Earth is its daily (diurnal) rotation. The spinning Earth slowly wobbles over a period slightly less than 26,000 years. From our perspective on Earth, the stars are ever so slightly 'moving' from west to east at the rate of one degree approximately every 72 years. One degree is about twice the diameter of the Sun or Moon as viewed from Earth. The easiest way to notice this slow movement of the stars is at any fixed time each year. The most common fixed time is at the vernal equinox around 21 March each year.

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answers: the Earth behaves like a spinning top

answers: NDQ_005782

answers: vernal equinox

answers: NDQ_005783

answers: daily

answers: NDQ_005784

answers: from west to east at the rate of one degree approximately every 72 years

answers: NDQ_005785

answers: The spinning Earth slowly wobbles over a period slightly less than 26,000 years

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: The easiest way to notice this slow movement of the stars is at any fixed time each year

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: the Earth behaves like a spinning top

answers: NDQ_005788

answers: 26,000 years

answers: NDQ_005789

answers: the Moon

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: from west to east

text: Before the Cavendish Experiment, attempts to "weigh" Earth involved estimating the mean density of Earth and its volume. The volume was well understood through surveying techniques, and the density was measured by observing the slight deflection of a pendulum near a mountain, as in the Schiehallion experiment. The Earth mass could then be calculated as:

text: Before the Cavendish Experiment, attempts to "weigh" Earth involved estimating the mean density of Earth and its volume. The volume was well understood through surveying techniques, and the density was measured by observing the slight deflection of a pendulum near a mountain, as in the

text: Schiehallion experiment

text: . The Earth mass could then be calculated as:

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answers: Schiehallion experiment

answers: NDQ_005782

answers: Schiehallion

answers: NDQ_005783

answers: Earth rotating on its axis

answers: NDQ_005784

answers: Schiehallion

answers: NDQ_005785

answers: Earth mass could then be calculated

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: density

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005788

answers: Earth rotational speed is about

answers: NDQ_005789

answers: a mountain

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: Earth's rotation

text: The rotation rate of the Earth (Ω = 7.2921 × 10 rad/s) can be calculated as 2π / T radians per second, where T is the rotation period of the Earth which is one sidereal day (23 hr 56 m 4.1 s). In the midlatitudes, the typical value for

text: The

text: rotation rate of the Earth

text: (Ω = 7.2921 × 10 rad/s) can be calculated as 2π / T radians per second, where T is the rotation

text: period

text: of the Earth which is one

text: sidereal day

text: (23 hr 56 m 4.1 s). In the midlatitudes, the typical value for

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answers: = 7.2921  10 rad/s

answers: NDQ_005782

answers: sidereal day

answers: NDQ_005783

answers: sidereal day

answers: NDQ_005784

answers: sidereal day is 23 hr 56 m 4.1 s

answers: NDQ_005785

answers: = 7.2921  10 rad/s

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: sidereal day (23 hr 56 m 4.1 s)

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: = 7.2921  10 rad

answers: NDQ_005788

answers: 7.2921  10 rad/s

answers: NDQ_005789

answers: sidereal day

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: = 7.2921  10 rad/s

text: Earth's rotation period relative to the fixed stars, called its stellar day by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS), is  of mean solar time (UT1), or  Earth's rotation period relative to the precessing or moving mean vernal equinox, misnamed its sidereal day, is  of mean solar time (UT1)  . Thus the sidereal day is shorter than the stellar day by about 8.4 ms. The length of the mean solar day in SI seconds is available from the IERS for the periods 1623–2005 and 1962–2005.

text: Earth's rotation period relative to the

text: fixed star

text: s, called its stellar day by the

text: International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service

text: (IERS), is  of mean solar time (UT1), or  Earth's rotation period relative to the

text: precessing

text: or moving mean

text: vernal equinox

text: , misnamed its

text: sidereal day

text: , is  of mean solar time (UT1)  . Thus the sidereal day is shorter than the stellar day by about 8.4 ms. The length of the mean solar day in SI seconds is available from the IERS for the periods 1623–2005 and 1962–2005.

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answers: IERS

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answers: equinox

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answers: 1623–2005

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answers: sidereal day

answers: NDQ_005785

answers: The sidereal day is shorter than the stellar day by about 8.4 ms

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: Earth's rotation period relative to the fixed stars, called its stellar day

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: the sidereal day

answers: NDQ_005788

answers: 8.4 ms

answers: NDQ_005789

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: Earth's rotation period relative to the fixed stars

text: Early estimates of the Sun's rotation period varied between 25 and 28 days. The cause was determined independently in 1858 by Richard C. Carrington and Spörer. They discovered that the latitude with the most sunspots decreases from 40° to 5° during each cycle, and that at higher latitudes sunspots rotate more slowly. The sun's rotation was thus shown to vary by latitude and that its outer layer must be fluid. In 1871 Hermann Vogel, and shortly thereafter by Charles Young confirmed this spectroscopically. Nils Dúner's spectroscopic observation in the 1880s showed a 30% difference between the sun's faster equatorial regions and its slower polar regions.

text: Early estimates of the Sun's rotation period varied between 25 and 28 days. The cause was determined independently in 1858 by Richard C. Carrington and

text: Spörer

text: . They discovered that the latitude with the most sunspots decreases from 40° to 5° during each cycle, and that at higher latitudes sunspots rotate more slowly. The sun's rotation was thus shown to vary by latitude and that its outer layer must be fluid. In 1871

text: Hermann Vogel

text: , and shortly thereafter by

text: Charles Young

text: confirmed this spectroscopically.

text: Nils Dúner

text: 's spectroscopic observation in the 1880s showed a 30% difference between the sun's faster equatorial regions and its slower polar regions.

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answers: Hermann Vogel

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answers: latitude

answers: NDQ_005783

answers: cycle

answers: NDQ_005784

answers: rotation

answers: NDQ_005785

answers: sunspots rotate more slowly

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: The sun's rotation was thus shown to vary by latitude

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: The sun's rotation

answers: NDQ_005788

answers: 30°

answers: NDQ_005789

answers: latitude

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: polar regions

text: The rotation rate of R136a1 cannot be measured directly since the photosphere is hidden by the dense stellar wind and the photospheric absorption lines used to measure rotational doppler broadening are not present in the spectrum.  A N emission line at 2.1 µm is produced relatively deep in the wind and can be used to estimate rotation.  In R136a1 it has a FWHM of about 15Å, indicating a slow or non rotating star, although it could be aligned with its pole facing Earth.  R136a2 and a3 are rotating rapidly and the closest evolutionary models for R136a1 match a star still rotating with an equatorial speed of ∼200 km/s after ∼1.75 Myr.

text: The rotation rate of R136a1 cannot be measured directly since the

text: photosphere

text: is hidden by the dense

text: stellar wind

text: and the photospheric absorption lines used to measure rotational doppler broadening are not present in the spectrum.  A N emission line at 2.1 µm is produced relatively deep in the wind and can be used to estimate rotation.  In R136a1 it has a

text: FWHM

text: of about

text: , indicating a slow or non rotating star, although it could be aligned with its pole facing Earth.  R136a2 and a3 are rotating rapidly and the closest evolutionary models for R136a1 match a star still rotating with an equatorial speed of ∼200 km/s after ∼1.75 Myr.

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answers: R136a1

answers: NDQ_005782

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_005783

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005784

answers: It could be aligned with its pole facing Earth

answers: NDQ_005785

answers: The rotation rate of R136a1 cannot be measured directly

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: it could be aligned with its pole facing Earth

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: R136a1

answers: NDQ_005788

answers: 200 km/s

answers: NDQ_005789

answers: dense stellar wind

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: Earth

text: A 'pendulum day' is the time needed for the plane of a freely suspended Foucault pendulum to complete an apparent rotation about the local vertical. This is one sidereal day divided by the sine of the latitude.

text: A 'pendulum day' is the time needed for the plane of a freely suspended Foucault pendulum to complete an apparent rotation about the local vertical. This is one sidereal day divided by the sine of the latitude.

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text: As the Earth turns around its axis, everything attached to it turns with it (imperceptibly to our senses). An object that is moving without being dragged along with this rotation travels in a straight motion over the turning Earth. From our rotating perspective on the planet, its direction of motion changes as it moves, bending in the opposite direction to our actual motion. When viewed from a stationary point in space directly above the north pole, any land feature in the Northern Hemisphere turns anticlockwise—and, fixing our gaze on that location, any other location in that hemisphere rotates around it the same way. The traced ground path of a freely moving body travelling from one point to another therefore bends the opposite way, clockwise, which is conventionally labeled as "right," where it will be if the direction of motion is considered "ahead," and "down" is defined naturally.

text: As the Earth turns around its axis, everything attached to it turns with it (imperceptibly to our senses). An object that is moving without being dragged along with this rotation travels in a straight motion over the turning Earth. From our rotating perspective on the planet, its direction of motion changes as it moves, bending in the opposite direction to our actual motion. When viewed from a stationary point in space directly above the north pole, any land feature in the Northern Hemisphere turns anticlockwise—and, fixing our gaze on that location, any other location in that hemisphere rotates around it the same way. The traced

text: ground path

text: of a freely moving body travelling from one point to another therefore bends the opposite way, clockwise, which is conventionally labeled as "right," where it will be if the direction of motion is considered "ahead," and "down" is defined naturally.

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answers: Earth turns around its axis

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text: During his expedition to Cayenne, French Guiana in 1671, Jean Richer found that a pendulum clock was  minutes per day slower at Cayenne than at Paris. From this he deduced that the force of gravity was lower at Cayenne.  In 1687, Isaac Newton in Principia Mathematica showed that this was because the Earth was not a true sphere but slightly oblate (flattened at the poles) from the effect of centrifugal force due to its rotation, causing gravity to increase with latitude.  Portable pendulums began to be taken on voyages to distant lands, as precision gravimeters to measure the acceleration of gravity at different points on Earth, eventually resulting in accurate models of the shape of the Earth.

text: During his expedition to

text: Cayenne

text: French Guiana

text: in 1671,

text: Jean Richer

text: found that a

text: pendulum clock

text: was  minutes per day slower at Cayenne than at Paris. From this he deduced that the force of gravity was lower at Cayenne.  In 1687,

text: Isaac Newton

text: in

entity_name: Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica

text: Principia Mathematica

text: showed that this was because the Earth was not a true sphere but slightly

text: oblate

text: (flattened at the poles) from the effect of

text: centrifugal force

text: due to its rotation, causing gravity to increase with

text: latitude

text: .  Portable pendulums began to be taken on voyages to distant lands, as precision

text: gravimeter

text: s to measure the

text: acceleration of gravity

text: at different points on Earth, eventually resulting in accurate models of the

text: shape of the Earth

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answers: gravity to increase with latitude

text: Earth's rotation is not a simple rotation around an axis that would always remain parallel to itself. Earth's rotational axis itself rotates about a second axis, orthogonal to Earth's orbit, taking about 25,800 years to perform a complete rotation. This phenomenon is called the precession of the equinoxes. Because of this precession, the stars appear to move around Earth in a manner more complicated than a simple constant rotation.

text: Earth's rotation is not a simple rotation around an axis that would always remain parallel to itself. Earth's rotational axis itself rotates about a second axis,

text: orthogonal

text: to Earth's orbit, taking about 25,800 years to perform a complete rotation. This phenomenon is called the

text: precession of the equinoxes

text: . Because of this precession, the stars appear to move around Earth in a manner more complicated than a simple constant rotation.

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answers: 25,800 years

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answers: Because of this precession, the stars appear to move around Earth in a manner more complicated than a simple constant rotation

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answers: Earth's rotational axis itself rotates about a second axis

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answers: Earth's rotation

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answers: 25,800 years

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answers: stars

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answers: Because of this precession

text: An automated Foucault pendulum was used by H.R. Salva and found no evidence for a precession change of the pendulum's oscillation plane (<0.3 degree / hour) during the Solar eclipse of July 11, 2010.

text: An automated Foucault pendulum was used by H.R. Salva and found no evidence for a precession change of the pendulum's oscillation plane (<0.3 degree / hour) during the

text: Solar eclipse of July 11, 2010

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answers: July 11

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answers: precession

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answers: 0.3 degree / hour

answers: NDQ_005786

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answers: 0.3 degree / hour

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answers: precession

text: Indian mathematician-astronomer Aryabhata, in his Aryabhatiya first identifies the force gravity to explain why objects do not fall when the earth rotates. propounds a geocentric solar system of gravitation, and an eccentric elliptical model of the planets, where the planets spin on their axes and follow elliptical orbits,the Sun and the moon revolve around the earth in epicycles. He also writes that the planets and the Moon do not have their own light but reflect the light of the Sun, and that the Earth rotates on its axis causing day and night and also sun around the earth causing years.

text: Indian mathematician-astronomer

text: Aryabhata

text: , in his

text: Aryabhatiya

text: first identifies the force gravity to explain why objects do not fall when the earth rotates. propounds a geocentric solar system of

text: gravitation

text: , and an

text: eccentric

text: elliptical

text: model of the planets, where the planets spin on their

text: axes

text: and follow elliptical orbits,the Sun and the moon revolve around the earth in

text: epicycles

text: . He also writes that the planets and the Moon do not have their own light but reflect the light of the Sun, and that the Earth rotates on its axis causing day and night and also sun around the earth causing years.

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answers: Earth rotates on its axis

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answers: around the earth in epicycles

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answers: Earth rotates on its axis

text: Rather than tracking the change of momentum, the precession of the oscillation plane can efficiently be described as a case of parallel transport. For that, it can be demonstrated, by composing the infinitesimal rotations, that the precession rate is proportional to the projection of the angular velocity of Earth onto the normal direction to Earth, which implies that the trace of the plane of oscillation will undergo parallel transport. After 24 hours, the difference between initial and final orientations of the trace in the Earth frame is  −2πsin(φ)}}, which corresponds to the value given by the Gauss–Bonnet theorem. α is also called the holonomy or geometric phase of the pendulum. When analyzing earthbound motions, the Earth frame is not an inertial frame, but rotates about the local vertical at an effective rate of  radians per day.A simple method employing parallel transport within cones tangent to the Earth's surface can be used to describe the rotation angle of the swing plane of Foucault's pendulum.

text: Rather than tracking the change of momentum, the precession of the oscillation plane can efficiently be described as a case of

text: parallel transport

text: . For that, it can be demonstrated, by composing the infinitesimal rotations, that the precession rate is proportional to the

text: projection

text: of the

text: angular velocity

text: of Earth onto the

text: normal

text: direction to Earth, which implies that the trace of the plane of oscillation will undergo parallel transport. After 24 hours, the difference between initial and final orientations of the trace in the Earth frame is  −2πsin(φ)}}, which corresponds to the value given by the

text: Gauss–Bonnet theorem

text: . α is also called the

text: holonomy

text: or

text: geometric phase

text: of the pendulum. When analyzing earthbound motions, the Earth frame is not an

text: inertial frame

text: , but rotates about the local vertical at an effective rate of  radians per day.A simple method employing parallel transport within cones tangent to the Earth's surface can be used to describe the rotation angle of the swing plane of Foucault's pendulum.

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answers: Earth frame is not an inertial frame

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answers: Earth frame is not an inertial frame

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answers: Gauss–Bonnet

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answers: radians per day

answers: NDQ_005789

answers: cones

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answers: Earth frame is not an inertial frame

text: The Earth's rotation rate is still slowing down, though gradually, by about two thousandths of a second per rotation every 100 years. Estimates of how fast the Earth was rotating in the past vary, because it is not known exactly how the moon was formed. Estimates of the Earth's rotation 500 million years ago are around 20 modern hours per "day".

text: The Earth's rotation rate is still slowing down, though gradually, by about two thousandths of a second per rotation every 100 years. Estimates of how fast the Earth was rotating in the past vary, because it is not known exactly how the moon was formed. Estimates of the Earth's rotation 500 million years ago are around 20 modern hours per "day".

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answers: day

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answers: Earth's rotation

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: It is not known exactly how the moon was formed

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: the moon

answers: NDQ_005788

answers: two thousandths of a second

answers: NDQ_005789

answers: the moon

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: Earth's rotation

text: Spacecraft rotational operations, such as turning to point in a new direction, are usually performed by angular momentum storage devices such as reaction wheels or Control moment gyroscopes. It is generally preferable to use these devices instead of traditional thrusters, as they are powered by renewable electricity instead of by propellant; firing thrusters uses up the fixed amount of propellant on the spacecraft. Propellant is very costly because it must be carried from earth; once it is used up, the spacecraft's life is over. Therefore, the operational life of the spacecraft is determined by the amount of propellant carried, and the rate at which the propellant is used up. Propellant is used for two main purposes: to maintain the spacecraft in orbit, and to control rotation. Therefore, the less propellant that has to be used for controlling rotation, the more that is available for maintaining orbit, and the longer the lifetime of the spacecraft.

text: Spacecraft rotational operations, such as turning to point in a new direction, are usually performed by

text: angular momentum

text: storage devices such as

text: reaction wheels

text: or

text: Control moment gyroscope

text: s. It is generally preferable to use these devices instead of traditional

text: thrusters

text: , as they are powered by renewable electricity instead of by propellant; firing thrusters uses up the fixed amount of propellant on the spacecraft. Propellant is very costly because it must be carried from earth; once it is used up, the spacecraft's life is over. Therefore, the operational life of the spacecraft is determined by the amount of propellant carried, and the rate at which the propellant is used up. Propellant is used for two main purposes: to maintain the spacecraft in orbit, and to control rotation. Therefore, the less propellant that has to be used for controlling rotation, the more that is available for maintaining orbit, and the longer the lifetime of the spacecraft.

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text: Each pahar of a 24-hour day-night cycle has a specific name and number. The first pahar of the day, known as pehla pahar (Hindustani: pehla, meaning first), corresponds to the early morning. The second pahar is called do-pahar (Hindustani: do, meaning second). In the common speech of North India, Pakistan and Nepal, dopahar (दोपहर or دوپہر) has come to be the generic term for afternoon or midday. The third pahar is called seh pahar (Persian:seh, meaning three) and has generically come to mean evening, though the term is less commonly used than shaam.

text: Each pahar of a 24-hour day-night cycle has a specific name and number. The first pahar of the day, known as pehla pahar (Hindustani: pehla, meaning first), corresponds to the early morning. The second pahar is called do-pahar (Hindustani: do, meaning second). In the common speech of North India, Pakistan and Nepal, dopahar (दोपहर or دوپہر) has come to be the generic term for afternoon or midday. The third pahar is called seh pahar (

text: Persian

text: :seh, meaning three) and has generically come to mean evening, though the term is less commonly used than shaam.

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text: Typically, satellites have a roughly sinusoidal ground track.  A satellite with an orbital inclination between zero and ninety degrees is said to be in what is called a direct or prograde orbit, meaning that it orbits in the same direction as the Earth's rotation.  A satellite with an orbital inclination between 90° and 180° (or, equivalently, between -90° and 0°) is said to be in a retrograde orbit. (Direct orbits are by far the most common for artificial satellites, as the initial velocity imparted by the Earth's rotation at launch reduces the delta-v needed to achieve orbit.)

text: Typically, satellites have a roughly

text: sinusoidal

text: ground track.  A satellite with an orbital

text: inclination

text: between zero and ninety degrees is said to be in what is called a direct or

text: prograde orbit

text: , meaning that it orbits in the same direction as the Earth's rotation.  A satellite with an orbital inclination between 90° and 180° (or, equivalently, between -90° and 0°) is said to be in a

text: retrograde orbit

text: . (Direct orbits are by far the most common for artificial satellites, as the initial velocity imparted by the Earth's rotation at launch reduces the

text: delta-v

text: needed to achieve orbit.)

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text: Uncertainty in the star's surface temperature, diameter, and distance make it difficult to achieve a precise measurement of Betelgeuse's luminosity, but research from 2012 quotes a luminosity of around , assuming a distance of 200 pc. Studies since 2001 report effective temperatures ranging from  to .  Values outside this range have previously been reported, and much of the variation is believed to be real, due to pulsations in the atmosphere. The star is also a slow rotator and the most recent velocity recorded was 5 km/s— much slower than Antares which has a rotational velocity of 20 km/s. The rotation period depends on Betelgeuse's size and orientation to Earth, but it has been calculated to take 8.4 years to turn on its axis.

text: Uncertainty in the star's surface temperature, diameter, and distance make it difficult to achieve a precise measurement of Betelgeuse's luminosity, but research from 2012 quotes a luminosity of around , assuming a distance of 200 pc. Studies since 2001 report effective temperatures ranging from  to .  Values outside this range have previously been reported, and much of the variation is believed to be real, due to pulsations in the atmosphere. The star is also a slow rotator and the most recent velocity recorded was 5 km/s— much slower than

text: Antares

text: which has a rotational velocity of 20 km/s. The rotation period depends on Betelgeuse's size and orientation to Earth, but it has been calculated to take 8.4 years to turn on its axis.

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text: In the final section, the "Gola" or "The Sphere," Aryabhata goes into great detail describing the celestial relationship between the Earth and the cosmos. This section is noted for describing the rotation of the earth on its axis. It further uses the armillary sphere and details rules relating to problems of trigonometry and the computation of eclipses.

text: In the final section, the "Gola" or "The Sphere," Aryabhata goes into great detail describing the celestial relationship between the Earth and the cosmos. This section is noted for describing the

text: rotation of the earth

text: on its axis. It further uses the

text: armillary sphere

text: and details rules relating to problems of trigonometry and the computation of eclipses.

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text: The shape of Earth is approximately oblate spheroidal. Due to rotation, the Earth is flattened along the geographic axis and bulging around the equator. The diameter of the Earth at the equator is  larger than the pole-to-pole diameter. Thus the point on the surface farthest from Earth's center of mass is the summit of the equatorial Chimborazo volcano in Ecuador. The average diameter of the reference spheroid is . Local topography deviates from this idealized spheroid, although on a global scale these deviations are small compared to Earth's radius: The maximum deviation of only 0.17% is at the Mariana Trench ( below local sea level), whereas Mount Everest ( above local sea level) represents a deviation of 0.14%.

text: The shape of Earth is approximately

text: oblate spheroid

text: al. Due to

text: rotation

text: , the Earth is flattened along the geographic axis and

text: bulging

text: around the

text: equator

text: . The diameter of the Earth at the equator is  larger than the

text: pole

text: -to-pole diameter. Thus the point on the surface farthest from Earth's

text: center of mass

text: is the summit of the equatorial

text: Chimborazo

text: volcano in

text: Ecuador

text: . The average diameter of the reference spheroid is . Local

text: topography

text: deviates from this idealized spheroid, although on a global scale these deviations are small compared to Earth's radius: The maximum deviation of only 0.17% is at the

text: Mariana Trench

text: ( below local sea level), whereas

text: Mount Everest

text: ( above local sea level) represents a deviation of 0.14%.

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answers: Earth is flattened along the geographic axis and bulging around the equator

text: Revolving around the Central Fire above Earth were the Moon, the Sun, the planets, and finally—perhaps fixed and not rotating at all—were the stars. Revolving around the Central Fire below Earth was another hypothetical astronomical object, the Counter-Earth. Whether Philolaus believed Earth to be round or flat—there is "no explicit statement about the shape of the earth in Philolaus' system"—he did not believe the earth rotated, so that the Counter-Earth and the Central Fire were both not visible from Earth's surface—or at least not from the hemisphere where Greece was located.

text: Revolving around the Central Fire above Earth were the Moon, the Sun, the planets, and finally—perhaps fixed and not rotating at all—were the stars. Revolving around the Central Fire below Earth was another hypothetical astronomical object, the

text: Counter-Earth

text: . Whether Philolaus believed Earth to be round or flat—there is "no explicit statement about the shape of the earth in Philolaus' system"—he did not believe the earth rotated, so that the Counter-Earth and the Central Fire were both not visible from Earth's surface—or at least not from the hemisphere where Greece was located.

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text: The North Pole, also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole, is the point in the Northern Hemisphere where the Earth's axis of rotation meets its surface. This point is distinct from the Earth's North Magnetic Pole. The South Pole is the other point where the Earth's axis of rotation intersects its surface, in Antarctica.

text: The

text: North Pole

text: , also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole, is the point in the Northern Hemisphere where the Earth's axis of rotation meets its surface. This point is distinct from the Earth's

text: North Magnetic Pole

text: . The

text: South Pole

text: is the other point where the Earth's axis of rotation intersects its surface, in

text: Antarctica

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text: Earth orientation parameters (EOP) are a collection of parameters that describe irregularities in the rotation of the Earth.

text: Earth orientation parameters (EOP) are a collection of

text: parameters

text: that describe irregularities in the

text: rotation of the Earth

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answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: Earth orientation parameters

text: In 1851, physicist Léon Foucault demonstrated the rotation of the earth by constructing a  Foucault pendulum beneath the central dome. The original sphere from the pendulum was temporarily displayed at the Panthéon in the 1990s (starting in 1995) during renovations at the Musée des Arts et Métiers. The original pendulum was later returned to the Musée des Arts et Métiers, and a copy is now displayed at the Panthéon.

text: In 1851, physicist

text: Léon Foucault

text: demonstrated the rotation of the earth by constructing a

text: Foucault pendulum

text: beneath the central dome. The original sphere from the pendulum was temporarily displayed at the Panthéon in the 1990s (starting in 1995) during renovations at the

text: Musée des Arts et Métiers

text: . The original pendulum was later returned to the

text: Musée des Arts et Métiers

text: , and a copy is now displayed at the Panthéon.

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text: The rotation of the Earth is somewhat irregular, and is very gradually slowing due to tidal acceleration. Furthermore, the length of the second was determined from observations of the Moon between 1750 and 1890. All of these factors cause the mean solar day, on the average, to be slightly longer than the nominal 86,400 SI seconds, the traditional number of seconds per day. As UT is slightly irregular in its rate, astronomers introduced Ephemeris Time, which has since been replaced by Terrestrial Time (TT). Because Universal Time is synchronous with night and day, and  more precise atomic-frequency standards drift away from this, however, UT is still used to produce a correction (called a leap second) to atomic time, in order to obtain a broadcast form of civil time that carries atomic frequency. Thus, civil broadcast standards for time and frequency usually follow International Atomic Time closely, but occasionally step (or "leap") in order to prevent them from drifting too far from mean solar time.

text: The rotation of the Earth is somewhat irregular, and is very gradually slowing due to

text: tidal acceleration

text: . Furthermore, the length of the second was determined from observations of the

text: Moon

text: between 1750 and 1890. All of these factors cause the

text: mean solar day

text: , on the average, to be slightly longer than the nominal 86,400

text: SI

text: seconds, the traditional number of seconds per day. As UT is slightly irregular in its rate, astronomers introduced

text: Ephemeris Time

text: , which has since been replaced by

text: Terrestrial Time

text: (TT). Because Universal Time is synchronous with night and day, and  more precise atomic-frequency standards drift away from this, however, UT is still used to produce a correction (called a

text: leap second

text: ) to atomic time, in order to obtain a broadcast form of

text: civil time

text: that carries atomic frequency. Thus, civil broadcast standards for time and frequency usually follow International Atomic Time closely, but occasionally step (or "leap") in order to prevent them from drifting too far from mean solar time.

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answers: the Moon

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text: In 1908 Tumlirz described careful and effective experiments which demonstrated the effect of the rotation of the Earth on the outflow of water through a central aperture, in a paper entitled "New physical evidence on the axis of rotation of the earth".

text: In 1908 Tumlirz described careful and effective experiments which demonstrated the

text: effect of the rotation of the Earth

text: on the outflow of water through a central aperture, in a paper entitled "New physical evidence on the axis of rotation of the earth".

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text: The museum currently consists of a building with  of exhibit space, a  environmental park, and a planetarium.   The exhibit galleries cover a wide range of topics such as North Carolina geography and geology, the human body, physics (featuring a Foucault pendulum), sound, and technology.  In addition, there is a traveling exhibit gallery that features both nationally touring exhibits and exhibits created in-house.  The BioWorks exhibit, focusing on animals both local and exotic, was renovated in 2010, and includes a new habitat for Huey, a chatty blue-and-yellow macaw who has become the museum's unofficial mascot.

text: The museum currently consists of a building with  of exhibit space, a  environmental park, and a

text: planetarium

text: .   The exhibit galleries cover a wide range of topics such as

text: North Carolina

text: geography and geology, the human body, physics (featuring a

text: Foucault pendulum

text: ), sound, and technology.  In addition, there is a traveling exhibit gallery that features both nationally touring exhibits and exhibits created in-house.  The BioWorks exhibit, focusing on animals both local and exotic, was renovated in 2010, and includes a new habitat for Huey, a chatty

text: blue-and-yellow macaw

text: who has become the museum's unofficial mascot.

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text: Photovoltaic (PV) arrays powered Mir. The station used a 28 volt DC supply which provided 5-, 10-, 20- and 50-amp taps. When the station was illuminated by sunlight, several solar arrays mounted on the pressurised modules provided power to Mirs systems and charged the nickel-cadmium storage batteries installed throughout the station. The arrays rotated in only one degree of freedom over a 180° arc, and tracked the sun using sun sensors and motors installed in the array mounts. The station itself also had to be oriented to ensure optimum illumination of the arrays. When the station's all-sky sensor detected that Mir had entered Earth's shadow, the arrays were rotated to the optimum angle predicted for reacquiring the sun once the station passed out of the shadow. The batteries, each of 60 Ah capacity, were then used to power the station until the arrays recovered their maximum output on the day side of Earth.

text: Photovoltaic (PV) arrays

text: powered Mir. The station used a 28

text: volt

text: DC

text: supply which provided 5-, 10-, 20- and 50-

text: amp

text: taps. When the station was illuminated by sunlight, several solar arrays mounted on the pressurised modules provided power to Mirs systems and charged the

text: nickel-cadmium storage batteries

text: installed throughout the station. The arrays rotated in only one degree of freedom over a 180° arc, and tracked the sun using sun sensors and motors installed in the array mounts. The station itself also had to be oriented to ensure optimum illumination of the arrays. When the station's all-sky sensor detected that Mir had entered Earth's shadow, the arrays were rotated to the optimum angle predicted for reacquiring the sun once the station passed out of the shadow. The batteries, each of 60

text: Ah

text: capacity, were then used to power the station until the arrays recovered their maximum output on the day side of Earth.

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answers: The arrays rotated in only one degree of freedom

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answers: The arrays rotated in only one degree of freedom over a 180° arc

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answers: The station itself also had to be oriented to ensure optimum illumination of the arrays

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text: The amount of heat energy received at any location on the globe is a direct effect of Sun angle on climate, as the angle at which sunlight strikes the Earth varies by location, time of day, and season due to the Earth's orbit around the Sun and the Earth's rotation around its tilted axis. Seasonal change in the angle of sunlight, caused by the tilt of the Earth's axis, is the basic mechanism that results in warmer weather in summer than in winter. Change in day length is another factor. (See also season.)

text: The amount of

text: heat energy

text: received at any location on the globe is a direct effect of Sun angle on climate, as the

text: angle

text: at which

text: sunlight

text: strikes the

text: Earth

text: varies by location, time of day, and

text: season

text: due to the

text: Earth's orbit

text: around the

text: Sun

text: and the

text: Earth's rotation

text: around its tilted axis. Seasonal change in the angle of sunlight, caused by the tilt of the Earth's

text: axis

text: , is the basic mechanism that results in warmer weather in summer than in winter. Change in

text: day length

text: is another factor. (See also

text: season

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answers: Earth's rotation

text: Usually, the mirror of a liquid mirror telescope is rotated around two axes simultaneously. For example, the mirror of a telescope on the surface of the Earth rotates at a speed of a few revolutions per minute about a vertical axis to maintain its parabolic shape, and also at a speed of one revolution per day about the Earth's axis because of the rotation of the Earth. Usually (except if the telescope is located at one of the Earth's poles), the two rotations interact so that, in a frame of reference that is stationary relative to the local surface of the Earth, the mirror experiences a torque about an axis that is perpendicular to both rotation axes, i.e. a horizontal axis aligned east-west. Since the mirror is liquid, it responds to this torque by changing its aim direction. The point in the sky at which the mirror is aimed is not exactly overhead; it is displaced slightly to the north or south. The amount of the displacement depends on the latitude, the rotation speeds, and the parameters of the telescope's design. On the Earth, the displacement is small, typically a few arcseconds, which can, nevertheless, be significant in astronomical observations. If the telescope were in space, rotating to produce artificial gravity, the displacement could be much larger, possibly many degrees. This would add complexity to the operation of the telescope.

text: Usually, the mirror of a liquid mirror telescope is rotated around two axes simultaneously. For example, the mirror of a telescope on the surface of the Earth rotates at a speed of a few revolutions per minute about a vertical axis to maintain its parabolic shape, and also at a speed of one revolution per day about the Earth's axis because of the rotation of the Earth. Usually (except if the telescope is located at one of the Earth's poles), the two rotations interact so that, in a frame of reference that is stationary relative to the local surface of the Earth, the mirror experiences a torque about an axis that is perpendicular to both rotation axes, i.e. a horizontal axis aligned east-west. Since the mirror is liquid, it responds to this torque by changing its aim direction. The point in the sky at which the mirror is aimed is not exactly overhead; it is displaced slightly to the north or south. The amount of the displacement depends on the latitude, the rotation speeds, and the parameters of the telescope's design. On the Earth, the displacement is small, typically a few

text: arcsecond

text: s, which can, nevertheless, be significant in astronomical observations. If the telescope were in space, rotating to produce artificial gravity, the displacement could be much larger, possibly many degrees. This would add complexity to the operation of the telescope.

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answers: On the Earth, the displacement is small

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answers: The amount of the displacement depends on the latitude, the rotation speeds, and the parameters of the telescope's design

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answers: one revolution per day

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answers: Earth's axis

text: Law Number XI: If the Earth could be made to rotate twice as fast, managers would get twice as much done. If the Earth could be made to rotate twenty times as fast, everyone else would get twice as much done since all the managers would fly off.

text: Law Number XI: If the Earth could be made to rotate twice as fast, managers would get twice as much done. If the Earth could be made to rotate twenty times as fast, everyone else would get twice as much done since all the managers would fly off.

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answers: Earth could be made to rotate twenty times as fast

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answers: Earths rotation

text: AIRS measures the infrared brightness coming up from Earth's surface and from the atmosphere. Its scan mirror rotates around an axis along the line of flight and directs infrared energy from the Earth into the instrument. As the spacecraft moves along, this mirror sweeps the ground creating a scan swath that extends roughly 800 kilometers on either side of the ground track. Within the instrument, an advanced, high-resolution spectrometer separates the infrared energy into wavelengths.

text: AIRS measures the

text: infrared

text: brightness coming up from Earth's surface and from the atmosphere. Its scan mirror rotates around an axis along the line of flight and directs infrared energy from the Earth into the instrument. As the spacecraft moves along, this mirror sweeps the ground creating a scan swath that extends roughly 800 kilometers on either side of the

text: ground track

text: . Within the instrument, an advanced, high-resolution

text: spectrometer

text: separates the

text: infrared

text: energy into

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answers: Earth's rotation

text: From the perspective of an inertial frame moving in tandem with Earth, but not sharing its rotation, the suspension point of the pendulum traces out a circular path during one sidereal day. At the latitude of Paris, 48 degrees 51 minutes north, a full precession cycle takes just under 32 hours, so after one sidereal day, when the Earth is back in the same orientation as one sidereal day before, the oscillation plane has turned 270 degrees. If the plane of swing was north-south at the outset, it is east-west one sidereal day later. This implies that there has been exchange of momentum; the Earth and the pendulum bob have exchanged momentum. The Earth is so much more massive than the pendulum bob that the Earth's change of momentum is unnoticeable. Nonetheless, since the pendulum bob's plane of swing has shifted, the conservation laws imply that an exchange must have occurred.

text: From the perspective of an inertial frame moving in tandem with Earth, but not sharing its rotation, the suspension point of the pendulum traces out a circular path during one sidereal day. At the latitude of Paris, 48 degrees 51 minutes north, a full precession cycle takes just under 32 hours, so after one sidereal day, when the Earth is back in the same orientation as one sidereal day before, the oscillation plane has turned 270 degrees. If the plane of swing was north-south at the outset, it is east-west one sidereal day later. This implies that there has been exchange of momentum; the Earth and the pendulum bob have exchanged momentum. The Earth is so much more massive than the pendulum bob that the Earth's change of momentum is unnoticeable. Nonetheless, since the pendulum bob's plane of swing has shifted, the conservation laws imply that an exchange must have occurred.

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answers: the Earth and the pendulum bob have exchanged momentum

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answers: sidereal day

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answers: sidereal day

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answers: sidereal day

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answers: The Earth is so much more massive than the pendulum bob that the Earth's change of momentum is unnoticeable

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answers: At the latitude of Paris, 48 degrees 51 minutes north

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answers: precession

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answers: 32 hours

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answers: The Earth and the pendulum bob have exchanged momentum

text: The Moon is in synchronous rotation: it rotates about its axis in about the same time it takes to orbit Earth. This results in it nearly always keeping the same face turned towards Earth. However, due to the effect of libration, about 59% of the Moon's surface can actually be seen from Earth.

text: The Moon is in

text: synchronous rotation

text: : it rotates about its axis in about the same time it takes to

text: orbit

text: Earth. This results in it nearly always keeping the same face turned towards Earth. However, due to the effect of

text: libration

text: , about 59% of the Moon's surface can actually be seen from Earth.

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answers: It nearly always keeping the same face turned towards Earth

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answers: The Moon is in synchronous rotation

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answers: This results in it nearly always keeping the same face turned towards Earth

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answers: The Moon

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answers: about the same time

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answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: The Moon is in synchronous rotation

text: As noted by Copernicus himself, the notion that the Earth rotates is very old, dating at least to Philolaus (c. 450 BC), Heraclides Ponticus (c. 350 BC) and Ecphantus the Pythagorean. Roughly a century before Copernicus, the Christian scholar Nicholas of Cusa also proposed that the Earth rotates on its axis in his book, On Learned Ignorance (1440). Al-Sijzi also proposed that the Earth rotates on its axis. Empirical evidence for the Earth's rotation on its axis, using the phenomenon of comets, was given by Tusi (1201–1274) and Ali Qushji (1403–1474).

text: As noted by Copernicus himself, the notion that the

text: Earth rotates

text: is very old, dating at least to

text: Philolaus

text: (c. 450 BC),

text: Heraclides Ponticus

text: (c. 350 BC) and

text: Ecphantus the Pythagorean

text: . Roughly a century before Copernicus, the Christian scholar

text: Nicholas of Cusa

text: also proposed that the Earth rotates on its axis in his book, On Learned Ignorance (1440). Al-Sijzi also proposed that the Earth rotates on its axis.

text: Empirical evidence

text: for the Earth's rotation on its axis, using the phenomenon of

text: comet

text: s, was given by

text: Tusi

text: (1201–1274) and

text: Ali Qushji

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answers: Earth rotates on its axis

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answers: Earth rotates on its axis

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answers: no

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answers: 350 BC

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answers: Earth rotates on its axis

text: Jupiter's rotation is the fastest of all the Solar System's planets, completing a rotation on its axis in slightly less than ten hours; this creates an equatorial bulge easily seen through an Earth-based amateur telescope. The planet is shaped as an oblate spheroid, meaning that the diameter across its equator is longer than the diameter measured between its poles. On Jupiter, the equatorial diameter is  longer than the diameter measured through the poles.

text: Jupiter's

text: rotation

text: is the fastest of all the Solar System's planets, completing a rotation on its

text: axis

text: in slightly less than ten hours; this creates an

text: equatorial bulge

text: easily seen through an Earth-based amateur

text: telescope

text: . The planet is shaped as an

text: oblate spheroid

text: , meaning that the diameter across its

text: equator

text: is longer than the diameter measured between its

text: poles

text: . On Jupiter, the equatorial diameter is  longer than the diameter measured through the poles.

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answers: diameter across its equator is longer than the diameter measured between its poles

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answers: Jupiter

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answers: ten hours

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answers: Earth's rotation

text: The Earth rotates once in about 24 hours with respect to the sun and once every 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4 seconds with respect to the stars (see below). Earth's rotation is slowing slightly with time; thus, a day was shorter in the past. This is due to the tidal effects the Moon has on Earth's rotation. Atomic clocks show that a modern-day is longer by about 1.7 milliseconds than a century ago, slowly increasing the rate at which UTC is adjusted by leap seconds. Analysis of historical astronomical records shows a slowing trend of 2.3 milliseconds per century since the 8th century BCE.

text: The Earth rotates once in about 24 hours with respect to the sun and once every 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4 seconds with respect to the stars (

text: see below

text: ). Earth's rotation is slowing slightly with time; thus, a day was shorter in the past. This is due to the

text: tidal effects

text: the

text: Moon

text: has on Earth's rotation.

text: Atomic clock

text: s show that a modern-day is longer by about 1.7

text: millisecond

text: s than a century ago, slowly increasing the rate at which

text: UTC

text: is adjusted by

text: leap second

text: s. Analysis of historical astronomical records shows a slowing trend of 2.3 milliseconds per century since the 8th century BCE.

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answers: Earth's rotation is slowing slightly with time

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answers: Earth's rotation

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answers: 24 hours

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answers: the Moon

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answers: once every 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4 seconds

text: Earth's rotation period relative to the Sun (true noon to true noon) is its true solar day or apparent solar day. It depends on the Earth's orbital motion and is thus affected by changes in the eccentricity and inclination of Earth's orbit. Both vary over thousands of years so the annual variation of the true solar day also varies. Generally, it is longer than the mean solar day during two periods of the year and shorter during another two. The true solar day tends to be longer near perihelion when the Sun apparently moves along the ecliptic through a greater angle than usual, taking about  longer to do so. Conversely, it is about  shorter near aphelion. It is about  longer near a solstice when the projection of the Sun's apparent movement along the ecliptic onto the celestial equator causes the Sun to move through a greater angle than usual. Conversely, near an equinox the projection onto the equator is shorter by about . Currently, the perihelion and solstice effects combine to lengthen the true solar day near  by  solar seconds, but the solstice effect is partially cancelled by the aphelion effect near  when it is only  longer. The effects of the equinoxes shorten it near  and  by  and , respectively.

text: Earth's

text: rotation period

text: relative to the Sun (true noon to true noon) is its true solar day or apparent solar day. It depends on the Earth's orbital motion and is thus affected by changes in the

text: eccentricity

text: and

text: inclination

text: of Earth's orbit. Both vary over thousands of years so the annual variation of the true solar day also varies. Generally, it is longer than the mean solar day during two periods of the year and shorter during another two. The true solar day tends to be longer near

text: perihelion

text: when the Sun apparently moves along the

text: ecliptic

text: through a greater angle than usual, taking about  longer to do so. Conversely, it is about  shorter near

text: aphelion

text: . It is about  longer near a

text: solstice

text: when the projection of the Sun's apparent movement along the ecliptic onto the

text: celestial equator

text: causes the Sun to move through a greater angle than usual. Conversely, near an

text: equinox

text: the projection onto the equator is shorter by about . Currently, the perihelion and solstice effects combine to lengthen the true solar day near  by  solar seconds, but the solstice effect is partially cancelled by the aphelion effect near  when it is only  longer. The effects of the equinoxes shorten it near  and  by  and , respectively.

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answers: It depends on the Earth's orbital motion

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text: Pendor is a fictional ringworld from the Pendorwright stories written by Elf Sternberg. It rotates around a center star Pin, its day-night cycle simulated by a ring of shadow blocks rotating between Pendor and Pin, creating 292 day/night cycles per earth year. The system also includes a planet called Pandora, its moon Pindam and a space station called Parma.

text: Pendor is a fictional

text: ringworld

text: from the Pendorwright stories written by Elf Sternberg. It rotates around a center star Pin, its day-night cycle simulated by a ring of shadow blocks rotating between Pendor and Pin, creating 292 day/night cycles per earth year. The system also includes a planet called Pandora, its moon Pindam and a space station called Parma.

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answers: Elf Sternberg

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answers: It rotates around a center star

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answers: day/night cycles

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answers: day/night cycles

text: In 1852 Léon Foucault used a gyroscope in an experiment to display the Earth's rotation.

text: In 1852

text: Léon Foucault

text: used a

text: gyroscope

text: in an experiment to display the Earth's rotation.

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text: All the solar planets more distant from the Sun than Earth are similar to Earth in that, since they experience many rotations per revolution around the Sun, there is only a small difference between the length of the sidereal day and that of the solar day—the ratio of the former to the latter never being less than Earth's ratio of 0.997. But the situation is quite different for Mercury and Venus. Mercury's sidereal day is about two-thirds of its orbital period, so by the prograde formula its solar day lasts for two revolutions around the Sun— three times as long as its sidereal day. Venus rotates retrograde with a sidereal day lasting about 243.0 Earth days, or about 1.08 times its orbital period of 224.7 Earth days; hence by the retrograde formula its solar day is about 116.8 Earth days, and it has about 1.9 solar days per orbital period.

text: All the solar planets more distant from the Sun than Earth are similar to Earth in that, since they experience many rotations per revolution around the Sun, there is only a small difference between the length of the sidereal day and that of the solar day—the ratio of the former to the latter never being less than Earth's ratio of 0.997. But the situation is quite different for

text: Mercury

text: and Venus. Mercury's sidereal day is about two-thirds of its orbital period, so by the prograde formula its solar day lasts for two revolutions around the Sun— three times as long as its sidereal day. Venus rotates retrograde with a sidereal day lasting about 243.0 Earth days, or about 1.08 times its orbital period of 224.7 Earth days; hence by the retrograde formula its solar day is about 116.8 Earth days, and it has about 1.9 solar days per orbital period.

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text: The observatory facility, located at the top of the Foucault pendulum tower in Mellon Hall, contains two permanently mounted telescopes, a 12" Schmidt–Cassegrain telescope model LX200 and a 16" Newtonian telescope, both made by Meade Instruments. The Foucault Pendulum is located at the top of the four-story tower. The pendulum drive magnet is housed within a cast iron cone in the Observatory facility. The magnet is keyed to turn on and off as the pendulum swings by using technology such as a photoresistor that determine the center of the pendulum's swing.

text: The observatory facility, located at the top of the Foucault pendulum tower in Mellon Hall, contains two permanently mounted telescopes, a 12"

text: Schmidt–Cassegrain telescope

text: model LX200 and a 16"

text: Newtonian telescope

text: , both made by

text: Meade Instruments

text: . The Foucault Pendulum is located at the top of the four-story tower. The pendulum drive magnet is housed within a cast iron cone in the Observatory facility. The magnet is keyed to turn on and off as the

text: pendulum

text: swings by using technology such as a

text: photoresistor

text: that determine the center of the pendulum's swing.

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text: Although Mars has a day/night cycle almost identical in length to Earth's, most of the film is set at night. Mars is shown only once in the daytime, in a flashback when a scientist describes how she found and opened a "Pandora's Box," unleashing the alien spirits.

text: Although Mars has a day/night cycle almost identical in length to Earth's, most of the film is set at night. Mars is shown only once in the daytime, in a flashback when a scientist describes how she found and opened a "

text: Pandora's Box

text: ," unleashing the alien spirits.

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text: The star ball is usually mounted so it can rotate as a whole to simulate the Earth's daily rotation, and to change the simulated latitude on Earth. There is also usually a means of rotating to produce the effect of precession of the equinoxes. Often, one such ball is attached at its south ecliptic pole. In that case, the view cannot go so far south that any of the resulting blank area at the south is projected on the dome. Some star projectors have two balls at opposite ends of the projector like a dumbbell. In that case all stars can be shown and the view can go to either pole or anywhere between. But care must be taken that the projection fields of the two balls match where they meet or overlap.

text: The star ball is usually mounted so it can rotate as a whole to simulate the Earth's daily rotation, and to change the simulated latitude on Earth. There is also usually a means of rotating to produce the effect of

text: precession of the equinoxes

text: . Often, one such ball is attached at its south

text: ecliptic

text: pole. In that case, the view cannot go so far south that any of the resulting blank area at the south is projected on the dome. Some star projectors have two balls at opposite ends of the projector like a

text: dumbbell

text: . In that case all stars can be shown and the view can go to either pole or anywhere between. But care must be taken that the projection fields of the two balls match where they meet or overlap.

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text: The simplest case of rotation around a fixed axis is that of constant angular speed. Then the total torque is zero.  For the example of the Earth rotating around its axis, there is very little friction.  For a  fan, the motor applies a torque to compensate for friction. The angle of rotation is a linear function of time, which modulo 360° is a periodic function.

text: The simplest case of rotation around a fixed axis is that of constant angular speed. Then the total torque is zero.  For the example of the Earth rotating around its axis, there is very little friction.  For a

text: fan

text: , the motor applies a torque to compensate for friction. The angle of rotation is a linear function of time, which modulo 360° is a periodic function.

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text: The International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service can insert or remove leap seconds from the last day of any month (June and December are preferred). These are sometimes described as intercalary.

text: The

text: International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service

text: can insert or remove

text: leap second

text: s from the last day of any month (June and December are preferred). These are sometimes described as intercalary.

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text: At a location to be determined within each time zone, twelve screens are intended to be arranged in a circle within a pavilion  meant to remain open for visitors twenty four hours per day.  The screens, connected online with the time-eyes, transmit the images from the twelve time zones.  As the earth rotates, the images transmitted by the time-eyes move within a pavilion's circle of screens where day and night may be vicariously experienced in parallel.

text: At a location to be determined within each time zone, twelve screens are intended to be arranged in a circle within a

text: pavilion

text: meant to remain open for visitors twenty four hours per day.  The screens, connected online with the time-eyes, transmit the images from the twelve time zones.  As the earth rotates, the images transmitted by the time-eyes move within a pavilion's circle of screens where day and night may be vicariously experienced in parallel.

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answers: 24 hours per day

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text: Uranus, tipped on its side, is postulated to have seasonal effects far stronger than on Earth. Similarly, Mars is postulated to have varied its axial tilt over eons, and to a far greater extent than on Earth. This is hypothesized to have dramatically altered not only seasons but climates on Mars, for which some evidence has been observed. Venus has negligible tilt, eliminating seasons, and a slow, retrograde rotation, causing different diurnal effects than on Earth and Mars.

text: Uranus,

text: tipped

text: on its side, is postulated to have

text: seasonal effects

text: far stronger than on Earth. Similarly, Mars is postulated to have varied its

text: axial tilt

text: over eons, and to a far greater extent than on Earth. This is hypothesized to have dramatically altered not only seasons but climates on Mars, for which some evidence has been observed. Venus has negligible tilt, eliminating seasons, and a slow, retrograde rotation, causing different diurnal effects than on Earth and Mars.

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text: The other consequence of tidal acceleration is the deceleration of the rotation of Earth. The rotation of Earth is somewhat erratic on all time scales (from hours to centuries) due to various causes. The small tidal effect cannot be observed in a short period, but the cumulative effect on Earth's rotation as measured with a stable clock (ephemeris time, atomic time) of a shortfall of even a few milliseconds every day becomes readily noticeable in a few centuries. Since some event in the remote past, more days and hours have passed (as measured in full rotations of Earth) (Universal Time) than would be measured by stable clocks calibrated to the present, longer length of the day (ephemeris time). This is known as ΔT. Recent values can be obtained from the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS).  A table of the actual length of the day in the past few centuries is also available.

text: The other consequence of tidal acceleration is the deceleration of the rotation of Earth. The rotation of Earth is somewhat erratic on all time scales (from hours to centuries) due to various causes. The small tidal effect cannot be observed in a short period, but the cumulative effect on Earth's rotation as measured with a stable clock (

text: ephemeris time

text: atomic time

text: ) of a shortfall of even a few milliseconds every day becomes readily noticeable in a few centuries. Since some event in the remote past, more days and hours have passed (as measured in full rotations of Earth) (

text: Universal Time

text: ) than would be measured by stable clocks calibrated to the present, longer length of the day (ephemeris time). This is known as

text: ΔT

text: . Recent values can be obtained from the

text: International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service

text: (IERS).  A table of the actual length of the day in the past few centuries is also available.

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text: In 1851, Jean Bernard Léon Foucault showed that the plane of oscillation of a pendulum, like a gyroscope, tends to stay constant regardless of the motion of the pivot, and that this could be used to demonstrate the  rotation of the Earth. He suspended a pendulum free to swing in two dimensions (later named the Foucault pendulum) from the dome of the Panthéon in Paris. The length of the cord was . Once the pendulum was set in motion, the plane of swing was observed to precess or rotate 360° clockwise in about 32 hours.This was the first demonstration of the Earth's rotation that didn't depend on celestial observations, and a "pendulum mania" broke out, as Foucault pendulums were displayed in many cities and attracted large crowds.

text: In 1851,

text: Jean Bernard Léon Foucault

text: showed that the plane of oscillation of a pendulum, like a

text: gyroscope

text: , tends to stay constant regardless of the motion of the pivot, and that this could be used to demonstrate the

text: rotation of the Earth

text: . He suspended a pendulum free to swing in two dimensions (later named the

text: Foucault pendulum

text: ) from the dome of the

text: Panthéon

text: in Paris. The length of the cord was . Once the pendulum was set in motion, the plane of swing was observed to

text: precess

text: or rotate 360° clockwise in about 32 hours.This was the first demonstration of the Earth's rotation that didn't depend on celestial observations, and a "pendulum mania" broke out, as Foucault pendulums were displayed in many cities and attracted large crowds.

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text: The entire week is considered to be one continuous day.  The name of each day of the week is called "Bright" (e.g., "Bright Monday") and the week's services are unique, varying greatly from those during the remainder of the year.  The services are entirely sung, and the Paschal hymns are included with the stichera taken from the Sunday Resurrection propers in the Octoechos, rotating through the various tones.  Tone 1 is used Holy Saturday and at Paschal matins on Sunday, tone 2 Sunday night and Monday, etc., skipping the least festive heavy (or grave) tone and ending with the plagial 4th (aka, Tone 8) on Friday night and Saturday.

text: The entire week is considered to be one continuous day.  The name of each day of the week is called "Bright" (e.g., "Bright Monday") and the week's services are unique, varying greatly from those during the remainder of the year.  The services are entirely sung, and the Paschal hymns are included with the

text: stichera

text: taken from the Sunday Resurrection propers in the

text: Octoechos

text: , rotating through the various

text: tones

text: .  Tone 1 is used Holy Saturday and at Paschal matins on Sunday, tone 2 Sunday night and Monday, etc., skipping the least festive

text: heavy (or grave) tone

text: and ending with the plagial 4th (aka, Tone 8) on Friday night and Saturday.

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text: During the first few decades, Mundelein College resembled many other women's colleges in the United States.  College courses offered covered both traditional liberal arts and practical life skills, ranging from Latin, philosophy, literature, physics, and chemistry to home economics and secretarial skills.  In the 1940s the Mundelein College Skyscraper boasted one of the country's highest observatories containing a telescope and the longest Foucault pendulum in existence at the time. Clubs were a major part of student life at Mundelein. In the first decade, twenty-two clubs were created, ranging from the Stylus (writing) Club and basketball team to the Chemistry Club and International Relations.  The Verse Speaking Choir worked under contract with NBC Radio and its participants included Mercedes McCambridge ('37), Academy Award and Golden Globe winner.

text: During the first few decades, Mundelein College resembled many other women's colleges in the United States.  College courses offered covered both traditional liberal arts and practical life skills, ranging from Latin, philosophy, literature, physics, and chemistry to home economics and secretarial skills.  In the 1940s the Mundelein College Skyscraper boasted one of the country's highest observatories containing a telescope and the longest

text: Foucault pendulum

text: in existence at the time. Clubs were a major part of student life at Mundelein. In the first decade, twenty-two clubs were created, ranging from the Stylus (writing) Club and basketball team to the Chemistry Club and International Relations.  The Verse Speaking Choir worked under contract with NBC Radio and its participants included

text: Mercedes McCambridge

text: Academy Award

text: and

text: Golden Globe

text: winner.

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text: The Foucault pendulum connection is constructed such that the pendulum is free to swing in any direction.

text: The Foucault pendulum connection is constructed such that the pendulum is free to swing in any direction.

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text: In order to improve the optimisation of the valve timing for differing engine speeds and loads, the system is able to vary the timing and duration of the inlet valve opening. It achieves this by using a complex and finely machined mechanism to drive the inlet camshafts. This mechanism can accelerate and decelerate the rotational speed of the camshaft during different parts of its cycle. e.g. to produce longer opening duration, it slows the rotation during the valve open part of the cycle and speeds it up during the valve closed period.

text: In order to improve the optimisation of the valve timing for differing engine speeds and loads, the system is able to vary the timing and duration of the inlet valve opening. It achieves this by using a complex and finely machined mechanism to drive the inlet camshafts. This mechanism can accelerate and decelerate the rotational speed of the camshaft during different parts of its cycle. e.g. to produce longer opening duration, it slows the rotation during the valve open part of the cycle and speeds it up during the valve closed period.

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text: Sun paths at any latitude and any time of the year can be determined from basic geometry. The Earth's axis of rotation tilts about 23.5 degrees, relative to the plane of Earth's solar system orbit around the Sun. As the Earth orbits the Sun, this creates the 47-degree peak-to-peak solar altitude angle difference, and the hemisphere-specific difference between summer and winter.

text: Sun paths at any latitude and any time of the year can be determined from basic geometry. The

text: Earth's axis of rotation

text: tilts about 23.5 degrees, relative to the plane of Earth's

text: solar system

text: orbit

text: around the

text: Sun

text: . As the Earth orbits the Sun, this creates the 47-degree peak-to-peak solar altitude angle difference, and the

text: hemisphere

text: -specific difference between summer and winter.

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text: where latitudes north and south of the equator are defined as positive and negative, respectively. For example, a Foucault pendulum at 30° south latitude, viewed from above by an earthbound observer, rotates counterclockwise 360° in two days.

text: where latitudes north and south of the equator are defined as positive and negative, respectively. For example, a Foucault pendulum at 30° south latitude, viewed from above by an earthbound observer, rotates counterclockwise 360° in two days.

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answers: counterclockwise

text: Foucault is a small lunar impact crater that lies along the southern edge of Mare Frigoris, to the southeast of the crater Harpalus. In the rugged terrain to the south of Foucault is Sharp. The outer perimeter of Foucault forms a somewhat irregular circle, with slight outward bulges to the south and northeast. The inner wall of the rim is not notably terraced, and slopes down directly to the uneven floor. It is named after physicist Léon Foucault, most famous for the Foucault pendulum.

text: Foucault is a small

text: lunar

text: impact crater

text: that lies along the southern edge of

text: Mare Frigoris

text: , to the southeast of the crater

text: Harpalus

text: . In the rugged terrain to the south of Foucault is

text: Sharp

text: . The outer perimeter of Foucault forms a somewhat irregular circle, with slight outward bulges to the south and northeast. The inner wall of the rim is not notably

text: terrace

text: d, and slopes down directly to the uneven floor. It is named after physicist

text: Léon Foucault

text: , most famous for the

text: Foucault pendulum

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text: Air resistance damps the oscillation, so some Foucault pendulums in museums incorporate an electromagnetic or other drive to keep the bob swinging; others are restarted regularly, sometimes with a launching ceremony as an added attraction.

text: Air resistance

text: damps the oscillation, so some Foucault pendulums in museums incorporate an electromagnetic or other drive to keep the bob swinging; others are restarted regularly, sometimes with a launching ceremony as an added attraction.

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text: Initial studies established that representational momentum occurs for rotations in and movements across the picture plane, with larger distortions occurring with faster velocities and when downward motion is presented.  Moreover, the overall pattern of the motion is anticipated, so that when shown an oscillatory motion, like a pendulum, the object is remembered as continuing the larger pattern.  In other words, when asked to judge where the object is just as it would normally reverse directions, probes in the reverse direction are accepted as same, not probes that would continue the most immediate, local motion.

text: Initial studies established that representational momentum occurs for rotations in and movements across the picture plane, with larger distortions occurring with faster velocities and when downward motion is presented.  Moreover, the overall pattern of the motion is anticipated, so that when shown an oscillatory motion, like a pendulum, the object is remembered as continuing the larger pattern.  In other words, when asked to judge where the object is just as it would normally reverse directions, probes in the reverse direction are accepted as same, not probes that would continue the most immediate, local motion.

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text: Riccioli also argued that the rotation of the Earth should reveal itself in the flight of artillery projectiles, because on a rotating Earth the ground moves at different speeds at different latitudes. He wrote that

text: Riccioli also argued that the rotation of the Earth should reveal itself in the flight of artillery projectiles, because on a rotating Earth the ground moves at different speeds at different latitudes. He wrote that

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text: The younger gods, proud of the victory, completed the creations of their father, giving shape to the Sun, the Moon and the Earth. However, the Prince of Darkness attempted to corrupt the souls of the fledgling race of man, amidst the confusion of a new war incited by dark creatures of his own creation. The Earth was in a moment of extreme danger, so one of the younger daughters, Ianna, cast a powerful spell that expelled the gods from their dwelling place and kept the Earth closed to them. The Spirit of the Light went to the Sun and from there protected the Earth during the day. Ianna went to the Moon, to protect it during the night. Thus began the cycle of Day and Night, and a new age of balance was born over the Earth. But all of the gods' creations remained, leaving mankind to contend alone against the diabolical fiends.

text: The younger gods, proud of the victory, completed the creations of their father, giving shape to the Sun, the Moon and the Earth. However, the Prince of Darkness attempted to corrupt the souls of the fledgling race of man, amidst the confusion of a new war incited by dark creatures of his own creation. The Earth was in a moment of extreme danger, so one of the younger daughters, Ianna, cast a powerful spell that expelled the gods from their dwelling place and kept the Earth closed to them. The Spirit of the Light went to the Sun and from there protected the Earth during the day. Ianna went to the Moon, to protect it during the night. Thus began the cycle of Day and Night, and a new age of balance was born over the Earth. But all of the gods' creations remained, leaving mankind to contend alone against the diabolical fiends.

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answers: Day and Night

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answers: Day and Night

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answers: Day and Night

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answers: The Spirit of the Light went to the Sun

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answers: Earths rotation

text: While gravitation causes acceleration and movement of the Earth's fluid oceans, gravitational coupling between the Moon and Earth's solid body is mostly elastic and plastic. The result is a further tidal effect of the Moon on the Earth that causes a bulge of the solid portion of the Earth nearest the Moon that acts as a torque in opposition to the Earth's rotation. This "drains" angular momentum and rotational kinetic energy from Earth's spin, slowing the Earth's rotation. That angular momentum, lost from the Earth, is transferred to the Moon in a process (confusingly known as tidal acceleration), which lifts the Moon into a higher orbit and results in its lower orbital speed about the Earth. Thus the distance between Earth and Moon is increasing, and the Earth's spin is slowing in reaction. Measurements from laser reflectors left during the Apollo missions (lunar ranging experiments) have found that the Moon's distance increases by  per year (roughly the rate at which human fingernails grow).Atomic clocks also show that Earth's day lengthens by about 15 microseconds every year, slowly increasing the rate at which UTC is adjusted by leap seconds.Left to run its course, this tidal drag would continue until the spin of Earth and the orbital period of the Moon matched, creating mutual tidal locking between the two. As a result, the Moon would be suspended in the sky over one meridian, as is already currently the case with Pluto and its moon Charon. However, the Sun will become a red giant engulfing the Earth-Moon system long before this occurrence.

text: While gravitation causes acceleration and movement of the Earth's fluid oceans, gravitational coupling between the Moon and Earth's solid body is mostly elastic and plastic. The result is a further tidal effect of the Moon on the Earth that causes a bulge of the solid portion of the Earth nearest the Moon that acts as a

text: torque

text: in opposition to the Earth's rotation. This "drains"

text: angular momentum

text: and rotational

text: kinetic energy

text: from Earth's spin, slowing the Earth's rotation. That angular momentum, lost from the Earth, is transferred to the Moon in a process (confusingly known as

text: tidal acceleration

text: ), which lifts the Moon into a higher orbit and results in its lower orbital speed about the Earth. Thus the distance between Earth and Moon is

text: increasing

text: , and the Earth's spin is slowing in reaction. Measurements from laser reflectors left during the Apollo missions (

text: lunar ranging experiments

text: ) have found that the Moon's distance increases by  per year (roughly the rate at which human fingernails grow).

text: Atomic clock

text: s also show that Earth's day lengthens by about 15

text: microsecond

text: s every year, slowly increasing the rate at which

text: UTC

text: is adjusted by

text: leap second

text: s.Left to run its course, this tidal drag would continue until the spin of Earth and the orbital period of the Moon matched, creating mutual tidal locking between the two. As a result, the Moon would be suspended in the sky over one meridian, as is already currently the case with

text: Pluto

text: and its moon

text: Charon

text: . However, the Sun will become a

text: red giant

text: engulfing the Earth-Moon system long before this occurrence.

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answers: meridian

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answers: The distance between Earth and Moon is increasing, and the Earth's spin is slowing in reaction

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answers: Thus the distance between Earth and Moon is increasing, and the Earth's spin is slowing in reaction

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answers: Pluto

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answers: Earth's spin

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answers: meridian

text: Because of the combined effects of gravity and rotation, the Earth's shape is not quite a sphere but instead is slightly flattened in the direction of its axis of rotation. For that reason, in cartography the Earth is often approximated by an oblate spheroid instead of a sphere. The current World Geodetic System model uses a spheroid whose radius is  at the equator and  at the poles.

text: Because of the combined effects of

text: gravity

text: and

text: rotation

text: , the

text: Earth's shape

text: is not quite a sphere but instead is slightly flattened in the direction of its axis of rotation. For that reason, in

text: cartography

text: the Earth is often approximated by an oblate spheroid instead of a sphere. The current

text: World Geodetic System

text: model uses a spheroid whose radius is  at the

text: equator

text: and  at the

text: pole

text: s.

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answers: Gravity

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answers: axis of rotation

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answers: Earth's shape

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answers: Because of the combined effects of gravity and rotation

answers: NDQ_005785

answers: gravity and rotation

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answers: radius is at the equator and at the poles

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answers: the Earth's shape

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answers: axis of rotation

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answers: gravity and rotation

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answers: direction of its axis of rotation

text: Sverdrup balance may be thought of as a consistency relationship for flow which is dominatedby the Earth's rotation. Such flow will be characterized by weak rates of spin comparedto that of the earth.Any parcel at rest with respect to the surface of the earth must match the spin of the earth underneath it. Looking down on the earth at the north pole, this spin is in a counterclockwise direction, which is defined as positive rotation or vorticity. At the south pole it is in a clockwise direction, corresponding to negative rotation.  Thus to move a parcel of fluid from the south to the north without causing it to spin, it is necessary to add sufficient (positive)rotation so as to keep it matched with the rotation of the earth underneath it. The left-hand side of the Sverdrup equation represents the motion required to maintain this match between the absolute vorticity of a water column and the planetary vorticity, whilethe right represents the applied force of the wind.

text: Sverdrup balance may be thought of as a consistency relationship for flow which is dominatedby the Earth's rotation. Such flow will be characterized by weak rates of spin comparedto that of the earth.Any parcel at rest with respect to the surface of the earth must match the spin of the earth underneath it. Looking down on the earth at the north pole, this spin is in a counterclockwise direction, which is defined as positive rotation or vorticity. At the south pole it is in a clockwise direction, corresponding to negative rotation.  Thus to move a parcel of fluid from the south to the north without causing it to spin, it is necessary to add sufficient (positive)rotation so as to keep it matched with the rotation of the earth underneath it. The left-hand side of the Sverdrup equation represents the motion required to maintain this match between the absolute vorticity of a water column and the planetary vorticity, whilethe right represents the applied force of the wind.

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answers: Sverdrup

answers: NDQ_005782

answers: the Earth's rotation

answers: NDQ_005783

answers: day

answers: NDQ_005784

answers: Earth's rotation

answers: NDQ_005785

answers: strong rates of spin comparedto that of the earth

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: Looking down on the earth at the north pole, this spin is in a counterclockwise direction, which is defined as positive rotation or vorticity. At the south pole it is in a clockwise direction

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: Sverdrup balance

answers: NDQ_005788

answers: Earth's rotation

answers: NDQ_005789

answers: the Earth's rotation

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: clockwise direction

text: The system involved writing or drawing on a piece of metal foil with a special insulating ink; the foil was then wrapped around a cylinder which slowly rotated, driven by a clock mechanism. A metal stylus driven by a screw thread traveled across the surface of the cylinder as it turned, tracing out a path over the foil. Each time the stylus crossed the insulating ink, the current through the foil to the stylus was interrupted. At the receiver, a similar pendulum-driven stylus marked chemically treated paper with an electric current as the receiving cylinder rotated.

text: The system involved writing or drawing on a piece of metal foil with a special insulating ink; the foil was then wrapped around a cylinder which slowly rotated, driven by a clock mechanism. A metal stylus driven by a screw thread traveled across the surface of the cylinder as it turned, tracing out a path over the foil. Each time the stylus crossed the insulating ink, the

text: current

text: through the foil to the stylus was interrupted. At the receiver, a similar pendulum-driven stylus marked chemically treated paper with an electric current as the receiving cylinder rotated.

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answers: Earths rotation

text: At the equator the solar rotation period is 24.47 days. This is called the sidereal rotation period, and should not be confused with the synodic rotation period of 26.24 days, which is the time for a fixed feature on the Sun to rotate to the same apparent position as viewed from Earth. The synodic period is longer because the Sun must rotate for a sidereal period plus an extra amount due to the orbital motion of the Earth around the Sun. Note that astrophysical literature does not typically use the equatorial rotation period, but instead often uses the definition of a Carrington rotation: a synodic rotation period of 27.2753 days (or a sidereal period of 25.38 days). This chosen period roughly corresponds to rotation at a latitude of 16 deg, which is consistent with the typical latitude of sunspots and corresponding periodic solar activity. When the Sun is viewed from the "north" (above the Earth's northern pole) solar rotation is counterclockwise. For a person standing on the North Pole, sunspots would appear to move from left to right across the face of the Sun.

text: At the equator the solar rotation period is 24.47 days. This is called the

text: sidereal

text: rotation period, and should not be confused with the

text: synodic

text: rotation period of 26.24 days, which is the time for a fixed feature on the Sun to rotate to the same apparent position as viewed from

text: Earth

text: . The synodic period is longer because the Sun must rotate for a sidereal period plus an extra amount due to the orbital motion of the Earth around the Sun. Note that astrophysical literature does not typically use the equatorial rotation period, but instead often uses the definition of a

text: Carrington rotation

text: : a synodic rotation period of 27.2753 days (or a sidereal period of 25.38 days). This chosen period roughly corresponds to rotation at a latitude of 16 deg, which is consistent with the typical latitude of sunspots and corresponding periodic solar activity. When the Sun is viewed from the "north" (above the Earth's northern pole) solar rotation is counterclockwise. For a person standing on the

text: North Pole

text: , sunspots would appear to move from left to right across the face of the Sun.

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answers: 24.47 days

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answers: The solar rotation period is 24.47 days

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answers: At the equator the solar rotation period is 24.47 days

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answers: When the Sun is viewed from the "north" (above the Earth's northern pole) solar rotation is counterclockwise

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answers: When the Sun is viewed from the "north"

text: Theoretical models predict that volatile compounds such as water and carbon dioxide, if present, might evaporate in the scorching heat of the sunward side, migrate to the cooler night side, and condense to form ice caps. Over time, the entire atmosphere might freeze into ice caps on the night side of the planet. However, it remains unknown if water and/or carbon dioxide are even present on the surface of Gliese 581c. Alternatively, an atmosphere large enough to be stable would circulate the heat more evenly, allowing for a wider habitable area on the surface. For example, although Venus has a small axial inclination, very little sunlight reaches the surface at the poles. A slow rotation rate approximately 117 times slower than Earth's produces prolonged days and nights. Despite the uneven distribution of sunlight cast on Venus at any given time, polar areas and the night side of Venus are kept almost as hot as on the day side by globally circulating winds.

text: Theoretical models predict that volatile

text: compounds

text: such as

text: water

text: and

text: carbon dioxide

text: , if present, might evaporate in the scorching heat of the sunward side, migrate to the cooler night side, and condense to form

text: ice cap

text: s. Over time, the entire atmosphere might freeze into ice caps on the night side of the planet. However, it remains unknown if water and/or carbon dioxide are even present on the surface of Gliese 581c. Alternatively, an atmosphere large enough to be stable would circulate the heat more evenly, allowing for a wider habitable area on the surface. For example, although

text: Venus

text: has a small axial inclination, very little sunlight reaches the surface at the poles. A slow rotation rate approximately 117 times slower than Earth's produces prolonged days and nights. Despite the uneven distribution of sunlight cast on Venus at any given time, polar areas and the night side of Venus are kept almost as hot as on the day side by globally circulating winds.

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answers: 117 times slower than Earth's

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answers: 117 times slower than Earth's

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answers: Gliese 581c

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answers: 117 times slower

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answers: Earth's

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answers: Earth's rotation

text: Earth's rotation is the rotation of the planet Earth around its own axis. The Earth rotates from the west towards east. As viewed from North Star or polestar Polaris, the Earth turns counter-clockwise.

text: Earth's rotation is the

text: rotation

text: of the planet

text: Earth

text: around its own

text: axis

text: . The Earth rotates from the west towards

text: east

text: . As viewed from North Star or polestar

text: Polaris

text: , the Earth turns counter-clockwise.

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answers: The Earth rotates from the west towards east

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answers: Earth rotates from the west towards east

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answers: Earth's rotation

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answers: around its own axis

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answers: Earth's rotation

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answers: Earth rotates from the west towards east

text: In the examples, the pendulums are of great size to aid in the visualization of the pendulum swing in relation to the Earth (shown as blue circles). The pendulum is drawn so that 90 degrees of pendulum arc sweeps out 90 degrees of arc on the surface of the Earth. Views from the side, the front, and above (right, center, left) are provided to aid in the interpretation of the diagrams and arrows are provided to show the direction of the Earth's rotation. The schematic at the bottom of the each figure represents the range of swing of the pendulum as viewed from above and normalized to a standard orientation. The smaller arrows depict the magnitude of the relative velocity vector for the point on the Earth's surface in-line with the pendulum bob projected to the center of the Earth (the magnitude is shown since the scematic is two-dimensional, not three-dimensional). The pendulum bob is always affected by the force of gravity directed towards the center of the Earth. The force associated with the connection of the pendulum to a support structure directs the pendulum bob along the swing of the arc.

text: In the examples, the pendulums are of great size to aid in the visualization of the pendulum swing in relation to the Earth (shown as blue circles). The pendulum is drawn so that 90 degrees of pendulum arc sweeps out 90 degrees of arc on the surface of the Earth. Views from the side, the front, and above (right, center, left) are provided to aid in the interpretation of the diagrams and arrows are provided to show the direction of the Earth's rotation. The schematic at the bottom of the each figure represents the range of swing of the pendulum as viewed from above and normalized to a standard orientation. The smaller arrows depict the magnitude of the relative velocity vector for the point on the Earth's surface in-line with the pendulum bob projected to the center of the Earth (the magnitude is shown since the scematic is two-dimensional, not three-dimensional). The pendulum bob is always affected by the force of gravity directed towards the center of the Earth. The force associated with the connection of the pendulum to a support structure directs the pendulum bob along the swing of the arc.

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answers: Views from the side, the front, and above (right, center, left) are provided to aid in the interpretation

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answers: direction of the Earth's rotation

text: The most celebrated test of Earth's rotation is the Foucault pendulum first built by physicist Léon Foucault in 1851, which consisted of a lead-filled brass sphere suspended  from the top of the Panthéon in Paris. Because of the Earth's rotation under the swinging pendulum, the pendulum's plane of oscillation appears to rotate at a rate depending on latitude. At the latitude of Paris the predicted and observed shift was about  clockwise per hour. Foucault pendulums now swing in museums around the world.

text: The most celebrated test of Earth's rotation is the

text: Foucault pendulum

text: first built by physicist

text: Léon Foucault

text: in 1851, which consisted of a lead-filled brass sphere suspended  from the top of the

text: Panthéon

text: in Paris. Because of the Earth's rotation under the swinging pendulum, the pendulum's plane of oscillation appears to rotate at a rate depending on latitude. At the latitude of Paris the predicted and observed shift was about

text: clockwise

text: per hour. Foucault pendulums now swing in

text: museums around the world

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answers: Because of the Earth's rotation under the swinging pendulum

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text: The shift of mass and the massive release of energy very slightly altered the Earth's rotation. The exact amount is not yet known, but theoretical models suggest the earthquake shortened the length of a day by 2.68 microseconds, due to a decrease in the oblateness of the Earth. It also caused the Earth to minutely "wobble" on its axis by up to  in the direction of 145° east longitude, or perhaps by up to . However, because of tidal effects of the Moon, the length of a day increases at an average of 15 µs per year, so any rotational change due to the earthquake will be lost quickly. Similarly, the natural Chandler wobble of the Earth, which in some cases can be up to , will eventually offset the minor wobble produced by the earthquake.

text: The shift of mass and the massive release of energy very slightly altered the Earth's rotation. The exact amount is not yet known, but theoretical models suggest the earthquake shortened the length of a day by 2.68

text: microsecond

text: s, due to a decrease in the

text: oblateness

text: of the Earth. It also caused the Earth to minutely "wobble" on its axis by up to  in the direction of 145° east

text: longitude

text: , or perhaps by up to . However, because of tidal effects of the

text: Moon

text: , the length of a day increases at an average of 15

text: µs

text: per year, so any rotational change due to the earthquake will be lost quickly. Similarly, the natural

text: Chandler wobble

text: of the Earth, which in some cases can be up to , will eventually offset the minor wobble produced by the earthquake.

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answers: The shift of mass and the massive release of energy very slightly altered the Earth's rotation

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answers: The exact amount is not yet known, but theoretical models suggest the earthquake shortened the length of a day by 2.68 microseconds

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answers: 145° east longitude

text: More poles can also be added to single-phase generator to allow one rotation to produce more than one cycle of AC output. In an example on the left, the stator part is reconfigured to have 4 poles which are equally spaced. A north pole is adjacent to the two south poles. The shape of the armature at the rotor part is also changed. It is no longer a flat rectangle. The arm is bent 90 degrees. This allows one side of the armature to interact with a north pole while the other side interacts with a south pole similarly to the two-pole configuration. The current is still delivered out through the two sets of slip rings and brushes in the same fashion as in the two-pole configuration. The difference is that a cycle of AC output can be completed after a 180 degree rotation of the armature. In one rotation, the AC output will be two cycles. This increases the frequency of the output of the generator. More poles can be added to achieves higher frequency at the same rotation speed of the generator, or same frequency of output at the lower rotation speed of the generator depending on the applications.

text: More poles can also be added to single-phase generator to allow one rotation to produce more than one cycle of AC output. In an example on the left, the stator part is reconfigured to have 4 poles which are equally spaced. A north pole is adjacent to the two south poles. The shape of the armature at the rotor part is also changed. It is no longer a flat rectangle. The arm is bent 90 degrees. This allows one side of the armature to interact with a north pole while the other side interacts with a south pole similarly to the two-pole configuration. The current is still delivered out through the two sets of slip rings and brushes in the same fashion as in the two-pole configuration. The difference is that a cycle of AC output can be completed after a 180 degree rotation of the armature. In one rotation, the AC output will be two cycles. This increases the frequency of the output of the generator. More poles can be added to achieves higher frequency at the same rotation speed of the generator, or same frequency of output at the lower rotation speed of the generator depending on the applications.

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answers: Jean-Louis Poincaré

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answers: poles

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answers: Rotation

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answers: In one rotation, the AC output will be two cycles. This increases the frequency of the output of the generator

answers: NDQ_005785

answers: In one rotation, the AC output will be two cycles. This increases the frequency of the output of the generator

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: The shape of the armature at the rotor part is also changed

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answers: Single-phase generator to allow one rotation to produce more than one cycle of AC output

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answers: 180 degree

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answers: poles

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answers: Earths rotation

text: The rotation of the swing plane of Foucault pendulum can be treated as a result of parallel transport of the pendulum in a 2-dimensional sphere of Euclidean space. The hyperbolic space of velocities in Minkowski spacetime represents a 3-dimensional (pseudo-) sphere with imaginary radius and imaginary timelike coordinate. Parallel transport of a spinning particle in relativistic velocity space leads to Thomas precession, which is similar to the rotation of the swing plane of a Foucault pendulum. The angle of rotation in both cases is determined by the area integral of curvature in agreement with the Gauss–Bonnet theorem.

text: The rotation of the swing plane of

text: Foucault pendulum

text: can be treated as a result of

text: parallel transport

text: of the pendulum in a 2-dimensional sphere of Euclidean space. The

text: hyperbolic

text: space of velocities in

text: Minkowski spacetime

text: represents a 3-dimensional (pseudo-) sphere with imaginary radius and imaginary timelike coordinate. Parallel transport of a spinning particle in relativistic velocity space leads to Thomas precession, which is similar to the rotation of the swing plane of a Foucault pendulum. The angle of rotation in both cases is determined by the area integral of curvature in agreement with the

text: Gauss–Bonnet theorem

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answers: Foucault

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answers: Minkowski

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answers: Earth rotating on its axis

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answers: Thomas precession

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answers: parallel transport of a spinning particle in relativistic velocity space leads to Thomas precession

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answers: Minkowski spacetime

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answers: Gauss–Bonnet theorem

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answers: Minkowski spacetime

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answers: a spinning particle

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answers: The angle of rotation in both cases is determined by the area integral of curvature

text: The time to observe one full rotation of the Earth in relation to the plane of a swinging pendulum is one day at the poles (the minimum time) and cannot be observed (infinitely long, the maximum time) at the equator. One of the great insights by Léon Foucault is to deduce that the time to observe a full rotation of the Earth increased by the inverse of the sine of the latitude.

text: The time to observe one full rotation of the Earth in relation to the plane of a swinging pendulum is one day at the poles (the minimum time) and cannot be observed (infinitely long, the maximum time) at the equator. One of the great insights by Léon Foucault is to deduce that the time to observe a full rotation of the Earth increased by the inverse of the sine of the latitude.

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answers: Léon Foucault

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answers: equator

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answers: one day

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answers: at the poles

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answers: one day at the poles

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answers: time to observe a full rotation of the Earth increased by the inverse of the sine of the latitude

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answers: one day at the poles

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answers: one day

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answers: swinging pendulum

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answers: The time to observe one full rotation of the Earth increased by the inverse of the sine of the latitude

text: The cathedral took 40 years to construct, under Montferrand's direction, from 1818 to 1858. To secure the construction, the cathedral's foundation was strengthened by driving 25,000 piles into the fenland of Saint Petersburg. Innovative methods were created to erect the giant columns of the portico. The construction costs of the cathedral totalled an incredible sum of 1 000 000 gold rubles. Under the Soviet government, the building was stripped of religious trappings. In 1931, it was turned into the Museum of the History of Religion and Atheism, the dove sculpture was removed, and replaced by a Foucault pendulum. On April 12, 1931, the first public demonstration of the Foucault pendulum was held to visualize Copernicus’s theory. In 1937, the museum was transformed into the museum of the Cathedral, and former collections were transferred to the Museum of the History of Religion (located in the Kazan Cathedral).

text: The cathedral took 40 years to construct, under Montferrand's direction, from 1818 to 1858. To secure the construction, the cathedral's foundation was strengthened by driving 25,000 piles into the fenland of Saint Petersburg. Innovative methods were created to erect the giant columns of the portico. The construction costs of the cathedral totalled an incredible sum of 1 000 000 gold

text: ruble

text: s. Under the

text: Soviet

text: government, the building was stripped of religious trappings. In 1931, it was turned into the Museum of the History of Religion and Atheism, the dove sculpture was removed, and replaced by a

text: Foucault pendulum

text: . On April 12, 1931, the first public demonstration of the Foucault pendulum was held to visualize

text: Copernicus

text: ’s theory. In 1937, the museum was transformed into the museum of the Cathedral, and former collections were transferred to the

text: Museum of the History of Religion

text: (located in the

text: Kazan Cathedral

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answers: April 12, 1931

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answers: Copernicus’s theory

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answers: The construction costs of the cathedral totalled an incredible sum of 1 000 000 gold rubles

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answers: Copernicus’s theory

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answers: Copernicus

text: To an observer in an inertial frame of reference, the planet Earth is seen to rotate about an axis and revolve around the Sun in an elliptical path with the Sun at one focus. The Earth's axis is tilted with respect to the plane of the Earth's orbit and this axis maintains a position that changes little with respect to the background of stars. An observer on Earth therefore sees a solar path that is the result of both rotation and revolution.

text: To an observer in an

text: inertial frame of reference

text: , the

text: planet Earth is seen to rotate

text: about an

text: axis

text: and

text: revolve

text: around the Sun in an

text: elliptical

text: path with the Sun at one

text: focus

text: . The Earth's axis is

text: tilted

text: with respect to the

text: plane of the Earth's orbit

text: and this axis maintains a position that changes little with respect to the background of

text: star

text: s. An observer on Earth therefore sees a solar path that is the result of both rotation and revolution.

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answers: Earth rotates on its axis

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answers: Earth's axis is tilted with respect to the plane of the Earth's orbit

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answers: Earth's axis is tilted with respect to the plane of the Earth's orbit

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answers: An observer on Earth therefore sees a solar path that is the result of both rotation and revolution

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answers: the Sun

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answers: about an axis

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answers: Earth

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answers: Earth's axis is tilted

text: term, and accounts for the flattening of the poles, or the oblateness, of the Earth.  (A shape elongated on its axis-of-symmetry, like an American football, would be called prolate.)  A gravitational potential function can be written for the change in potential energy for a unit mass that is brought from infinity into proximity to the Earth.  Taking partial derivatives of that function with respect to a  coordinate system will then resolve the directional components of the gravitational acceleration vector, as a function of location.  The component due to the Earth's rotation can then be included, if appropriate, based on a sidereal day relative to the stars (≈366.24 days/year) rather than on a solar day (≈365.24 days/year). That component is perpendicular to the axis of rotation rather than to the surface of the Earth.

text: term, and accounts for the flattening of the poles, or the

text: oblateness

text: , of the Earth.  (A shape elongated on its axis-of-symmetry, like an American football, would be called

text: prolate

text: .)  A gravitational potential function can be written for the change in potential energy for a unit mass that is brought from infinity into proximity to the Earth.  Taking partial derivatives of that function with respect to a  coordinate system will then resolve the directional components of the gravitational acceleration vector, as a function of location.  The component due to the Earth's rotation can then be included, if appropriate, based on a

text: sidereal

text: day relative to the stars (≈366.24 days/year) rather than on a

text: solar

text: day (≈365.24 days/year). That component is perpendicular to the axis of rotation rather than to the surface of the Earth.

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answers: The component due to the Earth's rotation

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answers: day

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answers: Earth's rotation

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answers: That component is perpendicular to the axis of rotation rather than to the surface of the Earth

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answers: The component due to the Earth's rotation can then be included, if appropriate

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answers: gravitational potential

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answers: That component is perpendicular to the axis of rotation

text: The experiments suggested by Newton are too imprecise to measure an absolute rotation, if any, of the Earth.  French physicist Georges Sagnac conducted an experiment that was similar to the Michelson–Morley experiment, but was intended to observe the effects of rotation.  The Sagnac experiment and later similar experiments showed that a stationary object on the surface of the Earth will rotate once every rotation of the Earth when using stars as a stationary reference point.  Rotation was thus concluded to be absolute rather than relative.

text: The experiments suggested by Newton are too imprecise to measure an absolute rotation, if any, of the Earth.  French physicist

text: Georges Sagnac

text: conducted an experiment that was similar to the Michelson–Morley experiment, but was intended to observe the effects of rotation.  The

text: Sagnac experiment

text: and later similar experiments showed that a stationary object on the surface of the Earth will rotate once every rotation of the Earth when using stars as a stationary reference point.  Rotation was thus concluded to be absolute rather than relative.

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answers: Georges Sagnac

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answers: Michelson–Morley experiment

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answers: rotation

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answers: Rotation

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answers: Rotation was thus concluded to be absolute

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answers: Surface of the Earth

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answers: Rotation

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answers: every rotation

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answers: Rotation

text: The Uranian axis of rotation is approximately parallel with the plane of the Solar System, with an axial tilt of 97.77° (as defined by prograde rotation). This gives it seasonal changes completely unlike those of the other planets. Near the solstice, one pole faces the Sun continuously and the other faces away. Only a narrow strip around the equator experiences a rapid day–night cycle, but with the Sun low over the horizon. At the other side of Uranus's orbit the orientation of the poles towards the Sun is reversed. Each pole gets around 42 years of continuous sunlight, followed by 42 years of darkness. Near the time of the equinoxes, the Sun faces the equator of Uranus giving a period of day–night cycles similar to those seen on most of the other planets. In contrast to the other planets, whose motions around the Sun resemble that of spinning tops, Uranus's motion can be visualised as that of a ball rolling on the ecliptic plane near solstices and of a spinning rifle bullet near equinoxes.

text: The Uranian axis of rotation is approximately parallel with the plane of the Solar System, with an

text: axial tilt

text: of 97.77° (as defined by prograde rotation). This gives it seasonal changes completely unlike those of the other planets. Near the

text: solstice

text: , one pole faces the Sun continuously and the other faces away. Only a narrow strip around the equator experiences a rapid day–night cycle, but with the Sun low over the horizon. At the other side of Uranus's orbit the orientation of the poles towards the Sun is reversed. Each pole gets around 42 years of continuous sunlight, followed by 42 years of darkness. Near the time of the

text: equinox

text: es, the Sun faces the equator of Uranus giving a period of day–night cycles similar to those seen on most of the other planets. In contrast to the other planets, whose motions around the Sun resemble that of spinning tops, Uranus's motion can be visualised as that of a ball rolling on the

text: ecliptic

text: plane near solstices and of a spinning rifle bullet near equinoxes.

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answers: prograde rotation

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answers: solstice

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answers: Near the solstice, one pole faces the Sun continuously and the other faces away

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answers: At the other side of Uranus's orbit the orientation of the poles towards the Sun is reversed

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answers: Near the solstice, one pole faces the Sun continuously and the other faces away

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answers: 97.77°

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answers: axial tilt

text: In Foucault's Pendulum (1988), three under-employed editors who work for a minor publishing house decide to amuse themselves by inventing a conspiracy theory. Their conspiracy, which they call "The Plan", is about an immense and intricate plot to take over the world by a secret order descended from the Knights Templar. As the game goes on, the three slowly become obsessed with the details of this plan. The game turns dangerous when outsiders learn of The Plan, and believe that the men have really discovered the secret to regaining the lost treasure of the Templars.

text: In

text: Foucault's Pendulum

text: (1988), three under-employed editors who work for a minor publishing house decide to amuse themselves by inventing a conspiracy theory. Their conspiracy, which they call "The Plan", is about an immense and intricate plot to take over the world by a secret order descended from the

text: Knights Templar

text: . As the game goes on, the three slowly become obsessed with the details of this plan. The game turns dangerous when outsiders learn of The Plan, and believe that the men have really discovered the secret to regaining the lost treasure of the Templars.

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text: UT1 is the non-uniform time defined based on the Earth's rotation.

text: is the non-uniform time defined based on the Earth's rotation.

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text: When a Foucault pendulum is suspended at the equator, the plane of oscillation remains fixed relative to Earth. At other latitudes, the plane of oscillation precesses relative to Earth, but slower than at the pole; the angular speed, ω (measured in clockwise degrees per sidereal day), is proportional to the sine of the latitude, φ:

text: When a Foucault pendulum is suspended at the

text: equator

text: , the plane of oscillation remains fixed relative to Earth. At other latitudes, the plane of oscillation

text: precesses

text: relative to Earth, but slower than at the pole; the angular speed, ω (measured in clockwise

text: degrees

text: per sidereal day), is proportional to the

text: sine

text: of the

text: latitude

text: , φ:

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text: The STS-135 payload canister's move to Launch Pad 39A began in the night of 16 June. The canister's lifting up of the pad structure to place it into the cleanroom happened on the next day. Technicians at the launch pad closed the Rotating Service Structure (RSS) back around Atlantis to gain access to the orbiter's payload bay. The payload bay doors were opened on the night of 18 June and the cargo was installed into the shuttle's payload bay on 20 June.

text: The STS-135 payload canister's move to Launch Pad 39A began in the night of 16 June. The canister's lifting up of the pad structure to place it into the cleanroom happened on the next day. Technicians at the launch pad closed the Rotating Service Structure (RSS) back around Atlantis to gain access to the orbiter's payload bay. The payload bay doors were opened on the night of 18 June and the cargo was installed into the shuttle's payload bay on 20 June.

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text: The Sackville complex was built in 1991, using the latest technology at the time.  The lower foyer features one of the few Foucault's pendulums in the United Kingdom. As is common for Foucault pendulums that remain in use, it is now pushed by an electro-magnet. A brass plate tells the history of the pendulum and describes the effect in detail.

text: The Sackville complex was built in 1991, using the latest technology at the time.  The lower foyer features one of the few

text: Foucault's pendulums

text: in the

text: United Kingdom

text: . As is common for Foucault pendulums that remain in use, it is now pushed by an

text: electro-magnet

text: . A brass plate tells the history of the pendulum and describes the effect in detail.

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text: Agricultural cycle – Carbon cycle – Climate change and agriculture – Crop rotation – Fertile Crescent – Harvest – Nitrogen cycle – Organic farming – Season – Soil degradation – Sustainable industries – Water cycle

text: Agricultural cycle

text: Carbon cycle

text: Climate change and agriculture

text: Crop rotation

text: Fertile Crescent

text: Harvest

text: Nitrogen cycle

text: Organic farming

text: Season

text: Soil degradation

text: Sustainable industries

text: Water cycle

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text: The music video for "Echoes in Rain" was released on 20 November 2015, the same day as the accompanying album Dark Sky Island. It showed Enya performing the song with the female string ensemble - Wired Strings, and a female choir, in Harrow School in London. The set featured an antique rotating globe, turning as the 'long journey home' the lyrics describe progressed and changed from night to day and back; to emphasise, intense lighting lit the church to represent the day (white, bright lights), and the night (blue, dim lights) of the journey.

text: The music video for "Echoes in Rain" was released on 20 November 2015, the same day as the accompanying album Dark Sky Island. It showed Enya performing the song with the female

text: string ensemble

text: - Wired Strings, and a female choir, in

text: Harrow School

text: in London. The set featured an antique rotating

text: globe

text: , turning as the 'long journey home' the lyrics describe progressed and changed from

text: night

text: to

text: day

text: and back; to emphasise, intense lighting lit the church to represent the day (white, bright lights), and the night (blue, dim lights) of the journey.

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text: The angular speed of Earth's rotation in inertial space is  radians per SI second (mean solar second). Multiplying by (180°/π radians)×(86,400 seconds/mean solar day) yields 360.9856°/mean solar day, indicating that Earth rotates more than 360° relative to the fixed stars in one solar day. Earth's movement along its nearly circular orbit while it is rotating once around its axis requires that Earth rotate slightly more than once relative to the fixed stars before the mean Sun can pass overhead again, even though it rotates only once (360°) relative to the mean Sun. Multiplying the value in rad/s by Earth's equatorial radius of  (WGS84 ellipsoid) (factors of 2π radians needed by both cancel) yields an equatorial speed of ,  or . Some sources state that Earth's equatorial speed is slightly less, or . This is obtained by dividing Earth's equatorial circumference by . However, the use of only one circumference unwittingly implies only one rotation in inertial space, so the corresponding time unit must be a sidereal hour. This is confirmed by multiplying by the number of sidereal days in one mean solar day, , which yields the equatorial speed in mean solar hours given above of .

text: The angular speed of Earth's rotation in inertial space is

text: radian

text: s per SI second (mean solar second). Multiplying by (180°/π radians)×(86,400 seconds/mean solar day) yields 360.9856°/mean solar day, indicating that Earth rotates more than 360° relative to the fixed stars in one solar day. Earth's movement along its nearly circular orbit while it is rotating once around its axis requires that Earth rotate slightly more than once relative to the fixed stars before the mean Sun can pass overhead again, even though it rotates only once (360°) relative to the mean Sun. Multiplying the value in rad/s by Earth's equatorial radius of  (

text: ellipsoid) (factors of 2π radians needed by both cancel) yields an equatorial speed of ,  or . Some sources state that Earth's equatorial speed is slightly less, or . This is obtained by dividing Earth's equatorial circumference by . However, the use of only one circumference unwittingly implies only one rotation in inertial space, so the corresponding time unit must be a sidereal hour. This is confirmed by multiplying by the number of sidereal days in one mean solar day, , which yields the equatorial speed in mean solar hours given above of .

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answers: 360.9856°

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answers: 360°/mean solar day

text: The standard acceleration due to gravity (or standard acceleration of free fall), sometimes abbreviated as standard gravity, usually denoted by  or , is the nominal gravitational acceleration of an object in a vacuum near the surface of the Earth. It is defined by standard as , which is exactly  (about , or ). This value was established by the 3rd CGPM (1901, CR 70) and used to define the standard weight of an object as the product of its mass and this nominal acceleration. The acceleration of a body near the surface of the Earth is due to the combined effects of gravity and centrifugal acceleration from rotation of the Earth (but which is small enough to be neglected for most purposes); the total (the apparent gravity) is about 0.5 percent greater at the poles than at the equator.

text: The standard acceleration due to gravity (or standard acceleration of free fall), sometimes abbreviated as standard gravity, usually denoted by  or , is the nominal

text: gravitational acceleration

text: of an object in a vacuum near the surface of the Earth. It is

text: defined by standard

text: as , which is exactly  (about , or ). This value was established by the 3rd

entity_name: General Conference on Weights and Measures

text: CGPM

text: (1901, CR 70) and used to define the standard

text: weight

text: of an object as the product of its mass and this nominal acceleration. The acceleration of a body near the surface of the Earth is due to the combined effects of

text: gravity

text: and

text: centrifugal acceleration

text: from rotation of the Earth (but which is small enough to be neglected for most purposes); the total (the apparent gravity) is about 0.5 percent greater at the poles than at the equator.

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answers: rotation of the Earth

text: This equation is very similar to the equation for the reduction in surface velocity with longitude stated above.This is equivalent to stating that the angular velocity that is imparted to the pendulum bob decreases with the sine of the latitude of the location (the sine of 90 degrees latitude equals 1; the sine of zero degrees latitude equals 0). The time to observe a complete rotation is inversely proportional to the angular velocity that is imparted to the pendulum bob in comparison to the angular velocity of the Earth. The statements above are thus equivalent to the inverse sine law for the observed time for a full rotation of the pendulum in relation to the rotation of the Earth.

text: This equation is very similar to the equation for the reduction in surface velocity with longitude stated above.This is equivalent to stating that the angular velocity that is imparted to the pendulum bob decreases with the sine of the latitude of the location (the sine of 90 degrees latitude equals 1; the sine of zero degrees latitude equals 0). The time to observe a complete rotation is inversely proportional to the angular velocity that is imparted to the pendulum bob in comparison to the angular velocity of the Earth. The statements above are thus equivalent to the inverse sine law for the observed time for a full rotation of the pendulum in relation to the rotation of the Earth.

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answers: The statements above are thus equivalent to the inverse sine law

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answers: This equation is very similar to the equation for the reduction in surface velocity with longitude stated above

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text: rotates in 24 hours around the axis of Earth. His speed of rotation is therefore

text: rotates in 24 hours around the axis of Earth. His speed of rotation is therefore

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text: After a few months of following the signal, however, the brightest point moved away from the position of the Sun. Jansky also determined that the signal repeated on a cycle of 23 hours and 56 minutes, the period of the Earth's rotation relative to the stars (sidereal day), instead of  relative to the sun (solar day). By comparing his observations with optical astronomical maps, Jansky concluded that the radiation was coming from the Milky Way and was strongest in the direction of the center of the galaxy, in the constellation of Sagittarius.

text: After a few months of following the signal, however, the brightest point moved away from the position of the Sun. Jansky also determined that the signal repeated on a cycle of 23 hours and 56 minutes, the period of the Earth's rotation relative to the stars (

text: sidereal day

text: ), instead of  relative to the sun (

text: solar day

text: ). By comparing his observations with optical astronomical maps, Jansky concluded that the radiation was coming from the

text: Milky Way

text: and was strongest in the direction of the center of the galaxy, in the

text: constellation

text: of

text: Sagittarius

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text: The main plot of the novel Foucault's Pendulum by Umberto Eco revolves around search for the Umbilicus Mundi (Latin: "The Navel of the World"), the mystic "Center of The Earth" which is supposed to be a certain point from where a person could control the energies and shapes of the Earth, thus reforming it at will. The novel takes this even further by suggesting that monuments like the Eiffel Tower are nothing more than giant antennae to catalyze these energies.

text: The main plot of the novel

text: Foucault's Pendulum

text: by

text: Umberto Eco

text: revolves around search for the Umbilicus Mundi (Latin: "The Navel of the World"), the mystic "Center of The Earth" which is supposed to be a certain point from where a person could control the energies and shapes of the Earth, thus reforming it at will. The novel takes this even further by suggesting that monuments like the

text: Eiffel Tower

text: are nothing more than giant

text: antennae

text: to catalyze these energies.

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text: His article in Philosophical Transactions created much controversy, as he addressed the problems of Newton's theory, but provided few solutions to how to fix the calculations. After his return, he published his treatise Théorie de la figure de la terre (1743). In this work he promulgated the theorem, known as Clairaut's theorem, which connects the gravity at points on the surface of a rotating ellipsoid with the compression and the centrifugal force at the equator. This hydrostatic model of the shape of the Earth was founded on a paper by Colin Maclaurin, which had shown that a mass of homogeneous fluid set in rotation about a line through its centre of mass would, under the mutual attraction of its particles, take the form of an ellipsoid.  Under the assumption that the Earth was composed of concentric ellipsoidal shells of uniform density, Clairaut's theorem could be applied to it, and allowed the ellipticity of the Earth to be calculated from surface measurements of gravity. This proved Sir Issac Newton's theory that the shape of the Earth was an oblate ellipsoid.  In 1849 Stokes showed that Clairaut's result was true whatever the interior constitution or density of the Earth, provided the surface was a spheroid of equilibrium of small ellipticity.

text: His article in Philosophical Transactions created much controversy, as he addressed the problems of Newton's theory, but provided few solutions to how to fix the calculations. After his return, he published his treatise Théorie de la figure de la terre (1743). In this work he promulgated the theorem, known as

text: Clairaut's theorem

text: , which connects the

text: gravity

text: at points on the surface of a rotating

text: ellipsoid

text: with the compression and the centrifugal force at the

text: equator

text: . This hydrostatic model of the shape of the Earth was founded on a paper by

text: Colin Maclaurin

text: , which had shown that a mass of

text: homogeneous

text: fluid set in rotation about a line through its

text: centre of mass

text: would, under the mutual attraction of its particles, take the form of an

text: ellipsoid

text: .  Under the assumption that the Earth was composed of concentric ellipsoidal shells of uniform density, Clairaut's theorem could be applied to it, and allowed the ellipticity of the Earth to be calculated from surface measurements of gravity. This proved

text: Sir Issac Newton

text: 's theory that the shape of the Earth was an oblate ellipsoid.  In 1849

text: Stokes

text: showed that Clairaut's result was true whatever the interior constitution or density of the Earth, provided the surface was a spheroid of equilibrium of small ellipticity.

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text: Numerous Foucault pendulums are installed around the world, mainly at universities, science museums, and planetariums. The United Nations headquarters in New York City has one, while the largest Foucault pendulum in the world, Principia, is housed at the Oregon Convention Center.

text: Numerous Foucault pendulums are installed around the world, mainly at universities, science museums, and planetariums. The

text: United Nations

text: headquarters in New York City has one, while the largest Foucault pendulum in the world, Principia, is housed at the

text: Oregon Convention Center

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text: A commonly encountered rotating reference frame is the Earth. The Coriolis effect is caused by the rotation of the Earth and the inertia of the mass experiencing the effect. Because the Earth completes only one rotation per day, the Coriolis force is quite small, and its effects generally become noticeable only for motions occurring over large distances and long periods of time, such as large-scale movement of air in the atmosphere or water in the ocean. Such motions are constrained by the surface of the Earth, so only the horizontal component of the Coriolis force is generally important. This force causes moving objects on the surface of the Earth to be deflected to the right (with respect to the direction of travel) in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. The horizontal deflection effect is greater near the poles and smallest at the equator, since the rate of change in the diameter of the circles of latitude when travelling north or south, increases the closer the object is to the poles.  Rather than flowing directly from areas of high pressure to low pressure, as they would in a non-rotating system, winds and currents tend to flow to the right of this direction north of the equator and to the left of this direction south of it. This effect is responsible for the rotation of large cyclones (see Coriolis effects in meteorology). To explain this intuitively, consider how an object that moves northwards from the equator has a tendency to maintain its greater speed at the equator (rotating around towards the right as you look at the sphere of the Earth), where the "horizontal diameter" is larger, and therefore tends to move towards the right as it passed northwards where the "horizontal diameter" of the Earth (the rings of latitude) is smaller, and the linear speed of local objects on the Earth's surface at that latitude is slower.

text: A commonly encountered rotating reference frame is the

text: Earth

text: . The Coriolis effect is caused by the rotation of the Earth and the

text: inertia

text: of the mass experiencing the effect. Because the Earth completes only one rotation per day, the Coriolis force is quite small, and its effects generally become noticeable only for motions occurring over large distances and long periods of time, such as large-scale movement of air in the atmosphere or water in the ocean. Such motions are constrained by the surface of the Earth, so only the horizontal component of the Coriolis force is generally important. This force causes moving objects on the surface of the Earth to be deflected to the right (with respect to the direction of travel) in the

text: Northern Hemisphere

text: and to the left in the

text: Southern Hemisphere

text: . The horizontal deflection effect is greater near the

text: poles

text: and smallest at the

text: equator

text: , since the rate of change in the diameter of the

text: circles of latitude

text: when travelling north or south, increases the closer the object is to the poles.  Rather than flowing directly from areas of high pressure to low pressure, as they would in a non-rotating system, winds and currents tend to flow to the right of this direction north of the

text: equator

text: and to the left of this direction south of it. This effect is responsible for the rotation of large

text: cyclones

text: (see

text: Coriolis effects in meteorology

text: ). To explain this intuitively, consider how an object that moves northwards from the equator has a tendency to maintain its greater speed at the equator (rotating around towards the right as you look at the sphere of the Earth), where the "horizontal diameter" is larger, and therefore tends to move towards the right as it passed northwards where the "horizontal diameter" of the Earth (the rings of latitude) is smaller, and the linear speed of local objects on the Earth's surface at that latitude is slower.

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answers: Because the Earth completes only one rotation per day

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answers: The horizontal deflection effect is greater near the poles and smallest at the equator

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answers: horizontal deflection effect is greater near the poles and smallest at the equator

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answers: one rotation per day

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answers: The Coriolis effect is caused by the rotation of the Earth

text: One possible inference is that the author visualized the universe as the hollow of a sphere, in which the inversion of the sun caused night at one end and day at the diametrically opposite end. However, at the same time, the verse also states that the sun does not actually set or rise. According to Subhash Kak, this implies that according to the author of the verse, the sun does not move and it is the earth that moves, suggesting heliocentrism and rotation of a spherical Earth. According to Jyoti Bhusan Das Gupta, this verse implies that the author "clearly understood that days and nights were local rather than a global phenomenon". Das Gupta adds that the text's interest in the sun's position appears to be "purely ritualistic", and the verse cannot be conclusively taken as an evidence of the author's recognition of the earth as a sphere. According to K. C. Chattopadhyaya, the verse simply implies that the sun has two sides: one bright and the other dark.

text: One possible inference is that the author visualized the universe as the hollow of a sphere, in which the inversion of the sun caused night at one end and day at the diametrically opposite end. However, at the same time, the verse also states that the sun does not actually set or rise. According to

text: Subhash Kak

text: , this implies that according to the author of the verse, the sun does not move and it is the earth that moves, suggesting

text: heliocentrism

text: and

text: rotation

text: of a

text: spherical Earth

text: . According to Jyoti Bhusan Das Gupta, this verse implies that the author "clearly understood that days and nights were local rather than a global phenomenon". Das Gupta adds that the text's interest in the sun's position appears to be "purely ritualistic", and the verse cannot be conclusively taken as an evidence of the author's recognition of the earth as a sphere. According to K. C. Chattopadhyaya, the verse simply implies that the sun has two sides: one bright and the other dark.

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answers: The sun does not move and it is the earth that moves

answers: NDQ_005786

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answers: it is the earth that moves

text: A mechanical movement uses an escapement mechanism to control and limit the unwinding and winding parts of a spring, converting what would otherwise be a simple unwinding into a controlled and periodic energy release. A mechanical movement also uses a balance wheel together with the balance spring (also known as a hairspring) to control motion of the gear system of the watch in a manner analogous to the pendulum of a pendulum clock. The tourbillon, an optional part for mechanical movements, is a rotating frame for the escapement, which is used to cancel out or reduce the effects of gravitational bias to the timekeeping. Due to the complexity of designing a tourbillon, they are very expensive, and only found in prestigious watches.

text: A mechanical movement uses an

text: escapement

text: mechanism to control and limit the unwinding and winding parts of a spring, converting what would otherwise be a simple unwinding into a controlled and periodic energy release. A mechanical movement also uses a

text: balance wheel

text: together with the

text: balance spring

text: (also known as a hairspring) to control motion of the gear system of the watch in a manner analogous to the

text: pendulum

text: of a

text: pendulum clock

text: . The

text: tourbillon

text: , an optional part for mechanical movements, is a rotating frame for the escapement, which is used to cancel out or reduce the effects of

text: gravitational

text: bias to the timekeeping. Due to the complexity of designing a tourbillon, they are very expensive, and only found in prestigious watches.

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text: Milanković put the Sun at the center of his theory, as the only source of heat and light in the Solar system. He considered three cyclical movements of the Earth: eccentricity (100,000-year cycle - Johannes Kepler, 1609), axial tilt (41,000-year cycle - from 22,1° to 24,5°; Presently, the Earth's tilt is 23.5° - Ludwig Pilgrim, 1904), and precession (23,000-year cycle - Hipparchus, 130 BC). Each cycle works on a different time scale and each affects the amount of solar energy received by the planets. Such changes in the geometry of an orbit lead to the changes in the insolation - quantity of heat received by any spot at the surface of a planet. These orbital variations, which are influenced by gravity of the Moon, Sun, Jupiter, and Saturn, are the basis of the Milankovitch cycle. His original contribution to celestial mechanics is called Milanković’s system of vector elements of planetary orbits. He reduced six Lagrangean-Laplacian elliptical elements to two vectors determining mechanics of planetary movements. The first specifies the planet’s orbital plane, the sense of revolution of the planet, and the orbital ellipse parameter; the second specifies the axis of the orbit in its plane and the orbital eccentricity. By applying those vectors he significantly simplified the calculation and directly obtained all the formulas of the classical theory of secular perturbations. Milanković in a simple but original manner, first deduced Newton’s law of gravitation from Kepler’s laws. Then Milankovich treated the two-body and the many-body problems of celestial mechanics. He accepted but corrected the Leverrier and Stockwell computation by using newer and more accurate values for the masses of the planets in the solar system.

text: Milanković put the Sun at the center of his theory, as the only source of heat and light in the Solar system. He considered three cyclical movements of the Earth:

text: eccentricity

text: (100,000-year cycle -

text: Johannes Kepler

text: , 1609),

text: axial tilt

text: (41,000-year cycle - from 22,1° to 24,5°; Presently, the Earth's tilt is 23.5° - Ludwig Pilgrim, 1904), and

text: precession

text: (23,000-year cycle -

text: Hipparchus

text: , 130 BC). Each cycle works on a different time scale and each affects the amount of solar energy received by the planets. Such changes in the geometry of an orbit lead to the changes in the

text: insolation

text: - quantity of heat received by any spot at the surface of a planet. These

text: orbital variations

text: , which are influenced by gravity of the

text: Moon

text: , Sun,

text: Jupiter

text: , and

text: Saturn

text: , are the basis of the

text: Milankovitch cycle

text: . His original contribution to celestial mechanics is called Milanković’s system of vector elements of planetary orbits. He reduced six

text: Lagrangean

text: Laplacian

text: elliptical elements to two vectors determining mechanics of planetary movements. The first specifies the planet’s orbital plane, the sense of revolution of the planet, and the orbital ellipse parameter; the second specifies the axis of the orbit in its plane and the orbital eccentricity. By applying those vectors he significantly simplified the calculation and directly obtained all the formulas of the classical theory of secular

text: perturbations

text: . Milanković in a simple but original manner, first deduced Newton’s law of gravitation from Kepler’s laws. Then Milankovich treated the two-body and the many-body problems of celestial mechanics. He accepted but corrected the

text: Leverrier

text: and

text: Stockwell

text: computation by using newer and more accurate values for the masses of the planets in the solar system.

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answers: Earth's tilt is 23.5° - Ludwig Pilgrim, 1904

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text: Small wind turbines, particularly self-build designs, are widely adopting magneto alternators for their generators. These use rotating neodymium rare-earth magnets with a three-phase stator, then a bridge rectifier to produce DC. This is then used either directly for water-pumping, stored in batteries, or used to drive a mains inverter which can supply the grid system for profit. These designs have been encouraged by one of the most popular self-build designs, described in Hugh Piggott's series of books and courses. A typical design here is an axial-flux generator recycled from a car brake disk and hub bearing. A MacPherson strut provides the azimuth bearing to bring the turbine into the wind. The brake disk, and its attached rare-earth magnets, rotates to form the armature. A plywood disk carrying multiple axial coils is placed alongside this, with a further iron armature ring behind it.

text: Small

text: wind turbine

text: s, particularly self-build designs, are widely adopting magneto alternators for their generators. These use rotating

text: neodymium

text: rare-earth magnet

text: s with a

text: three-phase

text: stator

text: , then a

text: bridge rectifier

text: to produce DC. This is then used either directly for water-pumping, stored in batteries, or used to drive a

text: mains inverter

text: which can supply the

text: grid system

text: for profit. These designs have been encouraged by one of the most popular self-build designs, described in Hugh Piggott's series of books and courses. A typical design here is an axial-flux generator recycled from a car

text: brake disk

text: and hub bearing. A

text: MacPherson strut

text: provides the

text: azimuth

text: bearing to bring the turbine into the wind. The brake disk, and its attached rare-earth magnets, rotates to form the armature. A plywood disk carrying multiple axial coils is placed alongside this, with a further iron armature ring behind it.

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answers: A MacPherson strut provides the azimuth bearing to bring the turbine into the wind

answers: NDQ_005787

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text: Until the 19th century, countries based their systems of length measurement on prototypes, metal bar primary standards, such as the standard yard in Britain kept at the Houses of Parliament, and the standard toise in France, kept at Paris. These were vulnerable to damage or destruction over the years, and because of the difficulty of comparing prototypes, the same unit often had different lengths in distant towns, creating opportunities for fraud.  Enlightenment scientists argued for a length standard that was based on some property of nature that could be determined by measurement, creating an indestructible, universal standard. The period of pendulums could be measured very precisely by timing them with clocks that were set by the stars. A pendulum standard amounted to defining the unit of length by the gravitational force of the Earth, for all intents constant, and the second, which was defined by the rotation rate of the Earth, also constant. The idea was that anyone, anywhere on Earth, could recreate the standard by constructing a pendulum that swung with the defined period and measuring its length.

text: Until the 19th century, countries based their systems of length measurement on prototypes, metal bar

text: primary standard

text: s, such as the standard

text: yard

text: in Britain kept at the Houses of Parliament, and the standard

text: toise

text: in France, kept at Paris. These were vulnerable to damage or destruction over the years, and because of the difficulty of comparing prototypes, the same unit often had different lengths in distant towns, creating opportunities for fraud.

text: Enlightenment

text: scientists argued for a length standard that was based on some property of nature that could be determined by measurement, creating an indestructible, universal standard. The period of pendulums could be measured very precisely by timing them with clocks that were set by the stars. A pendulum standard amounted to defining the unit of length by the gravitational force of the Earth, for all intents constant, and the second, which was defined by the

text: rotation rate of the Earth

text: , also constant. The idea was that anyone, anywhere on Earth, could recreate the standard by constructing a pendulum that swung with the defined period and measuring its length.

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text: Abulafia’s life inspired a series of literary works such as poems by Ivan Goll, Moses Feinstein (not Rabbi Moshe Feinstein) and Nathaniel Tarn; Umberto Eco’s novel Foucault's Pendulum; and a play by George-Elie Bereby; in art, Abraham Pincas’ paintings and Bruriah Finkel’s sculptures; and several musical pieces.

text: Abulafia’s life inspired a series of literary works such as poems by Ivan Goll, Moses Feinstein (not Rabbi Moshe Feinstein) and

text: Nathaniel Tarn

text: Umberto Eco

text: ’s novel

text: Foucault's Pendulum

text: ; and a play by George-Elie Bereby; in art, Abraham Pincas’ paintings and Bruriah Finkel’s sculptures; and several musical pieces.

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text: Marketing is an important component of the modern wine industry, and many caves serve varied marketing and public relations functions. Recently constructed caves contain commercial and private kitchens, wine libraries, concert and exhibit halls, staff offices, elevators, restrooms, and other amenities. Some have high-end interiors, including ceramic and stone flooring, masonry-lined walls and ceilings, sculpture and artwork, mood lighting, fountains, waterfalls, and chandeliers. At  Stag's Leap Wine Cellars, a Foucault pendulum swings continuously across a bed of black sand in the central exhibit hall.

text: Marketing is an important component of the modern wine industry, and many caves serve varied marketing and public relations functions. Recently constructed caves contain commercial and private kitchens, wine libraries, concert and exhibit halls, staff offices, elevators, restrooms, and other amenities. Some have high-end interiors, including ceramic and stone flooring, masonry-lined walls and ceilings, sculpture and artwork, mood lighting, fountains, waterfalls, and chandeliers. At

text: Stag's Leap Wine Cellars

text: , a

text: Foucault pendulum

text: swings continuously across a bed of black sand in the central exhibit hall.

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text: An Orbital is similar to a ringworld but is much smaller and does not enclose its primary star within itself, instead orbiting the star in a more conventional manner, making it much more intrinsically stable than a ringworld.  Many different civilizations are known to use Orbitals sized according to the preferences of the builders; the Culture's Orbitals are approximately 10 million kilometres in circumference, which, together with their rotational speed, creates gravity and day-night cycles to normal Culture standard.  To put this another way, with a diameter of 3 million kilometres the orbital completes a full rotation once per standard Culture day to simulate normal Culture gravity via centrifugal force, and as the orbital is itself orbiting a star this in turn gives the day-night cycle. They have widths varying between one thousand and six thousand kilometres, giving them a surface area of between 20 and 120 times that of the Earth (but comprising significantly less mass).

text: An Orbital is similar to a

text: ringworld

text: but is much smaller and does not enclose its primary star within itself, instead orbiting the star in a more conventional manner, making it much more intrinsically stable than a ringworld.  Many different civilizations are known to use Orbitals sized according to the preferences of the builders; the Culture's Orbitals are approximately 10 million kilometres in circumference, which, together with their rotational speed, creates gravity and day-night cycles to normal Culture standard.  To put this another way, with a diameter of 3 million kilometres the orbital completes a full rotation once per standard Culture day to simulate normal Culture gravity via

text: centrifugal force

text: , and as the orbital is itself orbiting a star this in turn gives the day-night cycle. They have widths varying between one thousand and six thousand kilometres, giving them a surface area of between 20 and 120 times that of the Earth (but comprising significantly less mass).

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text: The reason the rotation of the Earth in relation to the pendulum swing increases in time (decreases in effect) with decreasing latitude is related to the Coriolis Effect. As summarized in the Coriolis effect article, the effect is greatest in polar regions where the surface of the Earth is at right angles to the axis of rotation (the central axis of the pendulum aligns with the Earth's axis of rotation). The Coriolis effect decreases nearer the equator because the surface of the Earth is parallel to the axis of rotation (the central axis of the pendulum is perpendicular with the Earth's axis of rotation). Refer to the article discussing the Coriolis Effect for further details.

text: The reason the rotation of the Earth in relation to the pendulum swing increases in time (decreases in effect) with decreasing latitude is related to the

text: Coriolis Effect

text: . As summarized in the Coriolis effect article, the effect is greatest in polar regions where the surface of the Earth is at right angles to the axis of rotation (the central axis of the pendulum aligns with the Earth's axis of rotation). The Coriolis effect decreases nearer the equator because the surface of the Earth is parallel to the axis of rotation (the central axis of the pendulum is perpendicular with the Earth's axis of rotation). Refer to the article discussing the

text: Coriolis Effect

text: for further details.

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text: The Senior School operates on a rotating 8-block cycle, with 4 80-minute blocks each day.

text: The Senior School operates on a rotating 8-block cycle, with 4 80-minute blocks each day.

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text: It should be noted, however, that the reason the post appears to be "immovable" is because it is fixed to the earth. If the rotating ball was tethered to the mast of a boat, for example, the boat mast and ball would both experience rotation about a central point.

text: It should be noted, however, that the reason the post appears to be "immovable" is because it is fixed to the earth. If the rotating ball was tethered to the mast of a boat, for example, the boat mast and ball would both experience rotation about a central point.

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text: The first person to discover that gravity varied over the Earth's surface was French scientist Jean Richer, who in 1671 was sent on an expedition to Cayenne, French Guiana, by the French Académie des Sciences, assigned the task of making measurements with a pendulum clock. Through the observations he made in the following year, Richer determined that the clock was 2½ minutes per day slower than at Paris, or equivalently the length of a pendulum with a swing of one second there was 1¼ Paris lines, or 2.6 mm, shorter than at Paris. It was realized by the scientists of the day, and proven by Isaac Newton in 1687, that this was due to the fact that the Earth was not a perfect sphere but slightly oblate; it was thicker at the equator because of the Earth's rotation. Since the surface was farther from the Earth's center at Cayenne than at Paris, gravity was weaker there. Since that time pendulums began to be used as precision gravimeters, taken on voyages to different parts of the world to measure the local gravitational acceleration. The accumulation of geographical gravity data resulted in more and more accurate models of the overall shape of the Earth.

text: The first person to discover that gravity varied over the Earth's surface was French scientist

text: Jean Richer

text: , who in 1671 was sent on an expedition to

text: Cayenne

text: French Guiana

text: , by the French

text: Académie des Sciences

text: , assigned the task of making measurements with a

text: pendulum clock

text: . Through the observations he made in the following year, Richer determined that the clock was 2½ minutes per day slower than at Paris, or equivalently the length of a pendulum with a swing of one second there was 1¼ Paris lines, or 2.6 mm, shorter than at Paris. It was realized by the scientists of the day, and proven by

text: Isaac Newton

text: in 1687, that this was due to the fact that the Earth was not a perfect sphere but slightly

text: oblate

text: ; it was thicker at the equator because of the Earth's rotation. Since the surface was farther from the Earth's center at Cayenne than at Paris, gravity was weaker there. Since that time pendulums began to be used as precision

text: gravimeter

text: s, taken on voyages to different parts of the world to measure the local gravitational acceleration. The accumulation of geographical gravity data resulted in more and more accurate models of the overall shape of the Earth.

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text: The spectrum of this star fits a stellar classification of A7IVn, which suggests it is an A-type subgiant star that has left the main sequence and is evolving into a giant star. It is being viewed with the plane of the star's equator lying close the line of sight from the Earth, and shows a high rotation rate with a projected rotational velocity of 254 km/s. This rapid spin is giving the star an oblate shape with an equatorial bulge that is 29% larger than the polar radius.

text: The spectrum of this star fits a

text: stellar classification

text: of A7IVn, which suggests it is an

text: A-type

text: subgiant star

text: that has left the

text: main sequence

text: and is

text: evolving

text: into a

text: giant star

text: . It is being viewed with the plane of the star's

text: equator

text: lying close the line of sight from the Earth, and shows a high rotation rate with a

text: projected rotational velocity

text: of 254 km/s. This rapid spin is giving the star an

text: oblate shape

text: with an

text: equatorial bulge

text: that is 29% larger than the polar radius.

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answers: The spectrum of this star

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answers: Earth

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answers: Earth

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answers: The equator

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answers: equatorial bulge that is 29% larger than the polar radius

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answers: A7IVn

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answers: 254 km/s

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answers: Earth

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answers: Earth's rotation

text: In astronomy, precession refers to any of several gravity-induced, slow and continuous changes in an astronomical body's rotational axis or orbital path. Precession of the equinoxes, perihelion precession, changes in the tilt of Earth's axis to its orbit, and the eccentricity of its orbit over tens of thousands of years are all important parts of the astronomical theory of ice ages. (See Milankovitch cycles.)

text: In astronomy, precession refers to any of several gravity-induced, slow and continuous changes in an astronomical body's rotational axis or orbital path. Precession of the equinoxes, perihelion precession, changes in the

text: tilt of Earth's axis

text: to its orbit, and the

text: eccentricity

text: of its orbit over tens of thousands of years are all important parts of the astronomical theory of

text: ice age

text: s. (See

text: Milankovitch cycles

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answers: Earth's axis

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answers: Earth's axis to its orbit

text: A chronological tracker counteracts the Earth's rotation by turning at the same speed as the Earth relative to the Sun. around an axis parallel to the Earth's, but in the direction opposite to the Earth's rotation. To do this, a simple rotation mechanism, turning at a constant speed of one revolution per day or 15 degrees per hour, is adequate for many purposes, such as keeping a photovoltaic panel pointing within a few degrees of the Sun, but for accurate tracking, such as may be needed to keep a telescope aimed at the Sun, the equation of time must be taken into account, so the tracker moves according to apparent solar time, often called "sundial time". The speed of the apparent motion of the Sun in the sky varies slightly, depending on the time of year, for reasons which are explained in the article Equation of time. This causes the reading of a sundial to advance at a varying rate. The tracker contains a mechanism that takes account of the equation of time and makes the tracker move according to sundial time. For example, it turns 15 degrees in one hour as measured by a sundial, which may be slightly longer or shorter than an hour as measured by a clock. So the tracker's movement is governed by sundial time, which in turn is governed by the movement of the Sun in the sky. This makes the tracker accurately keep pace with the Sun.

text: A chronological tracker counteracts the Earth's rotation by turning at the same speed as the Earth relative to the Sun. around an axis parallel to the Earth's, but in the direction opposite to the Earth's rotation. To do this, a simple rotation mechanism, turning at a constant speed of one revolution per day or 15 degrees per hour, is adequate for many purposes, such as keeping a

text: photovoltaic panel

text: pointing within a few degrees of the Sun, but for accurate tracking, such as may be needed to keep a telescope aimed at the Sun, the

text: equation of time

text: must be taken into account, so the tracker moves according to

text: apparent solar time

text: , often called "sundial time". The speed of the apparent motion of the Sun in the sky varies slightly, depending on the time of year, for reasons which are explained in the article

entity_section: Explanations for the major components of the equation of time

text: Equation of time

text: . This causes the reading of a sundial to advance at a varying rate. The tracker contains a mechanism that takes account of the equation of time and makes the tracker move according to sundial time. For example, it turns 15 degrees in one hour as measured by a sundial, which may be slightly longer or shorter than an hour as measured by a clock. So the tracker's movement is governed by sundial time, which in turn is governed by the movement of the Sun in the sky. This makes the tracker accurately keep pace with the Sun.

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answers: one revolution per day

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answers: speed of one revolution per day or 15 degrees per hour

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answers: The speed of the apparent motion of the Sun in the sky varies slightly

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answers: one revolution per day

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answers: a telescope

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answers: direction opposite to the Earth's

text: Because the Moon's mass is a considerable fraction of that of Earth (about 1:81), the two bodies can be regarded as a double planet system, rather than as a planet with a satellite.  The plane of the Moon's orbit around Earth lies close to the plane of Earth's orbit around the Sun (the ecliptic), rather than in the plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation of Earth (the equator) as is usually the case with planetary satellites.  The mass of the Moon is sufficiently large, and it is sufficiently close, to raise tides in the matter of Earth. In particular, the water of the oceans bulges out towards and away from the Moon. The average tidal bulge is synchronized with the Moon's orbit, and Earth rotates under this tidal bulge in just over a day. However, Earth's rotation drags the position of the tidal bulge ahead of the position directly under the Moon. As a consequence, there exists a substantial amount of mass in the bulge that is offset from the line through the centers of Earth and the Moon. Because of this offset, a portion of the gravitational pull between Earth's tidal bulges and the Moon is not perpendicular to the Earth–Moon line, i.e. there exists a torque between Earth and the Moon. This boosts the Moon in its orbit, and slows the rotation of Earth.

text: Because the

text: Moon

text: 's mass is a considerable fraction of that of Earth (about 1:81), the two bodies can be regarded as a

text: double planet

text: system, rather than as a planet with a satellite.  The plane of the Moon's

text: orbit

text: around Earth lies close to the plane of Earth's orbit around the Sun (the

text: ecliptic

text: ), rather than in the plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation of Earth (the

text: equator

text: ) as is usually the case with planetary satellites.  The mass of the Moon is sufficiently large, and it is sufficiently close, to raise

text: tide

text: s in the matter of Earth. In particular, the

text: water

text: of the

text: ocean

text: s bulges out towards and away from the Moon. The average tidal bulge is synchronized with the Moon's orbit, and Earth rotates under this tidal bulge in just over a

text: day

text: . However, Earth's rotation drags the position of the tidal bulge ahead of the position directly under the Moon. As a consequence, there exists a substantial amount of mass in the bulge that is offset from the line through the centers of Earth and the Moon. Because of this offset, a portion of the gravitational pull between Earth's tidal bulges and the Moon is not perpendicular to the Earth–Moon line, i.e. there exists a

text: torque

text: between Earth and the Moon. This boosts the Moon in its orbit, and slows the rotation of Earth.

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answers: just over a day

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answers: Earth's rotation

text: At intermediate latitudes the rotation of the Earth is observable in relation to the plane of the pendulum swing but the time to observe a full rotation depends on the latitude of the location. The time to observe a full rotation is equal to one day at the North Pole with the time increasing with decreasing latitude and not observable at the Equator (infinite length of time). The time increases because the central axis of the pendulum is aligned with the axis of rotation of the Earth at the North Pole and then the angle of misalignment increases as the latitude decreases to the point of perpendicularity at the Equator. The angular velocity in relation to the rotation of the Earth's axis that is imparted to the pendulum bob decreases with the cosine of the degree of misalignment of the central axis of the pendulum in comparison to the axis of rotation of the Earth. There are zero degrees of misalignment at the North Pole and the cosine of zero degrees equals 1. There are 90 degrees of misalignment at the Equator and the cosine of 90 degrees equals 0.

text: At intermediate latitudes the rotation of the Earth is observable in relation to the plane of the pendulum swing but the time to observe a full rotation depends on the latitude of the location. The time to observe a full rotation is equal to one day at the North Pole with the time increasing with decreasing latitude and not observable at the Equator (infinite length of time). The time increases because the central axis of the pendulum is aligned with the axis of rotation of the Earth at the North Pole and then the angle of misalignment increases as the latitude decreases to the point of perpendicularity at the Equator. The angular velocity in relation to the rotation of the Earth's axis that is imparted to the pendulum bob decreases with the cosine of the degree of misalignment of the central axis of the pendulum in comparison to the axis of rotation of the Earth. There are zero degrees of misalignment at the North Pole and the cosine of zero degrees equals 1. There are 90 degrees of misalignment at the Equator and the cosine of 90 degrees equals 0.

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answers: At intermediate latitudes the rotation of the Earth is observable

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answers: The time to observe a full rotation is equal to one day at the North Pole

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answers: At intermediate latitudes the rotation of the Earth is observable in relation to the plane of the pendulum swing

text: The principles of sundials are understood most easily from the Sun's apparent motion. The Earth rotates on its axis, and revolves in an elliptical orbit around the Sun. An excellent approximation assumes that the Sun revolves around a stationary Earth on the celestial sphere, which rotates every 24 hours about its celestial axis.  The celestial axis is the line connecting the celestial poles. Since the celestial axis is aligned with the axis about which the Earth rotates, the angle of the axis with the local horizontal is the local geographical latitude.

text: The principles of sundials are understood most easily from the

text: Sun

text: 's apparent motion. The Earth rotates on its axis, and revolves in an elliptical orbit around the Sun. An excellent approximation assumes that the Sun revolves around a stationary Earth on the

text: celestial sphere

text: , which rotates every 24 hours about its celestial axis.  The celestial axis is the line connecting the

text: celestial pole

text: s. Since the celestial axis is aligned with the axis about which the Earth rotates, the angle of the axis with the local horizontal is the local geographical

text: latitude

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text: Perhaps the simplest manner in which to understand Hick's theory of pluralism of religions is to share the comparison he makes between his own understanding of religion and the Copernican view of our solar system.  Before Copernicus disseminated his views of the solar-centered universe, the Ptolemaic system ruled in which the stars were painted in the sky, and the sun rose and set around the earth.  In short, the rest of the universe existed for and was centered on earth.  On the other hand, Copernicus asserted that the earth, and other planets as well, circled the sun, which in fact, did not move, but only appeared to move due to the revolution of our planet.  Copernicus introduced our world to the understanding that other planets took similar paths around the sun; while each path differed, all served the same purpose and generated the same result:  every planet makes a full path around our central star. Rotation of a planet about its axis creates day and night for that planet, just as day and night occur on earth.  Although the time frames for a full trip around the sun and for a full day-night cycle differs on a planet-by-planet basis, the concept remains constant throughout our solar system.

text: Perhaps the simplest manner in which to understand Hick's theory of pluralism of religions is to share the comparison he makes between his own understanding of religion and the Copernican view of our solar system.  Before

text: Copernicus

text: disseminated his views of the solar-centered universe, the

text: Ptolemaic system

text: ruled in which the stars were painted in the sky, and the sun rose and set around the earth.  In short, the rest of the universe existed for and was centered on earth.  On the other hand, Copernicus asserted that the earth, and other planets as well, circled the sun, which in fact, did not move, but only appeared to move due to the revolution of our planet.  Copernicus introduced our world to the understanding that other planets took similar paths around the sun; while each path differed, all served the same purpose and generated the same result:  every planet makes a full path around our central star. Rotation of a planet about its axis creates day and night for that planet, just as day and night occur on earth.  Although the time frames for a full trip around the sun and for a full day-night cycle differs on a planet-by-planet basis, the concept remains constant throughout our solar system.

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answers: Earth's rotation

text: Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a mechanism adopted by cacti and other succulents to avoid the problems of the  C mechanism. In full CAM, the stomata open only at night, when temperatures and water loss are lowest.  enters the plant and is captured in the form of organic acids stored inside cells (in vacuoles). The stomata remain closed throughout the day, and photosynthesis uses only this stored . CAM uses water much more efficiently at the price of limiting the amount of carbon fixed from the atmosphere and thus available for growth. CAM-cycling is a less efficient system whereby stomata open in the day, just as in plants using the C mechanism. At night, or when the plant is short of water, the stomata close and the CAM mechanism is used to store  produced by respiration for use later in photosynthesis. CAM-cycling is present in Pereskia species.

text: Crassulacean acid metabolism

text: (CAM) is a mechanism adopted by cacti and other succulents to avoid the problems of the  C mechanism. In full CAM, the stomata open only at night, when temperatures and water loss are lowest.  enters the plant and is captured in the form of organic acids stored inside cells (in

text: vacuole

text: s). The stomata remain closed throughout the day, and photosynthesis uses only this stored . CAM uses water much more efficiently at the price of limiting the amount of carbon fixed from the atmosphere and thus available for growth. CAM-cycling is a less efficient system whereby stomata open in the day, just as in plants using the C mechanism. At night, or when the plant is short of water, the stomata close and the CAM mechanism is used to store  produced by

text: respiration

text: for use later in photosynthesis. CAM-cycling is present in Pereskia species.

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answers: day

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answers: Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)

answers: NDQ_005785

answers: The stomata remain closed throughout the day, and photosynthesis uses only this stored

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: CAM-cycling is present in Pereskia species

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answers: CAM-cycling

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answers: Earth rotational speed

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answers: cacti

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answers: Earths rotation

text: This star is rotating rapidly, with a projected rotational velocity of 180 km s. The inclination of the axis of rotation to the line of sight from the Earth is estimated at 38.1°, which would mean the azimuthal velocity along the equator is about 280 km s. This rotation is producing an equatorial bulge, giving the star a pronounced oblate spheroidal shape. The polar radius is about 84% of the radius along the equator.

text: This star is rotating rapidly, with a

text: projected rotational velocity

text: of 180 km s. The inclination of the axis of rotation to the line of sight from the

text: Earth

text: is estimated at 38.1°, which would mean the

text: azimuth

text: al velocity along the equator is about 280 km s. This rotation is producing an equatorial bulge, giving the star a pronounced

text: oblate spheroid

text: al shape. The polar radius is about 84% of the radius along the equator.

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answers: azimuthal velocity

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answers: Rotational velocity of 180 km s

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answers: The polar radius is about 84% of the radius along the equator

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answers: equatorial bulge

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answers: 280 km s

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answers: Earth

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answers: azimuthal velocity

text: A diurnal cycle is any pattern that recurs every 24 hours as a result of one full rotation of the Earth with respect to the Sun.

text: A diurnal cycle is any pattern that recurs every 24 hours as a result of one full

text: rotation of the Earth

text: with respect to the Sun.

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answers: A diurnal cycle

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answers: 24 hours

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answers: diurnal cycle

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answers: 24 hours

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answers: the Earth

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answers: diurnal cycle

text: Particulate matter is recycled by biodiversity inhabiting the detritus in soils, water columns, and along particle surfaces (including 'aeolian dust'). Ecologists may refer to ecological recycling, organic recycling, biocycling, cycling, biogeochemical recycling, natural recycling, or just recycling in reference to the work of nature.  Whereas the  global biogeochemical cycles describe the natural movement and exchange of every kind of particulate matter through the living and non-living components of the Earth, nutrient cycling refers to the biodiversity within community food web systems that loop organic nutrients or water supplies back into production. The difference is a matter of scale and compartmentalization with nutrient cycles feeding into global biogeochemical cycles. Solar energy flows through ecosystems along unidirectional and noncyclic pathways, whereas the movement of mineral nutrients is cyclic. Mineral cycles include carbon cycle, sulfur cycle, nitrogen cycle, water cycle, phosphorus cycle, oxygen cycle, among others that continually recycle along with other mineral nutrients into productive ecological nutrition. Global biogeochemical cycles are the sum product of localized ecological recycling regulated by the action of food webs moving particulate matter from one living generation onto the next. Earths ecosystems have recycled mineral nutrients sustainably for billions of years.

text: Particulate matter

text: is recycled by

text: biodiversity

text: inhabiting the

text: detritus

text: in

text: soils

text: , water columns, and along

text: particle surfaces

text: (including '

text: aeolian

text: dust

text: '). Ecologists may refer to ecological recycling, organic recycling, biocycling, cycling, biogeochemical recycling, natural recycling, or just recycling in reference to the work of nature.  Whereas the

text: global biogeochemical cycles

text: describe the natural movement and exchange of every kind of particulate matter through the living and non-living components of the Earth, nutrient cycling refers to the biodiversity within community food web systems that loop organic nutrients or water supplies back into

text: production

text: . The difference is a matter of scale and compartmentalization with nutrient cycles feeding into global biogeochemical cycles.

text: Solar energy

text: flows

text: through ecosystems along unidirectional and noncyclic pathways, whereas the movement of

text: mineral nutrients

text: is cyclic. Mineral cycles include

text: carbon cycle

text: sulfur cycle

text: nitrogen cycle

text: water cycle

text: phosphorus cycle

text: oxygen cycle

text: , among others that continually recycle along with other mineral nutrients into

text: productive

text: ecological nutrition. Global biogeochemical cycles are the sum product of localized ecological recycling regulated by the action of food webs moving particulate matter from one living generation onto the next. Earths ecosystems have recycled mineral nutrients sustainably for billions of years.

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answers: aeolian dust

answers: NDQ_005782

answers: aeolian

answers: NDQ_005783

answers: billions of years

answers: NDQ_005784

answers: Solar energy flows through ecosystems

answers: NDQ_005785

answers: Solar energy flows through ecosystems along unidirectional and noncyclic pathways, whereas the movement of mineral nutrients is cyclic

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: Global biogeochemical cycles are the sum product of localized ecological recycling

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: Biogeochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005788

answers: billions of years

answers: NDQ_005789

answers: Aeolian dust

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: Earths ecosystems

text: Some Baptist, Pentecostal, many Sabbatarian and non-denominational churches oppose the observance of Good Friday, regarding it as a papist tradition, and instead observe the Crucifixion on Wednesday to coincide with the Jewish sacrifice of the Passover Lamb (which Christians believe is an Old Testament pointer to Jesus Christ). A Wednesday Crucifixion of Jesus allows for him to be in the tomb ("heart of the earth") for three days and three nights as he told the Pharisees he would be (Matthew 12:40), rather than two nights and a day if he had died on a Friday. Preparation Day (14 Nisan on the Hebrew calendar) – which is the day before Passover (15 Nisan), instead of the Friday morning found in the Synoptic Gospels.

text: Some

text: Baptist

text: Pentecostal

text: , many

text: Sabbatarian

text: and

text: non-denominational

text: churches oppose the observance of Good Friday, regarding it as a

text: papist

text: tradition, and instead observe the

text: Crucifixion

text: on Wednesday to coincide with the Jewish sacrifice of the

text: Passover

text: Lamb (which Christians believe is an Old Testament pointer to Jesus Christ). A Wednesday Crucifixion of Jesus allows for him to be in the tomb ("heart of the earth") for three days and three nights as he told the Pharisees he would be (

text: Matthew

text: 12:40), rather than two nights and a day if he had died on a Friday. Preparation Day (14

text: Nisan

text: on the

text: Hebrew calendar

text: ) – which is the day before Passover (15 Nisan), instead of the Friday morning found in the

text: Synoptic Gospel

text: s.

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answers: Jean-Baptiste Charcot

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answers: heart of the earth

answers: NDQ_005783

answers: Friday

answers: NDQ_005784

answers: Friday

answers: NDQ_005785

answers: The equator

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: The Crucifixion on Wednesday

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: Jesus Christ

answers: NDQ_005788

answers: 15 Nisan

answers: NDQ_005789

answers: Passover Lamb

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: Earths rotation

text: There are preserved observations of solar and lunar eclipses from Babylonian astronomy and Chinese astronomy beginning from the 8th century BC. These observations, as well as further astronomical historical records from astronomy in the medieval Islamic world and elsewhere, can be used to determine the actual changes in the rotation of the Earth over the last 27 centuries: The calculation to describe the place and time of eclipse is dependent on the rotation of the Earth. The ancient observations are consistent with the Earth having rotated a significant more of a total turn than would result from today's value of the speed of rotation would indicate: The Earth was turning faster ever faster throughout the past. The cumulative effect of the faster turn, of a magnitude of milliseconds per century, 36,425 days per century, shows up in a magnitude of hours and thousands of kilometers in observations. Scholars have combed the ancient records and calculated by modern models the magnitude of the long term historical slowing down of the Earth's rotation.

text: There are preserved observations of

text: solar

text: and

text: lunar eclipse

text: s from

text: Babylonian astronomy

text: and

text: Chinese astronomy

text: beginning from the 8th century BC. These observations, as well as further astronomical historical records from

text: astronomy in the medieval Islamic world

text: and elsewhere, can be used to determine the actual changes in the rotation of the Earth over the last 27 centuries: The calculation to describe the place and time of eclipse is dependent on the rotation of the Earth. The ancient observations are consistent with the Earth having rotated a significant more of a total turn than would result from today's value of the speed of rotation would indicate: The Earth was turning faster ever faster throughout the past. The cumulative effect of the faster turn, of a magnitude of milliseconds per century, 36,425 days per century, shows up in a magnitude of hours and thousands of kilometers in observations. Scholars have combed the ancient records and calculated by modern models the magnitude of the long term historical slowing down of the Earth's rotation.

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answers: 36,425 days per century

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text: is an unnumbered asteroid, classified as a near-Earth object of the Apollo group, approximately 19 meters in diameter. It was first observed by the Siding Spring Survey, Australia, on 15 May 2010. It is known to be the fastest rotator with an unambiguous period solution, having an exceptionally rapid rotation period of less than 25 seconds.

text: is an unnumbered

text: asteroid

text: , classified as a

text: near-Earth object

text: of the

text: Apollo group

text: , approximately 19 meters in diameter. It was first observed by the

text: Siding Spring Survey

text: , Australia, on 15 May 2010. It is known to be the

text: fastest rotator

text: with an unambiguous period solution, having an exceptionally rapid

text: rotation period

text: of less than 25 seconds.

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answers: Rotation period of less than 25 seconds

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text: The Moon used to rotate at a faster rate, but early in its history, its rotation slowed and became tidally locked in this orientation as a result of frictional effects associated with tidal deformations caused by Earth. With time, the energy of rotation of the Moon on its axis was dissipated as heat, until there was no rotation of the Moon relative to the Earth. The side of the Moon that faces Earth is called the near side, and the opposite the far side. The far side is often inaccurately called the "dark side", but it is in fact illuminated as often as the near side: once per lunar day, during the new moon phase we observe on Earth when the near side is dark. In 2016, planetary scientists, using data collected on the much earlier Nasa Lunar Prospector mission, found two hydrogen-rich areas on opposite sides of the Moon, probably in the form of water ice. It is speculated that these patches were the poles of the Moon billions of years ago, before it was tidally locked to Earth.

text: The Moon used to rotate at a faster rate, but early in its history, its rotation slowed and became

text: tidally locked

text: in this orientation as a result of

text: friction

text: al effects associated with

text: tidal

text: deformations caused by Earth. With time, the energy of rotation of the Moon on its axis was dissipated as heat, until there was no rotation of the Moon relative to the Earth. The side of the Moon that faces Earth is called the

text: near side

text: , and the opposite the

text: far side

text: . The far side is often inaccurately called the "dark side", but it is in fact illuminated as often as the near side: once per lunar day, during the new moon phase we observe on Earth when the near side is dark. In 2016, planetary scientists, using data collected on the much earlier Nasa

text: Lunar Prospector

text: mission, found two hydrogen-rich areas on opposite sides of the Moon, probably in the form of water ice. It is speculated that these patches were the poles of the Moon billions of years ago, before it was tidally locked to Earth.

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text: Saula is the second planet (out of four) of EN-7031 solar system, about one and a half times further from its sun than Earth is from ours. The day and night cycle on Saula lasts 28 hours, its mass is about 1.1 of Earth, which means that acceleration of gravity is roughly equal to 10.8 m/s². It has three (!) moons (natural satellites). There are only two continents on Saula: the bigger one on equator and the smaller one close to a pole (it's not specified which one in the book).

text: Saula is the second planet (out of four) of EN-7031 solar system, about one and a half times further from its sun than Earth is from ours. The day and night cycle on Saula lasts 28 hours, its mass is about 1.1 of Earth, which means that

text: acceleration of gravity

text: is roughly equal to 10.8 m/s². It has three (!) moons (natural satellites). There are only two continents on Saula: the bigger one on

text: equator

text: and the smaller one close to a

text: pole

text: (it's not specified which one in the book).

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text: The classic example of a nonholonomic system is the Foucault pendulum.  In the local coordinate frame the pendulum is swinging in a vertical plane with a particular orientation with respect to geographic north at the outset of the path.  The implicit trajectory of the system is the line of latitude on the earth where the pendulum is located.  Even though the pendulum is stationary in the earth frame, it is moving in a frame referred to the sun and rotating in synchrony with the Earth's rate of revolution, so that the only apparent motion of the pendulum is that caused by the rotation of the earth.  This latter frame is considered to be an inertial reference frame, although it too is non-inertial in more subtle ways.  The earth frame is well known to be non-inertial, a fact made perceivable by the apparent presence of centrifugal forces and Coriolis forces.

text: The classic example of a nonholonomic system is the

text: Foucault pendulum

text: .  In the local coordinate frame the pendulum is swinging in a vertical plane with a particular orientation with respect to geographic north at the outset of the path.  The implicit trajectory of the system is the line of latitude on the earth where the pendulum is located.  Even though the pendulum is stationary in the earth frame, it is moving in a frame referred to the sun and rotating in synchrony with the Earth's rate of revolution, so that the only apparent motion of the pendulum is that caused by the rotation of the earth.  This latter frame is considered to be an inertial reference frame, although it too is non-inertial in more subtle ways.  The earth frame is well known to be non-inertial, a fact made perceivable by the apparent presence of

text: centrifugal force

text: s and

text: Coriolis

text: forces.

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answers: Earth's rate of revolution

text: The first instrument used more like an actual gyroscope was made by German Johann Bohnenberger, who first wrote about it in 1817. At first he called it the "Machine". Bohnenberger's machine was based on a rotating massive sphere. In 1832, American Walter R. Johnson developed a similar device that was based on a rotating disc. The French mathematician Pierre-Simon Laplace, working at the École Polytechnique in Paris, recommended the machine for use as a teaching aid, and thus it came to the attention of Léon Foucault. In 1852, Foucault used it in an experiment involving the rotation of the Earth. It was Foucault who gave the device its modern name, in an experiment to see (Greek skopeein, to see) the Earth's rotation (Greek gyros, circle or rotation), which was visible in the 8 to 10 minutes before friction slowed the spinning rotor.

text: The first instrument used more like an actual gyroscope was made by German

entity_name: Johann Gottlieb Friedrich von Bohnenberger

text: Johann Bohnenberger

text: , who first wrote about it in 1817. At first he called it the "Machine". Bohnenberger's machine was based on a rotating massive sphere. In 1832, American Walter R. Johnson developed a similar device that was based on a rotating disc. The French mathematician

text: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: , working at the

text: École Polytechnique

text: in Paris, recommended the machine for use as a teaching aid, and thus it came to the attention of

text: Léon Foucault

text: . In 1852, Foucault used it in an experiment involving the rotation of the Earth. It was Foucault who gave the device its modern name, in an experiment to see (Greek skopeein, to see) the Earth's rotation (Greek gyros, circle or rotation), which was visible in the 8 to 10 minutes before friction slowed the spinning rotor.

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answers: 8 to 10 minutes

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text: Because the Sun remains stationary, there is no day/night cycle, only a perpetual twilight.  This could be solved by forcing the Sun to bob up and down within the disk, lighting first one side then the other.

text: Because the Sun remains stationary, there is no day/night cycle, only a perpetual

text: twilight

text: .  This could be solved by forcing the Sun to bob up and down within the disk, lighting first one side then the other.

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text: The surface of the Earth is rotating, so it is not an inertial frame of reference. At latitudes nearer the Equator, the outward centrifugal force produced by Earth's rotation is larger than at polar latitudes. This counteracts the Earth's gravity to a small degree – up to a maximum of 0.3% at the Equator – and reduces the apparent downward acceleration of falling objects.

text: The surface of the Earth is rotating, so it is

text: not an inertial frame of reference

text: . At latitudes nearer the Equator, the outward

text: centrifugal force

text: produced by Earth's rotation is larger than at polar latitudes. This counteracts the Earth's gravity to a small degree – up to a maximum of 0.3% at the Equator – and reduces the apparent downward acceleration of falling objects.

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answers: 0.3%

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text: Contrary to popular opinion, the time taken for a pendulum swing is not constant regardless of the size of the swing; the swing time changes with the size of the swing, see Pendulum. If the amplitude changes from 4° to 3°, the period of the pendulum will decrease by about 0.013 percent, which translates into a gain of about 12 seconds per day. This is caused by the restoring force on the pendulum being circular not linear; thus, the period of the pendulum is only approximately linear in the regime of the small angle approximation. To be time independent, the path must be cycloidal. To minimize the effect with amplitude, pendulum swings are kept as small as possible.

text: Contrary to popular opinion, the time taken for a pendulum swing is not constant regardless of the size of the swing; the swing time changes with the size of the swing, see

text: Pendulum

text: . If the amplitude changes from 4° to 3°, the period of the pendulum will decrease by about 0.013 percent, which translates into a gain of about 12 seconds per day. This is caused by the restoring force on the pendulum being circular not linear; thus, the period of the pendulum is only approximately linear in the regime of the

text: small angle approximation

text: . To be time independent, the path must be

text: cycloidal

text: . To minimize the effect with amplitude, pendulum swings are kept as small as possible.

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answers: a gain of about 12 seconds per day

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answers: To be time independent, the path must be cycloidal

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answers: To minimize the effect with amplitude, pendulum swings are kept as small as possible

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answers: To minimize the effect with amplitude, pendulum swings are kept as small as possible

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answers: small angle approximation

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answers: 12 seconds per day

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answers: Earths rotation

text: Mercury has a 3:2 spin–orbit resonance. This means that although a sidereal day (the period of rotation) lasts around 58.7 Earth days, a solar day (the length between two meridian transits of the Sun) lasts around 176 Earth days. (In contrast, the difference between Earth's sidereal and solar days is only 4 minutes.)

text: Mercury has a 3:2 spin–orbit resonance. This means that although a

text: sidereal day

text: (the period of rotation) lasts around 58.7 Earth days, a

text: solar day

text: (the length between two

text: meridian

text: transit

text: s of the Sun) lasts around 176 Earth days. (In contrast, the difference between Earth's sidereal and solar days is only 4 minutes.)

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text: The Void Cube is slightly more difficult than a regular Rubik's Cube due to parity. The lack of center cubes alters the parity considerations. A 90˚ rotation of a face either on the regular Rubik's Cube or on the Void Cube swaps the positions of eight cubes in two, odd parity, four cycles. Overall, a face turn is an even permutation. On the regular cube a 90˚ rotation of the whole cube about a principal axis swaps the positions of 24 cubes in six, odd parity, four cycles. On the regular cube a whole cube rotation is an even permutation. On the other hand, lacking center cubes, a 90˚ whole cube rotation on the Void Cube swaps 20 cubes in five, odd parity, four cycles. Thus, a whole cube rotation on the Void Cube is an odd permutation. In consequence, on the Void Cube turning the faces of the cube together with whole cube rotations can produce an arrangement where two cubes are swapped and the rest are in their original positions. This and other odd parity arrangements are not possible on the regular Rubik's Cube and afford the solver an additional challenge. These permutations are solvable with a number of simple algorithms.

text: The Void Cube is slightly more difficult than a regular Rubik's Cube due to

text: parity

text: . The lack of center cubes alters the parity considerations. A 90˚ rotation of a face either on the regular Rubik's Cube or on the Void Cube swaps the positions of eight cubes in two, odd parity, four cycles. Overall, a face turn is an

text: even permutation

text: . On the regular cube a 90˚ rotation of the whole cube about a principal axis swaps the positions of 24 cubes in six, odd parity, four cycles. On the regular cube a whole cube rotation is an even permutation. On the other hand, lacking center cubes, a 90˚ whole cube rotation on the Void Cube swaps 20 cubes in five, odd parity, four cycles. Thus, a whole cube rotation on the Void Cube is an odd permutation. In consequence, on the Void Cube turning the faces of the cube together with whole cube rotations can produce an arrangement where two cubes are swapped and the rest are in their original positions. This and other odd parity arrangements are not possible on the regular Rubik's Cube and afford the solver an additional challenge. These permutations are solvable with a number of simple algorithms.

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answers: Earths rotation

text: An adobe house was built with  rational fenestration, small windows in the northern side and heat collecting concrete prisms in the windows of the south facing wall. The prisms are situated in the rooms. They absorb heat during the day and can be rotated to allow the heat to discharge into the rooms at night.  The  "chimney" is part of an evaporative cooling system that maintains the temperature of the house during the day at bearable levels.

text: An

text: adobe

text: house was built with  rational

text: fenestration

text: , small windows in the northern side and heat collecting concrete prisms in the windows of the south facing wall. The prisms are situated in the rooms. They absorb heat during the day and can be rotated to allow the heat to discharge into the rooms at night.  The  "chimney" is part of an evaporative cooling system that maintains the temperature of the house during the day at bearable levels.

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answers: Earths rotation

text: After the Great Exhibition of 1851, plans were launched for a public observatory in Nottingham. Henry Lawson offered his collection of astronomical telescopes, but the project failed through lack of government funding. Lawson persuaded Lowe to accept the instruments for an observatory at Broadgate House.  in Beeston, Nottinghamshire which opened in 1855, with a rotating cupola roof. The Beeston Observatory was mainly for meteorological observations. As well as the usual meteorological instruments it included an Earthquake Pendulum, which ascended 33 ft to the top of the building. The pendulum rod was of deal wood and terminated in a loaded bulb of brass and lead of 2 lbs in weight with a steel point which acted upon a smooth surface of hard baked chalk. When the top of the building was distributed by the shock of an earthquake, the steel point would inscribe a result in the chalk. At the top of the house, he installed Electrometers with lighting wires conducted from trees around the building. These were fed to two gilded balls and cylinders for determining the negative and positive character of the electricity and the relative amount.

text: After the

text: Great Exhibition of 1851

text: , plans were launched for a public observatory in Nottingham. Henry Lawson offered his collection of astronomical telescopes, but the project failed through lack of government funding. Lawson persuaded Lowe to accept the instruments for an observatory at Broadgate House.  in

text: Beeston, Nottinghamshire

text: which opened in 1855, with a rotating cupola roof. The Beeston Observatory was mainly for meteorological observations. As well as the usual meteorological instruments it included an Earthquake Pendulum, which ascended 33 ft to the top of the building. The pendulum rod was of deal wood and terminated in a loaded bulb of brass and lead of 2 lbs in weight with a steel point which acted upon a smooth surface of hard baked chalk. When the top of the building was distributed by the shock of an earthquake, the steel point would inscribe a result in the chalk. At the top of the house, he installed Electrometers with lighting wires conducted from trees around the building. These were fed to two gilded balls and cylinders for determining the negative and positive character of the electricity and the relative amount.

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text: In any rotation in three dimensions there is always a fixed axis, the axis of rotation. The rotation can described by giving this axis, with the angle through which the rotation turns about it; this is the axis angle representation of a rotation. The plane of rotation is the plane orthogonal to this axis, so the axis is a surface normal of the plane. The rotation then rotates this plane through the same angle as it rotates around the axis, that is everything in the plane rotates by the same angle about the origin.

text: In any rotation in three dimensions there is always a fixed axis, the axis of rotation. The rotation can described by giving this axis, with the angle through which the rotation turns about it; this is the

text: axis angle

text: representation of a rotation. The plane of rotation is the plane orthogonal to this axis, so the axis is a

text: surface normal

text: of the plane. The rotation then rotates this plane through the same angle as it rotates around the axis, that is everything in the plane rotates by the same angle about the origin.

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text: For this reason, to simplify the description of Earth's orientation in astronomy and geodesy, it is conventional to chart the positions of the stars in the sky according to right ascension and declination, which are based on a frame that follows Earth's precession, and to keep track of Earth's rotation, through sidereal time, relative to this frame as well. In this reference frame, Earth's rotation is close to constant, but the stars appear to rotate slowly with a period of about 25,800 years. It is also in this reference frame that the tropical year, the year related to Earth's seasons, represents one orbit of Earth around the Sun. The precise definition of a sidereal day is the time taken for one rotation of Earth in this precessing reference frame.

text: For this reason, to simplify the description of Earth's orientation in astronomy and

text: geodesy

text: , it is conventional to chart the positions of the stars in the sky according to

text: right ascension

text: and

text: declination

text: , which are based on a frame that follows Earth's precession, and to keep track of Earth's rotation, through sidereal time, relative to this frame as well. In this reference frame, Earth's rotation is close to constant, but the stars appear to rotate slowly with a period of about 25,800 years. It is also in this reference frame that the

text: tropical year

text: , the year related to Earth's seasons, represents one orbit of Earth around the Sun. The precise definition of a sidereal day is the time taken for one rotation of Earth in this precessing reference frame.

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text: Christopher Tin's second song cycle, titled "The Drop That Contained the Sea", premiered at Carnegie Hall on April 13, 2014. It was performed by a chorus made up of several choral groups from around the United States, Canada, and England, as part of a concert produced by Distinguished Concerts International New York. The album's presale began on April 13, and it was released on May 8, 2014. It consists of ten songs, each sung in a different language, beginning with Proto-Indo-European and including Bulgarian, Turkish, Mongolian, Xhosa, Ancient Greek and Sanskrit. The song cycle follows the Water Cycle much like "Calling All Dawns" followed the day and night cycle.

text: Christopher Tin's second song cycle, titled "

text: The Drop That Contained the Sea

text: ", premiered at

text: Carnegie Hall

text: on April 13, 2014. It was performed by a chorus made up of several choral groups from around the United States, Canada, and England, as part of a concert produced by Distinguished Concerts International New York. The album's presale began on April 13, and it was released on May 8, 2014. It consists of ten songs, each sung in a different language, beginning with

text: Proto-Indo-European

text: and including

text: Bulgarian

text: Turkish

text: Mongolian

text: Xhosa

text: Ancient Greek

text: and

text: Sanskrit

text: . The song cycle follows the

text: Water Cycle

text: much like "Calling All Dawns" followed the day and night cycle.

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text: The same effect occurs if the object is viewed at 59 flashes per second, except that each flash illuminates it a little later in its rotational cycle and so, the object will seem to be rotating forwards.

text: The same effect occurs if the object is viewed at 59 flashes per second, except that each flash illuminates it a little later in its rotational cycle and so, the object will seem to be rotating forwards.

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text: Day is usually defined as the period when sunlight reaches the ground in the absence of local obstacles. On the day of the equinox, the center of the Sun spends a roughly equal amount of time above and below the horizon at every location on the Earth, so night and day are about the same length. In reality, the day is longer than the night at an equinox. There are two reasons for this:

text: Day is usually defined as the period when sunlight reaches the ground in the absence of local obstacles. On the day of the equinox, the center of the Sun spends a roughly equal amount of time above and below the horizon at every location on the Earth, so night and day are about the same length. In reality, the day is longer than the night at an equinox. There are two reasons for this:

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answers: On the day of the equinox, the center of the Sun spends a roughly equal amount of time above and below the horizon at every location on the Earth

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text: A synchronous electric clock does not contain a timekeeping oscillator such as a pendulum or balance wheel, but instead counts the oscillations of the AC utility current from its wall plug to keep time.  It consists of a small AC synchronous motor, which turns the clock's hands through a reduction gear train.  The motor contains electromagnets which create a rotating magnetic field which turns an iron rotor.   The rotation rate of the motor shaft is synchronized to the utility frequency; 60 cycles per second (Hz) in North and South America, 50 cycles per second in most other countries.  The gear train scales this rotation so the minute hand rotates once per hour.   Thus the synchronous clock can be regarded as not so much a timekeeper as a mechanical counter, whose hands display a running count of the number of cycles of alternating current.

text: A synchronous electric clock does not contain a timekeeping oscillator such as a pendulum or balance wheel, but instead counts the oscillations of the AC

text: utility current

text: from its wall plug to keep time.  It consists of a small AC

text: synchronous motor

text: , which turns the clock's hands through a reduction

text: gear train

text: .  The motor contains

text: electromagnet

text: s which create a rotating

text: magnetic field

text: which turns an iron

text: rotor

text: .   The rotation rate of the motor shaft is synchronized to the

text: utility frequency

text: ; 60 cycles per second (Hz) in North and South America, 50 cycles per second in most other countries.  The gear train scales this rotation so the minute hand rotates once per hour.   Thus the synchronous clock can be regarded as not so much a timekeeper as a mechanical counter, whose hands display a running count of the number of cycles of alternating current.

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text: The two Frigid Zones, or polar regions, experience the midnight sun and the polar night for part of the year - at the edge of the zone there is one day at the winter  when the Sun is invisible, and one day at the summer solstice when the sun remains above the horizon for 24 hours, while in the center of the zone (the pole), the day is literally one year long, with six months of daylight and six months of night. The Frigid Zones are the coldest parts of the earth, and is generally covered with ice and snow.

text: The two Frigid Zones, or

text: polar region

text: s, experience the

text: midnight sun

text: and the

text: polar night

text: for part of the year - at the edge of the zone there is one day at the winter  when the Sun is invisible, and one day at the summer solstice when the sun remains above the horizon for 24 hours, while in the center of the zone (the

text: pole

text: ), the day is literally one year long, with six months of daylight and six months of night. The Frigid Zones are the coldest parts of the earth, and is generally covered with ice and snow.

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text: The Illuminati, or fictitious modern groups called the Illuminati, play a central role in the plots of many novels, for example The Illuminatus! Trilogy by Robert Shea and Robert Anton Wilson.  They also make an appearance in  Foucault's Pendulum by Umberto Eco and Angels & Demons by Dan Brown. A mixture of historical fact and established conspiracy theory, or pure fiction, is used to portray them.

text: The Illuminati, or fictitious modern groups called the Illuminati, play a central role in the plots of many novels, for example

text: The Illuminatus! Trilogy

text: by

text: Robert Shea

text: and

text: Robert Anton Wilson

text: .  They also make an appearance in

text: Foucault's Pendulum

text: by

text: Umberto Eco

text: and

text: Angels & Demons

text: by

text: Dan Brown

text: . A mixture of historical fact and established conspiracy theory, or pure fiction, is used to portray them.

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text: The shift work type of circadian rhythm sleep disorder is distinguished by disruptions due to a conflict between a person's endogenous circadian cycle and the cycle required by shift work. Individuals who work the night shift often experience this problem, especially those people who switch to a normal sleep schedule on days off. Also, people who work rotating shifts experience this problem because of the changing sleep-wake schedules they experience. The disruptions caused by shift work result in inconsistent circadian schedules and an inability to adjust to the changes  consistently.

text: The shift work type of circadian rhythm sleep disorder is distinguished by disruptions due to a conflict between a person's endogenous circadian cycle and the cycle required by shift work. Individuals who work the night shift often experience this problem, especially those people who switch to a normal sleep schedule on days off. Also, people who work rotating shifts experience this problem because of the changing sleep-wake schedules they experience. The disruptions caused by shift work result in inconsistent circadian schedules and an inability to adjust to the changes  consistently.

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text: Time cycles signify a 360-degree circular or elliptical rotation, orbit or journey in time typically of an object such as a planet or moon. In the case of the precession of the equinoxes, the cycle is determined by the 360 degree shifting of the equinoctal axis. Time cycles can also refer to larger rotations or orbits such as the time it takes for the Earth to make one complete revolution about the Galactic Center of the Milky Way.

text: Time cycles signify a 360-degree circular or elliptical rotation, orbit or journey in

text: time

text: typically of an object such as a planet or moon. In the case of the

text: precession of the equinoxes

text: , the cycle is determined by the 360 degree shifting of the equinoctal axis. Time cycles can also refer to larger rotations or orbits such as the time it takes for the Earth to make one complete revolution about the

text: Galactic Center

text: of the Milky Way.

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text: From the time of John Flamsteed (1646–1719) it had been believed that the Earth's daily rotation was uniform.  But in the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, with increasing precision of astronomical measurements, it began to be suspected, and was eventually established, that the rotation of the Earth (i.e. the length of the day) showed irregularities on short time scales, and was slowing down on longer time scales.  The evidence was compiled by W de Sitter (1927) who wrote "If we accept this hypothesis, then the 'astronomical time', given by the earth's rotation, and used in all practical astronomical computations, differs from the 'uniform' or 'Newtonian' time, which is defined as the independent variable of the equations of celestial mechanics".  De Sitter offered a correction to be applied to the mean solar time given by the Earth's rotation to get uniform time.

text: From the time of

text: John Flamsteed

text: (1646–1719) it had been believed that the Earth's daily rotation was uniform.  But in the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, with increasing precision of astronomical measurements, it began to be suspected, and was eventually established, that the rotation of the Earth (i.e. the length of the

text: day

text: ) showed irregularities on short time scales, and was slowing down on longer time scales.  The evidence was compiled by

text: W de Sitter

text: (1927) who wrote "If we accept this hypothesis, then the 'astronomical time', given by the earth's rotation, and used in all practical astronomical computations, differs from the 'uniform' or 'Newtonian' time, which is defined as the independent variable of the equations of celestial mechanics".  De Sitter offered a correction to be applied to the mean solar time given by the Earth's rotation to get uniform time.

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text: Since the Earth is flattened at the poles and bulges at the equator, geodesy represents the shape of the earth with an oblate spheroid. The oblate spheroid, or oblate ellipsoid, is an ellipsoid of revolution obtained by rotating an ellipse about its shorter axis. It is the regular geometric shape that most nearly approximates the shape of the Earth. A spheroid describing the figure of the Earth or other celestial body is called a reference ellipsoid. The reference ellipsoid for Earth is called an Earth ellipsoid.

text: Since the Earth is

text: flattened

text: at the poles and bulges at the equator, geodesy represents the shape of the earth with an oblate spheroid. The oblate spheroid, or

text: oblate ellipsoid

text: , is an

text: ellipsoid of revolution

text: obtained by rotating an ellipse about its shorter axis. It is the regular geometric shape that most nearly approximates the shape of the Earth. A spheroid describing the figure of the Earth or other

text: celestial body

text: is called a

text: reference ellipsoid

text: . The reference ellipsoid for Earth is called an

text: Earth ellipsoid

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answers: flattened at the poles and bulges at the equator

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answers: Earth's rotation

text: The primary component of the pair, κ Sco A, is a variable star of Beta Cephei type. It is undergoing radial pulsations with a dominant frequency of 4.99922 cycles per day, or 4.8 hours per cycle. There are overlapping secondary pulsation frequencies of about 4.85 and 5.69 cycles per day. This star has about 17 times the mass of the Sun and is nearly 7 times the Sun's radius. The effective temperature of the outer envelope is 23,400 K, giving it a blue-white hue. It is rotating rapidly, with an estimated period of only 1.9 days and an axis of rotation that is inclined by about 40° to the line of sight from the Earth.

text: The primary component of the pair, κ Sco A, is a

text: variable star

text: of

text: Beta Cephei

text: type. It is undergoing radial pulsations with a dominant frequency of 4.99922 cycles per day, or 4.8 hours per cycle. There are overlapping secondary pulsation frequencies of about 4.85 and 5.69 cycles per day. This star has about 17 times the mass of the Sun and is nearly 7 times the Sun's radius. The

text: effective temperature

text: of the outer envelope is 23,400 K, giving it a blue-white hue. It is rotating rapidly, with an estimated period of only 1.9 days and an axis of rotation that is inclined by about 40° to the line of sight from the Earth.

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text: At either the North Pole or South Pole, the plane of oscillation of a pendulum remains fixed relative to the distant masses of the universe while Earth rotates underneath it, taking one sidereal day to complete a rotation. So, relative to Earth, the plane of oscillation of a pendulum at the North Pole undergoes a full clockwise rotation during one day; a pendulum at the South Pole rotates counterclockwise.

text: At either the

text: North Pole

text: or

text: South Pole

text: , the plane of oscillation of a pendulum remains fixed relative to the

text: distant masses of the universe

text: while Earth rotates underneath it, taking one

text: sidereal day

text: to complete a rotation. So, relative to Earth, the plane of oscillation of a pendulum at the North Pole undergoes a full clockwise rotation during one day; a pendulum at the South Pole rotates counterclockwise.

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answers: At either the North Pole or South Pole

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text: The novel Foucault's Pendulum by Umberto Eco deals greatly with this establishment, as the Foucault pendulum hung in the museum plays a great role in the storyline. The novel was published in 1989 prior to the pendulum being moved back to the Panthéon during museum reconstruction.

text: The novel

text: Foucault's Pendulum

text: by

text: Umberto Eco

text: deals greatly with this establishment, as the

text: Foucault pendulum

text: hung in the museum plays a great role in the storyline. The novel was published in 1989 prior to the pendulum being moved back to the

text: Panthéon

text: during museum reconstruction.

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text: Obliquity, otherwise known as tilt, refers to the angle that Earth's axis of rotation makes with a line that is perpendicular to Earth's orbital plane. The current tilt of Earth's axis is roughly 23.5°. However, over long periods of time the tilt of Earth's axis of rotation changes because of the uneven distribution of mass across the planet and gravitational interactions with the Sun, Moon, and planets. Due to these interactions the tilt of Earth's axis of rotation varies between 22.2° and 24.5° on a 41,000 year cycle.

text: Obliquity, otherwise known as tilt, refers to the angle that Earth's axis of rotation makes with a line that is perpendicular to Earth's

text: orbital plane

text: . The current tilt of Earth's axis is roughly 23.5°. However, over long periods of time the tilt of Earth's axis of rotation changes because of the uneven distribution of mass across the planet and gravitational interactions with the

text: Sun

text: Moon

text: , and

text: planets

text: . Due to these interactions the tilt of Earth's axis of rotation varies between 22.2° and 24.5° on a 41,000 year cycle.

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answers: NDQ_005790

answers: Obliquity

text: 5751 Zao has been observed by several groups to determine its rotational period.  Its light curve was observed by Pravec, et al. between 1992 and 1995 with the intention of determining its rotational period.  From its nearly constant brightness it was determined that the asteroid is roughly spherical and has a rotational period of ≥ 21.7 hr. Another group led by Wisniewski conducted an approximately 5 hour observation and were unable to conclude a rotational period.   5751 Zao was again observed in 2001 by Delbó, et al. using the Keck telescope.  They were able to determine the asteroid's albedo of 0.36 and re-classify the asteroid from X-type to E-type.  Using the asteroid's albedo and the Near Earth Asteroid Thermal Model (NEATM) the asteroid's diameter was estimated to be 2.3 km.  Further study of the asteroid by the Ondrejov Asteroid Photometry Project concludes that a rotational period of 76 hours is consistent with earlier measurements.

text: 5751 Zao has been observed by several groups to determine its rotational period.  Its

text: light curve

text: was observed by

text: Pravec

text: , et al. between 1992 and 1995 with the intention of determining its rotational period.  From its nearly constant brightness it was determined that the asteroid is roughly spherical and has a rotational period of ≥ 21.7

text: hr

text: . Another group led by Wisniewski conducted an approximately 5 hour observation and were unable to conclude a rotational period.   5751 Zao was again observed in 2001 by

text: Delbó

text: , et al. using the

text: Keck telescope

text: .  They were able to determine the asteroid's albedo of 0.36 and re-classify the asteroid from

text: X-type

text: to

text: E-type

text: .  Using the asteroid's albedo and the

text: Near Earth Asteroid Thermal Model

text: (NEATM) the asteroid's

text: diameter

text: was estimated to be 2.3 km.  Further study of the asteroid by the Ondrejov Asteroid Photometry Project concludes that a rotational period of 76

text: hour

text: s is consistent with earlier measurements.

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answers: Pravec

answers: NDQ_005782

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005783

answers: rotating on its axis

answers: NDQ_005784

answers: Rotational period

answers: NDQ_005785

answers: rotational period of  21.7 hr

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: 5751 Zao has been observed by several groups to determine its rotational period

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: 5751 Zao

answers: NDQ_005788

answers: 76 hours

answers: NDQ_005789

answers: Keck telescope

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: rotational period

text: The creative cycle can be seen in the passing of one day. At night, yin is at its strongest. The moon, darkness, stillness, and quietness all have yin nature. Night is a time of rest. When the sun, which has yang nature, rises, it is a time of birth. People tend to follow this flow of energy by sleeping at night and waking up in the morning. As the sun rises, yang becomes stronger and people tend to become more active. The afternoon is a time of growth. Eventually, yang reaches its highest peak, and from that point on, yin starts to regain its influence, and human activity starts to wind down. For many people, the evening is a time of relaxation and entertainment. This is the harvest in which they enjoy what they have worked for. Finally, yin becomes very dominant and things tend to return to the night time state of rest.

text: The creative cycle can be seen in the passing of one day. At night, yin is at its strongest. The moon, darkness, stillness, and quietness all have yin nature. Night is a time of rest. When the sun, which has yang nature, rises, it is a time of birth. People tend to follow this flow of energy by sleeping at night and waking up in the morning. As the sun rises, yang becomes stronger and people tend to become more active. The afternoon is a time of growth. Eventually, yang reaches its highest peak, and from that point on, yin starts to regain its influence, and human activity starts to wind down. For many people, the evening is a time of relaxation and entertainment. This is the harvest in which they enjoy what they have worked for. Finally, yin becomes very dominant and things tend to return to the night time state of rest.

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answers: NDQ_005781

answers: pendulum

answers: NDQ_005782

answers: The creative cycle

answers: NDQ_005783

answers: day

answers: NDQ_005784

answers: As the sun rises, yang becomes stronger

answers: NDQ_005785

answers: It is a time of birth

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: The moon, darkness, stillness, and quietness all have yin nature

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: The creative cycle

answers: NDQ_005788

answers: one day

answers: NDQ_005789

answers: The moon

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: Earths rotation

text: Tidal constituents are the net result of multiple influences impacting tidal changes over certain periods of time.  Primary constituents include the Earth's rotation, the position of the Moon and Sun relative to the Earth, the Moon's altitude (elevation) above the Earth's equator, and bathymetry.  Variations with periods of less than half a day are called harmonic constituents. Conversely, cycles of days, months, or years are referred to as long period constituents.

text: Tidal constituents are the net result of multiple influences impacting tidal changes over certain periods of time.  Primary constituents include the Earth's rotation, the position of the Moon and Sun relative to the Earth, the Moon's altitude (elevation) above the Earth's equator, and

text: bathymetry

text: .  Variations with periods of less than half a day are called harmonic constituents. Conversely, cycles of days, months, or years are referred to as long period constituents.

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answers: Tidal constituents

answers: NDQ_005782

answers: Earth's equator

answers: NDQ_005783

answers: day

answers: NDQ_005784

answers: Earth's rotation

answers: NDQ_005785

answers: Tidal constituents

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: Earth's equator, and bathymetry

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: harmonic constituents

answers: NDQ_005788

answers: half a day

answers: NDQ_005789

answers: the Moon

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: Earth's rotation

text: A Scheffler cooker (named after its inventor, Wolfgang Scheffler) uses a large ideally paraboloidal reflector which is rotated around an axis that is parallel with the earth's using a mechanical mechanism, turning at 15 degrees per hour to compensate for the earth's rotation. The axis passes through the reflector's centre of mass, allowing the reflector to be turned easily. The cooking vessel is located at the focus which is on the axis of rotation, so the mirror concentrates sunlight onto it all day. The mirror has to be occasionally tilted about a perpendicular axis to compensate for the seasonal variation in the sun's declination. This perpendicular axis does not pass through the cooking vessel. Therefore, if the reflector were a rigid paraboloid, its focus would not remain stationary at the cooking vessel as the reflector tilts. To keep the focus stationary, the reflector's shape has to vary. It remains paraboloidal, but its focal length and other parameters change as it tilts. The Scheffler reflector is therefore flexible, and can be bent to adjust its shape. It is often made up of a large number of small plane sections, such as glass mirrors, joined together by flexible plastic. A framework that supports the reflector includes a mechanism that can be used to tilt it and also bend it appropriately. The mirror is never exactly paraboloidal, but it is always close enough for cooking purposes.

text: A Scheffler cooker (named after its inventor,

text: Wolfgang Scheffler

text: ) uses a large ideally paraboloidal reflector which is rotated around an axis that is parallel with the earth's using a mechanical mechanism, turning at 15 degrees per hour to compensate for the earth's rotation. The axis passes through the reflector's centre of mass, allowing the reflector to be turned easily. The cooking vessel is located at the focus which is on the axis of rotation, so the mirror concentrates sunlight onto it all day. The mirror has to be occasionally tilted about a perpendicular axis to compensate for the seasonal variation in the sun's

text: declination

text: . This perpendicular axis does not pass through the cooking vessel. Therefore, if the reflector were a rigid paraboloid, its focus would not remain stationary at the cooking vessel as the reflector tilts. To keep the focus stationary, the reflector's shape has to vary. It remains paraboloidal, but its focal length and other parameters change as it tilts. The Scheffler reflector is therefore flexible, and can be bent to adjust its shape. It is often made up of a large number of small plane sections, such as glass mirrors, joined together by flexible plastic. A framework that supports the reflector includes a mechanism that can be used to tilt it and also bend it appropriately. The mirror is never exactly paraboloidal, but it is always close enough for cooking purposes.

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answers: Wolfgang Scheffler

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answers: rotating around an axis that is parallel with the earth

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answers: 15 degrees per hour

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answers: declination

text: All the planets in the Solar System orbit the Sun in an anti-clockwise direction as viewed from above Earth's north pole. Most planets also rotate on their axes in an anti-clockwise direction, but Venus rotates clockwise in retrograde rotation once every 243 Earth days—the slowest rotation of any planet. Because its rotation is so slow, Venus is very close to spherical. A Venusian sidereal day thus lasts longer than a Venusian year (243 versus 224.7 Earth days). Venus's equator rotates at , whereas Earth's is approximately . Venus's rotation has slowed down by  per Venusian sidereal day in the  between the Magellan spacecraft and Venus Express visits. Because of the retrograde rotation, the length of a solar day on Venus is significantly shorter than the sidereal day, at 116.75 Earth days (making the Venusian solar day shorter than Mercury's 176 Earth days). One Venusian year is about 1.92 Venusian solar days. To an observer on the surface of Venus, the Sun would rise in the west and set in the east, although Venus's opaque clouds prevent observing the Sun from the planet's surface.

text: All the planets in the Solar System orbit the Sun in an anti-clockwise direction as viewed from above Earth's north pole. Most planets also rotate on their axes in an anti-clockwise direction, but Venus rotates clockwise in

text: retrograde rotation

text: once every 243 Earth days—the slowest rotation of any planet. Because its rotation is so slow, Venus is very close to spherical. A Venusian

text: sidereal day

text: thus lasts longer than a Venusian year (243 versus 224.7 Earth days). Venus's equator rotates at , whereas Earth's is approximately . Venus's rotation has slowed down by  per Venusian sidereal day in the  between the Magellan spacecraft and Venus Express visits. Because of the retrograde rotation, the length of a

text: solar day

text: on Venus is significantly shorter than the sidereal day, at 116.75 Earth days (making the Venusian solar day shorter than

text: Mercury

text: 's 176 Earth days). One Venusian year is about 1.92 Venusian solar days. To an observer on the surface of Venus, the Sun would rise in the west and set in the east, although Venus's opaque clouds prevent observing the Sun from the planet's surface.

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answers: To an observer on the surface of Venus

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answers: The slowest rotation of any planet

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answers: Because its rotation is so slow, Venus is very close to spherical

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answers: approximately

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answers: anti-clockwise

text: Foucault challenges the traditional notions of racism in explaining the operation of the modern state. When Foucault talks of racism he is not talking about what we might traditionally understand it to be–an ideology, a mutual hatred. In Foucault’s reckoning modern racism is tied to power, making is something far more profound than traditionally assumed.Tracing the genealogy of racism, Foucault proposes that ‘race’, previously used to describe the division between two opposing societal groups distinguished from one another for example by religion or language, came to be conceived in the late 18th century in biological terms. The concept of “race war” that referred to conflict over the legitimacy of the power of the established sovereign, was “reformulated” into a struggle for existence driven by concern about the biopolitical purity of the population as a single race that could be threatened from within its own body. For Foucault “racism is born at the point when the theme of racial purity replaces that of race struggle” (p. 81).

text: Foucault challenges the traditional notions of racism in explaining the operation of the modern state. When Foucault talks of racism he is not talking about what we might traditionally understand it to be–an ideology, a mutual hatred. In Foucault’s reckoning modern racism is tied to power, making is something far more profound than traditionally assumed.Tracing the genealogy of racism, Foucault proposes that ‘race’, previously used to describe the division between two opposing societal groups distinguished from one another for example by religion or language, came to be conceived in the late 18th century in biological terms. The concept of “race war” that referred to conflict over the legitimacy of the power of the established sovereign, was “reformulated” into a struggle for existence driven by concern about the biopolitical purity of the population as a single race that could be threatened from within its own body. For Foucault “racism is born at the point when the theme of racial purity replaces that of race struggle” (p. 81).

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answers: Earths rotation

text: Earth makes one rotation around its axis in a sidereal day; during that time it moves a short distance (about 1°) along its orbit around the Sun. So after a sidereal day has passed, Earth still needs to rotate slightly more before the Sun reaches local noon according to solar time. A mean solar day is, therefore, nearly 4 minutes longer than a sidereal day.

text: Earth makes one rotation around its axis in a sidereal day; during that time it moves a short distance (about 1°) along its orbit around the Sun. So after a sidereal day has passed, Earth still needs to rotate slightly more before the Sun reaches local noon according to solar time. A mean solar day is, therefore, nearly 4 minutes longer than a sidereal day.

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text: In Foucault's Pendulum:

text: In

text: Foucault's Pendulum

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answers: Earth rotates on its axis

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answers: A molecule at the equator rotates extremely fast.

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: Pendulum

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: Foucault's Pendulum

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answers: Earth's rotational speed is about .

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answers: a light source

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answers: The direction that the stars appear to move across the sky is due to Earths rotation.

text: Note as an example the precession of a gyroscope. The earth's gravitational attraction applies a force or torque to the gyroscope in the vertical direction, and the angular momentum vector along the axis of the gyroscope rotates slowly about a vertical line through the pivot. In the place of the gyroscope imagine a sphere spinning around the axis and with its center on the pivot of the gyroscope, and along the axis of the gyroscope two oppositely directed vectors both originated in the center of the sphere, upwards

text: Note as an example the

text: precession

text: of a gyroscope. The earth's gravitational attraction applies a force or torque to the gyroscope in the vertical direction, and the angular momentum vector along the axis of the gyroscope rotates slowly about a vertical line through the pivot. In the place of the gyroscope imagine a sphere spinning around the axis and with its center on the pivot of the gyroscope, and along the axis of the gyroscope two oppositely directed vectors both originated in the center of the sphere, upwards

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answers: precession of a gyroscope

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answers: precession of a gyroscope

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answers: The earth's gravitational attraction applies a force or torque to the gyroscope in the vertical direction

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answers: precession

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answers: about a vertical line

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answers: Earth's gravitational attraction

text: The Earth's rotation axis moves with respect to the fixed stars (inertial space); the components of this motion are precession and nutation. It also moves with respect to the Earth's crust; this is called polar motion.

text: The Earth's rotation axis moves with respect to the fixed stars (

text: inertial space

text: ); the components of this motion are

text: precession

text: and

text: nutation

text: . It also moves with respect to the Earth's crust; this is called

text: polar motion

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answers: Precession and nutation

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answers: Earth's rotation axis

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answers: Earth's rotation

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answers: Earth's rotation axis

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answers: precession and nutation

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answers: nutation

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answers: about

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answers: stars

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answers: polar motion

text: In 1030, Abū al-Rayhān al-Bīrūnī discussed the Indian planetary theories of Aryabhata, Brahmagupta and Varahamihira in his Ta'rikh al-Hind (Latinized as Indica). Biruni stated that Brahmagupta and others consider that the earth rotates on its axis and Biruni noted that this does not create any mathematical problems. Abu Said al-Sijzi, a contemporary of al-Biruni, suggested the possible heliocentric movement of the Earth around the Sun, which al-Biruni did not reject. Al-Biruni agreed with the Earth's rotation about its own axis, and while he was initially neutral regarding the heliocentric and geocentric models, he considered heliocentrism to be a philosophical problem. He remarked that if the Earth rotates on its axis and moves around the Sun, it would remain consistent with his astronomical parameters:

text: In 1030,

text: Abū al-Rayhān al-Bīrūnī

text: discussed the

text: Indian planetary theories

text: of

text: Aryabhata

text: Brahmagupta

text: and

text: Varahamihira

text: in his Ta'rikh al-Hind (Latinized as Indica). Biruni stated that

text: Brahmagupta

text: and others consider that the

text: earth rotates

text: on its axis and Biruni noted that this does not create any mathematical problems. Abu Said

text: al-Sijzi

text: , a contemporary of al-Biruni, suggested the possible heliocentric movement of the Earth around the Sun, which al-Biruni did not reject. Al-Biruni agreed with the

text: Earth's rotation

text: about its own axis, and while he was initially neutral regarding the

text: heliocentric

text: and

text: geocentric model

text: s, he considered heliocentrism to be a philosophical problem. He remarked that if the Earth rotates on its axis and moves around the Sun, it would remain consistent with his astronomical parameters:

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answers: Al-Biruni

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answers: Earth rotates on its axis

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answers: Earth rotates on its axis

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answers: Earth's rotation about its own axis

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: Latinized as Indica

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answers: Earth's rotation about its own axis

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answers: about its own axis

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answers: the Earth

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answers: Earth rotates on its axis

text: At this rate a Foucault pendulum would have to oscillate for more than 16000 years to precess 1 degree.  Despite being quite small, notice that it is still two orders of magnitude larger than Thomas precession for such a pendulum.

text: At this rate a

text: Foucault pendulum

text: would have to oscillate for more than 16000 years to precess 1 degree.  Despite being quite small, notice that it is still two orders of magnitude larger than

text: Thomas precession

text: for such a pendulum.

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answers: at the equator

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answers: Despite being quite small

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answers: Foucault

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answers: 16000 years

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answers: pendulum

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answers: precession

text: Culler Hall showcases a Foucault pendulum similar to those in the United Nations’ building and the Smithsonian Institution. The solid iron ball (with an electroplated gold surface) is known as the bob of the pendulum. Hanging at the end of the rigid, 43 foot aircraft control cable, the ball is ten inches in diameter and weighs a shocking 160 pounds. The sunburst pattern depicted on the floor helps one notice the minute counter-clockwise rotation of the pendulum as the earth rotates daily.

text: Culler Hall showcases a

text: Foucault pendulum

text: similar to those in the United Nations’ building and the Smithsonian Institution. The solid iron ball (with an electroplated gold surface) is known as the bob of the pendulum. Hanging at the end of the rigid, 43 foot aircraft control cable, the ball is ten inches in diameter and weighs a shocking 160 pounds. The sunburst pattern depicted on the floor helps one notice the minute counter-clockwise rotation of the pendulum as the earth rotates daily.

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answers: daily

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answers: as the earth rotates

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answers: the earth rotates daily

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answers: The solid iron ball (with an electroplated gold surface) is known as the bob of the pendulum

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answers: counter-clockwise

text: on the pendulum shaft. Since gravity only varies by a maximum of 0.5% over the Earth, and in most locations much less than that, the weight only had to be adjusted slightly. Moving the weight toward one of the pivots decreased the period when hung from that pivot, and increased the period when hung from the other pivot. This also had the advantage that the precision measurement of the separation between the pivots only had to be made once.

text: on the pendulum shaft. Since gravity only varies by a maximum of 0.5% over the Earth, and in most locations much less than that, the weight only had to be adjusted slightly. Moving the weight toward one of the pivots decreased the period when hung from that pivot, and increased the period when hung from the other pivot. This also had the advantage that the precision measurement of the separation between the pivots only had to be made once.

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answers: Earth rotates on its axis

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answers: gravity only varies by a maximum of 0.5%

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answers: gravity only varies by a maximum of 0.5% over the Earth

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answers: 0.5%

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answers: Earth's rotation

text: The Earth's axis completes one full cycle of precession approximately every 26,000 years. At the same time, the elliptical orbit rotates more slowly. The combined effect of the two precessions leads to a 21,000-year period between the astronomical seasons and the orbit. In addition, the angle between Earth's rotational axis and the normal to the plane of its orbit (obliquity) oscillates between 22.1 and 24.5 degrees on a 41,000-year cycle. It is currently 23.44 degrees and decreasing at a rate of about 0.013° per century.

text: The Earth's

text: axis

text: completes one full cycle of

text: precession

text: approximately every 26,000 years. At the same time, the

text: elliptical orbit rotates

text: more slowly. The combined effect of the two precessions leads to a 21,000-year period between the

text: astronomical seasons

text: and the orbit. In addition, the angle between Earth's rotational axis and the normal to the plane of its orbit (

text: obliquity

text: ) oscillates between 22.1 and 24.5 degrees on a 41,000-year cycle. It is currently 23.44 degrees and decreasing at a rate of about 0.013° per century.

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answers: 26,000 years

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answers: Earth's axis

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answers: The Earth's axis completes one full cycle of precession approximately every 26,000 years

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answers: Earth's axis completes one full cycle of precession approximately every 26,000 years

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: Earth's axis

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answers: 0.013° per century

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answers: the Earth's axis

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answers: Earth's rotational axis

text: Recent evidence has suggested that the inner core of Earth may rotate slightly faster than the rest of the planet; however, more recent studies in 2011 found this hypothesis to be inconclusive. Options remain for the core which may be oscillatory in nature or a chaotic system. In August 2005 a team of geophysicists announced in the journal Science that, according to their estimates, Earth's inner core rotates approximately 0.3 to 0.5 degrees per year faster relative to the rotation of the surface.

text: Recent evidence has suggested that the inner core of Earth may rotate slightly faster than the rest of the planet; however, more recent studies in 2011 found this hypothesis to be inconclusive. Options remain for the core which may be oscillatory in nature or a chaotic system. In August 2005 a team of

text: geophysicist

text: s announced in the journal

text: Science

text: that, according to their estimates, Earth's inner core rotates approximately 0.3 to 0.5 degrees per year faster relative to the rotation of the surface.

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answers: core which may be oscillatory in nature or a chaotic system

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answers: 0.3 to 0.5 degrees per year

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answers: the inner core

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answers: Earth's inner core

text: Earth's rotation period relative to the fixed stars, called its stellar day by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS), is  seconds of mean solar time (UT1) ,  mean solar days). Earth's rotation period relative to the precessing or moving mean vernal equinox, named sidereal day, is  seconds of mean solar time (UT1) ,  mean solar days). Thus the sidereal day is shorter than the stellar day by about .

text: Earth's rotation period relative to the

text: fixed star

text: s, called its stellar day by the

text: International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service

text: (IERS), is  seconds of mean solar time (UT1) ,  mean solar days). Earth's rotation period relative to the

text: precessing

text: or moving mean vernal equinox, named

text: sidereal day

text: , is  seconds of mean solar time (UT1) ,  mean solar days). Thus the sidereal day is shorter than the stellar day by about .

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text: Imprisoned by the space cats, Amy and Nibbler watch helplessly as the device stops the Earth, causing destruction as objects on its surface adhere to the first law of motion. Katz transfers the stored rotational energy to Thuban 9 and departs, leaving the Earth in disarray and freeing the crew of their hypnosis.  Because it has stopped, Earth begins to burn on its sun-exposed face while the opposite face freezes in the darkness of space.  The crew attempt to reverse the machine and restore Earth's natural rotation, but find that it can only turn in one direction. While lamenting that her invention has doomed Earth, Amy realizes that by continuing to turn it in the same direction, they can restart the Earth's rotation, albeit in the opposite direction. Professor Farnsworth assembles the Applied Physics Department faculty of Mars University and Amy explains her idea, demonstrating that the reverse rotation will not be deleterious to Earth. The plan works and the machine reclaims Earth's rotational energy from Thuban 9, now spinning in the opposite direction. In recognition of her achievement, Amy receives her doctorate in applied physics, now "Doctor Wong".  However, she remains with Planet Express because the job market is poor while Nibbler reconciles with Leela, appreciating that she cares for him.

text: Imprisoned by the space cats, Amy and Nibbler watch helplessly as the device stops the Earth, causing destruction as objects on its surface adhere to the

text: first law of motion

text: . Katz transfers the stored rotational energy to Thuban 9 and departs, leaving the Earth in disarray and freeing the crew of their hypnosis.  Because it has stopped, Earth begins to burn on its sun-exposed face while the opposite face freezes in the darkness of space.  The crew attempt to reverse the machine and restore Earth's natural rotation, but find that it can only turn in one direction. While lamenting that her invention has doomed Earth, Amy realizes that by continuing to turn it in the same direction, they can restart the Earth's rotation, albeit in the opposite direction.

text: Professor Farnsworth

text: assembles the Applied Physics Department faculty of Mars University and Amy explains her idea, demonstrating that the reverse rotation will not be deleterious to Earth. The plan works and the machine reclaims Earth's rotational energy from Thuban 9, now spinning in the opposite direction. In recognition of her achievement, Amy receives her doctorate in applied physics, now "Doctor Wong".  However, she remains with Planet Express because the job market is poor while Nibbler reconciles with Leela, appreciating that she cares for him.

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text: Geophysicist Dr. Josh Keyes (Aaron Eckhart) and scientists Serge Leveque (Tchéky Karyo) and Conrad Zimsky (Stanley Tucci) become aware of an instability of Earth's magnetic field after a series of incidents across the globe. They determine that the Earth's molten core, which generates this field, has stopped rotating, and within a year the field will collapse exposing the planet's surface directly to devastating solar radiation. Backed by the U.S. Government, Keyes, Leveque, and Zimsky create a plan to bore down to the core and set off several nuclear explosions to restart the rotation. They gain the help of rogue scientist Ed "Braz" Brazzelton (Delroy Lindo) who has devised a vessel made of "Unobtainium" that can withstand the heat and pressure within the Earth's crust and convert it to energy, as well as a laser-driven boring system that will allow them to quickly pass through the crust.  Construction starts immediately on the Virgil, a multi-compartment vessel to be helmed by Space Shuttle pilots Commander Robert Iverson (Bruce Greenwood) and Major Rebecca "Beck" Childs (Hilary Swank) who will join Keyes and the others. To prevent a worldwide panic, Keyes enlists computer hacker Theodore Donald "Rat" Finch (DJ Qualls) to scour the Internet and eliminate all traces of the pending disaster or their plan.

text: Geophysicist Dr. Josh Keyes (

text: Aaron Eckhart

text: ) and scientists Serge Leveque (

text: Tchéky Karyo

text: ) and Conrad Zimsky (

text: Stanley Tucci

text: ) become aware of an instability of

text: Earth's magnetic field

text: after a series of incidents across the globe. They determine that the Earth's molten core, which generates this field, has stopped rotating, and within a year the field will collapse exposing the planet's surface directly to devastating solar radiation. Backed by the U.S. Government, Keyes, Leveque, and Zimsky create a plan to bore down to the core and set off several nuclear explosions to restart the rotation. They gain the help of rogue scientist Ed "Braz" Brazzelton (

text: Delroy Lindo

text: ) who has devised a vessel made of "

text: Unobtainium

text: " that can withstand the heat and pressure within the Earth's crust and convert it to energy, as well as a laser-driven boring system that will allow them to quickly pass through the crust.  Construction starts immediately on the Virgil, a multi-compartment vessel to be helmed by

text: Space Shuttle

text: pilots Commander Robert Iverson (

text: Bruce Greenwood

text: ) and Major Rebecca "Beck" Childs (

text: Hilary Swank

text: ) who will join Keyes and the others. To prevent a worldwide panic, Keyes enlists computer hacker Theodore Donald "Rat" Finch (

text: DJ Qualls

text: ) to scour the Internet and eliminate all traces of the pending disaster or their plan.

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answers: Earth's rotation

text: Despite the Moon's rotational and orbital periods being exactly locked, about 59% of the Moon's total surface may be seen with repeated observations from Earth due to the phenomena of libration and parallax. Librations are primarily caused by the Moon's varying orbital speed due to the eccentricity of its orbit: this allows up to about 6° more along its perimeter to be seen from Earth. Parallax is a geometric effect: at the surface of Earth we are offset from the line through the centers of Earth and Moon, and because of this we can observe a bit (about 1°) more around the side of the Moon when it is on our local horizon.

text: Despite the Moon's rotational and orbital periods being exactly locked, about 59% of the Moon's total surface may be seen with repeated observations from Earth due to the phenomena of

text: libration

text: and

text: parallax

text: . Librations are primarily caused by the Moon's varying orbital speed due to the

text: eccentricity

text: of its orbit: this allows up to about 6° more along its perimeter to be seen from Earth. Parallax is a geometric effect: at the surface of Earth we are offset from the line through the centers of Earth and Moon, and because of this we can observe a bit (about 1°) more around the side of the Moon when it is on our local horizon.

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answers: Parallax is a geometric effect

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answers: 6°

text: The Earth's rotational speed is , and a day corresponds to one period . A rotational acceleration  gives a rate of change of the period of , which is usually expressed as .  This has units of 1/time, and is commonly quoted as milliseconds per day per century (ms/day/cy).

text: The Earth's rotational speed is , and a day corresponds to one period . A rotational acceleration  gives a rate of change of the period of , which is usually expressed as .  This has units of 1/time, and is commonly quoted as milliseconds per day per century (ms/day/cy).

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text: Nights are shorter than days on average due to two factors. Firstly, the sun is not a point, but has an apparent size of about 32 arc minutes. Secondly, the atmosphere refracts sunlight so that some of it reaches the ground when the sun is below the horizon by about 34 arc minutes. The combination of these two factors means that light reaches the ground when the center of the sun is below the horizon by about 50 arc minutes. Without these effects, day and night would be the same length at the autumnal (autumn/fall) and vernal (spring) equinoxes, the moments when the sun passes over the equator. In reality, around the equinoxes the day is almost 14 minutes longer than the night at the equator, and even more towards the poles. The summer and winter solstices mark the shortest and the longest night, respectively. The closer a location is to either the North Pole or the South Pole, the larger the range of variation in the night's length. Although equinoxes occur with a day and night close to equal length, before and after an equinox the ratio of night to day changes more rapidly in high latitude locations than in low latitude locations. In the Northern Hemisphere, Denmark has shorter nights in June than India. In the Southern Hemisphere, Antarctica has longer nights in June than Chile. The Northern and Southern Hemispheres of the world experience the same patterns of night length at the same latitudes, but the cycles are 6 months apart so that one hemisphere experiences long nights (winter) while the other is experiencing short nights (summer).

text: Nights are shorter than days on average due to two factors. Firstly, the sun is not a point, but has an apparent size of about 32

text: arc minute

text: s. Secondly, the atmosphere

text: refracts

text: sunlight so that some of it reaches the ground when the sun is below the horizon by about 34 arc minutes. The combination of these two factors means that light reaches the ground when the center of the sun is below the horizon by about 50 arc minutes. Without these effects, day and night would be the same length at the

text: autumnal

text: (autumn/fall) and

text: vernal

text: (spring)

text: equinox

text: es, the moments when the sun passes over the

text: equator

text: . In reality, around the equinoxes the day is almost 14 minutes longer than the night at the equator, and even more towards the

text: pole

text: s. The summer and winter

text: solstice

text: s mark the shortest and the longest night, respectively. The closer a location is to either the

text: North Pole

text: or the

text: South Pole

text: , the larger the range of variation in the night's length. Although equinoxes occur with a day and night close to equal length, before and after an equinox the ratio of night to day changes more rapidly in

text: high latitude

text: locations than in

text: low latitude

text: locations. In the

text: Northern Hemisphere

text: Denmark

text: has shorter nights in June than

text: India

text: . In the

text: Southern Hemisphere

text: Antarctica

text: has longer nights in June than

text: Chile

text: . The Northern and Southern Hemispheres of the world experience the same patterns of night length at the same latitudes, but the cycles are 6 months apart so that one hemisphere experiences long nights (winter) while the other is experiencing short nights (summer).

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text: The Pendulum Sine Law also defines that the ratio of the observed Earth's rotation time at two separate latitudes in relation to a pendulum swing is equal to the inverse ratio of the sine of the two latitudes.

text: The Pendulum Sine Law also defines that the ratio of the observed Earth's rotation time at two separate latitudes in relation to a pendulum swing is equal to the inverse ratio of the sine of the two latitudes.

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text: The Earth's axis of rotation – and hence the position of the North Pole – was commonly believed to be fixed (relative to the surface of the Earth) until, in the 18th century, the mathematician Leonhard Euler predicted that the axis might "wobble" slightly. Around the beginning of the 20th century astronomers noticed a small apparent "variation of latitude," as determined for a fixed point on Earth from the observation of stars. Part of this variation could be attributed to a wandering of the Pole across the Earth's surface, by a range of a few metres. The wandering has several periodic components and an irregular component. The component with a period of about 435 days is identified with the eight-month wandering predicted by Euler and is now called the Chandler wobble after its discoverer. The exact point of intersection of the Earth's axis and the Earth's surface, at any given moment, is called the "instantaneous pole", but because of the "wobble" this cannot be used as a definition of a fixed North Pole (or South Pole) when metre-scale precision is required.

text: The Earth's axis of rotation – and hence the position of the North Pole – was commonly believed to be fixed (relative to the surface of the Earth) until, in the 18th century, the mathematician

text: Leonhard Euler

text: predicted that the axis might "wobble" slightly. Around the beginning of the 20th century astronomers noticed a small apparent "variation of latitude," as determined for a fixed point on Earth from the observation of stars. Part of this variation could be attributed to a wandering of the Pole across the Earth's surface, by a range of a few metres. The wandering has several periodic components and an irregular component. The component with a period of about 435 days is identified with the eight-month wandering predicted by Euler and is now called the

text: Chandler wobble

text: after its discoverer. The exact point of intersection of the Earth's axis and the Earth's surface, at any given moment, is called the "instantaneous pole", but because of the "wobble" this cannot be used as a definition of a fixed North Pole (or South Pole) when metre-scale precision is required.

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answers: Earth's axis

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answers: This cannot be used as a definition of a fixed North Pole (or South Pole) when metre-scale precision is required

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answers: the Chandler wobble

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answers: 435 days

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answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: Earth's axis of rotation

text: After analysis of Foucault pendulum data during the solar eclipse of July 11, 1991, L. Savrov suggested that the "pendulum responded to the remanent shock wave at the maximum of the total eclipse phase".

text: After analysis of Foucault pendulum data during the

text: solar eclipse of July 11, 1991

text: , L. Savrov suggested that the "pendulum responded to the remanent shock wave at the maximum of the total eclipse phase".

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answers: Foucault

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answers: July 11

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answers: solar eclipse

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answers: The south pole

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answers: solar eclipse of July 11, 1991

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: L. Savrov

answers: NDQ_005788

answers: July 11, 1991

answers: NDQ_005789

answers: pendulum

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: Earths rotation

text: More complex harmonographs incorporate three or more pendulums or linked pendulums together (for example hanging one pendulum off another), or involve rotary motion in which one or more pendulums is mounted on gimbals to allow movement in any direction.

text: More complex harmonographs incorporate three or more pendulums or linked pendulums together (for example hanging one pendulum off another), or involve rotary motion in which one or more pendulums is mounted on

text: gimbal

text: s to allow movement in any direction.

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answers: pendulums

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answers: direction

text: A torsion pendulum clock, or torsion clock (also known as 400-day or anniversary clock), is a mechanical clock which keeps time with a mechanism called a torsion pendulum.  This is a weighted disk or wheel, often a decorative wheel with 3 or 4 chrome balls on ornate spokes, suspended by a thin wire or ribbon called a torsion spring (also known as "suspension spring").  The torsion pendulum rotates about the vertical axis of the wire, twisting it, instead of swinging like an ordinary pendulum.  The force of the twisting torsion spring reverses the direction of rotation, so the torsion pendulum oscillates slowly, clockwise and counterclockwise.  The clock's gears apply a pulse of torque to the top of the torsion spring with each rotation to keep the wheel going. The wheel and torsion spring function similarly to a watch's balance wheel and hairspring, as a harmonic oscillator to control the rate of the clock's hands.

text: A torsion pendulum clock, or torsion clock (also known as 400-day or anniversary clock), is a mechanical

text: clock

text: which keeps time with a mechanism called a

text: torsion pendulum

text: .  This is a weighted disk or wheel, often a decorative wheel with 3 or 4 chrome balls on ornate spokes, suspended by a thin wire or ribbon called a

text: torsion spring

text: (also known as "suspension spring").  The torsion pendulum rotates about the vertical axis of the wire, twisting it, instead of swinging like an ordinary

text: pendulum

text: .  The force of the twisting torsion spring reverses the direction of rotation, so the torsion pendulum oscillates slowly, clockwise and counterclockwise.  The clock's gears apply a pulse of

text: torque

text: to the top of the torsion spring with each rotation to keep the wheel going. The wheel and torsion spring function similarly to a

text: watch

text: 's

text: balance wheel

text: and

text: hairspring

text: , as a

text: harmonic oscillator

text: to control the rate of the clock's hands.

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answers: 400-day or anniversary clock

answers: NDQ_005785

answers: oscillates slowly, clockwise and counterclockwise

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: The torsion pendulum rotates about the vertical axis of the wire, twisting it, instead of swinging like an ordinary pendulum

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: 400-day or anniversary clock

answers: NDQ_005788

answers: 400-day

answers: NDQ_005789

answers: clock's hands

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: clockwise and counterclockwise

text: A key plot point in Umberto Eco's novel The Name of the Rose turns on the discovery of a mysterious book that turns out to contain a lost manuscript by Aristotle.  Eco's later novel Foucault's Pendulum became the forerunner of a run of thrillers or detective fiction that toss around learned allusions and the names of historical thinkers; more recent examples include Dan Brown's The Da Vinci Code and The Rule of Four by Ian Caldwell and Dustin Thomason.

text: A key plot point in

text: Umberto Eco

text: 's novel

text: The Name of the Rose

text: turns on the discovery of a mysterious book that turns out to contain a lost manuscript by

text: Aristotle

text: .  Eco's later novel

text: Foucault's Pendulum

text: became the forerunner of a run of

text: thriller

text: s or

text: detective fiction

text: that toss around learned allusions and the names of historical thinkers; more recent examples include

text: Dan Brown

text: 's

text: The Da Vinci Code

text: and

text: The Rule of Four

text: by

text: Ian Caldwell

text: and

text: Dustin Thomason

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answers: NDQ_005790

answers: Earths rotation

text: Among the ancient Greeks, several of the Pythagorean school believed in the rotation of the earth rather than the apparent diurnal rotation of the heavens. Perhaps the first was Philolaus (470-385 BCE), though his system was complicated, including a counter-earth rotating daily about a central fire.

text: Among the ancient Greeks, several of the

text: Pythagorean

text: school believed in the rotation of the earth rather than the apparent diurnal rotation of the heavens. Perhaps the first was

text: Philolaus

text: (470-385 BCE), though his system was complicated, including a

text: counter-earth

text: rotating daily about a central fire.

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text: Foucault's Pendulum has been called "the thinking man's Da Vinci Code". The parchment that sparks the Plan and its multiple possible interpretations, plays a similar role to the parchments in the Rennes-le-Château story propelled to global prominence by Brown's novel and, earlier, in The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail, from which Brown drew inspiration. Eco's novel, which predated the Brown phenomenon by more than a decade, similarly concerns itself with the Knights Templar, complex conspiracies, secret codes, the Holy Blood conundrum (if mentioned only in passing) and even includes a chase around the monuments of Paris. It does so, however, from a much more critical perspective: it is more a satire on the futility of conspiracy theories and those who believe them, rather than an attempt to proliferate such beliefs.

text: Foucault's Pendulum has been called "the thinking man's

text: Da Vinci Code

text: ". The parchment that sparks the Plan and its multiple possible interpretations, plays a similar role to the parchments in the

text: Rennes-le-Château

text: story propelled to global prominence by Brown's novel and, earlier, in

text: The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail

text: , from which Brown drew inspiration. Eco's novel, which predated the Brown phenomenon by more than a decade, similarly concerns itself with the Knights Templar, complex conspiracies, secret codes, the Holy Blood conundrum (if mentioned only in passing) and even includes a chase around the monuments of Paris. It does so, however, from a much more critical perspective: it is more a satire on the futility of conspiracy theories and those who believe them, rather than an attempt to proliferate such beliefs.

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text: The support structure is dependent on the velocity of the surface of the Earth where it is located. The point of connection of the pendulum moves with the surface velocity vectors of the Earth at that latitude. At the equator the support-point moves with the equatorial rotation of the Earth and moves the pendulum swing along with this rotation. At the poles the support-point is located on the axis of the Earth so the support-point rotates but does not have a horizontal velocity component as it does at the equator (and a progressively less horizontal velocity component with increasing latitude). The plane of the pendulum swing, however, is independent of the surface velocity vectors underneath the swing since there is only one point of connection. The point of connection is configured such that the plane of pendulum swing is free to swing in any direction in relation to the structure of the connection point. The pendulum swing at the poles remains aligned toward a star if not forced to rotate with the support. As a result, it is observable that the Earth turns underneath the plane of swing of the pendulum.

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answers: At the equator the support-point moves with the equatorial rotation

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answers: At the equator the support-point moves with the equatorial rotation of the Earth and moves the pendulum swing along with this rotation

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answers: the Earth turns underneath the plane of swing of the pendulum

text: In 1932, a dealing table was patented by Laurens Hammond. This was one of the first machines to use electricity to power the necessary shuffling and dealing mechanism. His patent description provides interesting insights regarding the problems related to previous machines: if the cards were worn or bent, the shuffling could fail. He also criticized the randomness of previous shuffling methods and pointed out the risk of predicting the final sequence. The patent also contains mathematical explanations regarding the inner state of his machine. A motor drove a rotating frame that would distribute 13 cards to each player. The machine was going through 53 cycles to distribute the 52 cards. During each cycle, a selector plate with 52 notches rotated by one step. There were four possible depths for the notches and a lug touching the notches would determine which player would receive the card. Each card was taken from the top of deck and sent to the corresponding player's receptacle using a conveyor track. The first cycle was used to rotate the plate and ensured that the distribution would start with a new sequence. One property of the machine is that the same player could be served during two or three consecutive cycles. To increase randomness, the author proposes to use a set of different selector plates or to use another deck being shuffled while people are playing. The machine was fast enough to shuffle a whole deck in a few seconds. If only one plate was used, the same dealing sequence would appear after 52 deals (there were 52 possible starting points on the plate; the starting point was not randomly chosen as the plate always rotated by one step in the same direction during each cycle).

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answers: The machine was going through 53 cycles to distribute the 52 cards

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answers: If only one plate was used, the same dealing sequence would appear after 52 deals

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answers: The patent also contains mathematical explanations regarding the inner state of his machine

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answers: direction

text: When the spinner is released from restraint with its axis of rotation aligned close to the meridian, the gyroscopic reaction of spin and Earth’s rotation results in precession of the spin axis in the direction of alignment with the plane of the meridian. This is because the daily rotation of the Earth is in effect continuously tilting the east-west axis of the station. The spinner axis then accelerates towards and overshoots the meridian, it then slows to a halt at an extreme point before similarly swinging back towards the initial point of release. This oscillation in azimuth of the spinner axis about the meridian repeats with a period of a few minutes. In practice the amplitude of oscillation will only gradually reduce as energy is lost due to the minimal damping present. Gyro-theodolites employ an undamped oscillating system because a determination can be obtained in less than about 20 minutes, while the asymptotic settling of a damped gyro-compass would take many times that before any reasonable determination of meridian could possibly be made.

text: When the spinner is released from restraint with its axis of rotation aligned close to the meridian, the gyroscopic reaction of spin and Earth’s rotation results in precession of the spin axis in the direction of alignment with the plane of the meridian. This is because the daily rotation of the Earth is in effect continuously tilting the east-west axis of the station. The spinner axis then accelerates towards and overshoots the meridian, it then slows to a halt at an extreme point before similarly swinging back towards the initial point of release. This oscillation in

text: azimuth

text: of the spinner axis about the meridian repeats with a period of a few minutes. In practice the amplitude of oscillation will only gradually reduce as energy is lost due to the minimal damping present. Gyro-theodolites employ an undamped oscillating system because a determination can be obtained in less than about 20 minutes, while the asymptotic settling of a damped gyro-compass would take many times that before any reasonable determination of meridian could possibly be made.

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answers: This oscillation in azimuth of the spinner axis about the meridian repeats with a period of a few minutes

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answers: This oscillation in azimuth of the spinner axis

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answers: about 20 minutes

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text: In Philolaus's system, the earth did not rotate. This meant that neither the Counter-Earth or the Central Fire were visible from Earth's surface—or at least not from the hemisphere where Greece was located.  There is "no explicit statement about the shape of the earth in Philolaus' system", so that he may have believed either that the earth was flat or that it was round and orbited the Central Fire as the Moon orbits Earth—always with one hemisphere facing the Fire and one facing away.  A flat Earth facing away from the Central Fire would be consistent with the pre-gravity concept that if all things must fall towards the center of the universe, this force would allow the earth to revolve around the center without spilling everything on the surface into space. Others maintain that by 500 BC most contemporary Greek philosophers considered the Earth to be spherical.

text: In Philolaus's system, the earth did not rotate. This meant that neither the Counter-Earth or the Central Fire were visible from Earth's surface—or at least not from the hemisphere where Greece was located.  There is "no explicit statement about the shape of the earth in Philolaus' system", so that he may have believed either that the earth was flat or that it was round and orbited the Central Fire as the Moon orbits Earth—always with one hemisphere facing the Fire and one facing away.  A flat Earth facing away from the Central Fire would be consistent with the pre-gravity concept that if all things must fall towards the center of the universe, this force would allow the earth to revolve around the center without spilling everything on the surface into space. Others maintain that by 500 BC most contemporary Greek philosophers considered the Earth to be spherical.

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answers: No

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answers: The earth did not rotate

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text: A Foucault pendulum requires care to set up because imprecise construction can cause additional veering which masks the terrestrial effect. The initial launch of the pendulum is critical; the traditional way to do this is to use a flame to burn through a thread which temporarily holds the bob in its starting position, thus avoiding unwanted sideways motion (see a detail of the launch at the 50th anniversary in 1902).

text: A Foucault pendulum requires care to set up because imprecise construction can cause additional veering which masks the terrestrial effect. The initial launch of the pendulum is critical; the traditional way to do this is to use a flame to burn through a thread which temporarily holds the bob in its starting position, thus avoiding unwanted sideways motion (see a

text: detail of the launch at the 50th anniversary in 1902

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answers: Earths rotation

text: Flywheel energy storage systems using mechanical bearings can lose 20% to 50% of their energy in two hours.  Much of the friction responsible for this energy loss results from the flywheel changing orientation due to the rotation of the earth (an effect similar to that shown by a Foucault pendulum).  This change in orientation is resisted by the gyroscopic forces exerted by the flywheel's angular momentum, thus exerting a force against the mechanical bearings.  This force increases friction.  This can be avoided by aligning the flywheel's axis of rotation parallel to that of the earth's axis of rotation.

text: Flywheel energy storage systems using mechanical bearings can lose 20% to 50% of their energy in two hours.  Much of the friction responsible for this energy loss results from the flywheel changing orientation due to the rotation of the earth (an effect similar to that shown by a

text: Foucault pendulum

text: ).  This change in orientation is resisted by the gyroscopic forces exerted by the flywheel's angular momentum, thus exerting a force against the mechanical bearings.  This force increases friction.  This can be avoided by aligning the flywheel's axis of rotation parallel to that of the earth's axis of rotation.

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answers: Flywheel energy storage systems using mechanical bearings can lose 20% to 50% of their energy in two hours

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: Much of the friction responsible for this energy loss results from the flywheel changing orientation due to the rotation of the earth

answers: NDQ_005787

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answers: Earth's rotation

text: The motion of ballistics with changing latitude is not helpful to understanding the change with latitude of the observed rotation time of the pendulum. (This discussion point is different from what is stated in the reference book.) There is only one point of connection to the Earth for the swinging pendulum and that point of connection doesn't move in relation to the Earth. Because the plane of the pendulum swing is free to swing in relation to the rotation of the structure of the connection point, the rotation of the Earth is observable as directly related to the magnitude of the Coriolis effect. The examples show that the Earth turns underneath the plane of the pendulum swing and how this change in relationship can be interpreted at different latitudes by evaluating the surface velocity components underneath the swing of the pendulum.

text: The motion of ballistics with changing latitude is not helpful to understanding the change with latitude of the observed rotation time of the pendulum. (This discussion point is different from what is stated in the reference book.) There is only one point of connection to the Earth for the swinging pendulum and that point of connection doesn't move in relation to the Earth. Because the plane of the pendulum swing is free to swing in relation to the rotation of the structure of the connection point, the rotation of the Earth is observable as directly related to the magnitude of the Coriolis effect. The examples show that the Earth turns underneath the plane of the pendulum swing and how this change in relationship can be interpreted at different latitudes by evaluating the surface velocity components underneath the swing of the pendulum.

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answers: The rotation of the Earth is observable as directly related to the magnitude of the Coriolis effect

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answers: The motion of ballistics with changing latitude

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answers: latitude of the observed rotation time of the pendulum

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answers: the Coriolis effect

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answers: the magnitude of the Coriolis effect

text: Callippus made careful measurements of the lengths of the seasons, finding them (starting with the spring equinox) to be 94 days, 92 days, 89 days, and 90 days.  This variation in the seasons implies a variation in the speed of the Sun, called the solar anomaly.  He also followed up on the work done by Meton of Athens to measure the length of the year and construct an accurate lunisolar calendar.  The Metonic cycle has 19 tropical years and 235 synodic months in 6940 days.  The Callippic cycle synchronizes days per orbit and rotations per orbit within the Metonic cycle, noting the difference of one after 4 Metonic cycles, a duration of 76 years.  Distinguishing rotations and days infers knowledge of the precession cycle.

text: Callippus made careful measurements of the lengths of the seasons, finding them (starting with the spring

text: equinox

text: ) to be 94 days, 92 days, 89 days, and 90 days.  This variation in the seasons implies a variation in the speed of the Sun, called the solar anomaly.  He also followed up on the work done by

text: Meton of Athens

text: to measure the length of the year and construct an accurate

text: lunisolar calendar

text: .  The

text: Metonic cycle

text: has 19

text: tropical year

text: s and 235

text: synodic month

text: s in 6940 days.  The

text: Callippic cycle

text: synchronizes days per orbit and rotations per orbit within the Metonic cycle, noting the difference of one after 4 Metonic cycles, a duration of 76 years.  Distinguishing rotations and days infers knowledge of the precession cycle.

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answers: 76 years

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answers: 90 days

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answers: the Sun

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answers: precession

text: To calculate what it takes for the internal weight of a gravimeter to be neutrally suspended when it is stationary with respect to the Earth, the Earth's rotation must be taken into account. At the equator, the velocity of Earth's surface is about 465 meters per second. The amount of centripetal force required to cause an object to move along a circular path with a radius of 6378 kilometres (the Earth's equatorial radius), at 465 m/s, is about 0.034 newtons per kilogram of mass. For a 10,000-gram internal weight, that amounts to about 0.34 newtons. The amount of suspension force required is the mass of the internal weight (multiplied by the acceleration of gravity) minus those 0.34 newtons. In other words: any object co-rotating with the Earth at the equator has its measured weight reduced by 0.34 percent, thanks to the Earth's rotation.

text: To calculate what it takes for the internal weight of a gravimeter to be neutrally suspended when it is stationary with respect to the Earth, the Earth's rotation must be taken into account. At the equator, the velocity of Earth's surface is about 465 meters per second. The amount of centripetal force required to cause an object to move along a circular path with a radius of 6378 kilometres (the Earth's equatorial radius), at 465 m/s, is about 0.034 newtons per kilogram of mass. For a 10,000-gram internal weight, that amounts to about 0.34 newtons. The amount of suspension force required is the mass of the internal weight (multiplied by the acceleration of gravity) minus those 0.34 newtons. In other words: any object co-rotating with the Earth at the equator has its measured weight reduced by 0.34 percent, thanks to the Earth's rotation.

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answers: Earth's rotation

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answers: 465 meters per second

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answers: Earth's rotation

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answers: Earth's rotation

text: Systems where the path difference is generated by a rotary movement have proved very successful. One common system incorporates a pair of parallel mirrors in one beam that can be rotated to vary the path without displacing the returning beam. Another is the double pendulum design where the path in one arm of the interferometer increases as the path in the other decreases.

text: Systems where the path difference is generated by a rotary movement have proved very successful. One common system incorporates a pair of parallel mirrors in one beam that can be rotated to vary the path without displacing the returning beam. Another is the double pendulum design where the path in one arm of the interferometer increases as the path in the other decreases.

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answers: Systems where the path difference is generated by a rotary movement

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answers: interferometer

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answers: Earths rotation

text: Surface friction allows the atmosphere to 'pick up' angular momentum from Earth in the case of retrograde rotation or release it to Earth in the case of superrotation. Averaging over longer time scales, no exchange  of AAM with the solid Earth takes place. Earth and atmosphere are decoupled. This implies that the  ground level zonal wind-component responsible for rigid rotation must be zero on the average. Indeed, the observed meridional structure of the climatic mean zonal wind on the ground shows westerly winds (from the west) in middle latitudes beyond about ± 30 latitude and easterly winds (from the east) in low latitudes—the trade winds—as well as near the poles(prevailing winds).The atmosphere picks up angular momentum from Earth at low and high latitudes and transfers the same amount to Earth at middle latitudes.

text: Surface friction allows the atmosphere to 'pick up' angular momentum from Earth in the case of retrograde rotation or release it to Earth in the case of superrotation. Averaging over longer time scales, no exchange  of AAM with the solid Earth takes place. Earth and atmosphere are decoupled. This implies that the  ground level zonal wind-component responsible for rigid rotation must be zero on the average. Indeed, the observed meridional structure of the climatic mean zonal wind on the ground shows westerly winds (from the west) in middle latitudes beyond about ± 30 latitude and easterly winds (from the east) in low latitudes—the

text: trade wind

text: s—as well as near the poles(

text: prevailing winds

text: ).The atmosphere picks up angular momentum from Earth at low and high latitudes and transfers the same amount to Earth at middle latitudes.

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text: Galileo never took Tycho's system seriously, as can be seen in his correspondence, regarding it as an inadequate and physically unsatisfactory compromise.  A reason for the absence of Tycho's system (in spite of many references to Tycho and his work in the book) may be sought in Galileo's theory of the tides, which provided the original title and organizing principle of the Dialogue.  For, while the Copernican and Tychonic systems are equivalent geometrically, they are quite different dynamically. Galileo's tidal theory entailed the actual, physical movement of the Earth; that is, if true, it would have provided the kind of proof that Foucault's pendulum apparently provided two centuries later.  With reference to Galileo's tidal theory, there would be no difference between the Ptolemaic and Tychonic systems.

text: Galileo never took Tycho's system seriously, as can be seen in his correspondence, regarding it as an inadequate and physically unsatisfactory compromise.  A reason for the absence of Tycho's system (in spite of many references to Tycho and his work in the book) may be sought in Galileo's theory of the tides, which provided the original title and organizing principle of the Dialogue.  For, while the Copernican and Tychonic systems are equivalent geometrically, they are quite different dynamically. Galileo's tidal theory entailed the actual, physical movement of the Earth; that is, if true, it would have provided the kind of proof that

text: Foucault's pendulum

text: apparently provided two centuries later.  With reference to Galileo's tidal theory, there would be no difference between the Ptolemaic and Tychonic systems.

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text: The two large balls were positioned on alternate sides of the horizontal wooden arm of the balance. Their mutual attraction to the small balls caused the arm to rotate, twisting the wire supporting the arm. The arm stopped rotating when it reached an angle where the twisting force of the wire balanced the combined gravitational force of attraction between the large and small lead spheres. By measuring the angle of the rod and knowing the twisting force (torque) of the wire for a given angle, Cavendish was able to determine the force between the pairs of masses. Since the gravitational force of the Earth on the small ball could be measured directly by weighing it, the ratio of the two forces allowed the density of the earth to be calculated, using Newton's law of gravitation.

text: The two large balls were positioned on alternate sides of the horizontal wooden arm of the balance. Their mutual attraction to the small balls caused the arm to rotate, twisting the wire supporting the arm. The arm stopped rotating when it reached an angle where the twisting force of the wire balanced the combined gravitational force of attraction between the large and small lead spheres. By measuring the angle of the rod and knowing the twisting force (

text: torque

text: ) of the wire for a given angle, Cavendish was able to determine the force between the pairs of masses. Since the gravitational force of the Earth on the small ball could be measured directly by weighing it, the ratio of the two forces allowed the density of the earth to be calculated, using

text: Newton's law of gravitation

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text: An example of the detection of a non-inertial, rotating reference frame is the precession of a Foucault pendulum. In the non-inertial frame of the Earth, the fictitious Coriolis force is necessary to explain observations. In an inertial frame outside the Earth, no such fictitious force is necessary.

text: An example of the detection of a non-inertial, rotating reference frame is the precession of a

text: Foucault pendulum

text: . In the non-inertial frame of the Earth, the fictitious

text: Coriolis force

text: is necessary to explain observations. In an inertial frame outside the Earth, no such fictitious force is necessary.

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text: By 1997, MTV focused heavily on introducing electronica acts into the mainstream, adding them to its musical rotation, including The Prodigy, The Chemical Brothers, Moby, Aphex Twin, Pendulum, Daft Punk, The Crystal Method, Butthole Surfers and Fatboy Slim. Some musicians who proceeded to experiment with electronica were still played on MTV including Orbital, Madonna, U2, David Bowie, Radiohead, and Smashing Pumpkins. That year, MTV also attempted to introduce neo-swing bands, but they did not meet with much success.

text: By 1997, MTV focused heavily on introducing

text: electronica

text: acts into the mainstream, adding them to its musical rotation, including

text: The Prodigy

text: The Chemical Brothers

text: Moby

text: Aphex Twin

text: Pendulum

text: Daft Punk

text: The Crystal Method

text: Butthole Surfers

text: and

text: Fatboy Slim

text: . Some musicians who proceeded to experiment with electronica were still played on MTV including

text: Orbital

text: Madonna

text: David Bowie

text: Radiohead

text: , and

text: Smashing Pumpkins

text: . That year, MTV also attempted to introduce

text: neo-swing

text: bands, but they did not meet with much success.

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text: Precession of the equinoxes on Earth can be divided up into two distinct phases. The first phase is created by a wobbling of the Earth’s axis of rotation, and is known as axial precession. While the second phase is known as procession of the ellipse and is related to the slow rotation of the Earth’s elliptical orbit around the sun. When combined these two phases create a precession of the equinoxes that has a strong 23,000 year cycle and a weak 19,000 year cycle.

text: Precession of the equinoxes

text: on Earth can be divided up into two distinct phases. The first phase is created by a wobbling of the Earth’s axis of rotation, and is known as axial precession. While the second phase is known as procession of the ellipse and is related to the slow rotation of the Earth’s elliptical orbit around the sun. When combined these two phases create a precession of the equinoxes that has a strong 23,000 year cycle and a weak 19,000 year cycle.

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answers: 23,000 year cycle

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text: As the orbital period of a satellite increases, approaching the rotational period of the Earth (in other words, as its average orbital speed slows towards the rotational speed of the Earth), its sinusoidal ground track will become compressed longitudinally, meaning that the "nodes" (the points at which it crosses the equator) will become closer together, until at geosynchronous orbit they lie directly on top of each other. For orbital periods longer than the Earth's rotational period, an increase in orbital period corresponds to a longitudinal stretching out of the (apparent retrograde) ground track.

text: As the orbital period of a satellite increases, approaching the

text: rotational period of the Earth

text: (in other words, as its average orbital speed slows towards the rotational speed of the Earth), its sinusoidal ground track will become compressed longitudinally, meaning that the "nodes" (the points at which it crosses the

text: equator

text: ) will become closer together, until at geosynchronous orbit they lie directly on top of each other. For orbital periods longer than the Earth's rotational period, an increase in orbital period corresponds to a longitudinal stretching out of the (apparent retrograde) ground track.

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answers: as its average orbital speed slows towards the rotational speed of the Earth

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text: In animals, the primary function is regulation of day-night cycles. Human infants' melatonin levels become regular in about the third month after birth, with the highest levels measured between midnight and 8:00 am. Human melatonin production decreases as a person ages. Also, as children become teenagers, the nightly schedule of melatonin release is delayed, leading to later sleeping and waking times.

text: In animals, the primary function is regulation of day-night cycles. Human infants' melatonin levels become regular in about the third month after birth, with the highest levels measured between midnight and 8:00 am. Human melatonin production decreases as a person ages. Also, as children become teenagers, the nightly schedule of melatonin release is delayed, leading to later sleeping and waking times.

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answers: Earths rotation

text: To get a sense of the magnitude of the effect, the above can be used to compute the rate of precession of Foucault's pendulum, located at the surface of the Earth.

text: To get a sense of the magnitude of the effect, the above can be used to compute the rate of precession of

text: Foucault's pendulum

text: , located at the surface of the Earth.

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text: Milankovitch cycles are under the category of periodicity. These cycles describe the way that the earth moves and how the climatic changes vary depending on where the earth is in space. The orbital shape of the earth causes changes every 100,000 years. The axial tilt of the earth "wobbles" and alters the climate every 41 thousand years. The axial precession is the process in which the climate will change in terms of how the earth rotates about its own axis. Raup did find that every 26 million years, there will be a mass extinction. Roland Jansson and Mats Dynesius in their article The Fate of Clades in a World of Recurrent Climatic Change: Milankovitch Oscillations and Evolution, discuss how these cycles will cause orbitally forced range dynamics (ORD) in which the climate changes induced by the Milankovitch cycles cause changes in the geographic distribution of clades. Clades are a group of organisms that are theorized to have evolved from a common ancestor.

text: Milankovitch cycles are under the category of periodicity. These cycles describe the way that the earth moves and how the climatic changes vary depending on where the earth is in space. The orbital shape of the earth causes changes every 100,000 years. The axial tilt of the earth "wobbles" and alters the climate every 41 thousand years. The axial precession is the process in which the climate will change in terms of how the earth rotates about its own axis. Raup did find that every 26 million years, there will be a mass extinction. Roland Jansson and Mats Dynesius in their article The Fate of Clades in a World of Recurrent Climatic Change: Milankovitch Oscillations and Evolution, discuss how these cycles will cause orbitally forced range dynamics (ORD) in which the climate changes induced by the Milankovitch cycles cause changes in the geographic distribution of clades. Clades are a group of organisms that are theorized to have evolved from a common ancestor.

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answers: These cycles describe the way that the earth moves and how the climatic changes vary depending on where the earth is in space

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text: The Sun's apparent surface, the photosphere, radiates more actively when there are more sunspots. Satellite monitoring of solar luminosity revealed a direct relationship between the Schwabe cycle and luminosity with a peak-to-peak amplitude of about 0.1%. Luminosity decreases by as much as 0.3% on a 10-day timescale when large groups of sunspots rotate across the Earth's view and increase by as much as 0.05% for up to 6 months due to faculae associated with large sunspot groups.

text: The Sun's apparent surface, the photosphere, radiates more actively when there are more sunspots. Satellite monitoring of

text: solar luminosity

text: revealed a direct relationship between the Schwabe cycle and luminosity with a peak-to-peak amplitude of about 0.1%. Luminosity decreases by as much as 0.3% on a 10-day timescale when large groups of sunspots rotate across the Earth's view and increase by as much as 0.05% for up to 6 months due to

text: faculae

text: associated with large sunspot groups.

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answers: Earth's

text: A classic argument against earth motion is the lack of speed sensations of the earth surface, though it moves, by the earth's rotation, at about 1700 km/h at the equator. In this category there is a thought experiment in which a man is below decks on a ship and cannot tell whether the ship is docked or is moving smoothly through the water: he observes water dripping from a bottle, fish swimming in a tank, butterflies flying, and so on; and their behavior is just the same whether the ship is moving or not.   This is a classic exposition of the Inertial frame of reference and refutes the objection that if we were moving hundreds of kilometres an hour as the Earth rotated, anything that one dropped would rapidly fall behind and drift to the west.

text: A classic argument against earth motion is the lack of speed sensations of the earth surface, though it moves, by the earth's rotation, at about 1700 km/h at the equator. In this category there is a

text: thought experiment

text: in which a man is below decks on a

text: ship

text: and cannot tell whether the ship is docked or is moving smoothly through the water: he observes water dripping from a bottle, fish swimming in a tank, butterflies flying, and so on; and their behavior is just the same whether the ship is moving or not.   This is a classic exposition of the

text: Inertial frame of reference

text: and refutes the objection that if we were moving hundreds of kilometres an hour as the Earth rotated, anything that one dropped would rapidly fall behind and drift to the west.

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text: The first part consists of determining the variable d, the number of days (counting from March 22) for the closest following full moon to occur. The formula for d contains the terms 19a and the constant M. a is the year's position in the 19-year lunar phase cycle, in which by assumption the moon's movement relative to earth repeats every 19 calendar years. In older times, 19 calendar years were equated to 235 lunar months (the Metonic cycle), which is remarkably close since 235 lunar months are approximately 6939.6813 days and 19 years are on average 6939.6075 days. The expression (19a + M) mod 30 repeats every 19 years within each century as M is determined per century. The 19-year cycle has nothing to do with the '19' in 19a, it is just a coincidence that another '19' appears. The '19' in 19a comes from correcting the mismatch between a calendar year and an integer number of lunar months. A calendar year (non-leap year) has 365 days and the closest you can come with an integer number of lunar months is 12×29.5=354 days. The difference is 11 days which must be corrected for by moving the following year's occurrence of a full moon 11 days back. But in modulo 30 arithmetic, subtracting 11 is the same as adding 19, hence the addition of 19 for each year added, i.e. 19a.

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text: The force of gravity on Earth is the resultant (vector sum) of two forces:  (a) The gravitational attraction in accordance with Newton's universal law of gravitation, and (b) the centrifugal force, which results from the choice of an earthbound, rotating frame of reference.  The force of gravity is the weakest at the equator because of the centrifugal force caused by the Earth's rotation and because points on the equator are furthest from the center of the Earth.  The force of gravity varies with latitude and increases from about 9.780 m/s at the Equator to about 9.832 m/s at the poles.

text: The force of gravity on Earth is the resultant (vector sum) of two forces:  (a) The gravitational attraction in accordance with Newton's universal law of gravitation, and (b) the centrifugal force, which results from the choice of an earthbound, rotating frame of reference.  The force of gravity is the weakest at the equator because of the centrifugal force caused by the Earth's rotation and because points on the equator are furthest from the center of the Earth.  The force of gravity varies with latitude and increases from about 9.780 m/s at the Equator to about 9.832 m/s at the poles.

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text: For the music, Björk related the phenomenon the song describes to a musical structure or resource. For example; the song "Moon" has different musical cycles that repeat throughout the song; the song "Thunderbolt" contains arpeggios, inspired by the time between when lightning is seen and thunder is heard; and in "Solstice", the counterpoint makes reference to the movement of planets and the Earth's rotation, and the pendulums used on the song make tribute to the Foucault pendulum.

text: For the music, Björk related the phenomenon the song describes to a musical structure or resource. For example; the song "

text: Moon

text: " has different

text: musical cycles

text: that repeat throughout the song; the song "Thunderbolt" contains

text: arpeggio

text: s, inspired by the time between when lightning is seen and thunder is heard; and in "Solstice", the

text: counterpoint

text: makes reference to the movement of planets and the

text: Earth's rotation

text: , and the pendulums used on the song make tribute to the

text: Foucault pendulum

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text: A Foucault pendulum hangs in the central foyer, through all the floors, over a butterfly-shaped plate marked with the hours of the day. As a result of the rotation of the Earth, this functions as a decorative and reasonably-accurate clock. The building is also decorated with a number of plaster casts of classical friezes throughout the central atrium and a 19th-century copy of the Baptistery doors from Florence is located on the ground floor. These were part of the original design scheme by the architect James Hibbert.

text: A

text: Foucault pendulum

text: hangs in the central foyer, through all the floors, over a butterfly-shaped plate marked with the hours of the day. As a result of the rotation of the Earth, this functions as a decorative and reasonably-accurate clock. The building is also decorated with a number of plaster casts of classical friezes throughout the central atrium and a 19th-century copy of the

text: Baptistery doors from Florence

text: is located on the ground floor. These were part of the original design scheme by the architect

text: James Hibbert

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text: Riptide is mainly made up of 4 parts. The first parts are the two supports that hold the entire ride up. The second parts are the two arms that hold and move the gondolas up and down in a circular rotation. The third parts are the tow gondolas. This is where the riders are seated for the ride. Each gondola holds a maximum of 20 riders meaning that the ride can operate with a maximum of 40 riders per cycle. The gondolas also spin freely on a circular rotation just like the arms that hold the gondolas. The fourth parts are the fountains. The fountains at the bottom of the ride can shoot as high as the ride itself and are a part of the ride to soak riders while riding (only during hot days).

text: Riptide is mainly made up of 4 parts. The first parts are the two supports that hold the entire ride up. The second parts are the two arms that hold and move the gondolas up and down in a circular rotation. The third parts are the tow gondolas. This is where the riders are seated for the ride. Each gondola holds a maximum of 20 riders meaning that the ride can operate with a maximum of 40 riders per cycle. The gondolas also spin freely on a circular rotation just like the arms that hold the gondolas. The fourth parts are the fountains. The fountains at the bottom of the ride can shoot as high as the ride itself and are a part of the ride to soak riders while riding (only during hot days).

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answers: Riptide

answers: NDQ_005782

answers: Polar Line

answers: NDQ_005783

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005784

answers: Riptide is mainly made up of 4 parts

answers: NDQ_005785

answers: can shoot as high as the ride itself

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: The fourth parts are the fountains

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: Riptide

answers: NDQ_005788

answers: 40 riders per cycle

answers: NDQ_005789

answers: The gondolas

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: Earths rotation

text: polarization is always zero. We also see that the frequency of the wave given off is twice the rotation frequency. If we put in numbers for the Earth–Sun system, we find:

text: polarization is always zero. We also see that the frequency of the wave given off is twice the rotation frequency. If we put in numbers for the Earth–Sun system, we find:

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answers: The Earth–Sun system

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answers: Earth–Sun system

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answers: Earth–Sun system

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answers: Earth–Sun system

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answers: polarization is always zero

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answers: Earth–Sun system

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: Earth–Sun system

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answers: Earth–Sun system

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answers: the Earth

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answers: Earth–Sun system

text: The near side of the Moon is the lunar hemisphere that is permanently turned towards the Earth, whereas the opposite side is the far side of the Moon. Only one side of the Moon is visible from Earth because the Moon rotates about its spin axis at the same rate that the Moon orbits the Earth, a situation known as synchronous rotation or tidal locking. The Moon is directly illuminated by the Sun, and the cyclically varying viewing conditions cause the lunar phases. The unilluminated portions of the Moon can sometimes be dimly seen as a result of earthshine, which is sunlight reflected off the surface of the Earth and onto the Moon. Since the Moon's orbit is both somewhat elliptical, and inclined to its equatorial plane, libration allows up to 59% of the Moon's surface to be viewed from Earth (but only half at any instant from any point).

text: The near side of the Moon is the

text: lunar

text: hemisphere that is permanently turned towards the

text: Earth

text: , whereas the opposite side is the

text: far side of the Moon

text: . Only one side of the

text: Moon

text: is visible from Earth because the Moon rotates about its spin axis at the same rate that the Moon orbits the Earth, a situation known as

text: synchronous rotation

text: or

text: tidal locking

text: . The Moon is directly illuminated by the

text: Sun

text: , and the cyclically varying viewing conditions cause the

text: lunar phase

text: s. The unilluminated portions of the Moon can sometimes be dimly seen as a result of

text: earthshine

text: , which is sunlight reflected off the surface of the Earth and onto the Moon. Since the

text: Moon's orbit

text: is both somewhat elliptical, and inclined to its

text: equatorial plane

text: libration

text: allows up to 59% of the Moon's surface to be viewed from Earth (but only half at any instant from any point).

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answers: tidal locking

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answers: spin axis

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answers: Earth

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answers: Moon rotates about its spin axis at the same rate that the Moon orbits the Earth

answers: NDQ_005785

answers: Only one side of the Moon is visible from Earth because the Moon rotates about its spin axis at the same rate that the Moon orbits the Earth

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: Only one side of the Moon is visible from Earth because the Moon rotates about its spin axis at the same rate that the Moon orbits the Earth

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: tidal locking

answers: NDQ_005788

answers: Earth rotational speed is about

answers: NDQ_005789

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: Earth rotates about its spin axis at the same rate that the Moon orbits the Earth

text: Mars has an axial tilt and a rotation period similar to those of Earth. Thus it experiences seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter much like Earth, and its day is about the same length. Its year is almost twice as long as Earth's, and its orbital eccentricity is considerably larger, which means among other things that the lengths of various Martian seasons differ considerably, and sundial time can diverge from clock time more than on Earth.

text: Mars has an

text: axial tilt

text: and a rotation period similar to those of Earth. Thus it experiences seasons of

text: spring

text: summer

text: autumn

text: and

text: winter

text: much like Earth, and its day is about the same length. Its year is almost twice as long as Earth's, and its

text: orbital eccentricity

text: is considerably larger, which means among other things that the lengths of various Martian seasons differ considerably, and

text: sundial

text: time can diverge from clock time more than on Earth.

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answers: sundial

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answers: axial tilt

answers: NDQ_005783

answers: rotation period

answers: NDQ_005784

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005785

answers: Rotation period similar to those of Earth

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: its orbital eccentricity is considerably larger

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: Mars

answers: NDQ_005788

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_005789

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: Earths rotation

text: How many ways are there to color the sides of a 3-dimensional cube with m colors, up to rotation of the cube?  The rotation group C of the cube acts on the six sides of the cube, which are equivalent to beads.  Its cycle index is

text: How many ways are there to color the sides of a 3-dimensional cube with m colors, up to rotation of the cube?  The rotation group C of the cube acts on the six sides of the cube, which are equivalent to beads.  Its cycle index is

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answers: Jean-Louis Poincaré

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answers: axis

answers: NDQ_005783

answers: Earth rotates on its axis every

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answers: the cube acts on the six sides of the cube

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answers: cube

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answers: about

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answers: rotating the cube

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: Earth's rotation

text: This star is spinning rapidly, with a projected rotational velocity of 194, km s and is completing a full rotation in about 11.615 hours. The equatorial azimuthal velocity is around 85% of the critical velocity where the star would start to break up, resulting a pronounced equatorial bulge that is about 26% wider than the radius at the poles. Because of the oblate spheroidal shape of this star, the polar region is at a higher temperature than the equator—23,000 K versus 17,600 K respectively. Likewise, the gravitational force at the poles is greater than along the equator. The axis of rotation of the star is tilted by an angle of about (19 ± 3)° to the line of sight from the Earth.

text: This star is spinning rapidly, with a

text: projected rotational velocity

text: of 194, km s and is completing a full rotation in about 11.615 hours. The equatorial

text: azimuth

text: al velocity is around 85% of the critical velocity where the star would start to break up, resulting a pronounced

text: equatorial bulge

text: that is about 26% wider than the radius at the poles. Because of the

text: oblate spheroid

text: al shape of this star, the polar region is at a higher temperature than the equator—23,000 K versus 17,600 K respectively. Likewise, the gravitational force at the poles is greater than along the equator. The axis of rotation of the star is tilted by an angle of about (19 ± 3)° to the line of sight from the Earth.

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answers: gravitational force at the poles

answers: NDQ_005782

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_005783

answers: 11.615 hours

answers: NDQ_005784

answers: 11.615 hours

answers: NDQ_005785

answers: The gravitational force at the poles is greater than along the equator

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: the gravitational force at the poles is greater than along the equator

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: The equatorial bulge

answers: NDQ_005788

answers: 11.615 hours

answers: NDQ_005789

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: azimuthal

text: The Dover is one of the few surviving clocks from this era that still has its original foliot, a primitive balance wheel which was the timekeeper used in the earliest clocks, consisting of a bar with weights hanging from the ends, which rotates back and forth.  Most medieval clocks had their foliots replaced by pendulums after 1657 when the pendulum was invented.  In the 19th century this misled scholars into thinking the clock may been made as early as 1348. In the 20th century the date of the clock was revised to about 1600.

text: The Dover is one of the few surviving clocks from this era that still has its original

text: foliot

text: , a primitive

text: balance wheel

text: which was the timekeeper used in the earliest clocks, consisting of a bar with weights hanging from the ends, which rotates back and forth.  Most medieval clocks had their foliots replaced by

text: pendulum

text: s after 1657 when the pendulum was invented.  In the 19th century this misled scholars into thinking the clock may been made as early as 1348. In the 20th century the date of the clock was revised to about 1600.

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answers: pendulum was invented

answers: NDQ_005782

answers: Dover

answers: NDQ_005783

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005784

answers: pendulums

answers: NDQ_005785

answers: The Dover

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: Most medieval clocks had their foliots replaced by pendulums after 1657

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: The Dover

answers: NDQ_005788

answers: 1600

answers: NDQ_005789

answers: pendulums

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: Earths rotation

text: The Earth's rotation is not even. Any motion in/on the Earth causes a slowdown or speedup of the rotation, or a change of rotation axis. Most of them can be ignored, but movements of very large mass, like sea current or tide can produce discernible changes and cause error to very precise astronomical observations.

text: The Earth's rotation is not even. Any motion in/on the Earth causes a slowdown or speedup of the rotation, or a change of rotation axis. Most of them can be ignored, but movements of very large mass, like

text: sea current

text: or

text: tide

text: can produce discernible changes and cause error to very precise astronomical observations.

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answers: The Earth's rotation is not even

answers: NDQ_005782

answers: rotation axis

answers: NDQ_005783

answers: Earth rotates

answers: NDQ_005784

answers: Earth's rotation

answers: NDQ_005785

answers: Any motion in/on the Earth causes a slowdown or speedup

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: movements of very large mass

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: Earth's rotation

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answers: slowdown or speedup

answers: NDQ_005789

answers: movements of very large mass

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: Earth's rotation

text: Circadian literally translates to "about a day" in Latin. This refers to the human 24-hour cycle of sleep and wakefulness. This cycle is driven by light. The human body must photoentrain or synchronize itself with light in order to make this happen. The rod cells are the photoreceptor cells in the retina capable of sensing light. However, they are not what sets the biological clock. The photosensitive retinal ganglion cells contain a pigment called melanopsin. This photopigment is depolarized in the presence of light, unlike the rods which are hyperpolarized. Melanopsin encodes the day-night cycle to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) via the retinohypothalamic tract. The SCN evokes a response from the spinal cord. Preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord modulate the superior cervical ganglia, which synapses on the pineal gland. The pineal gland synthesizes the neurohormone melatonin from tryptophan. Melatonin is secreted into the bloodstream where it affects neural activity by interacting with melatonin receptors on the SCN. The SCN is then able to influence the sleep wake cycle, acting as the "apex of a hierarchy" that governs physiological timing functions. "Rest and sleep are the best example of self-organized operations within neuronal circuits".

text: Circadian literally translates to "about a day" in Latin. This refers to the human 24-hour cycle of sleep and wakefulness. This cycle is driven by light. The human body must photoentrain or synchronize itself with light in order to make this happen. The rod cells are the

text: photoreceptor

text: cells in the retina capable of sensing light. However, they are not what sets the biological clock. The photosensitive

text: retinal ganglion cells

text: contain a pigment called melanopsin. This photopigment is depolarized in the presence of light, unlike the rods which are hyperpolarized. Melanopsin encodes the day-night cycle to the

text: suprachiasmatic nucleus

text: (SCN) via the retinohypothalamic tract. The SCN evokes a response from the spinal cord. Preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord modulate the superior cervical ganglia, which synapses on the

text: pineal gland

text: . The pineal gland synthesizes the neurohormone melatonin from tryptophan. Melatonin is secreted into the bloodstream where it affects neural activity by interacting with melatonin receptors on the SCN. The SCN is then able to influence the sleep wake cycle, acting as the "apex of a hierarchy" that governs physiological timing functions. "Rest and sleep are the best example of self-organized operations within neuronal circuits".

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answers: The pineal gland

answers: NDQ_005782

answers: suprachiasmatic nucleus

answers: NDQ_005783

answers: 24-hour cycle

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answers: Circadian

answers: NDQ_005785

answers: Melanopsin

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answers: The photosensitive retinal ganglion cells contain a pigment called melanopsin

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: Circadian

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answers: a day

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answers: rod cells

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: Melanopsin

text: Perhaps one of the most apparent factors contributing to Earth climate change is the angle at which the earth is tilted. This is the angle at which Earth’s axis of rotation is from the vertical, also known as Earth’s obliquity. Earth’s current tilt angle is approximately 23.5 degrees. The axial tilt angle affects climate largely by determining which parts of the earth get more sunlight during different stages of the year. This is the primary cause for the different seasons Earth experiences throughout the year, as well as the intensity of the seasons for higher latitudes. For example, in the Northern Hemisphere, if there were no axial tilt, i.e. Earth’s obliquity would be zero degrees, then there would be no change in the seasons from year to year. This would be because there would be no difference in the amount of solar irradiation received, year-round, anywhere on Earth. On the other hand, if Earth’s axial tilt angle was great (45+ degrees), the seasonality of each hemisphere, individually, would be highly exaggerated. Summers would be extremely hot, with substantially more hours of daylight than night each day. Winters would be extremely cold, with substantially more hours of night than daylight each day. This is because, during summer for the northern hemisphere, if the earth is tilted more (pointed towards the sun more), there would be more available hours in which the suns rays can strike any certain place, thereby increasing the number of daylight hours at any given place, with more and more daylight hours at higher latitudes. Also, because the northern hemisphere would be tilted much more towards the sun, it would be physically closer to the sun, thereby increasing the intensity of the sun’s rays hitting the northern hemisphere, thereby causing the northern hemisphere to become hotter. Likewise, during winter for the northern hemisphere, there would be fewer hours of daylight because the northern hemisphere would essentially be pointed away from the sun. Fewer daylight hours means less solar radiation hitting the northern hemisphere, especially at higher latitudes, and therefore causing the northern hemisphere to become colder. The same things can also be said about the southern hemisphere, particularly at high latitudes. In either case, the climate around the equator is not affected nearly as much as the higher latitudes, thereby creating a sizable difference in how obliquity affects different latitudes. This is all, of course, dependent on what the actual tilt angle is at any given point in time. The thing is, though, that Earth does in fact change obliquity over time in a cyclic pattern. Earth’s obliquity does not change much, though, as obliquity has been determined to cycle between the small range of 22.2 degrees to 24.5 degrees, in a cycle that lasts approximately 41,000 years. Therefore with the small tilt variation over time, the Earth has always been thought to have had a seasonal climate, at least in the high latitudes due to the solar affect of changing Earth obliquity.

text: Perhaps one of the most apparent factors contributing to Earth climate change is the angle at which the earth is tilted. This is the angle at which Earth’s axis of rotation is from the vertical, also known as Earth’s obliquity. Earth’s current tilt angle is approximately 23.5 degrees. The axial tilt angle affects climate largely by determining which parts of the earth get more sunlight during different stages of the year. This is the primary cause for the different

text: seasons

text: Earth experiences throughout the year, as well as the intensity of the seasons for higher

text: latitude

text: s. For example, in the

text: Northern Hemisphere

text: , if there were no axial tilt, i.e. Earth’s obliquity would be zero degrees, then there would be no change in the seasons from year to year. This would be because there would be no difference in the amount of

text: solar irradiation

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answers: 4: The answer has limited relevance and completeness, with noticeable gaps or inaccuracy.

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answers: be physically farther from the sun

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answers: Summers would be extremely hot, with substantially more hours of daylight than night each day

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text: Tides are the movement of water across Earth's surface caused by the combined effects of the gravitational forces exerted by the Moon, Sun, and the rotation of Earth which manifest in the local rise and fall of sea levels.  Tides are driven by the relative positions of the Earth, Sun, Moon, land formations, and relative location on Earth.In the lunar month, the highest tides occur roughly every 14 days, at the new and full moons, when the gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun are in alignment.  These highest tides in the lunar cycle are called spring tides.

text: Tides are the movement of water across

text: Earth

text: 's surface caused by the combined effects of the gravitational forces exerted by the

text: Moon

text: Sun

text: , and the rotation of Earth which manifest in the local rise and fall of sea levels.  Tides are driven by the relative positions of the Earth, Sun, Moon, land formations, and relative location on Earth.In the lunar month, the highest tides occur roughly every 14 days, at the new and full moons, when the gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun are in alignment.  These highest tides in the lunar cycle are called spring tides.

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answers: Earth's rotation

text: IESP is thematically focused on advances in Earth system science. In this context the Earth system is considered as the sum of the planet´s interacting physical, chemical, biotic and societal processes. The atmosphere, hydroshere and cryosphere are parts of the Earth system as well as the grand natural cycles (carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, phosphorus cycle and sulfur cycle) including the water cycle. All living organisms, humans included, and their activities are also an integral part of the Earth system. The growing human population is changing the interaction of the system´s components and dynamics. Therefore, one of the most important questions to be addressed by the members of IESP is how to maintain the resilience of the Earth system with respect to the grand living conditions on our planet. Answers presented to decision makers of economic and political institutions and to the general public are extracted from the discurse during workshops following the Dahlem Konferenzen concept (http:// www.fu-berlin.de/sites/dahlemkonferenzen/index.html),

text: IESP is thematically focused on advances in Earth system science. In this context the Earth system is considered as the sum of the planet´s interacting physical, chemical, biotic and societal processes. The atmosphere, hydroshere and cryosphere are parts of the Earth system as well as the grand natural cycles (

text: carbon cycle

text: nitrogen cycle

text: phosphorus cycle

text: and

text: sulfur cycle

text: ) including the

text: water cycle

text: . All living organisms, humans included, and their activities are also an integral part of the Earth system. The growing human population is changing the interaction of the system´s components and dynamics. Therefore, one of the most important questions to be addressed by the members of IESP is how to maintain the resilience of the Earth system with respect to the grand living conditions on our planet. Answers presented to decision makers of economic and political institutions and to the general public are extracted from the discurse during workshops following the Dahlem Konferenzen concept (http:// www.fu-berlin.de/sites/dahlemkonferenzen/index.html),

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text: NPCs are constructed to behave realistically within the Day/Night cycle. For example, merchants will be at home at night.

text: NPCs are constructed to behave realistically within the Day/Night cycle. For example, merchants will be at home at night.

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answers: Day/Night cycle

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answers: Day/Night cycle

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answers: Day/Night

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answers: Day/Night

text: During a night's sleep, a small portion is usually spent in a waking state. As measured by electroencephalography, young females are awake for 0–1% of the larger sleeping period; young males are awake for 0–2%. In adults, wakefulness increases, especially in later cycles. One study found 3% awake time in the first ninety-minute sleep cycle, 8% in the second, 10% in the third, 12% in the fourth, and 13–14% in the fifth. Most of this awake time occurred shortly after REM sleep.

text: During a night's sleep, a small portion is usually spent in a waking state. As measured by electroencephalography, young females are awake for 0–1% of the larger sleeping period; young males are awake for 0–2%. In adults, wakefulness increases, especially in later cycles. One study found 3% awake time in the first ninety-minute sleep cycle, 8% in the second, 10% in the third, 12% in the fourth, and 13–14% in the fifth. Most of this awake time occurred shortly after REM sleep.

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answers: During a night's sleep

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answers: 0–1%

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answers: Earths rotation

text: As a combination example, Figure 4 shows a coordinate system B that orbits inertial frame A as in Figure 3, but the coordinate axes in frame B turn so unit vector u always points toward the center of rotation. This example might apply to a test tube in a centrifuge, where vector u points along the axis of the tube toward its opening at its top. It also resembles the Earth-Moon system, where the Moon always presents the same face to the Earth. In this example, unit vector u retains a fixed orientation, while vectors u, u rotate at the same rate as the origin of coordinates. That is,

text: As a combination example, Figure 4 shows a coordinate system B that orbits inertial frame A as in Figure 3, but the coordinate axes in frame B turn so unit vector u always points toward the center of rotation. This example might apply to a test tube in a centrifuge, where vector u points along the axis of the tube toward its opening at its top. It also resembles the Earth-Moon system, where the Moon always presents the same face to the Earth. In this example, unit vector u retains a fixed orientation, while vectors u, u rotate at the same rate as the origin of coordinates. That is,

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answers: the Moon

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answers: Earth-Moon system

text: The figurines are intended to be eco-friendly. The Nohohon Cycle rotates from the Earth, to food, people and the environment.

text: The figurines are intended to be eco-friendly. The Nohohon Cycle rotates from the Earth, to food, people and the environment.

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answers: Nohohon

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answers: food, people and the environment

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answers: Nohohon Cycle

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answers: Earth

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answers: figurines

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answers: Earths rotation

text: The Bartels' Rotation Number of the Sun based on a regular 27-day cycle is named after him. It is similar to the Carrington rotation which is based on 27.2753 days.

text: The

text: Bartels' Rotation Number

text: of the Sun based on a regular 27-day cycle is named after him. It is similar to the

text: Carrington rotation

text: which is based on 27.2753 days.

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answers: Carrington rotation

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answers: 27.2753 days

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answers: 27.2753

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answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: Earths rotation

text: Opposing the tidal deceleration of Earth is a mechanism that is in fact accelerating the rotation. Earth is not a sphere, but rather an ellipsoid that is flattened at the poles. SLR has shown that this flattening is decreasing. The explanation is that during the ice age large masses of ice collected at the poles, and depressed the underlying rocks. The ice mass started disappearing over 10000 years ago, but Earth's crust is still not in hydrostatic equilibrium and is still rebounding (the relaxation time is estimated to be about 4000 years). As a consequence, the polar diameter of Earth increases, and the equatorial diameter decreases (Earths volume must remain the same). This means that mass moves closer to the rotation axis of Earth, and that Earths moment of inertia decreases. This process alone leads to an increase of the rotation rate (phenomenon of a spinning figure skater who spins ever faster as she retracts her arms). From the observed change in the moment of inertia the acceleration of rotation can be computed: the average value over the historical period must have been about −0.6 ms/century. This largely explains the historical observations.

text: Opposing the tidal deceleration of Earth is a mechanism that is in fact accelerating the rotation. Earth is not a sphere, but rather an ellipsoid that is flattened at the poles. SLR has shown that this flattening is decreasing. The explanation is that during the

text: ice age

text: large masses of ice collected at the poles, and depressed the underlying rocks. The ice mass started disappearing over 10000 years ago, but Earth's crust is still not in hydrostatic equilibrium and is still rebounding (the relaxation time is estimated to be about 4000 years). As a consequence, the polar diameter of Earth increases, and the equatorial diameter decreases (Earths volume must remain the same). This means that mass moves closer to the rotation axis of Earth, and that Earths moment of inertia decreases. This process alone leads to an increase of the rotation rate (phenomenon of a spinning figure skater who spins ever faster as she retracts her arms). From the observed change in the moment of inertia the acceleration of rotation can be computed: the average value over the historical period must have been about −0.6 ms/century. This largely explains the historical observations.

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answers: Earth is not a sphere, but rather an ellipsoid that is flattened at the poles

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answers: 0.6 ms/century

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text: Orbitals spin to mimic the effects of gravity and are sized so that the rate of rotation necessary to produce a comfortable gravity level is approximately equal to one day. In the case of the standard Culture day and gravity, this diameter is around three million kilometres. For such an orbital to reproduce the equivalent to the Earth's gravity (9.8 m/s at sea level), whilst maintaining Earth's 24-hour period of rotation, it would need to have a diameter of approximately 3.71 million kilometres, and spinning at 486,000 km/hr. By tilting the axis of the Orbital relative to its orbit around a star a convenient day-night cycle can be experienced by the inhabitants. Since the edges of the Orbital are built as high walls, the rotation prevents the atmosphere from escaping, thus protecting the inhabitants from radiation. The walls are typically hundreds or thousands of kilometres high, made of a 'monocrystal' material.

text: Orbitals

text: spin to mimic the effects

text: of

text: gravity

text: and are sized so that the rate of

text: rotation

text: necessary to produce a comfortable gravity level is approximately equal to one

text: day

text: . In the case of the standard Culture day and gravity, this

text: diameter

text: is around three million kilometres. For such an orbital to reproduce the equivalent to the Earth's gravity (9.8 m/s at sea level), whilst maintaining Earth's 24-hour period of rotation, it would need to have a diameter of approximately 3.71 million kilometres, and spinning at 486,000 km/hr. By tilting the

text: axis

text: of the Orbital relative to its

text: orbit

text: around a

text: star

text: a convenient day-night cycle can be experienced by the inhabitants. Since the edges of the Orbital are built as high walls, the rotation prevents the atmosphere from escaping, thus protecting the inhabitants from

text: radiation

text: . The walls are typically hundreds or thousands of kilometres high, made of a 'monocrystal' material.

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text: The ecliptic is the apparent path of the Sun on the celestial sphere, and is the basis for the ecliptic coordinate system. It also refers to the plane of this path, which is coplanar with the orbit of Earth around the Sun (and hence the apparent orbit of the Sun around Earth).The path of the Sun is not normally noticeable from Earth's surface because Earth rotates, carrying the observer through the cycles of sunrise and sunset, obscuring the apparent motion of the Sun with respect to the stars.

text: The ecliptic is the

text: apparent path

text: of the

text: Sun

text: on the

text: celestial sphere

text: , and is the basis for the

text: ecliptic coordinate system

text: . It also refers to the

text: plane

text: of this path, which is

text: coplanar

text: with the

text: orbit

text: of

text: Earth

text: around the Sun (and hence the apparent orbit of the Sun around Earth).The path of the Sun is not normally noticeable from Earth's surface because

text: Earth rotates

text: , carrying the observer through the cycles of

text: sunrise

text: and

text: sunset

text: , obscuring the apparent motion of the Sun with respect to the stars.

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answers: Earth rotates, carrying the observer through the cycles of sunrise and sunset

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answers: Earth

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answers: Earth rotates

text: The globe dial is a sphere aligned with the Earth's rotational axis, and equipped with a spherical vane.  Similar to sundials with a fixed axial style, a globe dial determines the time from the Sun's azimuthal angle in its apparent rotation about the earth.  This angle can be determined by rotating the vane to give the smallest shadow.

text: The globe dial is a sphere aligned with the Earth's rotational axis, and equipped with a spherical vane.  Similar to sundials with a fixed axial style, a globe dial determines the time from the Sun's azimuthal angle in its apparent rotation about the earth.  This angle can be determined by rotating the vane to give the smallest shadow.

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answers: rotating the vane

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: azimuthal angle

text: Venus rotates once every 243 days—by far the slowest rotation period of any known object in the Solar System. A Venerian sidereal day thus lasts more than a Venerian year (243 versus 224.7 Earth days). However, the length of a solar day on Venus is significantly shorter than the sidereal day; to an observer on the surface of Venus, the time from one sunrise to the next would be 116.75 days. Nevertheless, Venus's extremely slow rotation rate would result in extremely long days and nights, which could prove difficult for most known Earth species of plants and animals to adapt to. The slow rotation also probably accounts for the lack of a significant magnetic field.

text: Venus rotates once every 243 days—by far the slowest rotation period of any known object in the Solar System. A Venerian sidereal day thus lasts more than a Venerian year (243 versus 224.7 Earth days). However, the length of a

text: solar day

text: on Venus is significantly shorter than the

text: sidereal day

text: ; to an observer on the surface of Venus, the time from one sunrise to the next would be 116.75 days. Nevertheless, Venus's extremely slow rotation rate would result in extremely long days and nights, which could prove difficult for most known Earth species of plants and animals to adapt to. The slow rotation also probably accounts for the lack of a significant magnetic field.

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answers: 224.7 Earth days

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text: Hwabon Station is a railway station in Gunwi County. It is on Jungang Line.

text: Hwabon Station is a railway station in

text: Gunwi County

text: . It is on

text: Jungang Line

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answers: The direction that the stars appear to move across the sky is due to Earths rotation.

text: The sopite syndrome is classified as a symptom-complex centered on drowsiness.  It may be distinguished from ordinary fatigue.  Researchers have previously studied this effect through the use of rotating rooms.  When subjects who had previously shown minimal susceptibility to general motion sickness and fatigue (in this particular case, four military officers) were recruited to live in a rotating room for several days, they exhibited several signs of drowsiness, such as yawning and frequent napping.  Despite numerous activities designed to promote awareness and excitability, the subjects showed decreased motivation to socialize or perform physical activities.  Many of these symptoms could be attributed to the vestibular stimulation of the rotating rooms.

text: The sopite syndrome is classified as a symptom-complex centered on drowsiness.  It may be distinguished from ordinary

text: fatigue

text: .  Researchers have previously studied this effect through the use of rotating rooms.  When subjects who had previously shown minimal susceptibility to general motion sickness and fatigue (in this particular case, four military officers) were recruited to live in a rotating room for several days, they exhibited several signs of drowsiness, such as yawning and frequent napping.  Despite numerous activities designed to promote awareness and excitability, the subjects showed decreased motivation to socialize or perform physical activities.  Many of these symptoms could be attributed to the

text: vestibular

text: stimulation of the rotating rooms.

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text: According to biographer John Baxter, Kubrick had shown an interest in directing a pornographic film based on a satirical novel written by Terry Southern, entitled Blue Movie, about a director who makes Hollywood's first big-budget porn film. However, Baxter claims that Kubrick concluded that he did not have the patience or temperament to become involved in the porn industry, and Southern stated that Kubrick was "too ultra conservative" towards sexuality to have seriously gone ahead with it, but liked the idea. Kubrick was unable to direct a film of Umberto Eco's Foucault's Pendulum as Eco had given his publisher instructions to never sell the film rights to any of his books after his dissatisfaction with the film version of The Name of the Rose. Also, when the film rights to Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings were sold to United Artists, the Beatles approached Kubrick to direct them in a film based on the books, but Kubrick was unwilling to produce a film based on a very popular book. Director Peter Jackson has reported that Tolkien was against the involvement of the Beatles.

text: According to biographer John Baxter, Kubrick had shown an interest in directing a

text: pornographic film

text: based on a satirical novel written by Terry Southern, entitled

text: Blue Movie

text: , about a director who makes Hollywood's first big-budget porn film. However, Baxter claims that Kubrick concluded that he did not have the patience or temperament to become involved in the porn industry, and Southern stated that Kubrick was "too ultra conservative" towards sexuality to have seriously gone ahead with it, but liked the idea. Kubrick was unable to direct a film of Umberto Eco's

text: Foucault's Pendulum

text: as Eco had given his publisher instructions to never sell the film rights to any of his books after his dissatisfaction with the film version of

text: The Name of the Rose

text: . Also, when the film rights to Tolkien's

text: The Lord of the Rings

text: were sold to United Artists,

text: the Beatles

text: approached Kubrick to direct them in a film based on the books, but Kubrick was unwilling to produce a film based on a very popular book. Director Peter Jackson has reported that Tolkien was against the involvement of the Beatles.

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answers: Earths rotation

text: In 1908, the Austrian physicist Ottokar Tumlirz described careful and effective experiments that demonstrated the effect of the rotation of the Earth on the outflow of water through a central aperture. The subject was later popularized in a famous 1962 article in the journal Nature, which described an experiment in which all other forces to the system were removed by filling a  tank with  of water and allowing it to settle for 24 hours (to allow any movement due to filling the tank to die away), in a room where the temperature had stabilized. The drain plug was then very slowly removed, and tiny pieces of floating wood were used to observe rotation. During the first 12 to 15 minutes, no rotation was observed. Then, a vortex appeared and consistently began to rotate in an anticlockwise direction (the experiment was performed in Boston, Massachusetts, in the Northern Hemisphere). This was repeated and the results averaged to make sure the effect was real. The report noted that the vortex rotated, "about 30,000 times faster than the effective rotation of the Earth in 42° North (the experiment's location)". This shows that the small initial rotation due to the Earth is amplified by gravitational draining and conservation of angular momentum to become a rapid vortex and may be observed under carefully controlled laboratory conditions.

text: In 1908, the Austrian physicist

text: Ottokar Tumlirz

text: described careful and effective experiments that demonstrated the effect of the rotation of the Earth on the outflow of water through a central aperture. The subject was later popularized in a famous 1962 article in the journal

text: Nature

text: , which described an experiment in which all other forces to the system were removed by filling a  tank with  of water and allowing it to settle for 24 hours (to allow any movement due to filling the tank to die away), in a room where the temperature had stabilized. The drain plug was then very slowly removed, and tiny pieces of floating wood were used to observe rotation. During the first 12 to 15 minutes, no rotation was observed. Then, a vortex appeared and consistently began to rotate in an anticlockwise direction (the experiment was performed in

text: Boston, Massachusetts

text: , in the Northern Hemisphere). This was repeated and the results averaged to make sure the effect was real. The report noted that the vortex rotated, "about 30,000 times faster than the effective rotation of the Earth in 42° North (the experiment's location)". This shows that the small initial rotation due to the Earth is amplified by gravitational draining and conservation of angular momentum to become a rapid vortex and may be observed under carefully controlled

text: laboratory

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text: 10. Ode to Joy - Chapman College Choir

text: Ode to Joy

text: - Chapman College Choir

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text: At the equator the rotation of the Earth is not observable in relation to the pendulum swing because the plane of the pendulum swing is moving along with the rotation of the Earth and no net change in relationship occurs. It is shown by the diagrams that the surface velocity vectors of the Earth underneath the swing of the pendulum are either balanced in the same direction or included within the same plane as the pendulum swing.

text: At the

text: equator

text: the rotation of the Earth is not observable in relation to the pendulum swing because the plane of the pendulum swing is moving along with the rotation of the Earth and no net change in relationship occurs. It is shown by the diagrams that the surface velocity vectors of the Earth underneath the swing of the pendulum are either balanced in the same direction or included within the same plane as the pendulum swing.

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text: In the docu-series Lindsay, which chronicles (in eight one-hour episodes) Lohan's return from her sixth stay in rehab for addiction and her attempts to revitalize her career, she claimed that she did not end up promoting The Canyons, specifically its Venice Film Festival screening, because it would have placed her in a situation that compromised her sobriety.

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text: , which chronicles (in eight one-hour episodes) Lohan's return from her sixth stay in rehab for addiction and her attempts to revitalize her career, she claimed that she did not end up promoting The Canyons, specifically its

text: Venice Film Festival

text: screening, because it would have placed her in a situation that compromised her sobriety.

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text: Bidlack's hobbies are fitness and road cycling.

text: Bidlack's hobbies are fitness and road cycling.

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text: Perkins Loans carry a fixed interest rate of 5% for the duration of the ten-year repayment period. The Perkins Loan Program has a nine-month grace period, so that borrowers begin repayment in the tenth month upon graduating, falling below half-time status, or withdrawing from their college or university. Because the Perkins Loan is subsidized by the government, interest does not begin to accrue until the borrower begins to repay the loan. As of the 2009-2010 academic year, the loan limits for undergraduates are $5,500 per year with a lifetime maximum loan of $27,500.  For graduate students, the limit is $8,000 per year with a lifetime limit of $60,000 (including undergraduate loans).

text: Perkins Loans carry a fixed

text: interest rate

text: of 5% for the duration of the ten-year repayment period. The Perkins Loan Program has a nine-month grace period, so that borrowers begin repayment in the tenth month upon graduating, falling below half-time status, or withdrawing from their college or university. Because the Perkins Loan is

text: subsidized

text: by the government, interest does not begin to accrue until the borrower begins to repay the loan. As of the 2009-2010 academic year, the loan limits for undergraduates are $5,500 per year with a lifetime maximum loan of $27,500.  For graduate students, the limit is $8,000 per year with a lifetime limit of $60,000 (including undergraduate loans).

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text: The federal Stop Exploitation Through Trafficking Act of 2013 is a law that encourages states to pass safe harbor laws.  It elevated the status of the National Human Trafficking Hotline and opened up the Job Corps program to sex trafficking victims.

text: The federal

entity_name: Stop Exploitation Through Trafficking Act of 2013

text: Stop Exploitation Through Trafficking Act of 2013

text: is a law that encourages states to pass safe harbor laws.  It elevated the status of the National Human Trafficking Hotline and opened up the

text: Job Corps

text: program to sex trafficking victims.

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text: From a given observation point, a star found at one location in the sky will be found at the same location on another night at the same sidereal time. This is similar to how the time kept by a sundial can be used to find the location of the Sun. Just as the Sun and Moon appear to rise in the east and set in the west due to the rotation of Earth, so do the stars. Both solar time and sidereal time make use of the regularity of Earth's rotation about its polar axis, solar time following the Sun while sidereal time roughly follows the stars. More exactly, sidereal time is the angle, measured from the observer's meridian, along the celestial equator, to the great circle that passes through the March equinox and both poles, and is usually expressed in hours, minutes, and seconds. Common time on a typical clock measures a slightly longer cycle, accounting not only for Earth's axial rotation but also for Earth's annual revolution around the Sun of slightly less than 1 degree per day (in fact to the nearest arcsecond, it takes 365.2422 days to revolve, therefore  360 degrees/365.2422 days = 0.9856° or 59′ 8″ per day, i.e., slightly less than 1 degree per day).

text: From a given

text: observation point

text: , a star found at one location in the sky will be found at the same location on another night at the same sidereal time. This is similar to how the time kept by a

text: sundial

text: can be used to find the location of the

text: Sun

text: . Just as the Sun and

text: Moon

text: appear to rise in the east and set in the west due to the rotation of Earth, so do the stars. Both

text: solar time

text: and sidereal time make use of the regularity of Earth's rotation about its polar axis, solar time following the Sun while sidereal time roughly follows the stars. More exactly, sidereal time is the angle, measured from the observer's meridian, along the celestial equator, to the

text: great circle

text: that passes through the

text: March equinox

text: and both poles, and is usually expressed in hours, minutes, and seconds. Common time on a typical clock measures a slightly longer cycle, accounting not only for Earth's axial rotation but also for Earth's annual revolution around the Sun of slightly less than 1 degree per day (in fact to the nearest

text: arcsecond

text: , it takes 365.2422 days to revolve, therefore  360 degrees/365.2422 days = 0.9856° or 59′ 8″ per day, i.e., slightly less than 1 degree per day).

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text: Each month of the Islamic calendar commences on the birth of the new lunar cycle. Traditionally this is based on actual observation of the crescent marking the end of the previous lunar cycle and hence the previous month, thereby beginning the new month. Consequently, each month can have 29 or 30 days depending on the visibility of the moon, astronomical positioning of the earth and weather conditions. However, certain sects and groups, most notably Dawoodi Bohra Muslims and Shia Ismaili Muslims, use a tabular Islamic calendar (see section below) in which odd-numbered months have thirty days (and also the twelfth month in a leap year) and even months have 29.

text: Each month of the Islamic calendar commences on the birth of the new lunar cycle. Traditionally this is based on actual observation of the crescent marking the end of the previous lunar cycle and hence the previous month, thereby beginning the new month. Consequently, each month can have 29 or 30 days depending on the visibility of the moon, astronomical positioning of the earth and weather conditions. However, certain sects and groups, most notably

text: Dawoodi Bohra

text: Muslims and Shia

text: Ismaili

text: Muslims, use a tabular Islamic calendar (see section below) in which odd-numbered months have thirty days (and also the twelfth month in a leap year) and even months have 29.

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text: The first public exhibition of a Foucault pendulum took place in February 1851 in the Meridian of the Paris Observatory. A few weeks later, Foucault made his most famous pendulum when he suspended a 28-kg brass-coated lead bob with a 67-m-long wire from the dome of the Panthéon, Paris. The plane of the pendulum's swing rotated clockwise 11° per hour, making a full circle in 32.7 hours. The original bob used in 1851 at the Panthéon was moved in 1855 to the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers in Paris. A second temporary installation was made for the 50th anniversary in 1902.

text: The first public exhibition of a Foucault pendulum took place in February 1851 in the Meridian of the

text: Paris Observatory

text: . A few weeks later, Foucault made his most famous pendulum when he suspended a 28-kg brass-coated lead

text: bob

text: with a 67-m-long wire from the dome of the

text: Panthéon, Paris

text: . The plane of the pendulum's swing rotated clockwise 11° per hour, making a full circle in 32.7 hours. The original bob used in 1851 at the Panthéon was moved in 1855 to the

entity_name: Conservatoire national des arts et métiers

text: Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers

text: in Paris. A second temporary installation was made for the 50th anniversary in 1902.

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text: An earthrise that might be witnessed from the surface of the Moon would be quite unlike moonrises on Earth. Because the Moon is tidally locked with the Earth, one side of the Moon always faces toward Earth. Interpretation of this fact would lead one to believe that the Earth's position is fixed on the lunar sky and no earthrises can occur, however, the Moon librates slightly, which causes the Earth to draw a Lissajous figure on the sky. This figure fits inside a rectangle 15°48' wide and 13°20' high (in angular dimensions), while the angular diameter of the Earth as seen from Moon is only about 2°. This means that earthrises are visible near the edge of the Earth-observable surface of the Moon (about 20% of the surface). Since a full libration cycle takes about 27 days, earthrises are very slow, and it takes about 48 hours for Earth to clear its diameter. During the course of the month-long lunar orbit, an observer would additionally witness a succession of "Earth phases", much like the lunar phases seen from Earth. That is what accounts for the half-illuminated globe seen in the photograph.

text: An earthrise that might be witnessed from the surface of the Moon would be quite unlike moonrises on Earth. Because the Moon is

text: tidally locked

text: with the Earth,

text: one side of the Moon

text: always faces toward Earth. Interpretation of this fact would lead one to believe that the Earth's position is fixed on the lunar sky and no earthrises can occur, however, the Moon

text: librates

text: slightly, which causes the Earth to draw a

text: Lissajous figure

text: on the sky. This figure fits inside a rectangle 15°48' wide and 13°20' high (in angular dimensions), while the

text: angular diameter

text: of the Earth as seen from Moon is only about 2°. This means that earthrises are visible near the edge of the Earth-observable surface of the Moon (about 20% of the surface). Since a full libration cycle takes about 27 days, earthrises are very slow, and it takes about 48 hours for Earth to clear its diameter. During the course of the month-long

text: lunar orbit

text: , an observer would additionally witness a succession of "Earth phases", much like the

text: lunar phase

text: s seen from Earth. That is what accounts for the half-illuminated globe seen in the photograph.

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text: The composition of the Christological cycle as whole has symbolic meaning. Considering the medallions containing portraits of the Old Testament prophets is located at the highest point of the vault, the spine, it is representing the beginning or the first age of revelation and they are the figures who foretell the coming of Christ and his deeds on earth. These prophecies are then depicted throughout the rest of the narrative in the Infancy, Miracles and Passion registers that fill the remainder of the vault- the second age of revelation. The narrative continues on the eastern tympanum with the Ascension, when Christ's resurrected body is taken to heaven. This is the beginning of his Holy influence and initiates the third age of revelation. The composition of the narrative as a whole reflects the progression of revelation before, during and after Christ's life on earth.

text: The

text: composition

text: of the Christological cycle as whole has symbolic meaning. Considering the medallions containing portraits of the Old Testament prophets is located at the highest point of the vault, the spine, it is representing the beginning or the first age of

text: revelation

text: and they are the figures who foretell the coming of Christ and his deeds on earth. These prophecies are then depicted throughout the rest of the narrative in the Infancy, Miracles and Passion registers that fill the remainder of the vault- the second age of revelation. The narrative continues on the eastern tympanum with the Ascension, when Christ's resurrected body is taken to heaven. This is the beginning of his Holy influence and initiates the third age of revelation. The composition of the narrative as a whole reflects the progression of revelation before, during and after Christ's life on earth.

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text: |- style="border-bottom: 3px solid #093;"| colspan="5" | On the last day of the spring semester, Yotsuba and her father Koiwai move into their new house and meet the neighboring Ayase girls, Asagi, Fuka, and Ena. As the Koiwais settle in, they encounter problems, including a broken bathroom lock and Yotsuba needing to learn about polite greetings, air conditioners, and the proper uses of doorbells. Fuka offers the Koiwais her family's old television, and when Koiwai's friend Jumbo helps carry it, the Ayases are impressed by his height. For other household goods, Koiwai takes Yotsuba shopping at a department store for the first time. Jumbo takes Yotsuba and Ena cicada-catching, and they return to show off their catch to Mrs. Ayase. The next day, after Fuka helps Yotsuba bring in the Koiwais' forgotten laundry, Yotsuba plays in the rain.|-|-| colspan="3" |Chapter list:

text: |- style="border-bottom: 3px solid #093;"| colspan="5" | On the last day of the spring semester,

text: Yotsuba

text: and her father Koiwai move into their new house and meet the neighboring Ayase girls, Asagi, Fuka, and Ena. As the Koiwais settle in, they encounter problems, including a broken bathroom lock and Yotsuba needing to learn about polite greetings, air conditioners, and the proper uses of doorbells. Fuka offers the Koiwais her family's old television, and when Koiwai's friend Jumbo helps carry it, the Ayases are impressed by his height. For other household goods, Koiwai takes Yotsuba shopping at a department store for the first time. Jumbo takes Yotsuba and Ena cicada-catching, and they return to show off their catch to Mrs. Ayase. The next day, after Fuka helps Yotsuba bring in the Koiwais' forgotten laundry, Yotsuba plays in the rain.|-|-| colspan="3" |Chapter list:

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answers: NDQ_005781

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005782

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005783

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005784

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005785

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005788

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005789

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005781

answers: Koiwai

answers: NDQ_005782

answers: Koiwai

answers: NDQ_005783

answers: Earth rotates on its axis.

answers: NDQ_005784

answers: Yotsuba plays in the rain.

answers: NDQ_005785

answers: Yotsuba plays in the rain.

answers: NDQ_005786

answers: Yotsuba needs to learn about polite greetings, air conditioners, and the proper uses of doorbells.

answers: NDQ_005787

answers: Yotsuba

answers: NDQ_005788

answers: Earth's rotational speed is about

answers: NDQ_005789

answers: Yotsuba

answers: NDQ_005790

answers: The direction that the stars appear to move across the sky is due to Earths rotation.